MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL

CERTIFICATE
(STPM)

(MATHEMATICAL NOTATION,
DEFINITIONS, AND FORMULAE)

School logo
School name
 MATHEMATICAL NOTATION,
DEFINITIONS, AND FORMULAE

(This booklet is for the use of candidates who take

Mathematics S, Mathematics T and Further
Mathematics T in the Malaysia Higher School
Certificate examination)
Numerical Methods
Newton-Raphson iteration for f ( x) = 0
f ( xn )
xn+1 = xn −
f ' ( xn )

Trapezium rule:
b 1
∫a
f ( x ) dx ≈ h  y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn−1 ) + yn 
2
b−a
where yr = f ( a + rh ) , h =
n

Correlation and regression

Pearson correlation coefficient:

r=
∑ ( x − x )( y − y )
i i

2 2
∑( x − x) ∑( y − y)
i i

Regression line of y on x:

y = a + bx

Where b =
∑ ( x − x )( y − y )
i i
, a = y − bx
2
∑( x − x) i
Set of numbers

The set of natural numbers, 1,2,3...

 

 The set of integers, ..., − 3, − 2, − 1,0,1,2,3...

 
 
a
 The set of rational numbers, : a , b ∈  , b ≠ 0  

b  

 The set of real numbers

 The set of complex numbers

Logarithms
logb x
loga x =
logb a

Series
n
1 n  n + 1 
∑ 2 
r = 

r =1
n
2 = 1 n  n + 1   2 n + 1 
∑ r
6  



r =1
n 2
∑ r 3 = 1 n 2  n + 1
 
r =1 4  

n n  n    

 a +b 
 = a n +   a n−1b +   a n−2b 2 + ...+  n  a n−r b r + ...+ b n ,
 r 



 

1  


2  


where n∈

Coordinate Geometry

The coordinates of the point which divides the line

joining ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) in the ratio m : n is

 nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2 

 , 
 m + n m+n 

The position vector of the point which divides the line

joining points which have position vectors a and b in
µa+λ b
the ratio λ:µ is
λ +µ

The distance from ( x1 , y1 ) to ax + by + c = 0 is

ax1 + by1 + c
a2 + b2

The distance from ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) to ax + by + cz + d = 0 is

ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d

a2 + b2 + c2
Hyperbolic Functions
1 x −x
sinh x =
2
( e −e )

1
cosh x = ( e x + e − x )
2
sinh ( x ± y ) = sinh x cos y ± cosh x sinh y
cosh ( x ± y ) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y
tanh x ± tanh y
tanh ( x ± y ) =
1 ± tanh x tanh y
cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x = 2cosh 2 x − 1 = 1 + 2sinh 2 x
sinh 3 x = 3sinh x + 4sinh 3 x
cosh 3 x = 4cosh 3 x − 3cosh x
x+ y x− y
sinh x + sinh y = 2sinh cosh
2 2
x+ y x− y
sinh x − sinh y = 2cosh sinh
2 2
x+ y x− y
cosh x + cosh y = 2cosh cosh
2 2
x+ y x− y
cosh x − cosh y = 2sinh sinh
2 2

(
sinh −1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1 )
cosh −1 x = ln ( x + x −1) , x ≥ 1
2

1 1+ x 
tanh −1 x = ln  , x < 1
2  1− x 
Integration
dv du
∫u dx
dx = uv − ∫ v dx
dx
f '( x )
∫ f ( x)
dx = ln f ( x ) + c

1 1 −1  x 
∫ a2 + x2 a
dx = tan  +c
a
1 −1  x 
∫ a2 − x2 dx = sin  +c
a
1 x
∫ x2 + a2
dx = sinh −1   + c
a
1 x
∫ x2 − a2
dx = cosh   + c
a
Maclaurin expansions
n n ( n − 1) n ( n − 1) ... ( n − r + 1)
(1 + x ) = 1 + nx + x 2 + ... + x r + ..., x < 1
2! r!
x x2 xr
e = 1 + x + + ... + + ...
2! r!
r
x3 x5 ( −1) x 2 r +1
sin x = x − + − ... + + ...
3! 5! ( 2r + 1)!
r
x2 x4 ( −1) x 2 r
cos x = 1 − + − ... + + ...
2! 4! ( 2r )!
r +1
x 2 x3
ln (1 + x ) = x − + − ... +
( −1) x r
+ ..., −1 < x ≤ 1
2 3 r
Trigonometry

sin ( A ± B ) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B

cos ( A ± B ) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B
tan A ± tan B
tan ( A ± B ) =
1 ∓ tan A tan B
cos 2 A = cos 2 A + sin 2 A = 2cos 2 A − 1 = 1 − 2sin 2 A
sin 3 A = 3sin A − 4sin 3 A
cos3 A = 4cos3 A − 3cos A
A+ B A− B
sin A + sin B = 2sin cos
2 2
A+ B A− B
sin A − sin B = 2cos sin
2 2
A+ B A− B
cos A + cos B = 2cos cos
2 2
A+ B A− B
cos A − cos B = −2sin sin
2 2
1 2t 1− t2
If t = tan x , then sin x = 2
and cos x =
2 1+ t 1+ t2