Topic
Ohm’s law
Aim
“To find resistivity of wires of
different metal using Ohm’s law”
Introduction
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor
between two points is proportional to the potential
difference across the twopoints. Introducing the
constant proportionality, the resistance, one arrives at
the usual mathematical equation that describes this
relationship
I=V/R
where I is the current through the conductor in units
of amperes, V is the voltage measured across the
conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of
the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically,
Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is
constant, independent of the current. Ohm's law is an
empirical relation which accurately describes the
conductivity of the vast majority of electrically
conductive materials over many orders of magnitude
of current. However, some materials do not obey
Ohm's law, these are called non-ohmic.
RESISTANCE
Electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its
opposition to the flow of electric current. The inverse
quantity is electrical conductance, and is the ease with
which an electric current passes.
Electrical resistance shares some conceptual
parallels with the notion of mechanical friction. The SI
unit of electrical
resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical
conductance is measured in siemens When an electric
current flows through a bulb or any conductor, the
conductor offers some
obstruction to the current and this obstruction is known
as electrical resistance and is denoted by R.
RESISTIVITY
Electrical resistivity (also called specific
electrical resistance or volume resistivity) is a
fundamental property of a material that quantifies how
strongly it resists or conducts electric current. A low
resistivity indicates a material that readily allows
electric current. Resistivity is commonly represented by
the Greek letter ρ (rho). The SI unit of electrical
resistivity is the ohm-meter (Ω·m)
electrical resistance of a conductor of unit cross-
sectional area and unit length. A characteristic property
of each material, resistivity is useful in comparing
various materials on the basis of their ability to conduct
electric currents.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. 4 Wires of different metals with respective
length
2. A battery eliminator
3. D.C Voltmeter
4. A.C Ammeter
5. A rheostat
6. One plug key
7. Thick connecting wires
8. Sand paper
PROCEDURE
1. Arrange the various components of the circuit
accordingly with a plug out of one−way key
2. Rub the ends of connecting wire with a sand paper
[Link] the ammeter connected in a series with the
resistance wire with its
positive terminal towards the positive of battery. Also ensure
the voltmeter connected in parallel to resistance coil R in
such a manner that the current enters at its positive end.
[Link] the rheostat such that its lower terminals and
the upper terminals are used.
5. Insert the plug−in key K.
Adjust the rheostat so that small
6. current flows though the circuit. And record the
readings of ammeter and voltmeter
[Link] the rheostat contact to shift the current and
take the readings again.
[Link] the resistance wire at the ends just coming out of
voltmeter. Stretch it along the meter and measure its
length
9. Observations recorded.
OBSERVATION
TABLES
IRON WIRE
Current Voltage Resistance
150mA 0.20v Ω
200mA 0.25v 1.001 Ω
300ma 0.30v Ω
ALUMINUM WIRE
Current Voltage Resistance
200mA 0.10v Ω`
300mA 0.20v 0.66 Ω
400mA 0.30v 0.75 Ω
MANGANIM WIRE
Current Voltage Resistance
150mA 0.20v 1.3 Ω
200mA 0.30v 105 Ω
300mA 0.40v 1.3 Ω
COPPER WIRE
Current Voltage Resistance
150mA 0.10v 0.5 Ω
200mA 0.20v 0.54 Ω
300mA 0.30v 0.6 Ω
CALCULATIONS
FOR IRON WIRE
Length of wire = 21cm
Thickness
= 0.54 x 10-2 m
Area
=0.28 x 10-6 m2
Mean resistance = (0.5+0.66+0.75)
3
=1.1 Ω
Resistivity =RA/L
=10.5*108 Ωm
FOR ALUMINUM WIRE
Length of wire = 68 cm
Thickness Area = 0.66 x 10-2 m
Area = 0.28 x 10-6 m2
Mean resistance = (0.5+0.66+0.75)
3
= 0.63Ω
Resistivity = RA/L
=2.7 x 10-8 Ωm
FOR MANGANIM WIRE
Length of wire =57 cm
Thickness Area =0.66 x 10-2 m
Area
=0.19 x 10-6 m2
Mean resistance
= (1.3+1.5+1.3)
= 1.36 Ω
Resistivity = RA/L
= 48.2 x 10-8 Ω
FOR COPPER WIRE
Length of wire
= 48 cm
Thickness Area
= 0.49x 10-2 m
Area = 0.15 x 10-6 m2
Mean resistance = (0.5+0.54+0.60)
3
= 0.54 Ω
Resistivity = RA/L =1.7 x 10-8 Ωm
RESULT
The resistivity of wires is:
1. For iron = 10.5 x 10-8 Ωm
2. For aluminum = 2.7 x 10-8 Ωm
3. For manganim = 4.82 x 10-8 Ωm
4. For copper = 1.7 x 10-8 Ωm
NOTE: the graph between potential drop and the
current through the conductor is a straight line.
PRECAUTIONS
• Connection should be tight
• Short circuiting should be
avoided
• The plug should be inserted only
while taking observation otherwise
current will cause unnecessary heating
in the circuit
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• NCERT CLASS 12
• Lab manual physics 12th