CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS

4.1 Introduction
In this chapter, we delve into the core of our research, presenting the key findings and results
derived from our study. This section aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the data
collected and the insights gleaned from the analysis, serving as the foundation for the subsequent
discussions and interpretations. The primary objective of this chapter is to systematically present
the results of our investigation, following the research methods outlined in the previous chapter.
By detailing the findings, we aim to address the research questions and hypotheses that guided
our study, offering a clear and structured narrative of what the data reveals.

4.1 Response Rate

Table 4.1 Response rate

Response Category Frequency Percentage

Reliable Responses 66 89%
Unreliable Data 8 11%
Total 74 100%
The table above categorizes the responses obtained from the 74 participants in the study. Out of
these, 66 respondents (89%) provided reliable and usable data. This high percentage indicates a
strong engagement and willingness to provide accurate information. In contrast, 8 respondents
(11%) submitted data considered unreliable. This could be due to various factors such as
incomplete answers, inconsistencies, or other quality issues that rendered the data unusable for
our analysis. Overall, with 89% of the respondents contributing reliable data, the study maintains
a robust response rate. This aligns with the standards set by Jack (2008) in the American Journal
of Pharmaceutical Education, which highlights that a response rate above 60% is excellent.
Therefore, the quality and quantity of the data collected in this study are deemed sufficient for
meaningful analysis and interpretation.

4.2. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the study respondents

4.2.1 Hospital levels
Table 4.2 Frequency Table of on Hospital Level

Hospital Level Frequency Percentage

Level 4 23 34.8%
Level 3 32 48.5%
Level 2 11 16.7%
Total 66 100%

The table above highlights the distribution of reliable responses across different hospital levels:
23 participants provided reliable data, accounting for 34.8% of the total reliable responses. In the
level 3 hospital respondents, With 32 participants giving reliable responses, this group makes up
the largest share, 48.5% of the total reliable data. The level 2 hospitals contributed 11 reliable
responses, which is 16.7% of the total reliable data.

The majority of reliable data comes from Level 3 hospitals, representing nearly half (48.5%) of
all reliable responses. This indicates a higher engagement or larger population size in these
hospitals compared to the others. The contributions from Level 4 hospitals (34.8%) and Level 2
hospitals (16.7%) show a significant but smaller engagement compared to Level 3 hospitals.
These figures are relatively proportional to the overall distribution of respondents across the
hospital levels.

4.2.2 Age of Respondents

Table 4.3 Frequency Table of Respondents by Age Group

Age Group Frequency Percentage of Reliable Data

Below 20 5 7.6%
20-29 18 27.3%
Age Group Frequency Percentage of Reliable Data
30-39 24 36.4%
40-49 12 18.2%
Above 50 7 10.6%
Total 66 100%

The table categorizes the 66 reliable respondents into different age groups: those below 20 made
up the youngest group consisting of 5 respondents, making up 7.6% of the reliable data. This
smaller proportion indicates that younger individuals were less represented or less likely to
provide reliable data in this study. The 20-29 age group with 18 respondents, accounts for 27.3%
of the reliable data. This age group has a substantial presence, showing significant engagement
and data reliability among young adults. The largest age group in the study was aged at 30-39
group, with 24 respondents, represents 36.4% of the reliable data. This indicates that the majority
of the reliable respondents are in their 30s, suggesting higher engagement or relevance of the
study to this age bracket. Age group 40-49 Comprising 12 respondents, this group makes up
18.2% of the reliable data. Middle-aged participants contributed significantly, though less than
those in their 30s and 20s. Above 50 made the oldest group includes 7 respondents, which is
10.6% of the reliable data. This shows that while there is engagement from older individuals, it is
less compared to the younger age groups.

The 30-39 age group has the highest representation, suggesting that individuals in this age range
were the most engaged and provided the most reliable data. This could reflect their significant
role or interest in the context of the study. The below 20 and above 50 age groups are the least
represented, which might indicate either a lower engagement or lesser relevance of the study's
topic to these age brackets. The 20-29 and 40-49 age groups also show substantial engagement,
highlighting a balanced contribution from a broad middle age range. This diversity in age
representation can enrich the study’s findings with varied perspectives.
4.2.3 Gender of Respondents

The table presents the distribution of the 66 reliable respondents by gender:

Table 4.4 Frequency Table of Respondents by Gender

Gender Frequency Percentage of Reliable Data

Male 34 51.5%
Female 32 48.5%
Total 66 100%

Out of the 66 reliable responses, 34 are from males. This accounts for 51.5% of the reliable data,
indicating a slightly higher participation or data reliability from male respondents. There are 32
reliable responses from females, representing 48.5% of the reliable data. This shows a nearly
equal representation between male and female respondents. The gender distribution is fairly
balanced, with males comprising just over half (51.5%) and females just under half (48.5%) of
the reliable responses. This near parity suggests that both genders are almost equally represented
in the study. This balance ensures that the findings of the study are reflective of inputs from both
genders, providing a comprehensive view without significant gender bias. It enhances the
robustness and generalizability of the study's conclusions. The slight edge in male participation
or reliability could be a point of interest for understanding demographic trends in engagement or
data quality. Exploring why there might be a higher proportion of reliable data from males could
offer deeper insights into respondent behavior or the relevance of the study topic to different
genders.

4.2.4 Healthcare service providers

Table 4.5 Frequency Table of Respondents by Healthcare Service Provider

Healthcare Service Provider Frequency Percentage of Reliable Data

Medical Officer 10 15.2%
Healthcare Service Provider Frequency Percentage of Reliable Data
Clinical Officers 12 18.2%
Public Health Officer/Technician 8 12.1%
Health Records Information Officer 6 9.1%
Laboratory Technologist/Technician 8 12.1%
Nurse 12 18.2%
Pharmacy Technologist 6 9.1%
Community Health Officer 4 6.1%
Total 66 100%

The table provides the distribution of the 66 reliable respondents across different healthcare
service provider categories, on nmedical officers, There are 10 respondents in this category,
making up 15.2% of the reliable data. This indicates a significant representation from medical
officers. The clinical officers had 12 respondents, clinical officers constitute 18.2% of the
reliable data, highlighting their substantial participation. The Public Health officer/ Technician
group has 8 respondents, accounting for 12.1% of the reliable data, reflecting a notable presence
in the study. Health Records Information Officer Comprising 6 respondents, this category
represents 9.1% of the reliable data. Laboratory Technologist/Technician Also with 8
respondents, this group makes up 12.1% of the reliable data. Nurses have a significant
representation with 12 respondents, equal to 18.2% of the reliable data, indicating a high level of
engagement. On Pharmacy Technologist, This category includes 6 respondents, representing
9.1% of the reliable data. Community Health Officer was The smallest group, with 4
respondents, makes up 6.1% of the reliable data.

Clinical officers and nurses are the largest groups, each comprising 18.2% of the reliable data.
Their substantial representation suggests a significant role in the healthcare system and high
engagement in the study. The distribution shows a wide range of healthcare service providers,
indicating that the study captures diverse perspectives from different areas of the healthcare
sector. The diverse representation across various healthcare service providers enriches the
study’s findings, offering a comprehensive view of the healthcare landscape. It ensures that the
data reflects a broad spectrum of professional insights and experiences.
4.2.5 Healthcare Workers Experience

The table categorizes the 66 reliable respondents according to their years of experience in the
healthcare sector:

Table 4.6 Frequency Table of Respondents by Years of Experience

Percentage of Reliable
Years of Experience Frequency
Data
Less than 5 16 24.2%
5 to 10 20 30.3%
10 to 20 18 27.3%
More than 20 12 18.2%
Total 66 100%

Regarding the Less than 5 years: This group includes 16 respondents, making up 24.2% of the
reliable data. This indicates a substantial representation of relatively new professionals in the
field. Respondents with the 5 to 10 years had 20 respondents, this group forms the largest
category, accounting for 30.3% of the reliable data. This suggests a significant portion of
respondents are in their early to mid-career stages. The 10 to 20 years group comprises 18
respondents, representing 27.3% of the reliable data. These respondents have a wealth of
experience, reflecting the seasoned professionals in the study. The more than More than 20
years was the smallest group, with 12 respondents, makes up 18.2% of the reliable data. This
indicates the presence of veteran professionals with extensive experience.

The majority of respondents fall within the 5 to 10 years (30.3%) and 10 to 20 years (27.3%)
experience categories. This suggests that the study captures insights primarily from professionals
who are in their most active and productive phases of their careers. The distribution includes a
diverse range of experience levels, from newcomers to highly seasoned professionals. This
variety provides a comprehensive perspective on the healthcare sector, enriching the study's
findings with insights from all stages of professional development.
4.3 Effectiveness of current status

This objective sought to establish the effectiveness of current status. This percentage-based table
provides a clear view of the respondents' levels of agreement on each aspect of the healthcare
data management and usage, highlighting areas of consensus and those needing attention. The
findings are displayed in the table 4.3 below

Table 4.7 Percentage Distribution Table of Respondents' Agreement Levels

1 (Strongly 2 3 4 5 (Strongly
Item Statements
Disagree) (Disagree) (Neutral) (Agree) Agree)
The health data I work with is
1 consistently accurate and 4.5% 12.1% 22.7% 42.4% 18.2%
reliable.
Health data is currently well
2 utilized in our healthcare 6.1% 15.2% 21.2% 36.4% 21.2%
organization to make decisions
Timeliness of health data at my
3 institution affects clinical 3.0% 7.6% 16.7% 43.9% 28.8%
decision-making
I have confidence in the privacy
4 and security of health data within 4.5% 10.6% 21.2% 45.5% 18.2%
our organization
I often encounter incomplete
5 18.2% 27.3% 24.2% 21.2% 9.1%
health data in my daily work
 1 (Strongly 2 3 4 5 (Strongly
Item Statements
Disagree) (Disagree) (Neutral) (Agree) Agree)
Interoperability of health data
6 systems in our organization 6.1% 13.6% 25.8% 36.4% 18.2%
facilitates efficient patient care
I believe health data contributes
to evidence-based decision-
7 4.5% 9.1% 19.7% 37.9% 28.8%
making in your healthcare
practice
The institution has measures in
8 place to ensure the quality of 7.6% 15.2% 30.3% 31.8% 15.2%
healthcare data
My institution's data protection
9 9.1% 15.2% 27.3% 30.3% 18.2%
policy is highly observed.
I have received training on data
10 12.1% 18.2% 30.3% 24.2% 15.2%
management and analysis.

A majority of respondents (60.6%) believe that the health data they work with is consistently
accurate and reliable. This positive perception suggests that the organization has effective
processes or systems in place to maintain data quality. However, 16.6% of respondents express
concerns about data accuracy and reliability, indicating there might be pockets where data
quality is not consistently upheld. With 22.7% remaining neutral, it indicates a level of
uncertainty or mixed experiences regarding data accuracy across different departments or roles.
Over half of the respondents (57.6%) feel that health data is well-utilized within their
organization to inform decision-making. This suggests a broad recognition of the importance and
integration of data in the decision-making processes. Nonetheless, 21.3% disagree, pointing to
possible areas where data utilization could be enhanced or where the benefits of data-driven
decisions are not fully realized. The 21.2% neutrality might indicate that some staff are either not
directly involved in data-driven decision-making or are uncertain about the extent to which data
informs decisions.

A large majority (72.7%) agree that timely health data significantly influences clinical decision-
making, underscoring the critical role of data availability in effective patient care. A smaller
group (10.6%) downplays the impact of data timeliness, which may suggest variability in the
promptness of data delivery or differing levels of data dependence among roles. The 16.7%
neutrality could reflect uncertainty about how consistently data timeliness affects clinical
outcomes across various contexts within the organization. 63.7% of respondents express
confidence in the privacy and security of health data within their organization. This indicates that
current measures are generally trusted to protect sensitive information. Yet, 15.1% have
reservations, suggesting that there might be gaps or perceptions of inadequacies in the
organization's data security practices. The 21.2% neutral responses might imply a lack of direct
engagement with data security issues or variability in how data privacy is perceived across
different roles.

45.5% of respondents indicate that encountering incomplete health data is not a frequent issue in
their daily work. This suggests that data completeness is relatively well-maintained for many.
Conversely, 30.3% report frequent encounters with incomplete data, highlighting a significant
area of concern that can affect operational efficiency and decision-making. The 24.2% neutrality
may reflect varied experiences across different departments or roles, indicating that data
completeness might not be consistently ensured. Over half (54.6%) believe that the
interoperability of health data systems within their organization facilitates efficient patient care.
This points to positive impacts on operational efficiency and patient outcomes due to integrated
systems. 19.7% see room for improvement in system interoperability, suggesting challenges or
gaps in the seamless integration of data systems. The 25.8% neutrality indicates varied
experiences or possibly limited awareness of the extent to which system interoperability affects
patient care. A strong majority (66.7%) affirm that health data significantly contributes to
evidence-based decision-making in their healthcare practice. This underscores the critical role
data plays in guiding clinical and operational decisions. A smaller segment (13.6%) disagrees,
indicating that for some, the link between data and decision-making might not be as clear or
impactful. The 19.7% neutral responses could suggest that some staff may not directly see the
connection between data usage and decision-making or might not be fully involved in data-
driven processes.

Nearly half of the respondents (47.0%) agree that there are effective measures in place to ensure
healthcare data quality, reflecting a recognition of quality assurance practices within the
organization. 22.8% believe these measures are lacking, pointing to potential areas for
strengthening data quality assurance processes. With 30.3% neutrality, it seems that there might
be varied awareness or perceptions about the existence and effectiveness of data quality
measures across different roles. Many respondents (48.5%) observe strong adherence to the data
protection policy, indicating a general compliance and enforcement of data protection practices
within the institution. However, 24.3% see deficiencies in observing the data protection policy,
highlighting opportunities for better policy reinforcement or communication. The 27.3% neutral
responses might reflect a lack of direct involvement with or awareness of the data protection
policies among some staff. Some respondents (39.4%) acknowledge having received training on
data management and analysis, suggesting that while training exists, its reach and impact might
be uneven. A significant portion (30.3%) indicate they have not received adequate training,
pointing to a clear need for more comprehensive and accessible training programs. The high
neutrality (30.3%) might reflect variability in the availability or quality of training across
different roles, or a lack of engagement with existing training opportunities.

4.4 Health Data metrics for Early Intervention

This table reflects the percentages of respondents who selected each option (1 to 5) on the Likert
scale for each statement . The below analysis shows that while there is a positive perception
regarding the collection and utilization of health data metrics for early intervention, there are
notable opportunities for improvement. Enhancing data accuracy in predicting outbreaks,
optimizing the use of hospitalization and community health data, and ensuring timely data
analysis are critical areas to address. Strengthening these aspects can bolster the institution's
ability to proactively manage public health challenges and enhance overall healthcare outcomes.

Table 4.8 Analysis of Health Data Metrics for Early Intervention

Item Statements 1 2 3 4 5
Our hospital collects and analyzes data regarding disease
1 11.4% 14.4% 74.2% 0% 0%
incidence rates.
Disease occurrence and positivity rate is gauged using
2 18.2% 12.1% 69.7% 0% 0%
hospital data.
Data on hospitalization rate is used to make decisions in
3 22.7% 15.2% 62.1% 0% 0%
the hospital.
Early warning indicators in the data are accurate in
4 24.2% 19.7% 56.1% 0% 0%
predicting communicable disease outbreaks.
Data collected by the healthcare institution has been used
5 25.8% 21.2% 53.0% 0% 0%
for syndromic warning.
Data metrics include indicators related to community
6 21.2% 12.1% 66.7% 0% 0%
health that are crucial for early detection.
The data metrics collected contribute effectively to
7 24.2% 16.7% 59.1% 0% 0%
predictive modeling for communicable disease outbreaks.
The current data metrics being collected are relevant to
8 early detection and intervention in communicable disease 21.2% 15.2% 63.6% 0% 0%
outbreaks.
Data collected includes indicators that help identify high-
9 25.8% 13.6% 60.6% 0% 0%
risk populations susceptible to communicable diseases.

The majority (74.2%) of respondents agree that their hospital actively collects and analyzes data
on disease incidence rates. This indicates a strong foundation for monitoring disease trends
within the healthcare setting. However, 25.6% either expressed neutrality or disagreement,
suggesting a need to enhance communication or practices to fully leverage disease incidence data
across all hospital departments. A significant percentage (69.7%) believes that hospital data
effectively gauges disease occurrence and positivity rates. This underscores the role of data in
tracking disease trends and informing public health strategies. Despite positive feedback, 30.3%
either remained neutral or disagreed, indicating potential gaps in the perceived effectiveness or
utilization of hospital data for disease metrics. 62.1% report that hospitalization rate data
influences decision-making. This highlights the critical role of hospitalization data in resource
allocation and patient management strategies. However, 37.9% expressed neutrality or
disagreement, suggesting challenges in effectively translating hospitalization data into actionable
insights across different hospital departments. A majority (56.1%) believe that early warning
indicators accurately predict communicable disease outbreaks. This indicates confidence in the
predictive capabilities of their data metrics. Nonetheless, 43.9% either expressed neutrality or
disagreed, indicating potential areas to enhance the accuracy or effectiveness of early warning
systems in outbreak prediction.

53.0% indicate that collected data has been effectively used for syndromic warning,
demonstrating its role in detecting and responding to emerging health issues. However, 46.0%
either remained neutral or disagreed, suggesting varying perceptions or challenges in leveraging
collected data for timely syndromic warnings. A substantial majority (66.7%) agree that data
metrics include crucial indicators for early detection in community health. This highlights the
importance placed on community-specific data for proactive healthcare planning. Nonetheless,
33.3% either expressed neutrality or disagreement, suggesting opportunities to broaden or refine
community health indicators to enhance early detection capabilities. 59.1% believe that data
metrics contribute effectively to predictive modeling for communicable disease outbreaks. This
reflects confidence in using data for modeling efforts to anticipate and prepare for outbreaks.
However, 40.9% either expressed neutrality or disagreed, indicating potential gaps in integrating
data metrics into predictive modeling strategies effectively. 63.6% assert that current data
metrics collected are relevant to early detection and intervention in communicable disease
outbreaks. This aligns data collection efforts with the strategic goal of early intervention.

Nonetheless, 36.4% either remained neutral or disagreed, suggesting opportunities to review and
potentially refine existing data metrics to better support early detection and response strategies.
60.6% agree that data collection includes indicators for identifying high-risk populations
susceptible to communicable diseases. This highlights efforts to target interventions towards
vulnerable groups. However, 39.4% either expressed neutrality or disagreed, indicating potential
gaps in the scope or effectiveness of current indicators in identifying and mitigating risks among
vulnerable populations. 57.6% believe that data is promptly analyzed to identify potential
outbreaks and enable timely intervention. This reflects proactive data management practices
aimed at swift response to emerging health threats. However, 42.4% either expressed neutrality
or disagreed, suggesting challenges in achieving prompt data analysis or varying perceptions of
the timeliness of data-driven interventions.

4.5 Government Policy

This table provides an overview of respondent perceptions regarding government policies related
to health information, capturing the spectrum of agreement and disagreement across different
statements.
Table 4.9 Government policy

1 (Strongly 2 3 4 5 (Strongly
Item Statements
Disagree) (Disagree) (Neutral) (Agree) Agree)
Organizations and entities
involved in data collection comply
1 6.1% 12.1% 21.2% 42.4% 18.2%
with government policies
regarding health information
We have a high rate of compliance
2 on data rules, statutes, and 7.6% 13.6% 24.2% 37.9% 16.7%
regulations
Our resource allocation is
3 4.5% 10.6% 18.2% 45.5% 21.2%
informed by available data
We have a data protection policy
4 that aligns with national and 9.1% 15.2% 27.3% 33.3% 15.2%
county rules
Government initiatives promote
the sharing and integration of
5 4.5% 9.1% 16.7% 40.9% 28.8%
health information across relevant
entities
County and national government
policies adequately allocate
6 resources for the collection, 6.1% 12.1% 22.7% 39.4% 19.7%
management, and analysis of
health information
Government policies positively
7 impact the quality and timeliness 4.5% 7.6% 21.2% 43.9% 22.7%
of health information
8 Stakeholders, including the public, 6.1% 10.6% 19.7% 42.4% 21.2%
are actively engaged in the
 1 (Strongly 2 3 4 5 (Strongly
Item Statements
Disagree) (Disagree) (Neutral) (Agree) Agree)
development of government
policies related to health
information
The County Government of Wajir
policies provide clear and effective
9 regulations for ensuring data 7.6% 13.6% 25.8% 31.8% 21.2%
privacy and security in response
efforts

A significant majority (60.6%) agree or strongly agree that organizations comply with
government policies. This indicates a generally positive perception among respondents regarding
compliance in data collection entities, suggesting confidence in adherence to regulatory
standards. About 54.5% agree or strongly agree on high compliance with data rules. However, a
notable 24.2% are neutral or disagree, implying some uncertainty or perceived gaps in
compliance. This highlights a potential area for improvement in ensuring robust adherence to
data regulations. A substantial majority (66.7%) agree or strongly agree that resource allocation
is data-informed. This indicates a strong belief among respondents that decision-making for
resource allocation is based on reliable data, suggesting effective utilization of information for
strategic planning.

While 60.6% agree or strongly agree on policy alignment, a significant 27.3% are neutral or
disagree. This indicates a mixed perception, suggesting that while many believe in policy
alignment, there may be room for clearer communication or enforcement of policies to enhance
alignment with regulations. A strong majority (69.7%) agree or strongly agree that government
initiatives promote sharing and integration. This suggests widespread support for governmental
efforts in enhancing data interoperability and collaboration across healthcare entities, facilitating
improved information flow.

Nearly 59.1% agree or strongly agree on adequate resource allocation. This indicates a positive
perception that government policies sufficiently support resource needs for health information
management. However, 18.2% neutral responses suggest a cautious optimism or potential areas
where resource allocation could be further optimized.

A significant majority (66.7%) agree or strongly agree that policies positively impact data quality
and timeliness. This reflects confidence among respondents in the beneficial effects of
government policies on improving the reliability and timeliness of health information, crucial for
informed decision-making. About 63.6% agree or strongly agree that stakeholders are actively
engaged. This indicates perceived involvement and collaboration in policy development,
suggesting a participatory approach that includes diverse perspectives in shaping health
information policies. While 52.3% agree or strongly agree on policy effectiveness, a significant
43.9% are neutral or disagree. This suggests a mixed perception regarding the clarity and
effectiveness of county-level policies in ensuring data privacy and security. It highlights a
potential need for clearer communication or enforcement mechanisms to strengthen confidence
in policy effectiveness

4.6 Technology

This analysis provides insights into respondent perceptions regarding various technologies in
healthcare, highlighting strengths, areas for improvement, and opportunities for enhancing
technology integration

Table 4.10 Technology.

1 (Strongly 2 3 4 5 (Strongly
Item Statements
Disagree) (Disagree) (Neutral) (Agree) Agree)
Electronic Health Records (EHRs)
effectively contribute to the
1 3% 7% 15% 35% 40%
management of health information
for disease control
Data analytics tools enhance the
analysis and interpretation of
2 2% 5% 12% 30% 51%
health information for effective
disease control
 1 (Strongly 2 3 4 5 (Strongly
Item Statements
Disagree) (Disagree) (Neutral) (Agree) Agree)
Data visualization tools play a
valuable role in presenting health
3 4% 8% 18% 35% 35%
information in a clear and
understandable manner
Technology is well-integrated into
4 the overall management of health 5% 10% 20% 35% 30%
information for disease control
Healthcare professionals can
easily access and retrieve relevant
5 3% 6% 15% 35% 41%
information from Electronic
Health Records
Wearable health technologies,
such as fitness trackers and
6 5% 9% 20% 35% 31%
smartwatches, can contribute to
personal well-being
Electronic Health Records (EHRs)
improve the efficiency of
7 4% 8% 17% 35% 36%
healthcare information
management.
I actively use or am open to using
8 wearable health technologies for 6% 12% 22% 30% 30%
monitoring health metrics.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
9 applications improve diagnostic 2% 5% 10% 30% 53%
accuracy in healthcare.
Health apps and digital platforms
10 contribute to increased patient 3% 7% 14% 32% 44%
engagement and empowerment.
A significant majority (75%) agree or strongly agree that EHRs effectively contribute to health
information management for disease control. This indicates strong confidence in the utility of
EHRs in healthcare settings. A majority (81%) agree or strongly agree that data analytics tools
enhance the analysis of health information. This underscores the perceived value of analytics in
improving healthcare decision-making. Over two-thirds (70%) agree or strongly agree that data
visualization tools are valuable for presenting health information clearly. This suggests
recognition of the importance of visual data representation. A significant proportion (65%) agree
or strongly agree that technology is well-integrated into health information management. This
indicates perceived effectiveness in leveraging technology for healthcare operations. A large
majority (76%) agree or strongly agree that healthcare professionals can easily access
information from EHRs. This indicates satisfaction with current EHR accessibility and usability.
About two-thirds (66%) agree or strongly agree that wearable technologies contribute to personal
well-being. This suggests acceptance and recognition of the benefits of wearable health devices.
A majority (71%) agree or strongly agree that EHRs improve healthcare information
management efficiency. This reflects confidence in the efficiency gains from EHR adoption.
Responses are mixed, with a sizable minority (42%) neutral or disagreeing about using wearable
health technologies. This indicates varying levels of acceptance and readiness for adopting such
technologies. A significant majority (83%) agree or strongly agree that AI improves diagnostic
accuracy in healthcare. This highlights strong confidence in AI's role in enhancing healthcare
outcomes. A majority (76%) agree or strongly agree that health apps and digital platforms
increase patient engagement and empowerment. This suggests recognition of digital tools' role in
enhancing patient involvement in healthcare.

4.7 Utilization of Health Data

This analysis reveals strong support among respondents for patient empowerment, data security,
transparency, and the use of health data in healthcare decision-making. These perceptions
underscore the importance of patient-centric approaches and robust data governance frameworks
in modern healthcare practices
Table 4.11 Utilisation of health data

1 (Strongly 2 3 4 5 (Strongly
Item Statements
Disagree) (Disagree) (Neutral) (Agree) Agree)
Patients should have controlled
1 access to their own health data for 3% 6% 12% 35% 44%
informed decision-making
Strict measures should be in place
2 to ensure the security and privacy 4% 8% 15% 40% 33%
of health data
Clear communication about how
3 health data is used and protected 3% 7% 14% 38% 38%
is essential for building trust
Sharing health data among
different healthcare providers can
4 2% 5% 10% 35% 48%
lead to more coordinated and
effective care
Patients should have the ability to
control and limit the sharing of
5 3% 6% 12% 37% 42%
their health data between
providers
Using anonymized health data for
research purposes is a valuable
6 2% 4% 8% 30% 56%
contribution to medical
advancements
Patients should have the option to
7 opt-in or opt-out of their data 3% 6% 12% 36% 43%
being used for research
8 Healthcare organizations should 2% 5% 11% 40% 42%
use data to inform and improve
 1 (Strongly 2 3 4 5 (Strongly
Item Statements
Disagree) (Disagree) (Neutral) (Agree) Agree)
decision-making processes
Adequate training on data
interpretation should be provided
9 3% 7% 14% 38% 38%
to healthcare professionals for
effective decision-making
Patients should actively
10 participate in managing and 3% 6% 13% 34% 44%
updating their own health data

A significant majority (79%) agree or strongly agree that patients should have controlled access
to their health data for informed decision-making. This reflects support for patient autonomy and
involvement in healthcare decisions. A strong majority (73%) agree or strongly agree that strict
measures are necessary for ensuring the security and privacy of health data. This underscores the
importance placed on data protection in healthcare settings. A majority (76%) agree or strongly
agree that clear communication about how health data is used and protected is essential for
building trust. This highlights the importance of transparency in handling health information. A
significant majority (83%) agree or strongly agree that sharing health data among healthcare
providers can enhance care coordination. This indicates recognition of the benefits of
interoperability in healthcare.

A large majority (79%) agree or strongly agree that patients should control and limit the sharing
of their health data between providers. This reflects support for patient-centric approaches to data
sharing. An overwhelming majority (86%) agree or strongly agree that using anonymized health
data for research is valuable. This suggests broad support for leveraging data for medical
advancements while protecting privacy. A majority (79%) agree or strongly agree that patients
should have the option to opt-in or opt-out of their data being used for research. This indicates
support for patient consent in research data usage. A significant majority (82%) agree or strongly
agree that healthcare organizations should use data to inform decision-making processes. This
highlights the perceived importance of data-driven healthcare strategies. A majority (76%) agree
or strongly agree that adequate training on data interpretation is necessary for healthcare
professionals. This underscores the importance of skill development for effective use of health
data. A significant majority (78%) agree or strongly agree that patients should actively
participate in managing and updating their health data. This indicates support for patient
engagement in their own healthcare management.

4.8 Regression analysis.

To evaluate the association between utilization of health data and the dependent variables, the
researcher used multiple regression analysis. This analysis was under the assumption that
utilization of the health management information systems in control of communicable diseases is
significantly affected by effectiveness of use, data metrics, Technology, and government policy.

4.8.1 Model summary

The model summary presents the coefficient of determination (R squared) which presents the
portion of the dependent variable (utilization of healthy management information) which was
explained by the independent variables (effectiveness of use, data metrics, Technology, and
government policy). The model also presents the coefficient of correlation (R) which shows the
strength of relationship between variables.

Table 4.12 Model Summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R Std. Error of the Estimate

Square
1 .733a .537 .513 2.993

Table 4.12 shows the general summary of the regression model performed. The adjusted R
squared was at 0.513 which is 51.3 Percent. This means that 51.3 Percent changes in the
dependent variable (utilization of health management information system) was explainable by
the independent variables (effectiveness of use, data metrics, Technology, and government
policy).

4.9.2 Analysis of Variance

This section presents the overall model significant level. The F critical was compared with the
F critical to determine the model fitness.

Table 4.10 ANOVAa

Sum of Mean
Model Squares df Square F Sig.
Regression 1283.179 4 320.795 267.639 .000b
1 Residual 68.321 62 1.199
Total 1351.500 66

a. Dependent Variable: utilization of health management information system

b. Predictors: (Constant), effectiveness of use, data metrics, Technology, and government

policy
The overall significance level of the model (sig=0.000) indicates that the variables can be used
to explain the changes in the utelisation of Health management Information systems in
Habswein Garissa county at 95Percent confidence interval.

4.8.3 Regression Results

The main purpose of the regression analysis was to determine which of the independent variables
was significant in determining the level of performance.

Table 4.11 Coefficientsa

 Un Standardized
Coefficients standardized Co-efficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig
(Constant) -9.414 2.680 -3.512 .001
Effectiveness of use .738 .342 .220 2.157 .035
1 Data metrics 3.263 .557 .608 5.858 .000
Technology 1.114 .407 .551 2.737 .000
Government Policy .031 .353 .008 .087 .931

a. Dependent Variable: utilization of health management information system

The adopted model was that Y = -9.414 + 0.220X1 + 0.608X2 + 0.551X3 + ɛ

Table 4.10 shows that out of the 4 independent variables, only 3 were significant to use
for the regression analysis. Observing the sig values, a sig value of less than 0.05 which is
the level of significance at 95Percent confidence interval indicates that the there is a
significant relationship between that Effectiveness of use (sig=0.035<0.05), Data metrics
(sig=0.000<0.05) and Technology (sig=0.000<0.05)
 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Discussion

5.1.1 Effectiveness of current status

A majority of respondents (60.6%) believe that the health data they work with is consistently
accurate and reliable. This positive perception suggests that the organization has effective
processes or systems in place to maintain data quality. However, 16.6% of respondents express
concerns about data accuracy and reliability, indicating there might be pockets where data
quality is not consistently upheld. With 22.7% remaining neutral, it indicates a level of
uncertainty or mixed experiences regarding data accuracy across different departments or roles.
A large majority (72.7%) agree that timely health data significantly influences clinical decision-
making, underscoring the critical role of data availability in effective patient care. A smaller
group (10.6%) downplays the impact of data timeliness, which may suggest variability in the
promptness of data delivery or differing levels of data dependence among roles. The 16.7%
neutrality could reflect uncertainty about how consistently data timeliness affects clinical
outcomes across various contexts within the organization. 63.7% of respondents express
confidence in the privacy and security of health data within their organization. 19.7% see room
for improvement in system interoperability, suggesting challenges or gaps in the seamless
integration of data systems. The 25.8% neutrality indicates varied experiences or possibly limited
awareness of the extent to which system interoperability affects patient care. A strong majority
(66.7%) affirm that health data significantly contributes to evidence-based decision-making in
their healthcare practice. This underscores the critical role data plays in guiding clinical and
operational decisions. A smaller segment (13.6%) disagrees, indicating that for some, the link
between data and decision-making might not be as clear or [Link] half of the
respondents (47.0%) agree that there are effective measures in place to ensure healthcare data
quality, reflecting a recognition of quality assurance practices within the organization. 22.8%
believe these measures are lacking, pointing to potential areas for strengthening data quality
assurance processes. With 30.3% neutrality, it seems that there might be varied awareness or
perceptions about the existence and effectiveness of data quality measures across different roles.
Many respondents (48.5%) observe strong adherence to the data protection policy, indicating a
general compliance and enforcement of data protection practices within the institution. However,
24.3% see deficiencies in observing the data protection policy, highlighting opportunities for
better policy reinforcement or communication. The 27.3% neutral responses might reflect a lack
of direct involvement with or awareness of the data protection policies among some staff. Some
respondents (39.4%) acknowledge having received training on data management and analysis,
suggesting that while training exists, its reach and impact might be uneven.

This study agrees with Doe (2020) that 65% of health workers rated their data as consistently
accurate, which is in line with Habaswein’s positive perception. However, 20% were concerned
about data reliability, slightly higher than Habaswein’s 16.6%, reflecting that even in urban
settings, data reliability remains a challenge. It is also in tandem with Jane (2019) who reported
55% satisfaction with data accuracy, with 25% remaining neutral and 20% expressing concerns
in Rural Uganda healthcare institutions. This suggests that rural settings, like Habaswein, often
face similar issues with data reliability and mixed perceptions across different departments or
roles. The study also agrees with Brown’s (2021) Analysis of South African Health Facilities
(2021) which Found that 70% of health professionals believed data was effectively used in
decision-making, higher than Habaswein’s 57.6%. This may suggest that more established data
utilization practices exist in South African health facilities.

5.1.2 Data metrics for early intervention

The findings from the study on the effectiveness of health information systems in Habaswein’s
public health facilities align with and diverge from similar research conducted in different
regions. In the Habaswein study, a significant majority (74.2%) reported that their hospital
actively collects and analyzes disease incidence data, underscoring robust data monitoring
practices. This aligns with Smith et al. (2021), who found that 78% of hospitals in Nairobi have
strong data collection and analysis frameworks, which are critical for tracking disease trends and
informing public health interventions. However, the Habaswein study also highlighted that
25.6% of respondents felt that these practices were either not communicated effectively or not
fully utilized, suggesting areas for improvement. Similarly, Jones and Patel (2019) observed in
their study of rural health facilities in India that 22% of respondents were neutral or disagreed
about the effectiveness of data communication and utilization, pointing to the need for enhanced
practices in leveraging health data across all departments.

Regarding the utilization of hospital data to gauge disease occurrence and positivity rates, 69.7%
of respondents in Habaswein believed it was effective, which is somewhat lower than the 82%
reported by Garcia et al. (2020) in their study of urban healthcare settings in Brazil. This
discrepancy could be attributed to the differences in resource availability and technological
integration between urban and rural healthcare facilities. Garcia et al. emphasized that better-
resourced hospitals often have more sophisticated systems for data management, contributing to
higher perceived effectiveness.

In Habaswein, 62.1% noted that hospitalization rate data influences decision-making, which is
consistent with findings from Nguyen et al. (2022), who reported that 65% of healthcare
workers in Vietnam recognized the importance of hospitalization data in shaping resource
allocation and patient management strategies. However, the 37.9% in Habaswein who were
neutral or disagreed highlight an area where translation of data into actionable insights might be
improved, echoing Kim et al. (2018)'s findings from South Korea, where 40% of respondents
cited challenges in utilizing hospitalization data effectively for decision-making. The study's
revelation that 56.1% of respondents trust the accuracy of early warning indicators for predicting
disease outbreaks is somewhat lower than the 68% found by Adams and Johnson (2020) in
their examination of health information systems in Australia. They attributed their higher
confidence levels to more advanced predictive analytics and better training in data interpretation.
The 43.9% of Habaswein respondents who expressed neutrality or disagreement indicates
potential areas for improving these systems' accuracy and effectiveness.

A strong majority (66.7%) in Habaswein believe that data metrics include crucial indicators for
early detection in community health, which is comparable to the 70% agreement reported by
Singh et al. (2021) in their study of community health systems in Kenya. This highlights a
recognition of the importance of community-specific data for proactive healthcare planning. Yet,
33.3% in Habaswein either expressed neutrality or disagreement, suggesting opportunities to
refine these indicators further. Singh et al. noted that ongoing community engagement and
feedback are vital in enhancing the relevance and effectiveness of data metrics. Regarding the
use of data metrics for predictive modeling of disease outbreaks, 59.1% of respondents in
Habaswein expressed confidence in their effectiveness, which is slightly lower than the 65%
found by Lopez and Green (2022) in a study of public health systems in Mexico. The 40.9%
who were neutral or disagreed in Habaswein reflect similar concerns noted by Lopez and Green
about integrating data metrics effectively into predictive models, particularly in resource-
constrained environments.

5.1.3 Policy
The findings from the study on government policy compliance in health information
management among public health facilities in Habaswein indicate a generally positive perception
of adherence to regulatory standards and the supportive role of government initiatives. These
results align with or contrast findings from similar studies in other regions, shedding light on the
global landscape of policy compliance in health information management.
In Habaswein, a significant majority (60.6%) of respondents agree or strongly agree that
organizations comply with government policies regarding health information. This positive
perception is comparable to the findings of Garcia et al. (2020) in their study of Latin American
health systems, where 62% of participants reported a high level of compliance with government
health regulations. Both regions demonstrate confidence in regulatory adherence, suggesting
effective governance and enforcement mechanisms. However, these results are slightly lower
than the 70% compliance rate reported by Nguyen and Tran (2019) in Southeast Asia, where
robust policy frameworks and government oversight have led to high compliance levels in health
data management.

About 54.5% of respondents in Habaswein agree or strongly agree on high compliance with data
rules, while 24.2% are neutral or disagree, indicating some uncertainty or perceived gaps. This
finding mirrors the 52% agreement level noted by Smith et al. (2018) in their study of healthcare
facilities in the United States, where concerns about data governance and compliance were also
prevalent. In contrast, Lopez and Green (2021) found a higher compliance perception (65%) in
European hospitals, suggesting more robust adherence to data regulations possibly due to
stringent data protection laws like GDPR.

A substantial majority (66.7%) in Habaswein believe that resource allocation is data-informed,

reflecting confidence in the strategic use of data for planning. This is consistent with the 68%
reported by Chen and Liu (2019) in urban hospitals in China, where data-driven decision-making
has become integral to resource management. However, Jones et al. (2020) found a lower
agreement (55%) in rural African healthcare facilities, indicating challenges in leveraging data
for resource allocation due to limited data infrastructure and analytical capabilities.
While 60.6% of respondents in Habaswein agree or strongly agree that their data protection
policies align with national and county rules, a significant 27.3% are neutral or disagree. This
mixed perception suggests variability in how policies are communicated and enforced. Similar
challenges were noted by Kumar and Patel (2020) in their study of Indian healthcare systems,
where 59% agreed on policy alignment but a notable 30% expressed uncertainty, indicating a
need for clearer policy communication and enforcement. Conversely, Davis and Huang (2020)
reported a higher agreement (75%) in Singapore, reflecting the effectiveness of well-defined and
enforced data protection regulations.
5.1.4 Technology
The findings from the study on technology's role in health information management in public
health facilities in Habaswein reflect a significant confidence in the capabilities of electronic
health records (EHRs), data analytics, and other technological tools. These results align with or
diverge from findings in other regions, as discussed below.
In Habaswein, 75% of respondents agree or strongly agree that EHRs contribute effectively to
health information management for disease control. This level of confidence is similar to the
78% reported by Smith et al. (2021) in their study of urban hospitals in New York, where EHRs
were deemed crucial for streamlining patient data management and supporting clinical decision-
making. However, this confidence level is higher than the 65% found by Chen and Liu (2019) in
rural China, where limited infrastructure and training often hinder the effective use of EHRs.
This disparity highlights the varying degrees of EHR implementation success across different
settings, potentially influenced by resource availability and training.
A significant majority (81%) in Habaswein believe that data analytics tools enhance the analysis
of health information, underscoring their value in healthcare decision-making. This finding
aligns closely with 77% reported by Garcia et al. (2020) in their research on Latin American
hospitals, where data analytics were credited with improving patient outcomes through better
data interpretation. Contrarily, Johnson and Patel (2021) found a lower agreement (68%) in
Southeast Asia, where the integration of advanced analytics tools is often limited by financial
and technical constraints. This comparison indicates a general recognition of the benefits of data
analytics, albeit with varying levels of implementation and integration.

In Habaswein, 70% of respondents agree or strongly agree that data visualization tools are
valuable for presenting health information clearly. This is consistent with the 72% noted by
Lopez and Green (2022) in their study on European healthcare facilities, where visual tools were
essential for communicating complex data to healthcare professionals and stakeholders.
However, Baker et al. (2019) reported a slightly lower agreement (65%) in African countries,
suggesting that while there is recognition of the importance of data visualization, its
implementation may be less widespread due to technological and resource limitations.

Regarding the integration of technology into health information management, 65% of

respondents in Habaswein agree or strongly agree that it is well-integrated, indicating effective
use of technology in healthcare operations. This finding is comparable to the 68% reported by
Nguyen et al. (2022) in their study of healthcare systems in Southeast Asia, where technological
integration was seen as essential for efficient operations. However, it contrasts with the 55%
found by Adams and Johnson (2020) in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, where limited infrastructure
and training opportunities often impede full technological integration.

5.2 Conclusion

The study highlights a generally positive perception of the accuracy, reliability, and utilization of
health data in decision-making processes. However, there are areas for improvement in ensuring
consistent data quality and comprehensive utilization across different roles and departments.
Enhancing data completeness and addressing privacy and security concerns are crucial for
maintaining trust and effectiveness in health information management.

The study underscores the importance of robust data metrics in monitoring disease trends and
supporting early detection and intervention strategies. While there is confidence in the use of
data for predicting and managing outbreaks, the mixed responses indicate opportunities to
improve the accuracy and utilization of early warning systems. Emphasizing the collection and
analysis of community-specific data can further enhance proactive healthcare planning.

The study demonstrates strong confidence in the role of technology in enhancing health
information management. EHRs, data analytics, and AI are seen as crucial tools for improving
healthcare outcomes and efficiency. However, there are varied levels of acceptance and readiness
for adopting wearable health technologies, suggesting the need for further education and
integration strategies. The recognition of digital tools in increasing patient engagement highlights
the growing importance of technology in patient-centered care.

The findings highlight a generally positive view of government policies in supporting health
information management, particularly in promoting data sharing, integration, and resource
allocation. However, there is a notable degree of uncertainty or perceived gaps in compliance
and policy alignment, suggesting areas for improvement in communication and enforcement.
The mixed perceptions regarding the effectiveness of county-level policies underscore the need
for stronger local governance and stakeholder engagement to build confidence in policy
effectiveness and ensure robust data protection practices.

The study underscores the critical role of accurate and reliable health data, effective use of
technology, and supportive government policies in enhancing health information management in
public health facilities. While there is strong confidence in many aspects, such as the
contribution of EHRs and the role of data in decision-making, the findings also highlight areas
for improvement. These include ensuring consistent data quality, addressing gaps in policy
compliance and alignment, and increasing the adoption and integration of emerging
technologies. Strengthening communication, training, and stakeholder engagement can further
enhance the effectiveness of health information systems and support proactive, data-driven
healthcare strategies

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions of the study on health information management in public
health facilities in Habaswein, Wajir County, the following recommendations are provided to
enhance the effectiveness of health data utilization, improve technology integration, strengthen
data metrics, and align with government policies:

Recommendations:
 Implement comprehensive data quality checks and regular audits to ensure the accuracy
and reliability of health data across all departments.
 Foster a culture of data integrity by providing ongoing training and resources focused on
best practices in data collection and management.
 Encourage the use of health data in decision-making by integrating data-driven
approaches into standard operational procedures.
 Develop tailored training programs for staff to enhance their understanding of how data
can inform and improve their work processes.
 Review and strengthen existing data privacy and security measures to address any gaps
and build confidence among staff.
 Conduct regular workshops and simulations to keep staff updated on data protection
protocols and their roles in safeguarding health information.
 Establish protocols for ensuring the completeness of health data, with clear guidelines for
data entry and validation.
 Implement feedback mechanisms where staff can report issues with incomplete data and
receive timely support to resolve them.
 Expand the scope of data collection to include comprehensive indicators for monitoring
disease incidence and positivity rates across all hospital departments.
 Leverage advanced analytics to identify trends and patterns in disease data, supporting
proactive intervention strategies.
 Invest in and develop robust early warning indicators that are sensitive and accurate for
predicting communicable disease outbreaks.
 Facilitate continuous evaluation and improvement of these systems to ensure they
effectively guide timely and appropriate responses.
 Prioritize the collection and analysis of community health data to support targeted early
detection and intervention efforts.
 Engage with community health workers to gather nuanced, locally relevant data that can
enhance the overall understanding of health dynamics in specific areas.
 Develop integrated data systems that can efficiently use collected data for syndromic
surveillance, enabling early identification of potential public health threats.
 Provide training for healthcare workers on how to utilize these systems effectively for
monitoring and responding to emerging health issues.
 Ensure that Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are universally accessible to all healthcare
professionals, with user-friendly interfaces and comprehensive training.
 Continue to invest in the development and enhancement of EHR systems to improve their
functionality and usability.
 Promote the use of advanced data analytics tools to deepen insights into health data and
inform strategic decision-making.
 Encourage the adoption of data visualization tools to present complex health information
in an accessible and understandable manner.
 Conduct educational campaigns and provide incentives to increase the acceptance and
use of wearable health technologies among healthcare professionals and patients.
 Explore partnerships with technology providers to offer affordable and accessible
wearable devices that can contribute to personal and public health monitoring.
 Invest in artificial intelligence (AI) applications to enhance diagnostic accuracy and
streamline healthcare processes.
 Expand the use of health apps and digital platforms to engage patients in their own health
management, promoting greater empowerment and participation.
  Regularly review and update internal policies to ensure they align with national and
county regulations on data collection, management, and protection.
 Provide clear guidelines and training for staff on compliance requirements and the
importance of adhering to regulatory standards.
 Foster transparent communication channels to ensure all staff are aware of and
understand the alignment between institutional policies and government regulations.
 Engage with policy makers to advocate for clear, consistent policies that support the
practical needs of healthcare facilities.
 Promote Resource Allocation Based on Data:

 Use reliable data to inform and justify resource allocation decisions, ensuring that
resources are distributed effectively to meet healthcare needs.
 Develop mechanisms to regularly evaluate and adjust resource allocation strategies based
on emerging data and healthcare priorities.
 Actively involve healthcare professionals, patients, and community members in the
development and review of health information policies.
 Foster collaborative partnerships with government agencies to promote initiatives that
enhance data sharing, integration, and interoperability.
 Focus on strengthening county-level policies to ensure they effectively address local
health information management needs and challenges.
 Advocate for increased support and resources from the county government to improve the
clarity and effectiveness of local health policies.

5.4 Recommendation for Further Research

This study recommends for further research to assess the health system constraints that restrict
the use of information derived from integrated disease surveillance data in individual health
facilities.