Central Board of Secondary Education

New Delhi

"To study different types of human eye

diseases"

Biology Investigatory Project

by
Siya Ratha
Class: 11th B, Roll No: 26
 #104, IVRI Road, Behind CRPF Yelehanka, Bangalore
56004

Acknowledgment
This project's success relied on direction and assistance
from many individuals, and I am grateful to have received
this support while completing my task. I owe my success
to their direction and aid and am extremely thankful to
them.

Firstly, I would like to thank our project supervisor, Mrs

Leena Singh, for her vital assistance and advice. She
encouraged us to work on this project. I am grateful to
her for her strong support and leadership.

Secondly, I wish to thank the principal Mrs. Meetali Archit

and Nagarjuna Vidyaniketan for providing us with an
amazing environment and facilities to accomplish this
assignment.

Thirdly, I want to express my gratitude to the lab

assistants for their guidance and assistance.

I would also like to thank the non-teaching staff of the

Department of Biology for their consistent support.

Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends for

their constant support and constructive criticism which
helped me finalize this project.
Table of Contents
1. Abstract
2. Eye diseases
3. Types of eye disorder
4. Presbyopia
5. Near sightedness
6. Far sightedness
7. Cataract
8. Macular degeneration
9. Conclusion
[Link]
 1. Abstract
The human eye is an organ which reacts
to light and pressure. As a sense organ,
the mammalian eye allows vision. Human
eyes help provide a three-dimensional,
moving image normally covered in
daylight. Rod and cone cells in retina
allow conscious light perception of depth.
The human eye can differentiate between
about 10 million colors and is possibly
detecting a single photon. Like the eyes
of other mammals, the human eyes non
image forming photosensitive ganglion
cells in the retina receive light signals
which affect adjustment of the size of the
pupils, regulation and suppression of the
hormone melatonin and entertainment of
the body.
The eyes are not shaped like a perfect
sphere, rather it is a fused two-piece unit,
composed of the anterior segment and
posterior segment. The anterior segment
is made up of the cornea, iris and lens.
The cornea is transparent and more
curved, and is linked to the larger
posterior segment, composed of the
vitreous, retina, choroid and the outer
white shells called the sclera. The cornea
is typically about 11.5 in diameter and
1/2mm in thickness near its center. The
posterior chamber constitutes the
remaining five-sixths; its diameter is
typically about 24 mm. The cornea and
sclera are connected to an area termed
as the limbus.
The iris is the pigmented circular
structure concentrically surrounding the
center of the eye, the pupil, which
appears to be black. The size of the pupils
which control the amount of light entering
the eye, is adjusted by the iris dilator and
sphincter muscles light energy enters the
eye through the cornea, through the
pupils and the through the lens.
2. EYES DISEASES
Eyes diseases are conditions which effect
any part of your eyes and include
conditions that affect structure
immediately around your eyes.
3. TYPES OF EYES DISORDERS

Visual impairment

Visual impairment also known as vision

loss, is a decreased ability to see to a
degree that causes problems not fixable
by usual means, such as glasses. Some
also include those who have a decrease
ability to see because they do not have
access to glasses or contact lenses.
Visual impairment is often defined as best
corrected visual acuity of worse than
either 20/40 or 20/60. Visual impairment
may cause people difficulties with normal
daily activities such as driving, creating,
socialising and walking.

Amblyopia

Amblyopia also called lazy eye is a

disorder of sight due to the eye and brain
not working well together. It results in
decreased vision in an eye that otherwise
typically appears normal it is the most
common cause of decreased vision in
single eye among children's and younger
adults.
The causes of amblyopia can be any
condition that interferes with focus in
during early childhood.
This can occur from poor alignment of the
eyes, one eye being irregular shape such
that the focusing is difficult, one eye
being more nearsighted or farsighted
than the other or clouding the lens of an
eye. After the underlining course is fixed,
vision is not fully restored as their
mechanism also involves the brain.
Amblyopia can be difficult to detect and
therefore vision testing is recommended
for all children around the ages of 4 to 5.

Many people with amblyopia especially

those who only have mild form are not
aware they have the condition until
tested at older age since the vision in
their strong eyes normal people typically
have poor stereo vision, however since it
requires both eyes. Those with amblyopia
further may have on the affected eye,
poor pattern recognition, poor visual
acuity, and low sensitive to contrast and
motion.
Amblyopia is characterised by several
function abnormalities in spatial vision
including the reduction in visual acuity
contrast sensitivity and vernier acuity as
well as spatial distortion abnormal spatial
interaction and impact contour detection.
In Addition, individuals with amblyopia
suffer from binocular abnormalities such
as impaired stereoacuity and abnormal
binocular summation. Also, a crowding
phenomenon is present. These deficits
are usually specific to amblyopic eye.
However subclinical deficits of the ‘better’
eye have also seen demonstrated.
Treatment of strabismic or anisometropic
amblyopia consists of correcting the
optical deficit and often forcing use of
amblyopic eye, by patching the good eye
or instilling topicalatropine good eye or
both.

[Link]
 Presbyopia is a natural occurrence
where near vision becomes blurred
making it hard to focus while doing
things like reading using a mobile
phone or working on the computer. It
is not a disease or illness; in fact, it is
a very common with age.
 In young people, the eye’s lens is soft
and flexible, reading changes shape
to see images from different distance.
As you age, the crystalline lens in
your eye hardens and loses elasticity
with this loss of flexibility your eyes
are less able to adjust properly to
focus near objects.

Symptoms of
Presbyopia
 People commonly mistake the
symptoms of presbyopia for
longsightedness. However, the two
 conditions have different causes: long
sightedness is the result of misshapen
cornea whereas presbyopia is due to
loss of flexibility in the lens.
 The Telltale systom of presbyopia is a
blurred vision while reading, suing,
using a mobile phone or doing
anything that requires near vision.

Treatment for
Presbyopia
 There are many options for people
with presbyopia, including contact
lenses. Recent technologies allow
people who are entering into
presbyopia to continue wearing
contact lenses, instead of having to
switch to biofocals, or reading
glasses.

Common treatments for presbyopia

include:
 1. Magnifiers
2. Biofocal or varifocal spectacles
3. Reading glasses

[Link]-Sightedness
 Far-sightedness also known as long
sightedness and hyperopia is the
condition of the eye in which light is
focused behind instead on the retina.
This causes close object to be blurry
while far objects may appear normal
 as the condition worsens object at all
distance may be blurred. Other
symptoms may include headaches
and eye strain people with hyperopia
can also experience accommodative
synthesis function, binocular
dysfunction, amblyopia and
strabismus.
 The cause is an imperfection in the
eye: often when the eyeball is too
short or the lens cannot become
round enough. It is a type of refractive
error.
 Correction is usually achieved by the
use of convex corrective lenses. For
near objects, the eye has to
accommodate even more. Depending
on the degree of hyperopia and the
age of the person, which directly
relates to eye’s accommodative
ability, the symptoms can be
different.
 Far-sightedness primarily affects
young children with rate of 8% at 6
years and 1% percent at 15 years.
The signs and symptoms of far-
sightedness are blurry vision,
headaches and eye strain. The
common symptom is eye strain.
Difficulty seeing with both eyes may
occur, as well as difficulty with depth
perception as hyperopia is the result
of visual image being focused behind
the retina, it has two main causes:
1. Low coverging power of eye
because of weak action of ciliary
muscles.
2. Abnormal shape of cornea.
 6. Near-Sightedness
 Near-sightedness also known as
myopia,is a conditionof the eye wjere
light focusesin front of,instead of on,
the retina. This causes distant
objects to be blurry while close
objects appear normal. Other
 symptoms may include headache
eye strain. severa near-sightedness
increase the risk of retinal
detachment, cataract and glaucoma.
 The underlining cause is believed to
be a combination of genetic and
environmental factors. Risk factors
include doing work that involves
focusing on close objects greater
time spent indoors and a family
history of the condition. It is also
associated with high socio economic
class. The underlying mechanism
involves length of the eyeball being
too long or less commonly the lens
being too strong. It is a type of
refractive error. Diagnosis is by eye
examination.
 Where is tentative evidence that near
sightedness can be prevented by
having your children spend more
time outside this may be related to
natural light exposure near
sightedness can be corrected with
eyeglasses contact lens or surgery
eyeglasses are the easiest and the
safest method of correction contact
lens can provide a wider field of
vision however are associated with
risk of infection refractive surgery
permanently changes the shape of
the cornea myopia presence with
blurry distinction but generally gives
good near vision in high myopia even
near version is affected as object
must be extremely close to the eyes
to see clearly and the people with
myopia can not read properly without
there glasses prescribed for distance.
 [Link]
 Cataract is the clouding of the lens in
the eye which leads to decrease in
vision. Cataract often develops slowly
and can affect one or both eyes.
Symptoms may include faded colours,
blurry visions Halos around the light,
trouble with bright lights and trouble
 seeing at night this may result in
trouble driving reading recognising
faces. Poor vision caused by cataract
may also result in an increased risk of
falling and depression cataract are the
cause of half of blindness and 33% of
visual impairment worldwide.
 Cataract are most commonly due to
aging but may also occur due to
trauma or radiation exposure, be
present from birth or occur following
eye surgery for other problems. Risk
factors include diabetes, smoking
tobacco prolonged exposure to light
and alcohol. Either lumps of protein or
yellow brown pigments may be
deposited in the lens reducing the
transmission of light to the retina at
the back of the eye. Diagnosis is by an
eye examination.
 Functions include wearing sunglasses
and not smoking early on the
symptoms may be improved with
glasses if this does not help surgery to
remove the cloudy lens and replace it
 with an artificial lens is the only
effective treatment surgery is only
needed if the cataract are causing
problems and generally results in an
improved quality of life cataract
surgery is not readily available in many
countries which is especially true for
women those living in rural area and
those who do not know how to read
 About 20,000,000 people are blind due
to cataracts. It is cause of
approximately 5% of blindness in the
United states and nearly 60% of
blindness in the part of Africa and
South Africa. Blindness from cataract
occurs in about 30 to 40% per 100,000
children in the developing world and
1% to 4% 100,000 children in the
developed world. Cataract becoming
more common with age. More than half
the people in the United states had
cataracts by the age of 80
[Link] Degeneration
 Macular degeneration also known
as age related macular
degeneration is a medical condition
which may result in blood or no
vision in the centre of the visual
field. Early on there are often no
symptoms overtime however some
people experience a gradual
worsening of vision that may affect
one or both eyes. While it does not
result in complete blindness loss of
central vision can make it hard to
recognise faces, drive, read or
perform other activities of daily life.
Visual hallucinations may also occur
 but these do not represent a mental
illness.
 Macular degenaration typically
occurs in older people. Genetic
factors and smoking also play a
role. It is due to damaged macular
of the retina diagnosis is by
complete eye exam the severity is
divided into early, intermediate and
late types. The late type is
additional divided into “dry” and
“wet” forms with the dry form
making up 90% of cases.
 Prevention include exercising,
eating well and not smoking.
Antioxidant vitamins and minerals
do not appear to be useful for
prevention there is no clear or
treatment that returns vision
already lost. In the wet form anti-
VEGF medication injection into the
eye or less commonly laser
coagulation or photodynamic
therapy may slow worsening.
Supplements in those who already
 have the disease may slow
progression.
 In 2010 it effected 23.5 million
people globally. In 2013 moderate
to severe diseases affected 13.4
millions and in the fourth most
common cause of blindness after
cataract, preterm birth and
glaucoma. It is the most commonly
occurs in people over the age of 50
and in the United States is the most
common cause of vision loss in the
age group about 0.4% of people
between 50 to 60 have the
diseases, while it occurs in 0.7% of
people 60 to 70, 2.3% of those
between 70 to 80 and nearly 12%
of people over 80 years old.
9. Conclusion
Eye Disorder pie chart
 10. Bibliography

 [Link]
GlobalHealthMatters/november-december-
2012/Pages/[Link]
  [Link]
conditions/[Link]
 [Link]
everwin-vidhyashram/biology-