HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW
Module 01
REVIEW OF GOVERING EQUATIONS
REVIEW OF GOVERNING EQUATIONS
Description of Flow Fields
Continuity Equation
Stress-Strain rate relationship
Law of Conservation of momentum equation
Stokes Hypothesis
Navier - Stokes equations
Referred books:
1. Anderson J D – Fundamentals of Aerodynamics
2. Schlichting, Herrmann, Gersten, Klaus - Boundary Layer Theory
Flow Field
In three–dimensional motion the flow field is given by the velocity vector
The pressure p and the temperature T.
Continuity equation - conservation of mass
Three Momentum equations - conservation of momentum
Energy equation - conservation of energy, i.e. first law of thermodynamics
For the isotropic Newtonian fluids considered here, there is a linear relation between the
stress tensor and the rate of deformation.
Density= f(T, p),
Isobaric specific heat capacity cp = f(T, p)
Viscosity μ= f(T, p) and
Thermal conductivity λ= f(T, p).
Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation
For steady Flow,
Continuity Equation
Conservation of mass-
The sum of all mass flowing in and out per unit time must be equal to the change
in mass due to change in density per unit time. For unsteady flows of a general
fluid,
(or)
- total or substantial derivative of the density with respect to time
Local Part (unsteady flow) Convective part (change in position)
For incompressible flow, , then
Momentum Equation
Momentum Equation
Momentum Equation
Momentum Equation
Momentum Equation
Momentum Equation
Differential
form of
Momentum
Equation
If the flow is steady, no body force and flow is inviscous,
Momentum Equation
Conservation of momentum-
Mass times acceleration is equal to the sum of the forces (body forces and surface
forces-pressure and frictional force).
- Body force per unit volume
(external force)
- Surface force per unit volume
(state of deformation/motion)
Local Convective - Gravitational acceleration
Substantial
acceleration acceleration acceleration
(or)
All the surface forces on a volume element determine the state of stress
General Stress State of Deformable Bodies
In order to determine the surface forces, consider a volume element dV =dx dy dz as
in Fig, whose front lower left corner has the coordinates x, y, z. The following
stresses (stress vectors = surface forces per unit surface area) act on the two surfaces
normal to the x axis of size dy dz:
The index x implies that the stress vector
acts on a surface element whose normal
is in the x direction. Similar terms are
obtained for the surface elements dx・
dz and dx・ dy perpendicular to the y
and z axes respectively. Thus we have
the resulting surface forces in the three
coordinate directions:
General Stress State of Deformable Bodies
General Stress State of Deformable Bodies
General Stress State of Deformable Bodies
General Stress State of Deformable Bodies
The first variant of stress tensor
General State of Deformation of Flowing Fluid
General State of Deformation of Flowing Fluid
General State of Deformation of Flowing Fluid
Strain rate= Change in length / (length x time)
= Change in velocity / length
General State of Deformation of Flowing Fluid
Relation Between Stresses and Rate of Deformation
𝑇𝑖𝑖 = 2μεሶ 𝑖𝑖 + λ Δ.V
𝑇𝑖𝑗 = 2μεሶ 𝑖𝑗
Stokes Hypothesis
Navier–Stokes Equations
Problems to solve
1. A 25 cm diameter pipe carries oil of specific gravity 0.9 at the velocity of 3 m/s. At
another section the diameter is 20 cm. Find the velocity at this section and the mass
flow rate of the oil.
2. The diameters of the pipe at the sections 1 and 2 are 10 cm and 25 cm respectively.
Find the discharge through the pipe if the velocity of the water flowing through the
pipe at the section 1 is 5 m/s. Determine also the velocity at section 2.
3. A 30 cm diameter pipe, conveying water, branches into two pipes of diameters 20
cm and 15 cm respectively. If the average velocity at the 30 cm pipe is 2.5 m/s, find
the discharge in the pipe. Determine the velocity in 15 cm pipe if the average
velocity in the 20 cm diameter pipe is 2 m/s.
4. Water flows through the pipe AB 1.2 m diameter at 3 m/s and then passes through a
pipe BC 1.5 m diameter. At C the pipe branches. The branch CD is 0.8 m in
diameter and carries one third of the flow in AB. The flow velocity in the pipe CE
is 2.5 m/s. Find the volume flow rate in AB, velocity in CD and the diameter of CE.