Concept of State islands in an extensive body of

water, such as sea.( Deleon, 1997)

State taken from the Latin word stare (to  In various conference of the United
stand) is a political community that Nations on the Law of the Sea, the
occupies a definite territory; having an Philippines and other archipelago
organized government with the authority to states proposed that an archipelago
make and enforce laws without the consent composed of groups of islands
of a higher authority. It is also defined as a forming a state is a single unit, with
self-governing political entity. The term islands and the waters within the
state can be used interchangeably with the baselines are internal waters.
country.

Elements of State Internal Waters are the waters

around, between and connecting the
1. PEOPLE-is the organization of human islands of the archipelago, regardless
beings living together as a community. It is of their breath and dimensions. Other
also known as population or inhabitants. Territories over the Philippines has
Sovereignty or Jurisdiction
2. Territory- refers to the portion of the
• Any territory that presently, belongs
earth which composed of aerial (air space
or might in the future belong to the
above), fluvial (waters around and
Philippines through any of the
connecting the islands of the archipelago)
accepted any of the accepted
and terrestrial (landmass) domains.
international modes acquiring
Territorial Claims under UNCLOS
territory.
Art.1 Sec. 1 1987 Constitution
TERRITORIAL SEA The belt of the sea
NATIONAL TERRITORY
located between the coastal state qon the
The national territory comprises the hand and high seas on the other extending
Philippines archipelago, with all the islands up to 12 nautical miles from the law water
and waters embraced therein, and all other mark.
territories over sovereignty or jurisdiction,
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE - body
consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial
of water extending up to 200 nautical miles,
domains, including its territorial sea, the
within which the state may sovereign rights
seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves and
to explore, exploit, conserve and manage the
other submarine areas. The waters around,
natural resources.
between and connecting the island of the
archipelago, regardless of their breath and The state in the EEZ exercises jurisdiction
dimensions form part of the internal waters with the regard to:
of the Philippines.
a. The establishment and use of the artificial
The Archipelagic Principle of Territoriality islands, installations, and structures;
• An Archipelago is defined as a sea b. Marine scientific research;
or part of a sea studded with the
islands, often synonymous with c. The protection and preservation of marine
island groups, or as a large group of environment
3. Sovereignty-refers to supreme and 4. Social Contract- It existed during the 17th
absolute power within its territorial Century & The Age of Enlightenment.
boundaries.
People begin to challenge the monarchy and
This is the power of the state the idea of Divine Right.
to command and enforce obedience of its
will from people.

It means power over people Inherent Powers of State

of an area unrestrained by laws originating 1. Police Power- power of the state to
outside the area or independence completely regulate freedoms and property rights of
devoid of direct external control. individuals for the protection of public
Types of Sovereignty safety, health, and morals or the promotion
of the public convenience and general
a. Internal is the power of the state to rule prosperity. This is because the Welfare of
within its territory the people is the supreme law.

b. External is the freedom of the state to 2. Eminent Domain power to take private
carry out its activities without subjection to property for public use upon payment of just
or control by other states. compensation. It is exercised through
national or local government and private
Characteristics of Sovereignty persons or corporations authorized to
a. Sovereignty is absolute from the legal exercise functions of public character.
point of view. 3. Taxation-power to impose tax on
b. Sovereignty is permanent. individuals and properties to support the
government.
c. Sovereignty ofthe state is universal.
 Tax-lifeblood of government
d. Sovereignty is inalienable.  Uniform taxation-persons or
things belonging to the same
2. Force Theory- Governments, emerged
class shall be taxed at the same
when people were brought under the control
rate
of some power. States emerged from the
 Equitable taxation - tax burden
conquest of other families or tribes
must be imposed according to the
3. Divine Right - Belief that kings are taxpayers capacity to pay
chosen to rule the Ancient state by a deity  Progressive taxation as the
examples include Egyptians and Aztecs. In resources of the taxpayer
15th Century Europe, the idea is used by becomes higher his rates likewise
royalty as the justification for the absolute increase.
domination, therefore, to question the king
was not only treason but seen as a sin
against God.
Concept of Nation ideal of 'nation-state' is that the state
incorporates people of a single ethnic stock
Nation (Anderson 1991, Poggi 2008) and cultural traditions. Therefore, nation-
is the social construction of a collective state "1...would exist if nearly all the
identity. It is an imagined political members of a single nation were organized
community that is imagined as both in a single state, without any other national
inherently limited and sovereign. It is also communities being present. Although the
defined as a group of people who share the term is widely used, no such entities exist"
same history, geography, language, customs,
and sometimes religion. The nation is said to Distinction between State and Nation
be imagined because members have a (Murali,[Link]. 2005)
mental image of their affinity. It is limited
because nations have "finite, if elastic State Nation
Existed not only at Modern
boundaries, beyond which lie other nations".
the present but also phenomenon
It is sovereign insofar as no dynastic in the ancient period.
monarchy can claim authority over them. It is legal political. It is racial cultural.
People organized for People
Finally, a nation is an imagined law within a definite psychologically
common unity because "regardless of the territory. joined together with
actual inequality and exploitation that may common will to live
prevail in each, the nation is always together.
conceived as a deep, horizontal A state must be People continue as a
comradeship. It is a large group of people sovereign. nation even if they
do not remain
who are bound together, and recognize a
sovereign.
similarity among themselves, because of a Inhabited by Inhabited by
common culture; in particular, a common heterogeneous homogenous group
language seems important in creating groups of people. of people.
nationhood. (Shively,2013)

A nation is a stable community of people Difference between state and nation

formed in the basis of a common language,
territory, economic life, ethnicity and/or 1. The elements of State and Nation are
psychological make-up manifested in a different: The State has four elements-
common culture. Is distinct from a people populations, territory, government, and
and is a more abstract, and more overtly sovereignty. In the absence of even one
political than an ethnic group. It is a element, a State cannot be really a State. A
cultural- political community that has state is always characterized by all these
become conscious of its autonomy, unity four elements. On the contrary, a nation is a
and particular interest. Moreover, the term group of people who have a strong sense of
nation-state as being defined by UNESCO unity and common consciousness. Common
"is one where the great majority are territory, common race, common religion,
conscious of a common identity and share common language, common history,
the same culture". In addition, nation-state common culture and common, political
"is an area where the cultural boundaries aspirations are the elements which help the
match up with the political boundaries". The formation of a nation, and yet none of these
is an absolutely essential element. The is a community based on common ethnicity,
elements which go to build a nation keep on history and traditions and aspirations.
changing.
6. There can be two or more Nationalities
2. State is a Political Organisation while living in one State. There can be two or
Nation is a social, cultural, psychological, more than two nations within a single State.
emotional and political unity. The State is a Before the First World War, Austria and
political organization which fulfills the Hungary were one State, but two different
security and welfare needs of its people. It is nations. Most of the modern states are
concerned with external human actions. It is multinational states.
a legal entity. On the other hand, a Nation is
a united unit of population which is full of 7. Nation is more stable than State: A nation
emotional, spiritual and psychological is more stable than the State. When
bonds. A nation has little to do with the sovereignty ends, the State dies, but not the
physical needs of the people. nation. A nation can survive even without
sovereignty. For example, after their defeat
3. Possession of a Definite Territory in the World War II, both Germany and
Essential for the State but not for a Nation: Japan lost their sovereign statuses and
It is essential for each State to possess a outside powers.
fixed territory. It is the physical element of
the State. State is a territorial entity. But for 8. The State uses police power (force) for
a nation territory is not an essential preserving its unity and integrity, the Nation
requirement. A nation can survive even is bound by strong cultural and historical
without a fixed territory. Love of a common links. State has police power those who dare
motherland acts as a source of unity. to disobey it are punished by the state. A
nation does not have police power or force
4. Sovereignty is essential for State but not or coercive power. It is backed by moral,
for Nation: Sovereignty is an essential emotional and spiritual power. A nation
element of the State. It is the soul of the survives on the power of sense of unity of
State. In the absence of sovereignty, the the people. A nation appeals, the State
State loses its existence. It is the element of orders; a nation persuades, a States coerces;
sovereignty which makes the state different and a nation boycotts, the State punishes.
from all other associations of the people. It State is a political organization, while the
is not essential for a nation to possess nation is a unity. State and nation do not
sovereignty. The basic requirement of a have the same boundaries, and yet there is a
nation is the strong bonds of emotional unity tendency for a nation and state to be one.
among its people which develop due to Most of the nation’s today stand organized
several common social cultural elements. into different states. Most of the modern
States are multinational States. The modern
5. Nation can be wider than the State: The state is called a nation state because all the
State is limited to a fixed territory. Its (nationalities) living in one state stand
boundaries can increase or decrease but the integrated into one nation.
process of change is always very complex.
However a nation may or may not remain
within the bounds of a fixed territory. Nation
 Why is it necessary for the Spaniards to
establish good terms with the Chieftains or
Sultans? It was because during their time,
HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE what they observed as power connected to
POLITICS the position/role of a chieftain or Sultan in a
polity was so great. For example, the
 PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD chieftain is the one responsible in decision
making covering all aspects (social, cultural,
A long time ago, the Philippines was already
spiritual, and political) that affects their
home to native settlers. The Negritos, the
community life. The responsibility of
Indonesians, and the Malays race of origin,
decision making means it covers the power
they were believed to be the first migrant
of Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary
tribes to reach the country. The Pre-colonial
(discussed at a later part). He is helped, of
period of the Philippines had a rich political
course, by community elders and
landscape consisting of polities. In
cultural/religious leaders/Masters. The
strengthening societies was to make
presence of a community head or leader
alliances and networks rather than territorial
signifies the existence of a law. There was
conquest in expanding their political power.
then a written or an oral Law followed
Trades and commerce prospered as
obediently. Examples of these were the
described and documented in other countries
Maragtas Code by Datu Sumaktel of Panay
whose early traders’ rich the Philippines.
(1250), the Code of Kalantiaw in 1433,
But also, Barrow (2011) described that the
Koran, and the Sunnah. Women, in the
early political and social life of Filipino was
polities of the early Filipinos, must not also
so weak. He said that there were in the
be belittled. In the early times, remember
Philippines no large states, nor even great
that political engagement was more on
rajas and sultans such as were found in the
alliance rather than conquest. And, among
Malay Archipelago, but instead on every
the popular strategiesemployed were
island were a multitude of small
intermarriages, food trades, and ritual
communities, each independent of the other
feasting where women are actively
and frequently waging war. Example of
participating as expected by their customs
small communities were the Chiefdoms of
and traditions.
P'u-tuan(Butuan), Ma-i (Mindoro), Sulu,
Maguindanao, Cebu, and Ballano (2016) said that to understand our
Philippine government, is to understand the
etc.
three branches of the Government
When the Spaniards arrived in the country, (Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary).Let
they learned the presence of chieftains (Hari, us simply define these three branches of
Datu, or Sultan) in every polity they government to help us observe how these
encounter. They realized that they need to evolved over time. A separate module will
persuade and build collaboration later with discuss this in-depth with you later.
these chieftains. These small communities
EXECUTIVE BRANCH - Is the branch of
are called and organized as
the government that executes Laws.
Barangay(Balangay) and Sultanate, which
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH - Is the branch
with about thirty to one hundred families.
of the government that creates Laws. During the Spanish period, the three
JUDICIARY BRANCH - Is the branch of branches of government are still identifiable.
the government that interprets the Laws There were also two units of government
including its penalties if it was obstructed or employed the Central Government and the
disobeyed. Local

SPANISH PERIOD

Government (Balleno, 2016). Most importantly to know, the Philippines was under the sovereign
power of the King of Spain- who solely has the authority to appoint his representative
(Governor-General). The illustration below will guide you to understand more of these.

Two Units Branch

of
Governmen
t
Executive Governor- • Appointed by the King of Spain as his representative in the
General colony and with following executive powers;
1. Commander-in-chief of the armed forces in the colony
2. It is the highest Authority in who can appoint the colonial
officials and reserves the power to remove them except those
appointed directly by the king
3. Vice royal patron or king's representative with power to:
recommend priest, declare war or peace, and appoint or receive
ambassadors.
4. Administrator of the Marianas, the Carolines and the Palaus
as part of the Philippines during the Spanish times
5. Chief justice/ President of the Royal Audiencia (Supreme
Court)
Judiciary Royal Stands as the Supreme Court of the Philippines during the
Audencia Spanish times. Its decision was final except on cases of great
(Supreme importance which could be appeal to the King of Spain.
Court)
Local Executive Province, Province have two types
Government Cities, The Alcadia (Province where people recognized Spain's
Towns, possession over the land) and Coregimiento (Province where
Barrios & people had not succumbed to Spain's ruling power).
Pueblo
The growth of the Philippines as a colony of Spain, from the time of the first Governor-General
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1569 up to the time before the 1986 revolutions, is not
commendable for Spaniards. Because for what 1986 Filipino uprising is all about if Filipinos
were contented as the colony of Spain in general.

From 1568 - 1815, Manila - Acapulco galleon trade makes the Philippine (as a colony of Spain)
the regional center of trade in Southeast Asia (please use the above map for reference). Goods
such as spices from the Moluccas, pepper from Ceylon, ivory from China, and India are
transported going to Mexico. While the Philippines exports gold, wax, cordage, and cotton
textiles. But it was never an advantage on the part of Filipinos. Some reasons are enumerated as
follows:

 Polo y Servicio - Filipinos works in However, in 1889, war broke out

the shipyards forcibly. They cut and between the United States of America
transport timber to the coast and and Spain. Aguinaldo returned to the
construction of the galleons, but they Philippines together with the Americans
receive less than the Spanish Sailors. signaling the resumption of Revolution
These are the reason why Pampanga against Spain on May 19, 1898.
revolt in 1660.
 Encomienda- It is a policy of reward  THE AMERICAN PERIOD
for performing crown servants of and THE FIRST PHILIPPINE
Spain in a colony like the REPUBLIC
Philippines. It is taking over a On August 13, 1889, the Mock Battle of
portion of land and its population for Manila between America and Spanish forces
purposes of tribute, census, and happened. Emphasizing that it is a mock
workers. battle because the engagement already been
 Bandala - The provincial commodity planned to licensed America in their
quota. Filipinos are obligated to occupation to the country. It was a fact that
produce the quota of goods but paid in the Treaty of Paris, America paid
at a very low price. $20,000,000 to Spain in exchange for the
Philippines. Aguinaldo proclaimed
Philippine independence at Kawit, Cavite on
 THE PHILIPPINE June 12, 1898(known as the Philippine
REVOLUTION provisionary government).
On August 30, 1896, Spanish Governor- By January 4, 1899, American President
General Ramon Blanco placed the eight McKinley sends a special message to
provinces of Philippines under martial General Otis stating American sovereignty
law, namely Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, must be recognized in the Philippines
Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, without conditions. However, Filipinos
and Nueva Ecija. It was because of the longed for independence so much that they
uprising of hundreds of rebels and fear for other colonizers to invade again.
Katipuneros led by Andres Bonifacio
aiming for independence started at the Declaration of war between the Philippines
Cry of Pugad Lawin. Following and America happened. During those days,
Bonifacio's death in 1897, the Katipunan the revolutionary government was drafting
was headed by Emilio Aguinaldo. Since the Malolos Constitution until the
then was a continuous state of war inauguration of the Republic on January 23,
between the Filipinos and Spaniards. 1899. Agoncillo commented that the
How did the war end? The answer is Malolos constitution is the first important
Pack of the Biak - na - Bato on Filipino document ever produced by the
December 15, 1897. It was a truce that people's representatives. It creates a Filipino
brings Aguinaldo's exile in Hong Kong. state that its government is popular,
representative, and responsible. It also has only if they are ready. It all started with the
three distinct branches - the executive, the Jones Law of 1916. And then the Tydings -
legislative, and the judiciary. Don Emilio McDuffie Act followed. There were
Aguinaldo elected as the first President of missions deployed to the U.S. to lobby for
the Republic of the Philippines with all his independence. The Constitution of the
cabinets and secretaries (bureaucracy). Commonwealth established a presidential
However, Aguinaldo was defeated and system of Government. A unicameral
captured eventually in Palanan, Cagayan. He legislature but was then replaced with the
remained President of the Philippine First bicameral legislature in 1940.
Republic until June of 1901.
As the Filipinos were hoping for
 AMERICAN COLONIAL independence, the second world war broke
PERIOD out on December 8, 1941. The aggressive
Japanese tried to invade the Philippines.
The Military Government (headed by a That prompted President Manuel L. Quezon
general, serving as a chief political with his Cabinet left for the United States.
executive of an area under military While the President was on exile, the
government) was a temporary government commonwealth government functioned to
established by the Americans in the represent the country continually outside the
Philippines at first. It was until replaced with country. But the Philippines back home was
the Taft Commission -started organizing one step closer to its defeat when the
local governments. But since there were still Japanese capture Corregidor, Bataan, and
places unpacified after Aguinaldo's capture, the USAFFE defense collapse on April 3,
some areas were placed under Military 1942. During the war, some Filipino elite
Governor. On the other hand, Pacified areas leaders collaborated extensively with the
were under the control of Civil Governors. Japanese in their harsh exploitation of the
The time came when the U.S Congress country. But it was then claimed as advised
enacted the Philippine Organic Act, which of President Quezon before his exile. The
abolished the Office of the military governor First president of the Second Republic, Dr.
but created the Philippine assembly Jose P Laurel, regretted becoming one of
composed of elected Filipino leaders. And them.
the Taft Commission in the Philippine While the Japanese thought of winning the
Commission became the upper house. The war, Filipino organized into groups called
Organic Act served as the Philippine basic guerillas and once again join forces with the
law until it was replaced by the 1935 Americans. The largest guerrilla group
Constitution. formed was called the HUKBALAHAP
 THE COMMONWEALTH (People’s Anti-Japanese Army) led by Luis
GOVERNMENT AND THE Taruc.
SECOND REPUBLIC Philippines and the Americans were
November 15, 1935, was the inauguration of victorious. The World War II ended.
the Philippine Commonwealth Government. However, unexpectedly the Americans
America promised the Philippines liberation disarmed and imprisoned Luis Taruc and
other leaders and members of the Huk.
  THE THIRD, FOURTH, & FIFTH REPUBLIC

July 4, 1946, is the day of the inauguration of the Third Philippine Republic. Hence from 1946 to
1962, they celebrate Independence Day on that date. But in 1964, Congress assigned June 12 of
every year as the date on which we celebrate Philippine Independence. That was to
commemorate June 12, 1898, the Proclamation of Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite. But
July 4 was remembered as Republic Day.

Third Republic of the Problem & Issues Actions

Philippines
1. The Roxas  Facing the Reorganized government
Administration May28, aftermath of war the
1946- April 15, 1948)  Severe damages in Established the government
- He was elected aspect of human - Established the Rehabilitation fionance
as the third President of condition Corporation (reorganized
the Philippine the Development Bank of the Philippines
Commonwealth, First in 1958)
President of Independent  Creation of the Department of the
the Republic of the Foreign Affairs
Philippines and the fifth  Central Bank of the Philippines
president of the
Philippines
2. The Quirino Low confidence in the  Established the Action Committee on
Administration (April 17, government (insurgency) Social Amelioration
1948- December 30, and problems on Peace and  Established the Social Security Study
1953) Order due to Commission
socio-economic problems  Established the Labor Management
especially in rural Advisory Board
areas(labor disputes)  Agricultural Credit and Cooperative
Financing Administration
 Started the peace negotiation to
persuade HUKBALAHAP leaders by
granting amnesty
 EDCOR (Economic Development
Corps)
 LASEDECO(Land Settlement &
Development Corporation
3. The Magsaysay  Communism &  Agricultural Tenancy Act of the
Administration insurgency Philippines
(December 30, (HUKBALAHAP)  The Land Reform Act of 1955
1953- March 17,  Land Reform  Court of Agrarian Relations
1957) Problems  National Resettlement & Rehabilitation
 Lack of funding for Administration (NARRA)
Rehabilitation from  Manila Pact of 1954 that led to the
damages of WWII establishment of the (SEATO)
 Luis Taruc surrender in 1954
  The Laurel- Langley Agreement

4. The Garcia  Not good condition "Filipino First Policy"

Administration of economy "Austerity Program"
(March 18, 1957-  Corruption in Anti Graft Corrupt
December 30, Government Practices Act
1961)  Imbalance Bohlen- Serrano
condition of Agreement of 1959
product imports and
export
5. The Macapagal  Low living  Agricultural Land Reform Code (n act
Administration standards of the establishing the
( December 30, masses Land Bank of the Philippines)
1961- December  Lack of economic  Emergency Employment
30, 1965) stability Unemployment Administration
 Devaluation of the (established the Philippine Veterans Bank)
Philippine Peso  National Cottage Industries
Revocation of 350 Development Authority
midnight appointments  Philippine National Railway
 Lifted Foreign exchange to promote
national economic stability and growth
6. The Marcos  Unemployment  Reorganizes the government and the
Administration Destabilized Armed Forces, the Philippine
( December 30, Economy Rampant Constabulary, the Bureau of Internal
1965- February  Corruption in the Revenue, and the Bureau of Customs
25, 1986) Government and  Devised construction programs and
a. Became the President abuse of authority irrigation projects
First of the Fourth and power  Establishment of the Cultural Center of
Republic and the tenth  Increased crime the Philippines (1969)
President of the rates (before  Investments
Philippines martial law) due to  Incentive Act
b. He is the longest poverty  Police Act
serving President  Philippine Guard Coast

Note:
 The ratification of the 1973 Constitution marked the end of the Third Republic and the beginning
of the Bagong Lipunan (Martial Law)
 Proclamation No. 20145 is lifting the Martial Law throughout the country and marked the
beginning also of the "New", or Fourth, Republic of the Philippines(1981)
 EDSA Revolution of 1986 succesfully installed the new President in the person of Mrs. Corazon
C. Aquino
Fourth Republic of the Philippines

2. The Corazon Aquino  Political turmoil  Commissioned a

Administration  Displeased Citizens referendum that would
a. Second President of the  Shortage/Rampants be the framework of
Fourth Republic Brownouts the new government
b. First President of the (1987 Constitution)
Fifth Republic  Privatization
 Land Reform
 Free Schooling
Secondary
Note: The 1987 constitution was put into full force
Fifth Republic of the Philippines
President Fidel V. Ramos  Poverty  Social Reform Agenda
a. Second President of the  Moro Insurgency  Build- Operate
Fifth Republic Transport
 MNLF peace
Agreement
Joseph E. Estrada  Poverty  MILF All Out War
a. 3rd president of the  Moro Insurgency  ERAP Para sa Mahirap
fifth Republic  Impeachment  Anti-Graft and
b. Was impeached in Corruption Campaign
November 12, 2000
Gloria M. Arroyo  Political unrest  All Out Peace
a. 4th President of the  Terrorism  Declared Martial Law
Fifth Republic  Electoral Fraud in the region of
b. The constitution allows Scandal Mindoro
the president to run for  Charter Change
second term since was controversial Plan
sworn into office by  Recession
succession and served
in less than 4 years.
Benigno S. Aquino III  National bleadership's  Pantawid pamilyang
a. 5th Presudent of the legitimacy was in Pilipino program (4ps)
Fifth Republic question;  Universal philhealth
 Confused people with coverage (financial
half-truths and outright risk protection)
lies Enhanced basic
 no lasting solutions for education (k-12
the many problems of program)
the country  Comprehensive
 weak democratic agrarian reform
institutions that hold program
our leaders  Housing program for
accountable informal settler
 no vision of families in danger
governance beyond areas
political survival and  Matuwid na daan
Political self-  Kung walang kurap
enrichment. instability, walang mahirap
corruption, inefficient  Transformational
government leadership
bureaucracy and weak
rule of law
characterized the state
of governance when he
became president
(philippine
development plan
2011-2016, chapter
Rodriogo R. Duterte
b. 6th Presudent of the The current President of our Country
Fifth Republic