THE CHALLENGES FACED BY EMERGENCY RESPONDERS

IN DIPOLOG CITY
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

This chapter introduces the study with relevant literature and studies, states the

problem under study, and details the research methods used in the study.

Introduction

Emergency responders, also referred to as first responders are individuals

specialized to respond to emergencies first to provide assistance or incident resolution at

the scene of emergency (Jones et al., 2019; Prince et al., 2021). Emergencies can come in

many forms, may it be a natural disaster, transport accidents, terrorist attacks, threats and

explosions and other life-threatening events requiring immediate response.

This study focuses on emergencies happening on urban roads. Road emergencies

are identified as vehicle accidents, may it be single-vehicle accidents, vehicular collisions,

or pedestrian accidents. Vehicle fires caused by collision or mechanical failures and

hazardous material spills (e.g., fuel, chemical) are also included. Road emergencies also

include medical emergencies such as sudden illness (e.g., drivers or passengers

experiencing medical issues like heart attacks or laboring women).

Emergencies identified are anthropogenic-driven emergencies commonly

occurring in urban roads like in Dipolog City. In such emergencies, the particular

individuals called to action in the Philippine context are the police officers (Philippine

National Police), emergency response services (Emergency Medical Service, Local

Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office), and the firefighters (Bureau of Fire

Protection).
 Time is the most critical factor in emergencies, especially those emerging on

roads. According to (cite), the first hour after an accident is critical for emergencies

particularly those that need medical attention to avoid further injuries and the worst,

death. Moreover, effective communication and coordination among responders ensure

that resources are used efficiently, reducing response times and preventing overlap. In

addition, it was also emphasized by Gehl and Plecas (2017) that efficient removal of

vehicles and debris reduces traffic congestion, minimizing the economic impact on

commuters and businesses.

Due to the nature of emergencies in relation to crime, response must be quick.

Despite the efforts of the responders to arrive as soon as possible, issues on responding

notably impede them. For instance, vehicular accident itself causes traffic thus this

renders delay to responding to the actual emergency (Gutierrez-Osorio & Pedraza, 2020).

Not to mention, swarming curious people can also affect emergency response. In terms of

delay, Gutierrez-Osorio and Pedraza (2020) added that the arrival of the investigators is

slower, especially at main access roads. Lastly, the lack of equipment and the limited

training of responders are found to be the main reason affecting the efficiency of

emergency response (Selveindran et al., 2021).

Rationale

Responding to road emergencies is crucial to prevent loss of lives and properties.

However, it is essential to understand that emergency response has been faced with

challenges. By studying the challenges encountered by emergency responders, it will

allow us to identify and understand the nature of the challenges. This poses significance

to create data-driven actions in the pursuit to counteract these challenges. Moreover,

findings can offer insights which can be applicable to neighboring cities and

municipalities. Ultimately, contribute to broader discussions in improving emergency

responses in the Philippines. To realize everything, this study will investigate the

challenges faced by the emergency responders in Dipolog City.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Emergency Responders

Road crash scenes do not make for a picture to remember. In fact, they often

make for the worst of scenes when people, covered in blood, are lying on the tar road,

while others are still trapped in a vehicle screaming for help. These are the realities which

traffic law enforcement officers, police officials, paramedics and members of the fire

brigade who respond to road crash scenes have to deal with regularly (Geldenhuys, 2021).

Additionally, emergency services require specialized knowledge and clinical skills. Each

scene is different, and the injuries have different types and ranges; hence, scientific

insight and clinical skills are required to assist casualties. Some paramedics have no

scientific background and only work by passing some relevant courses. This is

problematic: in providing proper assistance to the injured, and the risk of injury to the

paramedics (Babaie et. al, 2021).

Police services receive reports of crashes through dispatchers in their call center.

The appropriate agencies or agencies are assigned to the crash on this basis, and first

responders receiving the notification must assess the location and distance to the scene as

well as the safest route to get there. Traffic patterns and congested areas must be assessed

on the way, and first responders must contend with drivers who may not see them, or who

choose to ignore lights and sirens and fail to pull over or stop at intersections (Robertson,
2020). Because vehicles with growing degrees of autonomous function are already used

on the roads or are promised to arrive soon, law enforcement (LE) needs to consider how

to prepare for issues such vehicles will cause or how to contend with actual autonomous

vehicles (AVs) in traffic (Goodison [Link], 2020).

Aside from the police forces, the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Office (LDRRMO) also plays an important role in responding to road accidents through a

several approach which Kim et al. (2021) details the basic process. According to them,

when an emergency call is received, the LDRRMO control center gathers essential

information about the location, severity, number of vehicles involved, and any injuries.

This information is used to alert and dispatch the necessary emergency services,

including ambulances, fire brigades, and traffic enforcement, while coordinating with the

police, local government units (LGUs), and nearby hospitals for a comprehensive

response (Duma et al., 2022). Upon arrival, first responders secure the accident scene to

prevent further incidents and ensure safety (Jannussis et al., 2021). They provide

immediate medical assistance, which may involve first aid, stabilizing victims, and

transporting them to hospitals. Specialized rescue teams may perform extrication if

victims are trapped, while firefighters, particularly the Bureau of Fire Protection in the

Philippines, manage any fire risks (Lagata et al., 2022). Traffic control measures are

implemented to manage congestion, and the public is informed about alternative routes

and incident status through various media (Prince et al., 2021). The LDRRMO also

coordinates with police and investigators to document the scene, gather evidence, and

understand the cause of the accident (Kim et al., 2021). Post-incident actions include

debriefing sessions to review the response, providing psychological support and

counseling to victims and responders, and engaging in community awareness campaigns

to promote road safety (Jones et al., 2019). Continuous improvement is ensured through

regular training and drills for responders and maintaining rescue and emergency

equipment. This comprehensive and coordinated approach by the LDRRMO ensures an

effective response to road accidents, minimizing casualties and enhancing overall road

safety (Gutierrez-Osorio and Pedraza, 2020).

Road Accidents

According to the World Health Organization (2023), road traffic crashes result in

the deaths of approximately 1.19 million people around the world each year and leave

between 20 and 50 million people with non-fatal injuries. More than half of all road

traffic deaths occur among vulnerable road users, such as pedestrians, cyclists and

motorcyclists. On the latest WHO data published in 2020 Road Traffic Accidents, deaths

in the Philippines reached 13,017 or 1.93% of total deaths. The age adjusted Death Rate

is 13.42 per 100,000 of population ranks Philippines #109 in the world. Meanwhile, the

United States of America has the unfortunate distinction of officially reporting the most

annual car crashes of any country in the world (Campbell, 2024).

The study of Torres and Asor (2021) states that in terms of day of occurrence,

consummated has a high possibility of occurring on Sundays while reckless imprudence

is Saturdays. On the other hand, months of May and December have the highest

probability of occurring road traffic accidents; reckless imprudence in December and

consummated in May. Public vehicles are more prone to accidents than private vehicles

in both stages of felony. An accident may occur between or at 3:00 pm and 6:00 pm.

Velasco et al. (2021) added that road traffic accidents that involve motorcycles tend to be
the least critical. It breaks the prevalent stigma that motorcycles are the most dangerous

road vehicle. Moreover, accidents that involve heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses

are the most critical traffic accidents. Moreover, Rodriguez et al. (2021) stated that the

main factors that influence road traffic accidents are the driver's age, gender, vehicle age,

road character, road lane character, traffic condition, type of vehicles, driving experience,

and time of accidents. Human factors' role is not only a significant accident contribution

factor. Other factors such as road environment, vehicles, and their interactions with the

human element should lead road users to make mistakes (Cruz [Link], 2021).

The study of Abrigo et al. (2021) shows that the age shows a significant impact on

the increase of road traffic accidents. The study suggests that young ages tend to have a

lack of skill, inexperience, and risk-taking behaviors. Meanwhile, Lu et al. (2021) data

gathered states that most of the patients involved in accidents were male. The mean age

of patients was 32.4 years. Most happened at nighttime between 6:00 PM and 5:59 AM.

Throughout the years, motorcycles were the vehicle type involved. Among patients with

helmet use information, they were not wearing helmets. Also, the history of alcohol

intake.

Non-vehicular Road Emergencies

Non-vehicular road emergencies encompass a variety of incidents that occur on

roads but do not involve motor vehicles, each necessitating unique responses (Prytherch,

2021). Elucidated below are some of the non-vehicular accidents with its precautionary

measures that responders undergo.

Pedestrian accidents require immediate action to move the victim out of harm's

way if safe, call emergency services, and provide first aid if trained (Ahmed et al., 2023).
In medical emergencies like heart attacks or strokes, it's crucial to call for help,

administer first aid or CPR, and keep the person calm and still (Wyckoff et al., 2022).

Fallen objects or debris on the road should be removed if safe to prevent accidents, or

local authorities should be alerted for larger hazards, with warning signs placed to alert

other road users (Lu et al., 2019). For construction site hazards, it is best to avoid the area,

report dangerous conditions to site managers or authorities, and adhere to posted signs or

worker instructions (Zhang et al., 2019). Roadway spills involving oil or hazardous

materials should be reported to emergency services, maintaining a safe distance and

preventing others from entering the area until professionals handle the situation (Lantieri

et al., 2022).

Challenges in Responding to Emergencies

Responding to road emergencies presents several challenges that demand quick

thinking, preparation, and adherence to safety protocols. These challenges include

ensuring personal safety amidst hazardous conditions such as heavy traffic, adverse

weather, or poorly lit areas, while also managing traffic flow to prevent further accidents

or delays (Du et al., 2023). Effective communication is essential but often hindered by

factors like noise from traffic, inadequate mobile network coverage in remote locations,

or language barriers with those involved (Khaled & Mcheick, 2019). Providing timely

medical assistance requires trained personnel and access to appropriate resources, further

complicated by varying availability across different locations and times. Additionally,

clearing the roadway post-incident, especially in cases involving hazardous materials or

overturned vehicles, necessitates specialized equipment and skilled personnel. The

coordination with authorities, including law enforcement, fire services, and medical
responders, is paramount for the efficient management of emergencies, relying on clear

communication and effective teamwork to ensure comprehensive and timely responses

(adapted from various sources on emergency response challenges) (Hamim et al., 2020).

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the study shows the interconnectedness of the

variables under study. This study seeks to identify and understand the challenges

encountered by the emergency responders during their response to emergencies occurring

on road. From the identified challenges, the respondents will elicit their recommendations

aimed at making their response better.

Figure 1. Diagrammatic representation of the conceptual framework of the study.

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to investigate the challenges faced by emergency responders in

Dipolog City. Specifically, this seeks to answer the following question:

1. What are the challenges encountered by the emergency responders of Dipolog

city?

2. What are the recommendations of the emergency responders in Dipolog city?

Scope and Limitation

This study focuses on investigating the challenges encountered by the emergency

responders in Dipolog city including the discussion of their recommendations in making

their response better.

With that focus, this study is also limited to the following parameters. First, the

emergency responders that this current study pertains to are those emergency responders

from Philippine National Police (PNP), Emergency Medical Service (EMS) and/or Local

Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (LDRRMO) and from the Bureau of Fire

Protection (BFP). In addition, the number of respondents from each organization is

limited conforming to the study’s research design - qualitative study. This study,

moreover, focuses on identifying and describing the challenges encountered by the

respondents including the discussion of their recommendations. The emergencies

pertained in this study are those occurring on the road with or without the association of

vehicles. Thus, no post-research actions will be taken like interventions and further

studies. However, this does not limit the possibility for future researchers to continue
investigating the emergency responders in Dipolog city. Due to the differences of

ordinances and geographic features of cities in the Philippines, the data gathered from

this study is not applicable for other cities; however, using this as a basis to conduct

separate studies is possible.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study shall be beneficial to the following people listed below:

Emergency Responders. This study primarily benefits the emergency responders

since this study will help them identify the common challenge as they perform their

duties. Moreover, recommendations will be consolidated and discussed which can be

used as a basis for action.

Local Government Unit of Dipolog. This study is primarily centered in the

emergency responses in the vicinity of Dipolog City. By identifying the challenges and

gathering the responders’ recommendations, the city can be notified on the things that

they can to make people service better.

Bachelor of Science in Criminology. The findings of the study benefits the

Bachelor of Science in Criminology as they will gain insights of the existing problem in

the field they soon be working. Identifying the challenges that emergency responders face

pose significance in their future endeavor.

Future Researchers. The findings of the study could benefit the future

researchers as this will provide a basis or a preliminary data that could be used to deepen

or duplicate the study for any potential future directions.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study will utilize a qualitative research design to describe the challenges

encountered by the emergency responders. This design will allow a comprehensive

understanding on the issue pertaining to their operations while also discussing their

recommendations targeted to making emergency response better. Moreover, this design

allows cross-analysis with other published studies from reputable journals.

Research Environment

The study will be conducted exclusively in Dipolog City particularly in the offices

of the organizations identified as the Philippine National Police, Local Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Office, and the Bureau of Fire Protection.

Dipolog City, the capital of Zamboanga del Norte Province, is located in the

northwestern part of the province. It faces Cebu and Negros provinces, situated at the tip

of Western Mindanao, and is known as the "Gateway to Western Mindanao and

Zamboanga Peninsula." Covering an area of 13,598 hectares, Dipolog features mostly

rolling hills with expansive lowlands along its western coast facing the Sulu Sea. The city

is composed of 21 barangays, including the poblacion, which is divided into five

barangay districts. With a population of over 120,000 residents, Dipolog primarily speaks

Cebuano/Visayan, although English and Filipino (Tagalog) are also widely spoken. In the

highlands, the original Subanon dialect is used. The city has a population density of eight

persons per hectare and is classified as a second-class income city (Local Government

Unit of Dipolog, 2024).

Figure 2. Map of the sampling site showing the map of the Philippines, the province of
Zamboanga del Norte, SVCI in Dipolog City.

Research Participants

The participants of the study are the emergency responders that respond to road-

related emergencies. The researchers identified these organizations as PNP, LDRRMO,

and BFP. Considering the design of the study, there will only be five (5) participants

from each organization which will be selected at random.

Table 1. Participants of the study.

Organization Number of Participants
Philippine National Police (PNP) 5
Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office 5
(LDRRMO)
Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) 5
n = 15
Retrieval Rate

The data collection will be done through a face-to-face interview. The researchers

expect to retrieve >90% of the responses from the respondents selected throughout the

organizations.

Research Instrument

The research instrument of the study is primarily a guide interview questionnaire

which holds numerous questions targeted to eliciting about their job, the challenges in

responding to emergencies, and their recommendations. The guide questionnaire is based

on the previously published studies of Khaled and Mcheick (2019), Hamim et al. (2020),

Babaie et al. (2021), Geldenhuys (2021), and Du et al. (2023) with slight modifications to

suit the study’s context. Moreover, data will be collected through note-taking, voice

recording, and documentations.

Research Procedures

Data Gathering. After securing the informed consents, researchers will notify the

respective offices of each organization for the schedule of interview. The interview will

then proceed face-to-face and data will be collected.

Treatment of Data. Data collected will be translated and cleaned. Sorting of the

responses will also be done religiously to prepare it for analysis.

Data Analysis. The raw data will be analyzed through thematic analysis using

MAXQDA software. This software is used for studies with qualitative data which

provides unbiased analyses and lesser to no data loss.

 Interpretation of Data. Data will be interpreted accordingly and previously

published papers from reputable journals will be used to support the discussion and

uphold reliability of the data.

Findings. Once interpreted, the researchers will sum up the findings in

declarative statements. This will give a clear grasp on the study’s outcome.

Conclusion. This will be drawn from the findings. Findings will be analyzed

thematically and form conclusive statements out of it.

Ethical Considerations

This study recognizes the significance of upholding ethics in the pursuit of this

research project. The study proper, participation, and declaration of interest on this

project is agreed and protected that applies for any agencies, bodies, and individuals

involved including the researchers themselves. Below are the certain areas this study is

concerned:

Voluntariness. All the respondents in this study are fully voluntary. Declaration

and consent prior to the acquisition of data must be agreed otherwise cannot partake the

study (see Appendix). Researchers understand the freedom of choice and their right to

refuse thus researchers should be deemed at fault for any reports and/or concerns of

force or compulsion to comply such whether done thru physically, verbally, or in any

form.

Privacy and Anomaly. Researchers ensure the protection of personal data

collected and mishandling of the data could render the researcher accountable.

Technically, this study does not put emphasis on the respondents’ demography thus no

collection of personal information will take place. However, in any cases of amendments
of the previously proposed data collection process, any information that identifies the

respondents should not be exploited for other purposes rather only and only will be for

the conduct of this study. The data collected will be assigned with codes to avoid the use

of personal information and keep it away from any form of biases. Collected data will be

deleted once the study reaches its completion marked by the printing and publishing of

the manuscript.

No Harm. Any form of harm is condoned in the conduct of this study. From its

manuscript, to the questionnaires, and to the discussion of the results -- all the statements

are free from gender biases, discrimination, stigma, and any form of condescending

statements. The researchers strive hard to keep this study humanitarian and civil and

pledge for nothing but the welfare of everybody.

Confidentiality. It is the duty of the researchers to protect the rights of the

respondents thus information collected should be kept confidential. This means that the

researchers declared and listed are only the individuals who have access to such

information. Any form of breach should make the researchers accountable.

Trustworthiness of the study. This study should be treated with reliability and

should be valid in every aspect through the virtue of the adviser/s and panels, support of

the theories, literature, and studies, and honesty in the declared empirical observations.

Manipulation of data is a form of intellectual dishonesty and researchers highly condone

such. Acquisition of data through Google forms must be credible, transferable,

dependable, and conformable - all for the dedication for upholding trust.

Reliability of the Research. Researchers, before data collection through arriving

at a conclusion, must ensure that the study is valid. The problem and its methods must be
reliably backed with supporting studies and approval of adviser/s and panels. Research

instruments play a crucial role in upholding reliability thus a pilot testing should be

carried out beforehand. This is to avoid any technical errors in the data reception, storage,

treatment, and even in the questionnaire itself. If the reliability means a revision of any

particulars, researchers must comply.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Challenges - in this study, this term is defined as the problems faced by the emergency

responders while responding to emergencies. According to Oxford English Dictionary

(2024), challenges are those that make a task difficult or demanding, esp. one seen as a

test of one’s abilities or character.

Emergency Responders - in this study, emergency responders are identified as the

officers of Philippine National Police (PNP), Local Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Office (LDRRMO), and Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) that responds first

to road-related emergencies in Dipolog City. According to Jones et al. (2019) and Prince

et al. (2021), emergency responders, also referred to as first responders, are individuals

specialized to respond to emergencies first to provide assistance or incident resolution at

the scene of emergency.

Emergency - in this study, this term is defined as the road incidents that may or may not

be caused by vehicles that involve injuries and death. According to Cambridge

Dictionary (2024), an emergency is something dangerous or serious, such as an accident,

that happens suddenly or unexpectedly and needs fast action in order to avoid harmful

results.

Encounter - in this study, this term is defined as the experience of emergency responders

on responding to emergencies. According to Cambridge Dictionary (2024), encounter

means to experience something, especially something unpleasant.

REFERENCES

Abrigo, D. P., Robielos, R. a. C., & Gumasing, M. J. J. (2021). Analysis of Road Traffic
Accident Distribution in Tagaytay City Philippines. 11th Annual International
Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management.
[Link]

Ahmed, S. K., Mohammed, M. G., Abdulqadir, S. O., El‐Kader, R. G. A., El‐Shall, N. A.,
Chandran, D., Rehman, M. E. U., & Dhama, K. (2023). Road traffic accidental
injuries and deaths: A neglected global health issue. Health Science Reports, 6(5).
[Link]

Babaie, J., Mostafanejad, R., Janati, A., & Sadeghi-Bazargani, H. (2021). Challenges of
Scene Management in Traffic Collisions from the Perspective of Road Emergency
Responders in East Azerbaijan, Iran. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 18, 1–9.
[Link]

Cambridge Dictionary. (2024a). emergency.

[Link]

Cambridge Dictionary. (2024b). encounter.

[Link]

Campbell, D. (2024, March 4). Which country has the most car accidents in the world?
Drive. [Link]

Cruz, O. G. D., Padilla, J. A., & Victoria, A. N. (2021). Managing Road Traffic
Accidents: A review on its contributing factors. IOP Conference Series. Earth and
Environmental Science, 822(1), 012015. [Link]
1315/822/1/012015

Du, W., Dash, A., Li, J., Wei, H., & Wang, G. (2023). Safety in Traffic Management
Systems: A Comprehensive survey. Designs, 7(4), 100.
[Link]

Duma, L. A., Zanoria, H., Genosa, C., & Reynes, E. M. (2022). Philippine Development
Response to Mitigate the COVID-19 Pandemic: A case study in Central Visayas.
Global Economics Science, 53–96. [Link]

Gehl, R., & Plecas, D. (2017, August 1). Chapter 8: Crime Scene Management.
Pressbooks. [Link]
crime-scene-management/

Geldenhuys, K. (2021). The impact of road crash scenes on first responders | Servamus
Community-based Safety and Security Magazine. Servamus Community-based
 Safety and Security Magazine. [Link]
a11

Goodison, S. E., Barnum, J. D., Vermeer, M. J. D., Woods, D., Lloyd-Dotta, T., &
Jackson, B. A. (2020). Autonomous Road Vehicles and Law Enforcement:
Identifying High-Priority Needs for Law Enforcement Interactions with
Autonomous vehicles within the next five years. In RAND Corporation eBooks.
[Link]

Gutierrez-Osorio, C., & Pedraza, C. (2020). Modern data sources and techniques for
analysis and forecast of road accidents: A review. Journal of Traffic and
Transportation Engineering/Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,
7(4), 432–446. [Link]

Hamim, O. F., Hoque, M. S., McIlroy, R. C., Plant, K. L., & Stanton, N. A. (2020).
Representing two road traffic collisions in one Accimap: highlighting the
importance of emergency response and enforcement in a low-income country.
Ergonomics, 63(12), 1512–1524. [Link]

Jannussis, D., Mpompetsi, G., & Vassileios, K. (2021). The role of the first responder. In
Hot topics in acute care surgery and trauma (pp. 11–18).
[Link]

Jones, S., Agud, K., & McSweeney, J. (2019). Barriers and facilitators to seeking mental
health care among first responders: “Removing the Darkness.” Journal of the
American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 26(1), 43–54.
[Link]

Khaled, Z. E., & Mcheick, H. (2019). Case studies of communications systems during
harsh environments: A review of approaches, weaknesses, and limitations to
improve quality of service. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks,
15(2), 155014771982996. [Link]

Kim, J., Yang, S., & Torneo, A. (2021). A comparative study of the disaster management
organizations in the Philippines, South Korea, and the United States. Social Science
Research Network. [Link]

Lagata, L. S., Andujar, C. J., Lantaco, E. L. S., Manuales, K. C. A., Allanic, E. A., &
Cuevas, J. F., Jr. (2022). Challenges encountered and insights of the Bureau of Fire
Protection personnel towards responding fire incident. Mediterranean Journal of
Basic and Applied Sciences, 06(02), 103–117.
[Link]

Lantieri, C., Ghasemi, N., Cotignoli, L., Vignali, V., & Simone, A. (2022). The
evaluation of the effects of hazardous spills by road accidents on the surface
performance of an asphalt-wearing course. International Journal of Pavement
 Engineering/The œ International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 24(2).
[Link]

Local Government Unit of Dipolog. (2024). Dipolog City Quick Facts. About Dipolog
City. Retrieved June 17, 2024, from [Link]

Lu, J. L., Herbosa, T., & Lu, S. F. (2021). Epidemiologic profile of vehicular accident
patients in the largest hospital in the Philippines covering ten years. Acta Medica
Philippina/Acta Medica Philippina, 55(6). [Link]

Lu, X., Yang, Z., Cimellaro, G. P., & Xu, Z. (2019). Pedestrian evacuation simulation
under the scenario with earthquake-induced falling debris. Safety Science, 114, 61–
71. [Link]

Oxford English Dictionary. (2024). challenge, n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford
English Dictionary. [Link]

Prince, H., Lum, C., & Koper, C. S. (2021). Effective police investigative practices: an
evidence-assessment of the research. Policing, 44(4), 683–707.
[Link]

Prytherch, D. L. (2021). Reimagining the physical/social infrastructure of the American

street: policy and design for mobility justice and conviviality. Urban Geography,
43(5), 688–712. [Link]

Rodríguez, R., Villamaria, J. T. B., & Noroña, M. I. (2021). Analysis of Factors

Affecting Road Traffic Accidents in the City of Makati Philippines. Proceedings of
the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations
Management. [Link]

Selveindran, S. M., Samarutilake, G. D. N., Rao, K. M. N., Pattisapu, J. V., Hill, C.,
Kolias, A., Pathi, R., Hutchinson, P. J., & Sekhar, M. V. V. (2021). An exploratory
qualitative study of the prevention of road traffic collisions and neurotrauma in India:
perspectives from key informants in an Indian industrial city (Visakhapatnam). BMC
Public Health, 21(1). [Link]

Torres, K. a. R., & Asor, J. R. (2021). Machine learning approach on road accidents
analysis in Calabarzon, Philippines: an input to road safety management. Indonesian
Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 24(2), 993.
[Link]

Velasco, V. P., Robielos, R. a. C., & Gumasing, M. J. J. (2021). Analysis of Road Traffic
Accident Criticality in CALABARZON Philippines. 11th Annual International
Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management.
[Link]
World Health Organization: WHO. (2023, December 13). Road traffic injuries.
[Link]

Wyckoff, M. H., Singletary, E. M., Soar, J., Olasveengen, T. M., Greif, R., Liley, H. G.,
Zideman, D., Bhanji, F., Andersen, L. W., Avis, S. R., Aziz, K., Bendall, J. C.,
Berry, D. C., Borra, V., Böttiger, B. W., Bradley, R., Bray, J. E., Breckwoldt, J.,
Carlson, J. N., . . . West, R. L. (2022). 2021 International Consensus on
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With
Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced
Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; First
Aid Task Forces; and the COVID-19 Working Group. Circulation, 145(9).
[Link]

Zhang, M., Shi, R., & Yang, Z. (2020). A critical review of vision-based occupational
health and safety monitoring of construction site workers. Safety Science, 126,
104658. [Link]