ACTIVITY-2 : [Relations and Functions] OBJECTIVE : To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane defined by R= {(/, m) : 1 || m} is an equivalence relation. i BASIC KNOWLEDGE 1. Definition of relation. 2. Types of relation i.e., reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence. 3. Properties of parallel lines in a plane. 4, Properties of perpendicular lines in a plane. MATERIALS REQUIRED : Graph paper, ruler, coloured pen or pencil. PROCEDURE 1, Draw some lines on a graph paper by using ruler and coloured pen. 2. Among these lines some are parallel and some are perpendicular. 3. The lines plotted on the graph are /,, 1, 1, 1 Is, J, Ly Jy. ; a [LABORATORY MATHEMATICS—XII 11 || (& scanned with OKEN ScannerOBSERVATIONS weene 2 + In Fig, 2, each line from J, to is parallel to itself means |, + Line /, is parallel to lines J, and /, . Line /, is parallel to lines J, and J, - Line /, is perpendicular to lines Jy, ly fy Line /, is perpendicular to lines fy, ly fy 5. Line /, is perpendicular to lines Jy ly fy Line't, is perpendicular to line /,. Ordered pairs (1), (ly) ly fs Uy Ws ply ( cack fey Ws Ca tds (ep tds Clos Is Cy ts Uy HDs eIQER {111,80 (l, © R, so given relation R is reflexive, 9. InFig. 2, Ah => (yWeR and SI = Ger Similarly, AI, = (DER - and 4, > UpWER Similarly for other such ordered pairs, so given relation R i symmettic, 10. In Fig. 2, {Mand (|| 4) = () and (ly 4) € Rand 4h = [Link], ne RESULT : It is verified that for the relation R = equivalence relation. Similarly, A lldsand /.111, => (ly 1) and (dy, 1.) € Rand AI, => Uy Ade R, so given relation R is transitive, Because given relation R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive So it is an an equivalence relation. {@, m): Tl) m}. On the set of all lines in a plane is an — LABORATORY MATHEMATICSXAIT “Tah ] (& scanned with OKEN Scannerviva. VOCE QUESTIONS Qu. Give an example of equivalence relation, Ans. Identity relation. Q2. IfR is a relation on a set of natural = ie einen numbers such that R = {(a, 5): @ +6 = 6 +a}. Is Ran Ans, Reflexive: Let(a,a)eR = — at+a=a?+asoRis reflexive. Symmetric : Let (a, b)e R => Pa = a+b . = (ba) ER, so Ris symmetric, ‘Transitive : Let (a, b), (b,c) ER = @+b=P+aandbtc=e+b Q4. Ans. Q5. Ans, Q6, Ans, @+bt+R+e = b+ateth @tc=e+a uu = (a,c) € Rso Ris transitive. Because R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive so R is an equivalence relation. Let A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} and R be an equivalence relation in A x A defined by (a, 5) R(c, d) ifa +d=b +c for (a, 5), (c, d) in A A obtain the equivalence class (2, 5). {(, 4), 2,5), G, 6), (4,7), 6,8), (6 9} ~ For(2,5)R(,y), 2+y=Stx => 244=5+1 here (x, y)=(1, 4) = 24+5= : => 2+7=5+4 here (x, y) = (4, 7) => 2+8=5+5 here (x, y)=(5, 8) => 24+9=5 +6 here (x, y) = (6,9) If R is a relation ‘is divisor of? from the set {1, 2, 3} to {4, 10, 15} then write down the set of ordered pairs corresponding to R. Let A= {1, 2,3}, B= {4, 10, 15} Then, R= {(x,y):y |x EA, ye BY ={(1,4), (1, 10), (1, 15), (2,4), 2, 10), 3, 15)} Let A= {0, 1, 2, 3} and defined a relation R on Aas follows : R={(,0), (0, 1), 0,3), (1,0), B,0), A, 0, 2,2), 3, 3)} (0,.0), (1, 1), 2,2), (3,3) € R so Ris reflexive. (0, 1)e Rand(1,0)ER (0, 3) € Rand (3, 0) € R. so Ris symmetric (3, 0) and (0, 1) € R but (3, 1) ¢ R so R is not transitive. LetA= {a, b, c} and relation R be defined on A as follows : R= {(a, a), (b,c), (a, 6}. Then write minimum number of ordered pairs to be added in R to make R reflexive and transitive. {@.d), (6.0), (a, 0}. || LABORATORY MATHEMATICS—XII « 13 || (& scanned with OKEN ScannerQ7. Ans. Qs. Qs. Ans. Q.10. Ans. 5. ANSWER KEY OF M.C.Q. : 1. (0), . IfA= (1, 2, 3} then the relation R = {(2, 3)} on Ais State the reason for the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3} given byR= {0,3 transitive. °) @ ry Because ordered pair (2, 1) € R. Is the relation ‘is congruent to" on the set of all triangles in a plane is an iy Yes. ‘Alenieg at Ifthe relation Ron N x defined by (a, 6) R (6, d) € ad= be. For all (a, 5) ¢g ~ the equivalence class {(2, 6)}- "9 Nay {2.6} = (%WENXN:@&NREO} My ad = be = 6x=2y => y=3x = (@3x):xEN} = (0,3), 29) 3,9, (4,12), (5, 15) 5 ] Find the number of equivalence relations on the set {1, 2, 3} containing (1, 2) an, de, : +1), Two. . @ Smallest equivalence relation R, = {(1, 2), 2, 1), (1, 1), (2,2), (3, 3} (i) Universal relation, R,= {(1, 2), 2,1), (1,1), 2,2), @,3)s 2,3), , 2), MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS IfA = {a, b, c, d} then a relation R= {(a, 6), (6, a), (a, a)} on Ais (@ symmetric only (©) reflexive and transitive only 0433 6,5) (©) symmetric and transitive only (@) transitive only. - For real numbers x and y defined by R = {(x, ») tx—y+ J2 is an irrational number}. Tha relation R is (a) reflexive (6) symmetric (© transitive (@) none of these (a) reflexive only (6) symmetric only (c) transitive only (@ reflexive and transitive only |. The relation P defined on the set of all real number R defined by P {(a, b) <> a2 Bis (@) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric (b)_ symmetric, transitive but not reflexive (© neither transitive nor reflexive but symmetric (d) an equivalence relation. If R is the largest equivalence relation on a set A and S is any relation on A then ese (a) RcS @® ScR (c) R=S (d)_ noneo 2@, 3. (0, 4 (@, 5. (). (& scanned with OKEN ScannerACTIVITY-17 : [Applications of Derivatives (Maxima and Minima)] OBJECTIVE : To find the time when the area of a rectangle of given dimensions become maximum, if the length is decreasing and the breadth is increasing at given rates. (& scanned with OKEN Scanner BASIC KNOWLEDGE 1. Knowledge of rectangle and its properties. 2. Knowledge of area of rectangle. MATERIALS REQUIRED : Card board, drawing sheet, scissor, geometry box. Procedure 1. Take a rectangle R, of dimensions 16 cm x 10 cm and paste it on drawing sheet. 2. Let the length of rectangle is decreasing at the rate 1 cnYsecond and the breadth is increasing 4 the rate of 2 cm/second. tenes ranean rensne va penrenouet eves eee te nes etGeee TE etGH re eietgee || LABORATORY MATHEMATICS —XII> 54] aee Y 45, Take other rectangles Ry, Ry Ry Ry Ry R, and R, of dimensions 15 em * 12 em, 14 em * 14 em, 130mx 16cm, 12cmx 18cm, 11 mx 20cm, 10cm x 22 em, 9 em x 24 om respectively and paste it on drawing sheet. a 46cm on R, 16 cm) After 1 sec After 2 sec 13.0m After 3 sec R, 20cm R, 220m R, 24cn{ 120m ~ After 4 sec on After 5 sec a0 en After 6 sec oa After 7 sec | LABORATORY MATHEMATICS—XII + 55|| a (& scanned with OKEN ScannerOBSERVATIONS. 1. Area of given rectangle R, = 16 x 10 = 160 cm’. . Area of rectangle R, = 15 x 12 = 180 cm? (after 1 sec.) Area of rectangle R, = 14 x 14 = 196 cm (after 2 sec.) Area of rectangle R, = 13 x 16 = 208 cm (after 3 sec.) Area of rectangle R, = 12 x 18 = 216 cm? (after 4 sec.) Area of rectangle R, = 11 x 20 = 220 om (after 5 sec.) Area of rectangle R, = 10 x 22 = 220 om? (after 6 sec.) Area of rectangle R, = 9 x 24 = 216 cm? /after 7 sec.) . We observe that area of rectangle is maximum after $ and 6 seconds. It is 220 cm?- . After 6 sec. area decreases, 11. Hence maximum area of rectangle is 220 cm’. Sern anaen RESULT : Area of rectangle of given dimension becomes maximum if the Tength is decreasing and the breadth is increasing at the given rates, VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS Q.1. Find the largest possible area of the right angled triangle whose hypotenuse is 13 em. b Ans, sn@ = B > 6 = 13sin@ a cos@ = B > a = 13 cos@ 1 areaofA = yee 1 A= 2 * 13 cos 6 x 13 sing 169 = > * sin cos 6 169 A = sin26 Maximum value of sin2@ = 1, 169 Solargest area = “> sa, units, Q.2. The length x ofa rectangle is decreasii ng at the rate of a em/sec. and width y is inereasing at the rate of b cm/sec. When x=2, y=5, Find the rate of. change of the area of the rectangle. ILABORATORY MATHEMATICS —XII>56 I (& scanned with OKEN Scannera Ans “dt ~ ~acmisec, » ad ~ 4 cmsec, Res op at ae a ds de ~ bx~ay. @ dt bea = %2)-a(S) = 2b —Sa cm/sec. 5 . a dy 3. What is the meaning of 77> and > 2 Ans. Gp & denotes te ate of change of x with respect to time sand 2 denotes the rate of change of y with respect to time f. Q4. Aballoon which always remains spherical, has a variable diameter > Fax +1), Find the rate of change of its volume with respect to x. ‘Ans. Let radius of spherical balloon is r and volume V. 3 diameter =2r = 5 Qx+1) < " ls w ! a — S10 R + = ent a ee 2 BIS 2 9 27 = 7g Rx 3rd IP2= Sex Qed QS. At what points of the ellipse 16x? + 9y° = 400 does the ordinate decrease at the same rate as the abscissa increases ? Ans, 162+9" = 400 (i) Differentiating both sides w.r.t. ¢ a a , 3a 5 +l a = 0 Mii) oo {tis given, a dt So from (ii), a2 2 sy 4 =0 LABORATORY MATHEMATICS—XIi -57|] (& scanned with OKEN Scanner32x = 18y oy 295 “iy gy) From (i, wo(2) ee 2 2 Bly’ +144y" 400 16 225y? = 6400 ce From (iii), . 16 sore ae (+32!) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Ima sphere the rate of change of surface area is (@) 8 rtimes the rate of change of diameter (8) 2 1 times the rate of change of diameter (©) 8 mtimes the rate of change of radius (d) 2 mtimes the rate of change of radius 2, For what value of x is the rate of increase of x’ — Sx? + 5x + 8 is twice the rate of increase ofx? > 1 1 1 1 @ -3-3 @ 35 © 3-3 @ -353 3+ The height of a cylinder is equal to the radius, If an error of o % is made in the height, ths Percentage error in its volume is @ a% ® 20% () 30% @ 44% 4. Ina sphere the rate of change of volume is (@) . surface area times the rate of change of radius () surface area times the rate of change of diameter (Q) 4rctimes the rate of change of radius | (4) 4ntimes the rate of change of diameter. 5. Acone whose height 4 is always equal to its diameter, cm*/sec. At what rate is the radius increasing when it (@ 1 mmsec (® 2 mmisec ANSWER KEY OF M.C.Q. is increasing in volume at the rate of? s circular base area is 1m? ? (©) 0.001 cnvsec (a) 0,002 om/see 1©, 2.6), 3. ©, 4. @, 5. @. LABORATORY MATHEMATICS—XII-38] (& scanned with OKEN ScannerACTIVITY- 9 : [Area f B Boundex, Curves] . : — OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the definite integral ffi x" das the limit of a sum and verify it by ay, integration. BASIC KNOWLEDGE 1. Knowledge of geometry and mensuration. 2. Knowledge of integration. MATERIALS REQUIRED PROCEDURE Drawing sheet, cardboard, thumb pin, geometry box. 1, Put a drawing sheet on card board using thumb pin. 2. Draw coordinate axis on it. 3. Draw a quadrant of a circle with O as centre and radius is 1 unit (10 cm). 4. Graph of function y = »* is shown in Fig. 19, in the first quadrant in the closed interval (1 5. Distance A,A,, (which is equal to radius, 1 unit) and A, ‘B, (also equal to radius). 6. Divide A, A,» in 10 equal parts with points A,, A,, A,, points parallel to y-axis meet the curve at B,, B,, B,, es Ao and we draw perpendicular from" 5 IILABORATORY MATHEMATICS —XII-62)] - (& scanned with OKEN ScannergeRVATIONS gth of ABy AB A,By A:By A,B, «nu A,B, is denoted by yy Jp 3 : Yo In Yy 10 0.1 unit (1 em), 1. eA Aan Ay and width of each 2A,By =} wnt ).99 unit .97 unit ).95 unit .92 unit 0.87 unit .8 unit 71 unit ).6 unit 0.43 unit Yo7 AB = VEY small near to zero. ‘Area of quadrant of the circle = area of curve bounded by two axis 2 Yo ne AB, = sum of areas of 10 trapezium. (each B,B,, BB,, ..... B,B, all are very close, so curve becomes straight line) 6B x 0.1 [(1 + 0.99) + (0.99 + 0.97) + (0.97 + 0.95) + (0.95 + 0.92) + (0.92 + 0.87) + (0.87 + 0.8) a 2 + (0.8 + 0.71) + (0.71 + 0.6) + (0.6 + 0.43) + (0.43 + 0)] 0.1 [1.99 + 1.96 + 1.92 + 1.8741,79 +1 67+ 1,51 + 1.31 + 1.03 + 0.43] 1 . 2 x 0.1 « 15.48 = 0.774 sq. units. _ oa 1 fy 4. Using definite integral f/1—2x° dx 1 - [irr +Esio'x] = 5. From points 3 and 4 area of quai RESULT: Area bounded by the curve can also be evaluated using as a limit of sum. VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS = Calculate area of circle x? + y* = 16 using direct MS. 22+ y2= 16 ig a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius = 4 Area ofirele in I quadrant = ff16-37 a af 2 4f, fle= a ae x 314 4.4 rant as a limit of sum is approximately equal in area. = 0.785 sq. unit sin” 1-> sin" 0= 2 formula as well as using definite integral. area of circle = ] LABORATORY MATHEMATICS—XII +631] (& scanned with OKEN Scanner= pannel. 2. By direct formula, area ofcicle= me? = n(4)? = 16 mq. units, Q.2. Find the area of the region bounded by the line y=.x, x-axis and the linex=2 and x= 4 iy direct formula as well as by integration. Ans, = 167 sq. units Using integration : 2 Area of shaded region = xd = al w/6_4 By direct formula : Shaded area is ‘trapezium. 1 area of shaded region = 2 (AB+CD) x AD LABORATORY MATHEMATICS—XIT-4] © scanned with OKEN Scanner, Find the area bounded by the curve y=.3, the ae x-axis and the ordinates by x =~ 2 and x=1 using integration, (Fig. 19,1) __ area of shaded region = | fea | {here we take magnitude because shaded portion lies in IMI quadrant] x‘ -[feale|fea| > ‘El -2 { vY’ 1_17 - = +47 F 84 units, Fig. 19.1. yn Qu. Sketch the rough graph (Fig. 19.2) of the two parabolas 4y* = 9x and 3x? = 16y and find the _ area bounded by two curves. i ‘Ans, Area of shaded region Fig. 19.2. QS. Write the formula for integration-as a limit of sum. ss, [Gd = limaLf@+fath+fat2+..+f(a+ (nD) b-a where hey asn—. [LABORATORY MATHEMATICS—XII «65 (& scanned with OKEN Scanner~~ MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS oN T 1. The area bounded by the y-axis, y = cos x and y= sin x, Osx 7 is @ () 2+ (©) 2-1 M 25 2. The area bounded by the curve y =x |x| and the ordinates x=—1 and x =1 is i. 1 2 @ 0 ® 5 © 5 @ 1 3. The area of the region {(x, y):x7 +? S1 P(B) #0 |. Here event A represents numbers appeared have a sum 8 and B represents second die always exhibits 4. . In this experiment total possible outcomes in sample space = 36 Outcomes in favour ofA = {(2,6), 3,5), 4.4) 6,3) (6, 2)} Total favourable outcomes = 5 aye J] LABORATORY MATHEMATICS—XII +91 || (& scanned with OKEN Scanner™~ 5 PA) = 36 7 Outcomes in favour of B = {(1.4), 2.4) 3.4), 44) (5.4), (6, 4), 6 PB) = 36 . AnB = (44) 1 PAB) = 36 1 P(AMB)_36_1 7 PAIB) = —p@y 766 36 RESULT : In conditional probability we find the probability of an event when other event already, oy VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS Q.1. IfA and B are two mutually exclusive events then what is the probability P(A B), Ans. 0, because when events are mutually exclusive then A 7 B= 6. Q.2. [Link] B are two events such that P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.2, P(A| B) =0.5 then find P(A’ |B) P(ANB) Ans, PIB) = “pip PBA) = P(B)P(A|B)=0.2*0.5=0.10 P(A’OB‘)_1-P(A UB) 2 ec) P(AUB) = P(A)+P(B)-P(ANB)=0.6 +0.2-0.1=0.7 1-P(AUB) 1-07 _03_ 3 | rey ae 08 8° Q3. IfP(A)=0.5, P(B)=0.8, P@®|A)=04. Find P(A |B). P(BNA) Ans. P@IA) = ~ pa) P(BNA) = P(A)P(BIA) = 0.5x0.4=0.20=02 P(ANB PAB) = pip) Q.4. Evaluate P(A UB), if 2P(A) =P(B) = Sand P(A |B) = 2, P(AnB) Ans. P(A[B) = PB) I-ABORATORY MATHEMATICS—XII-92 | a (& scanned with OKEN Scanner‘ PAD B)=PB) *P(A|B) = 2x 222 1305 13 2P(A) = on Pa) = Z,p@-s P(AUB) = P(A)+P(B)- Ane) = 55,2 5410-4 26°13°13 26 «26° gs. IfP(A)= 04, P(B)=p, P(AU B)= 0.6, Find the value ofp, if A and B are independent events. ‘Ans. Events Aand B are independent so P(A 7 B) = P(A) P(B) P(AUB) = P(A)+P(B)-P(ANB) P(AUB) = P(A)+P(B)—P(A) P(B) 0.6 = 04+p-04p 06-04 = p-04p 06p = 02 02 a 06 6 3° Q.6. Events E and F are such that P(not E or not F) = 0.25. State whether E and F are mutually exclusive. Ans. P(not EornotF) = 0.25 P(E’ UF) 0.25 PEENFY 0.25 1-P(ENF) 0.25 PEENF) 1-0.25= 0.7540. So E and F are not mutually exclusive events. QU. A fair dice is rolled, we get following events. A=(2,4, 6}, B= {4,5}, C= 8, 4,5, 6}. Find P(A UB 19 Ans. AUB = {2, 4, 6} U {4,5} (2,4, 5,6} In throwing a dice total possible outcomes = 6 C = B,4,5,6}, (O)=46 (AUB)NC = {2,4, 5, 6} 0 (3,4, 5, 6} = (4,5, 6} 3 P(AUB)NO) = & P(AUBIC) = ]LABORATORY MATHEMATICS —XII 93 (& scanned with OKEN Scanner1 4 PNPLAae)S Q8. 1P@)=2, P(A[B)= 3, PAUB)=3- Find (A UB)’ + P(A’ UB). 3 1 = ine PB) = FZ, P(ALB)= 3, PAUBI" 5 P(AMB) P(AIB) = p(B) P(AMB) = P(B) P(A[B) 3.13 = 3%27i0 P(AUB) = P(A)+P(B)-P(AMB) 4 cee 5 7 PA*S 0 43,3 8-643. 5 1 PA) = 575 tio 10 10 2 P(AUBY = 1-P(AUB) eae S155 1-P(ANB) = 1-P(A) PB’) = 1-P(A)(1-P(B)) P(A’UB) So P(A UB)’ +P(A’UB)= Q.9. If A and B are events such that P(A | B) = P(B | A) then what is the probability of events A and B. Ans, P(A) = P(B). Q.10. A committee of 4 students is selected at random from a group consisting of 8 boys and 4 girls Given that there is atleast one girl in the committee, calculate the probability that there a exactly 2 girls in the committee. Ans. Let A is the event : exactly 2 girls in the committee. Bis the event : at least 1 gir! in the committee. P(A[B) = 2 " PB) = 1~P(no girl in the committee) "Cy S 1-848 Bx1x6xh woe 14_ 9 i =1--B XTXPxS _)_ 14 _ 99-14. C Waa Rex tix Jor x9! 99 99 P(ANB) = P(exactly 2 girls in the committee) ls, ILABORATORY MATHEMATICS—XIT- 94] (& scanned with OKEN ScannerAG. 8 is, % ~ RRiey2 A xd x8x7 = RETO A aoe kez toda palsy = RAAB) Tes 56 99” 168 85 eS, 85 425" P(B) 85 99 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS |. IfSis the sample space and P(A) = ; P(B) and S=AUB, where A and B are mutually exclusive events then P(A) is 1 1 1 @ 4 OF Og @ Ble 1 1, Associated to a random experiment two events A and B are such that PB) = 3, P(A|B)= > 4 and P(A. UB) = 5 then value of P(A) is 3 1 1 3 @ i Om Oa @ 5 3. P(A)= z PB) = aePanwe= st = then P(A|B) is 5 4 4 6 @ 5 Os OB @ 5 4, IfAand B are two events such that A# , B= then P(AMB) (@) P(A|B)= P(B) (b) P(A|B)=P(A) P(B) P(A) ( P(A|B)=P(B|A)=1 (@ PAIB)= pip) 5. If two events are independent then (@) they must be mutually exclusive (0) the sum of their probabilities must be equal to 1 (© (@ and (6) both are correct (d)_ none of the above is correct. ER KEY OF M.C.Q.: 1.(a), 2. (0, 3 (a, 4@, 5. (A. LABORATORY MATHEMATICS—XII + 95 ae (& scanned with OKEN Scanner