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"EVBMSWITHCHARGEMONITORANDFIRE PROTECTION"
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 AMINIPROJECTREPORT
ON
“EVBMSWITHCHARGEMONITORANDFIRE
PROTECTION”
(Areportsubmittedinpartialfulfillment oftherequirement forthedegreeofbacheloroftechnology in
Electrical and Electronic Engineering)
Submittedby
[Link](227Z5A0204)
[Link](227Z5A0209)
[Link](227Z5A0222)

UndertheEsteemedGuidanceof Mr.
M. SHANKAR
AssistantProfessor

DepartmentofElectrical&ElectronicsEngineering
NALLANARASHIMAREDDY
EDUCACATIONSOCIETY’SGROUPOFINSTITUTIONS
ApprovedbyAICTE,PCI,NewDelhi, AffiliatedtoJNTU-Hyderabad(Accredited by
NAAC, NBA)
NearNarapally,Chowdarigud(V),Korremula’X’Road,Ghatkesar(M), medchal(D),
Hyd-500088, TS.
[Link]
A.Y:2024-2025
 “EVBMSWITHCHARGEMONITORANDFIRE
PROTECTION”

DepartmentofElectrical&ElectronicEngineering
NALLANARASHIMAREDDY
EDUCATIONSOCIETY’SGROUPOFINSTITUTIONS
Approvedby AICTE,PCI,NewDelhi, AffiliatedtoJNTU-Hyderabad(Accredited by
NAAC, NBA)
NearNarapally,Chowdariguda(V),Korremula‘X’Road,Ghatkesar(M),Hyd- 500088,TS
[Link]
 PROJECTREPORT
ON
“EVBMSWITHCHARGEMONITORANDFIRE
PROTECTION”
(Areportsubmittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementforthedegreeofbachelor of
technology in Electrical and Electronic Engineering)
Submittedby
[Link](227Z5A0204)
[Link](227Z5A0209)
[Link](227Z5A0222)

UndertheEsteemedGuidanceof Mr.
M. SHANKAR
AssistantProfessor

DepartmentofElectrical&ElectronicsEngineering
NALLANARASHIMAREDDY
EDUCACATIONSOCIETY’SGROUPOFINSTITUTIONS
ApprovedbyAICTE,PCI,NewDelhi,AffiliatedtoJNTU-Hyderabad
(Accredited by NAAC, NBA)
NearNarapally,Chowdarigud(V),Korremula’X’Road,Ghatkesar(M),
medchal(D), Hyd-500088, TS.
[Link]
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We express my deep sense of gratitude to our beloved chairman Sri. Nalla

NarasimhaReddy,NallaNarashimaReddyEducationSociety’sGroupofInstitutionsfor the
valuable guidence and for permitting me to carryout this mini project.
With immense pleasure, We record my deep sense of gratitude to our beloved
[Link]
School ofEngineering for permitting me to carry out this mini project.
We express my deep sense of gratitude to our beloved Head [Link],
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nalla Narasimha Reddy School
of Engineering, for the valuable guidance and suggestions, keen interest and through
encouragement extended throughout period of mini project.
We take immense pleasure to express ourdeep sense ofgratitude to mybeloved
[Link],AssistantprofessorinElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,forhis
valuable suggestions and rare insights, for constant source of encouragement and
inspiration throughout my mini project.
Weexpress mythankstoallthosewhocontributed forthesuccessfulcompletion ofmy
Mini project.

Withgratitude,
[Link](227Z5A0204)
[Link](227Z5A0209)
[Link](227Z5A0222)
 CERTIFICATE

This is tocertify that the miniproject work entitled“EV BMS CHARGE MONITOR
AND FIRE PROTECTION” is being submitted by B. MAHESH (227Z5A0204), B.
SRIDHAR (227Z5A0209), N.
LAVANYA (227Z5A0222), in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of bachelor of
technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering to the Jawaharal Nehru
Technological University, hyderabad during academic year 2024-2025 is a record of
bonafide work carried out by her under our guidence and supervision.

Theresults embodied inthis report havebeensubmittedby thestudent(s)toany other

University orInstitution for the award of any degree or diploma.

[Link] [Link]
MTECH,(PhD) MTECH,PhD
Supervisor HeadoftheDepartment

ExternalExaminer
 INDEX
CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION
Introductionoftheproject…………………………………………………………………….

Projectoverview………………………………………………………………………………..

CHAPTER2: ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERYMANAGEMENTSYSTEM
IntroductiontoElectricVehicle…………………………………………………………………
ApplicationsOfElectricVehicle………………………………………………………………..
ExplanationOfBMS…………………………………………………………………………….
ImportanceOf ElectricVehicleBMS……………………………………………………………

CHAPTER3:PROJECTDESCRIPTION

Introduction……………………..…………………………………………………………………

Purpose………..…………………………………………………………………………………….

Description……………..……………………………………………………………………………

Working…….………………………………………………………………………………………

CircuitDiagaram……………………………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER4:HARDWAREDESCRIPTION

RegulatedPowerSupply……………………………..…………………………………………

ArduinoUno…………………………………………….…………………………………………

ArduinoUnoR3……………………………………………………….……………………………

16*4LCD……………………………………………………………………………………………

Relay…………….…………………………………………………………………………………..

Fire/TemparatureSensor…………………..………………………………………………………

VoltageSensor………………………………………………………………………………………
PinTactilePushButtonResetSwitch……………………….……………………………………

LeadAcidBattery………….………………………………………………………………………

DCMotors……………………………...…………………………………………………………

CHAPTER5:SOFTWAREDESCRIPTION

Arduino IDELanguage……...………………………………………………………………………………

Programming………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Code……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER6:APPLICATIONS, ADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGES

CHAPTER7:RESULTS,CONCLUSION,FUTUREPROSPECTS REFERENCES
 ABSTRACT

The Battery management system in electric vechiles is a criticalcomponent that ensure the safe
and optimal performance of the battery pack. The temperature sensor is connected to the battery pack
[Link] is
connected to the controller. The controller monitor temperature and takes necessary action with in
thelimit. Inthiswhenit reachesthethreshold,the batteryoutputiscutoffandabuzzer soundgivesas
[Link] of
battery bank, while the fire protection module detects potential thermal runaway conditions and
triggers a fire suppression system. The BMS is designed to communicate with the vehicles on board
computer and provide real-time data on battery performance. Experimental results demonstrate the
effectiveness ofthe proposed system in ensuring safe and efficient EVoperation.

1
 CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION
Introduction:

With the rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a solution to reduce greenhouse gas
emissionsand dependenceon fossil fuels, the importanceofarobust and reliableBatteryManagement
System(BMS) has never been more critical. The BMS ensures the safety, efficiency, and longevityof
the battery pack, which is the heart of any EV. One of the key challenges faced by EV manufacturers
and designers is fire protection and efficient charge monitoring, especially in lithium-ion battery
systems, which can be prone to overheating, overcharging, and thermal runaway. These risks make it
essentialtomonitorbatteryparametersinreal-timeandimplement effectivefireprotectionmechanisms.

Arduino Uno, a highly versatile and affordable open-source microcontroller platform, offers a
cost-effective and scalable solution for monitoring and managing the BMS in EVs, focusing on fire
protection and charge monitoring. The integration of fire protection and charge monitoring in an EV
BMS using Arduino Uno offers a flexible and cost-effective solution for developing and prototyping
battery management systems.

Themainobjectivesoftheprojectare:

1. Continuously monitorbattery parameters likevoltage, current, temperature,and state of charge

(SoC).
2. Detectandpreventoverheatingorthermalrunawaytoreducetheriskofbatteryfiresusing temperature
sensors and overheat protection mechanisms.
3. Implementsystemstostopovercharginganddeepdischargingofbattery cellsbycuttingoff
charging/discharging when voltage thresholds are reached.
4. Record and log batterydata foranalysisand displayreal-time informationabout batterystatus
through an LCD screen or serial monitor.
5. ItUsestheArduinoUno microcontroller forimplementingcontrollogic forbatterymanagement,
including charging, discharging, and safety mechanisms.
6. Designalow-cost,easy-to-buildsolutionusingArduino andrelatedcomponentsforeducational,
research, or prototyping purposes in EV battery management systems.

2
ProjectOverview:

Inthisproject,theprimaryobjective isto develop anEVBMSthat focusesonfireprotectionand charge

monitoring using the Arduino Uno [Link] the adoption ofEVs continues to grow, the
safety of the battery system becomes a paramount concern. Lithium-ion batteries, while offering
superiorenergydensityandefficiency, arevulnerabletooverheating andovercharging, whichcanlead to
dangerous conditions such as fires or explosions.
Preventing such failures requires real-time monitoring of battery parameters, including
temperature, voltage, current, and the state of charge (SoC).Arduino Uno, a widely used and
costeffective microcontroller, provides a flexible platform for prototyping and [Link] is
particularlywell-suitedforprojectsrequiringreal-timemonitoring,sensorintegration,andbasiccontrol
operations—all essential for BMS implementation.
This project will cover key aspects such as monitoring critical battery parameters,
providing fireprotectionmechanisms, andensuringefficient chargecontrol, allwhileusinga modular and
scalable approach.

3
 CHAPTER2:ELECTRICVEHICLE

ElectricVehicle:

ElectricVehiclesare meansoftransportthat consumeeclecticenergyas fuel instead of

traditionalfuelssuchaspetrol, diesel, andCNG. Thesevehicles maybepoweredthroughacollector
systembyelectricityfromoff-vehiclesourcesormaybeinbuilt withabattery, solarpanels, fuelcells, or
anelectric generator to convert fuelto electricity. Electric bikes, electric cars, electric rickshaws,
[Link] vehicles. Most ofthetrains, including metros,arealreadyrunning
worldwide through electricity.

The future of EVs looks promising. Technological advancements are expected to

overcome many current challenges. Battery technology is improving, with higher energy density
[Link] chargingtechnologyisalsoprogressing, aiming
to reduce charging times significantly.

Moreover, efforts are being made to develop more sustainable battery production
methods and recycling programs for used batteries. Governments and corporations worldwide are
investing incharging infrastructure, aiming to alleviate range anxiety. Electric vehicles are
automobiles powered byelectric motors, using energystored in rechargeable batteries. Unlike ICE
vehiclesthatusegasolineordiesel, EVsdrawelectricityfromthegrid, whichcanbegeneratedfrom
renewable sources, making them a cleaner alternative.

KeyComponentsofElectricVehicles

1. BatteryPack:Theenergysourceofthevehicle, typicallylithium-ionbatteries, whichstore

electrical energy to power the motor.

2. ElectricMotor:Convertselectricalenergyintomechanicalenergytomovethe vehicle.

3. PowerInverter:Convertsdirect current(DC)fromthebatteryintoalternatingcurrent(AC)to drive

the motor.

4. Regenerative Braking System: Recaptures energy during braking andstores itbackin the
battery.

4
AnexampleofElectricVehicleisshowninfig:2.1.

Fig2.1:PartsandFunctionOfanElectricVehicleCar

Inconclusion,electricvehiclesareacrucialelementofthe futureoftransportation, offeringnumerous

benefits, including reduced emissions and lower operating costs. While challenges remain, the
momentumbehindEVadoptioncontinuestogrow,drivenbytechnologicaladvancements, government
support,and anincreasing [Link] movetowardsamoresustainable
future, electric vehicles willplaya pivotalrole in shaping our transportation landscape.

History:

The historical context of electric vehicles (EVs) spans over a century, marked by periods of
innovation, decline, and resurgence. The journey began in the early 19th century with inventions like
the electric motor by Ányos Jedlik and Robert Anderson's electric carriage. By the late 1890s,
advancements in battery technology, particularly the lead-acid battery, led to the first commercially
viable electric vehicles. By1900, electric cars comprised aboutone-third ofallvehicles onU.S. roads,
[Link],theriseofgasoline-powered
carsinthe1920s,fueledbymassproductiontechniquesandcheaperfuelsources,ledtoadeclineinEV
popularity.

By the mid-20th century, electric vehicles had largely disappeared from the [Link] oil
crises ofthe 1970s sparked renewed interestinalternative fuels, butit was not untiladvancements in

5
lithiumionbatterytechnologyandgrowingenvironmentalawareness inthe late20thandearly21st centuries
that electric vehicles regained traction.

Today, EVsarecelebratedfortheirpotentialtoreducegreenhousegasemissionsanddependenceon fossil fuels,

marking a significant shift towards sustainable transportation.

TypesOfEVs:

Therearefourmaintypesofelectricvehicles(EVs),eachwithdifferent powersourcesandoperating methods:

1. Battery ElectricVehicles(BEVs):
o Fullyelectricwithnogasolineengine.
o Poweredbyrechargeablebatteriesandelectricmotors.
o Examples:TeslaModel3,NissanLeaf.
2. HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs):
o Combinesaninternalcombustionengine(ICE)withanelectric motor. oTheelectric motor
assists the ICE to improve fuel efficiency.
o Examples:ToyotaPrius,HondaInsight.
3. Plug-inHybridElectricVehicles(PHEVs):
o Have bothaninternalcombustionengineanda largerbatterythat canberechargedby
plugging in.
o Canrunonelectricpoweraloneforalimitedrangebeforeswitchingtogasoline.
o Examples:MitsubishiOutlanderPHEV,ToyotaPriusPrime.
4. FuelCellElectric Vehicles(FCEVs):
o Generateelectricityfromachemicalreactionbetweenhydrogenandoxygenina fuel cell.
o Emitsonlywatervaporandisseenasanalternativefor long-rangedriving.
o Example:ToyotaMirai.
Eachtypehasuniqueadvantagesdependingonfactorslikerange,emissions,andenergysource.

6
NeedOfEVs:

To The need for electric vehicles (EVs) is driven by several critical environmental, economic, and
technological factors:
1. ReducingGreenhouseGasEmissions
• Air Quality Improvement: EVs help improve air quality by eliminating harmfulpollutants like
nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM), which are common in urban areas with
heavy traffic.
2. DecreasingDependencyonFossilFuels
• Energy Independence: EVs reduce reliance on oil, much of which is imported in many
countries. This canenhance energysecurityand stabilize economies against volatile oilprices.
• Diversifying Energy Sources: By using electricity, EVs enable the use of renewable energy
sources (such as solar, wind, and hydropower) for transportation, reducing the environmental
impact of energy production.
3. LowerOperatingandMaintenanceCosts
• Fuel Savings: Electricity is generally cheaper than gasoline or diesel. EVs also have fewer
moving parts compared to internal combustion engines (ICE), resulting in lower maintenance
costs.
• Longevity of Electric Motors: Electric motors are simpler and more durable than traditional
engines, which leads to a longer vehicle lifespan and fewer mechanical issues.
4. TechnologicalAdvancements
• Improvements in Battery Technology: Ongoing advancements in lithium-ion batteries are
increasing the range and reducing the cost of EVs, making them more accessible to a broader
audience.
• Vehicle-to-Grid Integration: EVshave the potentialto act asmobile energystorage systems,
supplying energy back to the grid when demand is high, contributing to energystability.
5. GovernmentPoliciesandIncentives
• Regulatory Push: Many governments are setting ambitious targets to phase out internal
combustionenginesand areencouraging theadoptionofEVsthroughsubsidies, taxincentives, and
strict emission regulations.
• Urban Planning: Several cities are implementing low-emission zones and are prioritizing
EVfriendly infrastructure, further accelerating the need for EV adoption.

7
6. CombatingResourceDepletion
• Sustainability:Thefinitenatureoffossilfuelreservesmeansthatrenewableandelectricpowered
alternatives are necessary for sustainable transportation in the long term.
7. EconomicGrowthandInnovation
• JobCreation:ThegrowingEVindustryiscreatingnewjobsinmanufacturing,battery production,
software development, and charging infrastructure.
• GlobalCompetitiveness:CountriesthatinvestinEVtechnologyarepositioningthemselvesas
leaders in a future-oriented industry, contributing to their globaleconomic standing.

ApplicationOfElectric Vehicle:

TheapplicationsofEVsextendbeyondpersonaltransportationandaregainingprominence invarious
sectors,includingpublictransport,commercialoperations,[Link]
areessentialforreducing emissions, improvingenergyefficiency, andpromotingsustainable mobility.
1. PersonalTransportation
[Link]
3,NissanLeaf,andChevyBolt provideaneco-friendlyalternativeto [Link]
forcleanertransportationgrows,morepeoplearechoosingelectricvehiclesduetotheirloweroperating costs,
reduced emissions, and government incentives. Personal EVs are equipped with advanced
technologies suchas autonomous driving and smart connectivity, offering superior driving experience
while contributing to environmental conservation.
2. PublicTransportation
[Link] (e-
buses) are being adopted in cities to combat air pollution and reduce the carbon footprint of mass
transit systems. They offer quieter, cleaner operations compared to diesel-powered buses, which is
particularlybeneficialindenselypopulatedurbanareas. CitiessuchasShenzheninChina havealready
fullyelectrifiedtheirbusfleets,andsimilar initiativesareunderwayinotherpartsoftheworld. EVsare also
used in electric taxis, further contributing to lower urban emissions.
3. CommercialandLogistics
The commercial sector is increasingly utilizing electric vehicles for delivery services and logistics.
Electricvansandtrucks,likethosefromRivianandTesla,arebeingusedforlast-miledeliveryservices

8
bycompanieslikeAmazon,DHL,[Link]-range,stop-and-gocityroutes
[Link],electrificationinthelogistics
industryreduces noise pollution, making urban deliveries less disruptive. In long-haul freight, electric
trucks are also emerging, supported byadvancements in batterytechnology.
4. SharedMobility
Electric vehiclesarebeing integratedinto ridesharingandcar-sharingservices,suchasUber,Lyft,and
Zipcar. The electrificationof shared mobilityplatforms helps reduce the overallenvironmentalimpact
oftransportation bylowering emissions per mile and decreasing reliance onprivatelyowned vehicles.
Shared EVs are ideal for short trips within cities, and their use is expected to grow as charging
infrastructure becomes more widespread.
5. EnergyManagementandGridIntegration
EVsarebecomingkeycomponents inenergymanagement systemsduetotheir potentialfor vehicleto-
grid(V2G)[Link],
feedingelectricitybacktothegridduringpeakdemand. EVownerscanhelp balanceenergyloadsand
contribute to a more resilient and sustainable grid by utilizing excess energy stored in their vehicle
[Link],large-scaleadoptionofV2Gcouldsupportrenewableenergyintegration, reduce grid
instability, and optimize energy distribution.

ExplanationOfBMS:

BMS:

A Battery Management System (BMS) is an essential component of any electric vehicle

(EV)[Link]
batterypack by monitoring and managing its performance.

TheBMSensuresthatthebatteryoperateswithin optimallimits, protects it fromdamage, andextends its

lifespan. ItisparticularlyimportantinEVs, wherethebatterypack isthe most valuablecomponent and
directly affects the vehicle’s range, safety, and overall performance.
A BatteryManagement System is the brain behind an electric vehicle's batterypack.. As
electricvehiclesbecome moreprevalent,advancementsinBMStechnologyarecriticalfor improving
batteryperformance and supporting the wider adoption of EVs.

9
 Fig2.2:Battery Management SystemOfElectricVehicle

KeyFunctionsofaBatteryManagementSystem:

1. MonitoringBatteryHealth

• TheBMScontinuouslytrackskeyparameterssuch asvoltage, current,temperature, andstate

ofcharge (SOC) for each individualcellor the entire batterypack. This informationhelps to
evaluatethebattery'sconditioninreal-time,allowingthesystemto detect andrespondto any
irregularities that could affect performance or safety.

2. BalancingCellVoltages

• [Link],
thesecells canbecomeunbalanced, meaning some cells maychargeordischarge fasterthan
others.

• The BMS ensures all cells maintain an equal voltage, which is critical for optimal
performance and battery longevity. This process, called cell balancing, helps prevent
overchargingorunderchargingindividualcells,whichcanleadtodegradationorfailure.

3. EnsuringSafety

• TheBMSprotects thebattery packfrom operatingoutsidesafelimitsby managingcritical

conditions such as:

10
 o Overcharging:Preventsthebatteryfromcharging beyondasafevoltage,whichcan lead
to overheating, damage, or even a fire hazard.

o Over-discharging: Prevents the battery from being discharged below a certain

threshold, which can cause permanent damage to the cells. o Temperature
Control: The BMS monitors the battery’s temperatureto ensure it stays within the
[Link] mayactivatecoolingorheatingsystemstopreventthebatteryfrom
overheating or becoming too cold, which could lead to reduced performance or
damage.

4. StateofCharge(SOC)andStateofHealth(SOH)Estimation

• StateofCharge(SOC):TheBMSestimatestheamountofchargeremaining inthebattery, which

is critical for determining the driving range in EVs.

Thisfunctioninformsdriversorusershowmuchenergyisleft and howlongthebatterycan continue to

operate before recharging is needed.

• State of Health (SOH):The BMS also tracks the battery’s overall health, measuring factors
suchas capacitydegradationand performance changes over time. This data helps predict the
remainingusefullifeofthebattery, whichisvitalformaintenanceandreplacement planning.

5. PowerManagementandEfficiency

• TheBMS managestheenergyflowbetweenthebatteryandtheload(e.g.,theelectric motorin an EV)

to ensure efficient power usage. It controls when the batterycharges, discharges, and how
much power is supplied to various vehicle systems. This helps optimize energyusage,
ensuring the vehicle achieves the best possible performance and range.

6. CommunicationandDataLogging

• The BMS communicates with the vehicle's main control unit and other systems, providing
real-timedataaboutbatterystatus,warnings,[Link],theBMS plays
a role in the vehicle’s energy management strategy, sharing data that helps optimize
charging, regenerative braking, and overall power distribution.

11
 • TheBMSalso storeshistoricaldata,whichcanbeusedfordiagnostics,troubleshooting,and
predictive maintenance.

7. ThermalManagementIntegration

• In many EVs, the BMS is integrated with a thermal management system to control the
battery'[Link] withinacertaintemperaturerange,andtheBMS
coordinates cooling or heating mechanisms to maintain the ideal temperature, preventing
overheating or freezing.

ImportanceOfElectricVehicleBMS:

The Battery Management System (BMS) is an essential component in electric vehicles (EVs)
because it plays a critical role in the safety, performance, and longevity of the battery pack. Since the
battery is the heart of an EV, ensuring its optimal operation is fundamental to the vehicle's efficiency
andreliabilityTheBatteryManagement System(BMS)iscrucialfor electricvehicles(EVs) forseveral
reasons:

1. SafetyAssurance:

One of the primary functions of a BMS is to ensure the safety of the battery pack. It continuously
monitors parameters suchas voltage, current, and temperature to prevent conditions that could lead to
thermalrunaway,overcharging, orover-discharging. Bykeeping thebatterywithinsafeoperating limits, the
BMS minimizes risks of fire or batteryfailure, protecting boththe vehicle and its occupants.

2. EnhancedBatteryLifespan:

TheBMSoptimizesthehealthofthebatterybybalancing thechargeacrossindividualcellswithinthe
batterypack. Unequal charging can lead to reduced performance and premature degradation.

Byensuringthat allcellsareequallychargedanddischarged,theBMSextendstheoveralllifespanof the

battery, resulting in lower replacement costsover time.

3. PerformanceOptimization:

Awell-functioningBMSmaximizestheefficiencyofthebatterybymanagingenergyflowbetweenthe
batteryandthevehicle’[Link](SOC)andStateofHealth(SOH),

12
providingreal-timedatathathelpsdriversunderstandtheirvehicle'srangeandperformancecapabilities. This
optimization enhances the driving experience and ensures that energy is used efficiently.

4. DataCommunication:

TheBMS also playsacriticalrole incommunicationbetweenthebatteryandthevehicle's maincontrol

system. By providing important data about battery status, the BMS helps in the overall energy
management strategy of the vehicle. This integration is vital for features like regenerative braking,
which helps recapture energyduring braking and improves efficiency.

Insummary,theBMS isvitalforthesafe, efficient, andlong-lastingoperationofEVbatteries, making it an

indispensable part of electric vehicle technology

13
 CHAPTER3:PROJECTDESCRIPTION

Introduction:

In this chapter the block diagram of the project and Design and development of EV
BMSfireprotectionandchargemonitoringsystemareconsidered.Blockdiagramisshowninfig3.1:

Fig3.1:BlockdiagramofEVBMSfireprotectionandchargemonitoringsystem

14
Purpose:

[Link]
form ICE vehicles to electric vehicles since few years. IC engines are well proven and still running
[Link] electricvehicles [Link]
batteries have densityenergy storage chemicals and causes fire while charge and discharge.
Some kinds ofEV batteries catchfire whenexternalenvironment is hightemperature. Also,there are
several reasons to cause battery getting fire. To avoid and suppress this problem, we suggest smart
BMSthat willprotect batteryfromfireandcharge monitoring. Theproposedproject title isEVBMS fire
protection and charge monitoring.

Description:

[Link],
Currentsensorsandtemperaturesensors(DS18b20)interfacewithArduinoanalogpins.

Working:
[Link],
battery will charge fast and slow by current control. If more current allows, then battery will charge
fast and vice versa. Third button is for discharging battery by enabling [Link] we used motor as
load. Ifthebatterygets fullycharged, thencharging willdisconnect automatically. Whilecharging or
[Link]
information like voltage, current and temperature values will be displayed ona 16x4 LCD display.

InterfacesCovered:

• WehavecoveredArduinointerfaceandprogramming

• Batterycharginganddischargingapplications

• Batteryvoltageandcurrentsensorsinterface

• FiresensorinterfacewithArduino

15
CircuitDiagram:

HereistheCircuit diagramfortheEVBMSFireProtection andChargeMonitoringSystem

[Link],voltageandcurrentsensors,relays for
controlling charging, and an LCD for real-time display of batterydata, all connected to the Arduino
Uno. Circuit Diagram is shown in fig 3.2:

Fig3.2:CircuitdiagramofEVBMSfireprotectionandchargemonitoring system

16
 CHAPTER4:HARDWAREDESCRIPTION

REGULATEDPOWERSUPPLY :

Introduction:

[Link] supplieselectrical
orothertypes ofenergyto anoutput load orgroupofloads is called a power supplyunit [Link] termis
most commonlyappliedto electricalenergysupplies, lessoftentomechanicalones, andrarely to others.A
power supply may include a power distribution system as well as primary or secondary sources of
energy such as

• Conversion of one form of electrical power to another desired form and voltage, typically
involving converting AC line voltage to a well-regulated lower-voltage DC for electronic
devices. Low voltage, low power DC power supply units are commonly integrated with the
devices they supply, such as computers and household electronics.
• Batteries.
• Chemicalfuelcellsand otherformsofenergystoragesystems.
• Solarpower.
• Generatorsoralternators.

BlockDiagram:

Stepdown
Bridge Filter Regulator Output
Transformer
Rectifier

Fig4.1.2RegulatedPowerSupply

17
Thebasiccircuit diagramofaregulatedpowersupply(DCO/P)withledconnectedas load isshown below

Fig4.1.3CircuitdiagramofRegulatedPowerSupplywithLedconnection

Thecomponentsmainlyusedinabovefigureare

• 230VAC MAINS
• TRANSFORMER
• BRIDGERECTIFIER(DIODES)
• CAPACITOR
• VOLTAGEREGULATOR(IC7805)
• RESISTOR
• LED(LIGHTEMITTINGDIODE)

18
POWERSUPPLYDESIGN:

Inputis230voltsA.C

Transformation

Rectification

Filtration

Regulation

Outputis5volts D.C

Thedetailedexplanationofeachandeveryblockandcomponentmentionedaboveisasfollows:

1. Transformation:

The process oftransforming energy fromone device to another is called transformation. For
transforming energy we use transformers.

19
Transformers:

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy fromone circuit to another

[Link] or
primarywinding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying
magnetic field through the secondarywinding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondarywinding. This effect is called mutual
induction.

Transformers are indispensable in electricalengineering, playing a vitalrole in a wide range ofapplic

ations:

1. PowerTransmission and Distribution:Theystepupthe voltage for longdistancetransmission,

reducing energy loss, and then step it down for safe distribution in resid ential and industrial
areas.

2. Electronics and Appliances: They convert high-voltage AC to lowvoltage AC, suitable for
electronic devices like chargers, televisions, and kitchen appliances.

3. IndustrialApplications: Used inmanufacturingandprocessing industriesto provideappropri ate

voltage levels for machinery and equipment.

4. Renewable Energy Systems: Essential in wind and solar power systems for converting gener
ated power to suitable voltages for grid integration.

5. Isolation:Used inmedicalequipment toisolateandprotectpatientsandsensitiveelectronicde vices

from high-voltage spikes.

If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding and
electrical energywill be transferred fromthe primarycircuit through the transformer to the load. This
field ismadeup fromlinesofforceand hasthesameshapeasabar magnet. Ifthecurrent is increased,
[Link],thelinesofforcemoveinwards.

20
Ifanother coilis placed adjacent tothe first coilthen, as the field moves out orin, the moving lines of
force will "cut" the turns of the second coil.

Asitdoesthis,avoltageisinducedinthesecondcoil.Withthe50HzACmainssupply, this will

happen 50 times a second. This is called Mutual Inductance and forms the basis of the
[Link];[Link]:
4.3showsstep-downtransformer.

Fig4.1.4:Step-DownTransformer

Thevoltageinducedinthesecondaryisdetermined bytheTurnsRatio.

Toaidmagneticcouplingbetweenprimaryandsecondary,thecoilsarewoundonametalCore.
Sincetheprimarywould inducepower,calledEddyCurrents, intothiscore,[Link] means
that it is made up from metalsheets insulated fromeach other.
Transformerstoworkathigher frequencieshaveanirondustcoreornocoreatall.
Note that the transformer only works on AC, which has a constantly changing current and
moving field. DC has a steadycurrent andtherefore a steadyfield and there would be no induction.

Some transformers have an electrostatic screen between primary and secondary. This is to
prevent sometypesofinterferencebeing fed fromtheequipment downintothe mains supply,orinthe other
direction. Transformers are sometimes used for Impedance Matching.

21
 Wecanusethetransformersasstepuporstepdown.

StepUptransformer:

Incaseofstepuptransformer, primarywindingsareeverylesscomparedtosecondarywinding
.Becauseofhaving moreturnssecondarywindingacceptsmoreenergy,and it releasesmorevoltageat the
output side.

Stepdowntransformer:

Incaseofstepdowntransformer, Primarywinding induces morefluxthanthesecondary

winding, and secondarywinding is having less number ofturns because ofthat it accepts less number of
flux, and releases less amount of voltage.

Batterypowersupply:

A battery is a type of linear power supply that offers benefits that traditional line operated power
supplies lack: mobility, portability and reliability. A batteryconsists of multiple electrochemical cells
connected to provide the voltage desired

Themost commonlyuseddry-cellbatteryisthecarbon-zincdrycellbattery. Dry-cell

batteriesare made bystacking a carbonplate, a layerofelectrolyte paste, and a zinc plate alternately
until the desired total voltage is achieved. The most common dry-cell batteries have one of the
following voltages: 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 22.5, 45, and 90. During the discharge ofa carbon-zinc battery, the
zinc metal is converted to a zinc salt in the electrolyte, and magnesium dioxide is reduced at the
carbon electrode. These actions establish a voltage of approximately 1.5 V.

Fig4.1.5:Hi-Watt9VBattery

22
 The lead-acid storage battery may be used. This battery is rechargeable; it consists of
leadand lead/dioxideelectrodeswhichareimmersed insulfuricacid. Whenfullycharged,thistypeof
batteryhas a 2.06-2.14 V potential(A12 volt car batteryuses 6 cells in series).

Duringdischarge,thelead isconvertedtoleadsulfateandthesulfuricacid isconverted to

water. When the battery is charging, the lead sulfate is converted back to lead and lead dioxide A
nickel-cadmium battery has become more popular in recent years. This batterycell is completely
sealed and rechargeable. The electrolyte is not involved inthe electrodereaction, making the voltage
constant over the span ofthe batteries long service life. During the charging process, nickeloxide is
oxidized to its higher oxidation state and cadmium oxide is reduced. The nickel-cadmium batteries
have many benefits. Theycan be stored both charged and uncharged. They have a long service life,
high current availabilities, constant voltage, and the abilityto be recharged.

Fig4.1.6:PencilBatteryof1.5V

2. Rectification:

Theprocessofconvertinganalternatingcurrenttoapulsatingdirect current iscalledasrectification. For

rectification purpose we use rectifiers.

Rectifiers:

Arectifierisanelectricaldevicethatconvertsalternatingcurrent(AC)todirectcurrent(DC),aprocess
[Link] usesincludingascomponentsofpowersuppliesandas

23
detectors ofradio signals. Rectifiers may be made ofsolid-state diodes, vacuumtube diodes, mercury
arc valves, and other components.

Adevicethatitcanperformtheoppositefunction(convertingDCtoAC)[Link]
onlyonediodeisusedtorectifyAC(byblocking the negative orpositiveportionofthewaveform), the
difference between the term diode and the term rectifier is merely one of usage, i.e., the term rectifier
describes a diode that is being used to convert AC to DC.

Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a specific arrangement for more efficiently
converting AC to DC than is possible with only one diode. Before the development of silicon
semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper (I) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were
used.

Rectifiershaveabroadspectrumofapplicationsinvarious fields:

1. PowerSupplies:ConvertACtoDCto powerelectronicdevices likecomputers, radios,andte

levisions.

2. BatteryCharging:UsedinchargerstoconvertACtoDCforchargingbatteries.

3. RadioSignals: Inradios,theyconvertACsignalsintousableDCsignals.

4. Electroplating:ConvertACtoDCforelectroplatingmetalsinindustrialprocesses.

Bridgefullwaverectifier:

TheBridgerectifiercircuitisshowninfig:3.8,whichconvertsanacvoltagetodcvoltage using
both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit
has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally
oppositeendsofthe bridge. The load resistance is connected betweentheothertwo endsofthe bridge.

Forthe positive halfcycle ofthe input ac voltage,diodesD1 and D3 conduct,whereas

diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load
resistance RLand hence the load current flows through RL.

24
 Forthenegativehalfcycleoftheinput acvoltage,diodesD2andD4conduct whereas, D1and D3
remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance R L and hence
the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi- directional
wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.

Input Output

Fig4.1.7:Bridgerectifier:afull-waverectifierusing4diodes

DB107 :

Now-a-daysBridgerectifier isavailable inICwithanumber ofDB107. Inourproject we

are using an IC in place of bridge rectifier. The DB107 is a single-phase glass-passivated silicon
bridge rectifier1. It's commonlyused in power supply circuits to convert alternating current (AC) to
direct current (DC). Here are some key specifications:

Current Rating: 1.0 Ampere

VoltageRating:1000VoltsPackage

Type: Standard DO-35 Features:

• Goodforautomationinsertion
• Surgeoverloadrating -30amperespeak
• Idealforprintedcircuitboard
• Reliablelowcostconstructionutilizing molded
• Glasspassivateddevice

25
 • Polaritysymbolsmoldedonbody
• Mountingposition:Any
• Weight:1.0gram

ThepictureofDB107isshownbelow

Fig 4.1.8:DB107

3. Filtration:

Theprocessofconvertingapulsatingdirectcurrenttoapuredirectcurrentusingfiltersis called as
[Link] also refers to the use offilters to remove unwanted frequencies fromsignals.

Filters:

Electronic filters are electronic circuits, which perform signal-processing functions,

specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted
[Link] frequenciesarepassed through
while others are attenuated.

Herearesomecommontypesofelectricalfiltersandtheirapplications:

1. LowPassFilter:

Allowssignalswithafrequencylowerthanacertaincutofffrequencyto passthroughwhileatt enuating

higher frequencies. Used inaudio applications to remove high-frequency noise.

2. HighPassFilter:

26
 Allowssignalswitha frequencyhigherthanacertaincutofffrequencytopassthroughwhileat tenuating
lower frequencies. Used inaudio applications to remove low-frequency noise.

3. BandPassFilter:

Allowssignalswithinacertainfrequencyrangetopassthroughwhileattenuatingsignalsouts ide this

range. Used inradio communications to select desired frequency bands.

Capacitors:

TheCapacitororsometimesreferredtoasaCondenserisapassivedevice,andonewhichstores
energyinthe formofanelectrostatic field whichproduces apotential(static voltage) acrossitsplates.

In its basic form a capacitor consists of two parallel conductive plates that are not connected but are
electricallyseparated either byair or byan insulating materialcalled the Dielectric. Whena voltage is
appliedtotheseplates, acurrent flowscharginguptheplateswithelectronsgivingoneplateapositive charge
and the other plate an equaland opposite negative charge.

Fig4.1.9:ConstructionOfaCapacitor Fig4.1.10:ElectrolyticCapaticor

ThisflowofelectronstotheplatesisknownastheChargingCurrentandcontinuestoflowuntil
thevoltageacrosstheplates(andhencethecapacitor)[Link]

27
the capacitor is said to be fullycharged and this is illustrated [Link] construction ofcapacitor and
an electrolytic capacitor are shown in figures 3.10 and 3.11 respectively.

UnitsofCapacitance:

Microfarad(μF)1μF=1/1,000,000=0.000001=10-6F

4. Regulation:

Theprocessofconvertingavaryingvoltagetoaconstant regulatedvoltageiscalledasregulation. For the

process of regulation we use voltage regulators.

VoltageRegulator:

Avoltageregulator(also calleda‘regulator’)withonlythreeterminalsappearsto beasimpledevice, but it is

in fact a very complex integrated circuit. It converts a varying input voltage into a constant
‘regulated’outputvoltage.VoltageRegulatorsareavailableinavarietyofoutputslike5V,6V,9V,12V and
15V. The LM78XX series ofvoltage regulators are designed for positive input.
For applicationsrequiring negative input, the LM79XXseries isused. Using a pair of‘voltagedivider’
resistors can increase the output voltage of a regulator circuit.

Itisnot [Link] usea12Vregulator to

make a 5V powersupply. Voltage regulatorsare [Link] canwithstand overcurrent draw due
to short circuits and also over-heating. In both cases, the regulator will cut off before anydamage
occurs. The onlywayto destroya regulator is to applyreverse voltage to its input.

Fig 4.1.11:VoltageRegulator

28
Resistors:

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals
that is proportionaltothe electric current passing through it inaccordance with Ohm's law:

V=IR

Resistors are elements ofelectrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most
electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as
resistance wire (wire made ofa high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).

The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working
voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and
inductance. Less well-known is criticalresistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the
maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance is
determined by the design, materials and dimensions of the resistor.

Resistorscanbe madeto controlthe flowofcurrent,toworkasVoltagedividers, to dissipatepower

[Link].

Fig4.1.12:Resistor Fig4.1.13:ColorBandsInResistor

29
[Link]:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LED’s are used as indicator lamps in
manydevices,andare increasinglyused [Link] asapracticalelectroniccomponent in 1962,
earlyLED’semittedlow-intensityred light,but modernversionsareavailable acrossthevisible,
ultravioletand infrared wavelengths, [Link] partsofaled are
shown in figures 3.15 and 3.16 respectively.

Fig4.1.14:InsideaLED Fig4.1.15:PartsofaLED

Working:

ThestructureoftheLED lightiscompletelydifferent thanthatofthelight [Link], theLED has a

simple and strong structure. The light-emitting semiconductor material is what determines the LED's
color. The LED is based on the semiconductor diode.

When a diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the
device,releasing [Link] electroluminescence andthecolor of the
light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor.

30
AnLED isusuallysmallinarea(lessthan1mm2), and integratedopticalcomponentsareusedtoshape its
radiation pattern and assist in reflection. LED’s present many advantages over incandescent light
sourcesincludinglowerenergyconsumption, longerlifetime, improved robustness,smallersize,faster
switching, and greater durability and reliability.

However, they are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than
traditional light sources. Current LED products for general lighting are more expensive to buy than
fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. They also enjoy use in applications as diverse as
replacements for traditional light sources in automotive lighting (particularly indicators) and in traffic
signals.

ThecompactsizeofLED’shasallowednewtext andvideodisplaysandsensorstobedeveloped,while their

high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology. The electrical symbol and
polarities of led are shown in fig: 3.17.

Fig4.1.16:ElectricalSymbol& PolaritiesofLED

31
 LEDlightshaveavarietyofadvantagesoverotherlightsources:

• High-levelsofbrightnessandintensity
• High-efficiency
• Low-voltageandcurrentrequirements
• Lowradiatedheat
• Highreliability(resistanttoshockandvibration)
• NoUVRays
• Longsourcelife
ApplicationsofLEDfallintothreemajorcategories:

• Visual signal application wherethelightgoes more or lessdirectly from theLED to the

human eye, to convey a message or meaning.
• IlluminationwhereLEDlightisreflectedfromobjecttogivevisualresponseoftheseobjects.
• Generatelight formeasuringandinteractingwithprocessesthat donot involvethehuman
visualsystem.

ArduinoUno :

Fig4.2:TypesOfArduinos

32
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the [Link] has 14 digital input/output
pins(ofwhich6 can beused asPWMoutputs),6 analog inputs, a16 MHzceramic resonator, aUSB
connection,apowerjack,anICSPheader,andareset [Link] the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC
adapter or battery to get started.

TheUno differs fromallpreceding boards inthat it doesnot usetheFTDI USB-to-serialdriver chip.

Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to versionR2) programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter."Uno"meansoneinItalianandisnamedtomarkthe [Link] Uno
andversion1.0willbethereferenceversionsofArduino,[Link] in a series
ofUSB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform.

Summary:
Microcontroller ATmega328
OperatingVoltage 5V
InputVoltage(recommended) 7-12V
InputVoltage(limits) 6-20V
DigitalI/OPins 14(ofwhich6provide PWMoutput)
AnalogInput Pins 6
DCCurrentperI/OPin 40mA
DCCurrentfor3.3VPin 50mA
FlashMemory 32KB(ATmega328)ofwhich0.5KBusedbybootloader
SRAM 2KB(ATmega328)
EEPROM 1KB(ATmega328)
ClockSpeed 16MHz
Power:

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
[Link](non-USB)powercancomeeither from an
AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm
center-positive plug into the board's power jack.

Leads froma batterycan be inserted intheGnd and Vinpin headersofthePOWER [Link]

boardcanoperateonanexternalsupplyof6to 20volts. Ifsupplied withlessthan7V, however,the 5Vpin
maysupply lessthan five voltsand the board maybe unstable. Ifusing morethan12V,the

33
voltageregulatormayoverheat [Link] power
pins are as follows:

• VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supplyvoltagethroughthispin, or,ifsupplyingvoltageviathepowerjack, accessit through this
pin.
• [Link] boardcanbesupplied with
power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin
ofthe board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator and
can damage your board. We don't advise it.

• 3V3.A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. The maximum current draw is
50 mA.
• [Link] pins.

Memory :

TheATmega328has32KB(with0.5KBusedforthebootloader).Italsohas2KBofSRAMand1KB
ofEEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROMlibrary).

InputandOutput:

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(),digitalWrite(),anddigitalRead()[Link]
[Link] maximumof40 mAand has an internalpull-up resistor
(disconnected bydefault) of20-50 kOhms.

Inaddition,somepinshavespecializedfunctions:

• Serial:0(RX)and1(TX). Usedtoreceive(RX)andtransmit (TX)[Link] pinsare

connected to the corresponding pins ofthe ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTLSerialchip.

34
 • ExternalInterrupts: 2and3. Thesepinscanbeconfiguredtotrigger aninterruptonalow value,
a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt()function for details.
• PWM:3,5,6,9,10,and11.Provide8-bitPWMoutputwiththeanalogWrite()function.

• SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication
using the SPIlibrary.
• LED: [Link] isa built-inLED connectedto digitalpin13. Whenthe pin isHIGH value, the
LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each ofwhich provide 10 bits ofresolution
(i.e.1024different values).Bydefault theymeasurefromgroundto5volts,thoughisit possibleto change
the upper end oftheir range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
Additionally,somepinshavespecializedfunctionality:

• TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the
Wirelibrary.
Thereareacoupleofotherpinsontheboard:

• [Link]().
• [Link] to
shields which block the one on the board.
USBOvercurrentProtection :

TheArduino Uno hasaresettablepolyfusethat protectsyour computer'sUSBportsfromshortsand

overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an
extralayer ofprotection. Ifmorethan500 mAisappliedtotheUSBport,thefusewillautomatically break the
connection until the short or overload is removed.

PhysicalCharacteristics:

The maximum length and width ofthe Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the USB
[Link]

35
tobeattachedtoasurfaceorcase. Notethatthedistancebetweendigitalpins7and8is160 mil (0.16"), not an
even multiple of the 100-mil spacing ofthe other pins.

ArduinoUNOR3:

Description:

[Link]
microcontroller is equipped with the well-known ATmega328P and the ATMega 16U2
[Link] board willgive you a great first experience within the world of Arduino.

Fig4.3.1:ArduinoUNOR3

Targetareas:

Maker,introduction,industries

4.2.2Features:

1. ATMega328PProcessor

Memory :

• AVRCPUatupto16MHz32KBFlash

• 2KBSRAM

• 1KBEEPROM

36
Security:

• PowerOnReset (POR)

• BrownOutDetection(BOD)
Peripherals:

• 2x8-bitTimer/Counterwithadedicatedperiodregister andcomparechannels

• 1x16-bitTimer/Counterwithadedicatedperiodregister,inputcaptureandcomparechannels

• 1xUSARTwithfractionalbaudrategeneratorandstart-of-framedetection

• 1xcontroller/peripheralSerialPeripheralInterface (SPI)1xDualmodecontroller/peripheral I2C

• 1xAnalogComparator(AC)withascalablereferenceinputWatchdogTimerwithseparateon- chip
oscillator

• SixPWMchannels

• Interrupt andwake-uponpinchange

2. ATMega16U2 Processor

• 8-bitAVR®RISC-basedmicrocontroller

Memory

• 16KBISP

• Flash512BEEPROM

• 512BSRAM

• debugWIREinterfaceforon-chipdebuggingandprogramming

Power

• 2.7-5.5volts

37
ARDUINOBASEBOARDDETAILS:

Fig:4.3.2ArduinoBaseBoard

• 16*2LcdDisplay
• DcFemaleSocket
• 1000/25vCapacitors
• 100/25vCapacitors
• 7805Regulators
• 5mmRedLed
• 2pinMaleConnectors
• Uno BaseBoard
• 1KResistor
• MaleBucks
• FemaleBucks
• ArduinoMicroController

38
16*4LCD:

FunctionDescription:

The LCD display Module is built in a LSI controller, the controller has two 8-bit registers, an
instructionregister(IR)andadataregister(DR).TheIRstoresinstructioncodes,suchasdisplay clear and
cursor shift, and address information for displaydata RAM (DDRAM) and character generator
(CGRAM).

The IR can only be written from the [Link] DR temporarily stores data to be writtenor read
[Link] informationiswrittenintotheIR,thendata isstoredinto the DR
fromDDRAM or [Link] the register selector (RS) signal, these two registers can be selected.

Fig:4.4.116*4LCDdisplay

BusyFlag(BF):

Whenthebusyflag is1,thecontroller LSIisinthe internaloperationmode,andthenext instruction will not

be accepted.

When RS=0 and R/W=1, the busy flagis output [Link] nextinstruction mustbe written after ensuring
that the busy flag is 0

39
AddressCounter(AC):

Theaddresscounter(AC)assignsaddressestobothDDRAMandCGRAM

DisplayDataRAM(DDRAM):

ThisDDRAMisusedtostorethedisplaydatarepresented in8-bit character [Link] extended

capacity is 80×8 bits or 80 characters
RS R/W Operation
0 0 IRwriteasan internaloperation(displayclear,etc.)
0 1 Readbusyflag(DB7)andaddresscounter(DB0to DB7)
1 0 Writedatato DDRAMorCGRAM(DRto DDRAMorCGRAM)
1 1 ReaddatafromDDRAMorCGRAM(DDRAMorCGRAMtoDR)

PrecautionsinuseofLCDModules:

(1).Avoidapplyingexcessiveshockstothemoduleormakinganyalterationsormodificationstoit.

(2).Don’t makeextraholesontheprintedcircuit board, modifyitsshapeorchangethecomponentsof LCD

module.

(3).Don’tdisassembletheLCM.

(4).Don’toperateitabovetheabsolutemaximumrating.

(5).Don’tdrop,bendortwistLCM.

(6).Soldering:onlytotheI/Oterminals.

(7).Storage:pleasestorageinanti-staticelectricitycontainer andcleanenvironment

40
 GeneralSpecifications:
Dimension Unit

Item
NumberofCharacters 16charactersx4Lines －

Moduledimension(NoBacklight) 87.0x60.0x9.0（MAX） mm

Moduledimension(With LED 87.0x60.0x14.0（MAX） mm

Backlight)
Viewarea 61.8x25.2 mm
Activearea 56.2x20.8 mm
Dotsize 0.55x0.55 mm
Dotpitch 0.60x0.60 mm
Charactersize 2.95x4.75 mm
Characterpitch 3.55x5.35 mm
LCDtype STN
Duty 1/16
Viewdirection 6o’clockor12o’clock
BacklightType None,YELLOW-GREEN,WHITE
AbsoluteMaximumRatings:

Item Symbol Min Max Unit

InputVoltage VI -0.3 VDD+0.3 V
SupplyVoltageForLogic VDD-VSS -0.3 7.0 V
SupplyVoltageForLCD VDD-V0 Vdd-13.5 0 V
Standard Operating Temp. Top 0 50 <
TemperatureLCM StorageTemp. Tstr -10 60 <
Operating Temp. Top -20 70 <

41
 WideTemperature StorageTemp. Tstr -30 80 <
LCM

InterfacePinFunction:
PinNo. Symbol Level Description
1 VSS 0V Ground

2 VDD 5.0V SupplyVoltageforlogic

3 V0 (Variable) OperatingvoltageforLCD
4 RS H/L H:DATA,L:Instructioncode
5 R/W H/L H:Read(MPU→Module)L:Write(MPU→Module)
6 E H,H→L Chipenablesignal
7 DB0 H/L Databit0
8 DB1 H/L Databit1
9 DB2 H/L Databit2
10 DB3 H/L Databit3
11 DB4 H/L Databit4
12 DB5 H/L Databit5
13 DB6 H/L Databit6
14 DB7 H/L Databit7
15 LED(+) AnodeofLEDBacklight
16 LED(-) CathodeofLEDBacklight

RELAY:

SONGLERELAY:

RELAY
ISO9002
SRD

42
 Fig:4.4SongleRelay

MainFeatures:

• [Link]
mounting technique

• UL,CUL,TUVrecognized.

• Selectionofplasticmaterialforhightemperatureandbetterchemicalsolutionperformance.

• Simplerelaymagneticcircuittomeetlowcostofmassproduction.

• Sealedtypesavailable.

Applications:

• Domesticappliance,officemachine,audio,equipment,automobile,etc.

(Remotecontrol TVreceiver,monitordisplay,audioequipmenthighrushingcurrentuse application.)

43
OrderingInformation:

SRD XXVDC S L C
Modelofrelay Nominalcoilvoltage Structure Coilsensitivity Contactform
SRD 03ǃ05ǃ06ǃ09ǃ12ǃ24ǃ48 S:Sealedtype L:0.36W A:1formA
VDC B:1formB
F:Fluxfreetype D:0.45W C:1formC

Fire/TemparatureSensor:DS18b20

GeneralDescription:

TheDS18B20digitalthermometerprovides9-bit to12-bitCelsiustemperaturemeasurementsandhas
analarmfunctionwithnonvolatileuser-programmableupperand lowertriggerpoints.TheDS18B20
communicates over a 1-Wire bus that bydefinition requires onlyone data line (and ground) for
communication with a central microprocessor. In addition, the DS18B20 can derive power directly
fromthe data line (“parasite power”), eliminating the need for anexternal power supply.

EachDS18B20 has a unique 64-bit serialcode, whichallows multiple DS18B20s to functiononthe

[Link], it issimpletouseonemicroprocessorto controlmanyDS18B20sdistributed over a
large area. Applications that can benefit from this feature include HVAC environmental controls,
temperature monitoring systems inside buildings, equipment, or machinery, and process monitoring
and control systems.

Applications:

• ThermostaticControls
• IndustrialSystems
• ConsumerProducts
• Thermometers
• ThermallySensitiveSystems

BenefitsandFeatures:
● Unique1-Wire®InterfaceRequiresOnlyOnePortPinforCommunication.

44
● ReduceComponentCountwithIntegratedTemperatureSensorandEEPROM.
• MeasuresTemperatures from-55°Cto+125°C(-67°Fto+257°F).
• ±0.5°CAccuracyfrom-10°Cto+85°C.
• ProgrammableResolutionfrom9Bitsto 12Bits.
• NoExternalComponentsRequired.

● ParasiticPowerModeRequiresOnly2Pinsfor Operation(DQandGND).

● SimplifiesDistributedTemperature-SensingApplicationswithMultidropCapability.
• EachDeviceHasaUnique64-BitSerialCodeStored inOn-BoardROM.

● FlexibleUser-DefinableNonvolatile(NV)AlarmSettingswithAlarmSearchCommandIdentifies
Devices with Temperatures Outside Programmed Limits.

● Availablein8-PinSO(150mils),8-PinµSOP,and3-PinTO-92Packages.
PinConfigurations:

TOPVIEW

DS18B20

1 + 8 VDD
DQ
GNDDQVDD
2 N.C.
N.C. DS18B20 7

µSOP(D
BOTTOMVIEW S18B20U)

TO-92

AbsoluteMaximumRatings:

• VoltageRangeonAnyPinRelativetoGround…….……….Vto ............................+6.0V.

• OperatingTemperatureRange ........................ ..-55°Cto+125°C.

• StorageTemperature Range ..................... …-55°Cto+125°C.

• SolderTemperature ............................. RefertotheIPC/JEDECJ-STD-020Specification.

45
 Thesearestressratingsonlyand functionaloperationofthedeviceatthese oranyother conditions above
those indicated in the operation sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute
maximumrating conditions for extended periods oftime may affect reliability.

PinDescription:

PIN

SO µSOP TO-92 NAME FUNCTIONS

1, 2, 6, 2, 3, 5, — N.C. NoConnection
7,8 6,7

3 8 3 VDD [Link] operation

in parasite power mode.

4 1 2 DQ DataInput/[Link]-drain1-Wireinterface
[Link] providespowertothedevicewhenused in
parasite power mode (see the Powering the
DS18B20 section.)

5 4 1 GND Ground

46
 VoltageSensor(VoltageDivider):

Fig:4.7VoltageSensor
4.7.1HowtoFindtheOutputVoltageofaDividerCircuit:

Thetworesistorvoltagedivider isoneofthemostcommonandusefulcircuitsused byengineers. The

primarypurposeofthiscircuitistoscaledowntheinputvoltagetoalowervaluebased ontheratioof

thetworesistors.

This calculator helps determine the output voltage ofthe divider circuit given the input (or source)
[Link] inactualcircuits might bedifferent,
sinceresistortoleranceand load resistance(where theoutput voltage isconnected) become factors.

Equation

Vout=vin*(R2/R1+R2) Where:

V out =Output [Link].

V in =inputvoltage.

50
4.7.2Applications:

Sincevoltagedividersarefairlycommon,theycanbefound [Link] just some

ofthe places where this circuitis found.

[Link]:

Perhapsthemostcommonvoltagedividercircuit istheoneinvolvingapotentiometer,whichisa variable

resistor. A potentiometer's schematic diagram is shown below:

Fig:4.7.2(1)Potentiometer'sSchematicDiagram
A"pot"usuallyhasthreeexternalpins:twoaretheendsoftheresistorandoneisconnected tothe
[Link], adjustingtheratio betweenthetophalfand the
bottom half of the resistor. Connect the two externalpins to a voltage (input) and a reference (ground)
withthe middle (wiper pin) as your output pinand you have yourselfa voltage divider.

[Link]:

Anotherareawherevoltagedividersareusefuliswhenavoltageneedsto [Link] common

scenario is when interfacing signals between a sensor and a microcontroller with two different voltage
levels. Most microcontrollers operate at 5V while some sensors can onlyaccept a
[Link], youwant tolevelthevoltagefromthe microcontroller downto avoid
damage to the sensor.

55
[Link]:

A lot of sensors are resistiv devicesand mostmicrocontrollersrevoltage r ,[Link],a

connected in a voltage dividcircuit with a resistor in order to int
Anexamplesetupisshownb low:

Fig:4.7.2(3)ExampleOfResistiveSensor

Athermistorisasensorwhoseresistancechangesproportionallytotemperature. Let ussaythat the

thermistor has a room temperature resistance of 350Ω. The paired resistance is chosen to also be
350Ω.

Whenthethermistorisatroomtemperature,theoutputvoltage is:

Vout=5*(350/350+350)=2.5V

Whenthetemperatureincreases,thethermistorresistancechangesto350.03Ω,theoutputchangesto: Vout =

5*(350.03/350+350.03) = 2.636V

[Link] is
known, theequivalenttemperaturecannowbecalculated.

56
 PinTactilePushButtonResetSwitch:

Fig:4.8PinTactilePushButton

ProductDescription:

Through-hole [Link] operating force (1.5N or 2.5N) suited to automotive equipment

[Link] lifeof300,000cyclesrealizeddespitethehighoperating forceMiddle
stroke (1.05mm).
Usedinthefieldsofelectronicproducts,householdappliancesand more.
Thislighttouchswitchiswaterproof,preventsoil,anti-pollution,anti-staticinterference. High
precision mechanism design offers acute operation and long service life.
Compactandlightweight,[Link].

12x12x15mm Tactile Push Button Switch is widely used as a standard input button on electronic
[Link] whenyoumount itonPCBbut canalso beusedonasolder lessbreadboard for
temporary connections in prototypes.
Thepinsarenormallyopen(disconnected)andwhenthebuttonispressed,theyaremomentarilyclosed and
complete the circuit.
Thistactswitchalsooffersreliabledomecontacttechnologyandstrongtactile feedback,withmultiple operating
forces to choose from.
Applications include telecommunications, consumer electronics, audio/visual, medicaldevices,
testing/instrumentation, and computer/peripherals.

57
LeadAcidBattery :

Lead acid batteryvoltage curves varygreatly basedonvariables like temperature, discharge rate and
batterytype([Link], flooded).Thevoltagetobatterycapacitychartinyourbatterymanualshould always
take precedence over the generic, averaged ones listed below.

Note:Estimatingstateofcharge basedonopencircuit voltage isonlyaccuratewhenbatteriesareat

roomtemperature and have been resting — i.e. disconnected fromall loads and chargers — for several
hours.

Fig:4.9LeadAcidBatteries

TypesOfLeadAcidBatteries:

1. FloodedLead-Acid(FLA)Batteries:

• Thesearethetraditional,[Link] areoftenusedin automobiles

and backup power systems.

2. SealedLead-Acid(SLA)Batteries:

• Unlikefloodedbatteries,sealedlead-acidbatteriesaresealedtopreventleakageofelectrolytes. They
are also known as Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) batteries.

58
PrintableChart:

Fig:4.9.2FloodedandSealedLead-Acid(FLA)BatteriesVoltageChartsNote

Lead acid is stillthe most popular rechargeable batterytype for DIY solar power systems. Lithium
ironphosphate(LiFePO4)batterieshavebecomealot morepopular inrecent years,though,inlarge part
thanks to their dramatic price drops we’ve seen over the last decade.

12Vsealedleadacidbatteriesarefullychargedataround12.89voltsandfullydischargedataround
12.23volts(assuming50%maxdepthofdischarge).

12Vfloodedleadacidbatteriesarefullychargedataround 12.64voltsandfullydischargedataround
12.07volts(assuming50%maxdepthofdischarge).

DCMotors:

ADCmotorisanyofaclassofrotaryelectricalmachinesthat convertsdirect currentelectrical

[Link].

59
Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic,
to periodically change the direction ofcurrent flow in part ofthe motor.

Fig:4.10DCMotor

DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing
directcurrent lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide
range,usingeitheravariablesupplyvoltageorbychangingthestrengthofcurrent initsfieldwindings. Small
DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motorcan operate on direct current
but isa lightweight motorused for portable power toolsand appliances. Larger DCmotorsare
usedinpropulsionofelectricvehicles,elevatorandhoists,[Link]
ofpowerelectronicshasmadereplacementofDCmotorswithACmotorspossibleinmanyapplications.

Acoilofwire witha current running throughit generates anelectromagneticfield aligned with the
center of the coil. The direction and magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the coil can be
changed with the direction and magnitude of the current flowing through it.
A simple DC motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature with one or more
windings of insulated wire wrapped around a soft iron core that concentrates the magnetic field. The
windings usuallyhave multiple turns aroundthe core, and in large motorsthere canbe severalparallel
current paths. The ends of the wire winding are connected to a commutator. The commutator allows
eacharmaturecoiltobeenergized inturnandconnectstherotatingcoilswiththeexternalpowersupply
throughbrushes. (BrushlessDC motorshaveelectronicsthat switchthe DCcurrentto eachcoilonand

60
offandhavenobrushes.)Thetotalamountofcurrentsenttothecoil,thecoil'ssizeandwhatit'swrapped around
dictate the strength of the electromagnetic field created.

The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the effective
[Link] arotating magneticfieldcan be
created. These rotating magnetic fields interact withthe magnetic fields ofthe magnets (permanent or
electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor (stator) to create a force on the armature which
[Link] fields
which allow greater controlover the [Link] high power levels, DC motors are almost always cooled
using forced air.

Fig:4.10.1WorkingOfDC Motor

Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are connected provide
different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can be controlled
bychanging thevoltageapplied [Link] introductionofvariableresistance inthearmature
circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by
powerelectronicssystemswhichadjust thevoltageby"chopping"theDCcurrent intoonandoffcycleswhich
have an effective lower voltage.

Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed, it is often used in
tractionapplicationssuchaselectriclocomotives,[Link]

61
traction drives on both electric and diesel-electric locomotives, street-cars/trams and diesel electric
drilling rigs for many years.
The introduction of DC motors and an electrical grid system to run machinery starting in the
1870s started a new second Industrial Revolution. DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable
batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric vehicles and today's hybrid cars and
electriccarsaswellasdriving [Link] motorsarestillfound inapplicationsassmall
as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper machines. Large DC
motors with separatelyexcited fields were generallyused with winder drives for mine hoists, for high
torque as well as smooth speed control using thyristor drives. These are now replaced with large AC
motors with variable frequency drives.

Ifexternal power is applied to a DC motor it actsas a DC generator, a dynamo. This feature is

used to slow downand recharge batterieson hybrid car and electric carsorto returnelectricityback to
theelectricgridusedonastreet [Link] is
[Link] usetheir DC
motors as generators to slow down but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks. Newer designs are
adding large batterypacks to recapture some of this energy.

62
 CHAPTER5:SOFTWAREDESCRIPTION

ArduinoIDELanguage:

TheArduinoIDEusesasimplifieddialectofC++programming language. It'sdesignedtobeeasier to learn for

beginners while still maintaining the power and flexibilityofC++.

Fig:5.1ArduinoIDE

SimplifiedSyntax:

• Datatypes:Usescommondatatypeslike int (integer),float (floating-point),char(character), and

boolean (true/false).
• Variables:Declaresvariablesusingthekeywordint,float,char,orboolean.
• Functions:Definesfunctionsusingthekeywordvoid(forfunctionsthat don't returnavalue)or a
specific data type (for functions that do return a value).

Arduino-SpecificFunctions:

• Setup()andloop(): Themainfunctionsin [Link]()runs once atthe

beginning, and loop() runs continuously.
• pinMode():Setsapinasinputoroutput.
• digitalWrite():Writesahighorlowvaluetoadigitalpin.
• digitalRead():Readsthe valueofadigitalpin.
• analogWrite():Writesananalogvalue(0-255)toaPWMpin.
• analogRead():Readsthe valueofananalog pin(0-1023).

63
Libraries:

• Pre-writtencode:Arduino comeswithavarietyoflibrariesthat provide functionsforspecific

tasks, such as controlling sensors, motors, or communication protocols.

Examples:

C++
//BlinkanLEDconnectedtopin13int
ledPin = 13;

void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);// turn

the LED ondelay(1000); //waitfor
a seconddigitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn
the LED off
delay(1000); //waitforasecond

Usecode withcaution.

KeyPoints:

• TheArduinoIDElanguageisbasedonC++.
• Ithassimplifiedsyntaxforeasierlearning.
• ItincludesArduino-specificfunctionsforinteractingwithhardware.
• Ituseslibrariesforcommontasks.
• It'sagreatstartingpointforlearningprogrammingandelectronics.

64
Programming

TheArduino Uno canbeprogrammedwiththeArduino software(download).Select "Arduino Uno

fromtheTools>Board menu(accordingtothe microcontrolleronyourboard). For details, seethe
reference and tutorials.
TheATmega328ontheArduinoUnocomespreburnedwithabootloaderthatallowsyoutouploadnew code to it
without the use ofan external hardware programmer.
ItcommunicatesusingtheoriginalSTK500protocol(reference, Cheaderfiles).
Youcanalso bypassthebootloader andprogramthemicrocontroller throughtheICSP(In-Circuit Serial
Programming) header; see these instructions for details.
TheATmega16U2(or8U2intherev1andrev2boards)firmwaresourcecodeisavailable.
TheATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:
• OnRev1boards:connectingthesolder jumperonthebackoftheboard(nearthe mapofItaly) and
then resetting the 8U2.
• On Rev2 or laterboards: there is a resistor thatpullingthe 8U2/16U2 HWBline toground,
making it easier to put into DFU mode.
YoucanthenuseAtmel's FLIPsoftware(Windows)ortheDFUprogrammer(MacOSXandLinux) toload
anew firmware. Or you canusetheISPheader withanexternalprogrammer (overwritingthe DFU
bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

65
Code:

/*********************** DS18B20 ***************************/

#include <OneWire.h>
#include <DallasTemperature.h>
#define ONE_WIRE_BUS A2
OneWireoneWire(ONE_WIRE_BUS);
DallasTemperaturesensors(&oneWire);
/***********************************************************/
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include<stdio.h>LiquidCrystall
cd(6,7,5,4,3,2); float
tempc=0,tempf=0; float
voltage1=0; float current1=0; int
sts1=0,sts2=0; int button1 = 8;
int button2 = 9; int button3 =
10; int relay1 = 11;int relay2
= 12; int relay3 =13;void
setup()
{
[Link](9600);

pinMode(button1,INPUT_PULLUP);pinMode(button2,INPUT_PULLUP);pinMode(button3,
INPUT_PULLUP); pinMode(relay1, OUTPUT);pinMode(relay2, OUTPUT);pinMode(relay3,
OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(relay1,LOW);digitalWrite(relay2,LOW);digitalWrite(relay3,LOW);[Link]();
//EVBMSFIREPROTECTIONANDCHARGEMONITIRNG

[Link](16, 4);[Link]();
[Link]("EVBMSFireProtection");

66
[Link](0,1);[Link]("&Charge
Monitoring"); delay(2500);

[Link]();[Link]("Temp:");//5,1
[Link](0,1);[Link]("V:");
[Link](8,1);[Link]("C:");
}

char load_status='x'; void loop() {

[Link](); tempc =
[Link](0); //tempf =
((tempc*1.8) + 32);
[Link](5,0);convertl(tempc);[Link](" C");
delay(100);

voltage1 = analogRead(A0); voltage1 = (voltage1 *

(5.0/1023.0)); voltage1 = (voltage1 * 4);
[Link](2,1);[Link](voltage1);[Link]("");

[Link](8,1);
[Link]("C:"); delay(100); current1 =
analogRead(A1);
[Link](10,1);[Link](current1);[Link](" ");
delay(100);

if(digitalRead(button1)==LOW)
{ [Link](0,2);[Link]("Fast Charge ");
digitalWrite(relay1,HIGH);digitalWrite(relay2,LOW);
}
if(digitalRead(button2)==LOW)
{

67
 [Link](0,2);[Link]("Slow Charge ");
digitalWrite(relay1, LOW);digitalWrite(relay2, HIGH);
}

/* if(voltage1>=
14.4)
{ sts2++; if(sts2 >= 3) {sts2=0;
[Link](0,2);[Link]("Charger OFF ");
digitalWrite(relay1, LOW);digitalWrite(relay2, LOW);
} }
else {
sts2=0;
}
*/

if(tempc>55)
{
[Link](5,3);[Link]("Load OFF");
digitalWrite(relay3, LOW);
}

if(digitalRead(button3)==LOW)
{delay(500);
while(digitalRead(button3)==LOW);
delay(500); sts1++; if(sts1==1)
{
[Link](5,3);[Link]("Load ON ");
digitalWrite(relay3, HIGH); load_status='1';
} if(sts1 == 2) {sts1=0;
[Link](5,3);[Link]("Load OFF");
digitalWrite(relay3, LOW);
load_status='0';

68
 }
}/*if(load_status
=='1')
{
[Link](5,3);[Link]("Load ON ");
digitalWrite(relay3, HIGH);
}if(load_status
=='0') {

[Link](5,3);[Link]("Load OFF");
digitalWrite(relay3, LOW);
}*/ delay(500); }void
convertl(unsigned int value)
{ unsigned int
a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h;
a=value/10000;
b=value%10000;
c=b/1000; d=b%1000;
e=d/100; f=d%100;
g=f/10; h=f%10;
a=a|0x30;
c=c|0x30;
e=e|0x30;
g=g|0x30;
h=h|0x30; //
[Link](a);
[Link](c);
[Link](e);
[Link](g);
[Link](h);}

69
 CHAPTER6:APPLICATIONS,ADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGES

EVSBMSProtection:

Electric Vehicle Safety Battery Management System (EVS BMS) plays a crucial role in ensuring the
safeandefficientoperationofelectricvehicles. Itmonitorsvariousparametersofthebatterypack, such as
voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge (SOC), to prevent potential hazards and optimize
performance.

KeyProtectionFeatures:

• Overvoltage Protection:Prevents the battery cellsfrom exceeding theirmaximum voltage

limit, which can lead to thermal runaway and potential fire.
• UndervoltageProtection: Protectsthebatterycells fromdischargingbelowtheir minimum
voltage limit, which can damage the cells and reduce their capacity.
• OvercurrentProtection: Preventsexcessivecurrent flowthroughthebatterypack,whichcan
cause overheating and damage.
• ShortCircuitProtection:Detectsandisolatesshortcircuitswithinthebatterypacktoprevent fire
and other hazards.
• Temperature Protection: Monitors the temperature of the battery cells and prevents
overheating or overcooling, which can affect battery performance and safety.
• GasSensing:Detectsthepresenceofgasesemittedbythebattery,suchashydrogenoroxygen, which
can indicate potential safety hazards.

ApplicationsOfEVSBMSProtection:

• BatterySafety:Preventsthermal runaway,fires,andothersafetyhazardsassociatedwith
batterypacks.
• BatteryPerformance:Optimizesbatterylife,capacity,andcharging/dischargingefficiency.
• VehicleSafety: Ensurestheoverallsafetyoftheelectricvehiclebypreventing battery-related
incidents.
• RegulatoryCompliance:Adherestosafetystandardsandregulationsforelectricvehicles.

70
AdvantagesofEVSBMSProtection

The Battery Management System (BMS) in Electric Vehicles (EVs) plays a crucial role in managing
and protecting the battery pack, ensuring safety, longevity, and efficiency. Here are some of the key
advantages of BMS protection in EVs:

1. BatterySafety
• Overcharge and Overdischarge Protection: BMS monitorsthe voltage levels of each cell to
prevent overcharging and over-discharging, which can damage cells or even lead to fires or
explosions.
• Thermal Management: By monitoring battery temperature, BMS ensures that the battery
operates within safe temperature ranges, preventing overheating, which could cause thermal
runaway or damage to the battery.
• Short-Circuit Protection: Detects and prevents electrical short circuits that could otherwise
result in dangerous situations, including fires.

2. IncreasedBatteryLifeandEfficiency
• CellBalancing:BMSbalancesthechargebetweenindividualcellsinthebatterypack,ensuring
uniformcharginganddischarging. This balancing maximizesbatteryefficiencyandextends its
overall lifespan.
• StateofCharge(SoC)Monitoring:BMSensuresaccuratemonitoring oftheremaining charge
inthe battery, allowing forbetterenergymanagement andoptimizingtheusageofthebattery’s
capacity without overloading cells.
• StateofHealth (SoH)Monitoring:It tracksthehealthofthebattery, giving earlywarningsof
degradation, and enabling predictive maintenance, which can extend battery life.

3. ImprovedVehiclePerformance
• Energy Management: BMS manages energy distribution between the battery and the motor,
optimizing power delivery, which improves vehicle performance and range.
• Regenerative Braking Integration: BMS integrates with regenerative braking systems,
ensuring that energy recovered during braking is stored efficiently without overcharging the
battery.

71
4. UserInformationandDiagnostics
• Real-Time Monitoring: Provides real-time data on the battery’s status to the vehicle's central
systemor the driver, enabling better management of the EV.
• Diagnostics and Fault Detection: BMS continuously monitors for faults (e.g., in voltage,
current, temperature) and can trigger alerts or take protective actions such as reducing power
output to prevent damage.

5. Regulatory ComplianceandWarranty Support

• CompliancewithStandards:BMSensuresthatthe batterysystemcomplieswithregulatory
safetyand performance standards, helping manufacturers meet legal requirements.
• WarrantyProtection:Byprotectingthebatteryfromextremeconditionsandensuringoptimal
operation, BMS helps in maintaining batteryhealth, which is important for warrantyclaims.

6. CostSavings
• Reductionin MaintenanceCosts:BMSsystemscandetectpotentialbatteryissuesearly, allowing
for preventive maintenance, which reduces long-termrepair costs.
• ExtendedBatteryLife:By protectingthebatteryfrom prematurewearanddamage,BMS
contributes to longer battery life, reducing the need for costly batteryreplacements.

7. OptimizedCharging
• FastChargingManagement:BMSensuresthatfastchargingissafebymonitoringtemperature and
preventing overcharging during high-speed charging sessions.
• Adaptive Charging: BMS can optimize the charging process based on environmental
conditions (e.g., temperature)to extend battery life and improve charging efficiency.

Insummary, theBMS protectionsystemis critical for ensuring the safety, reliability, and efficiency of
EVbatteries,whichtranslatesintoenhancedvehicleperformance,extendedbatterylifespan,andoverall cost
savings for EV users and manufacturers.

DisadvantagesofEVBMSProtection

While EV BMS (Battery Management System) protection is crucial for ensuring the safety and
longevityofelectric vehicle batteries,it also comes with certain disadvantages:

72
 1. IncreasedCostandComplexity:
a. Hardware:Theaddition of sensors,controllers,andcommunicationsystemscan
significantly increase the cost of the overall EV.
b. Software:Developingand maintainingcomplexalgorithmsforBMSprotectioncanbe
resource-intensive.
2. PotentialFailures:
a. SensorMalfunctions:Ifsensorsusedformonitoringbatteryparametersfail,itcanlead to
inaccurate data and compromised protection.
b. SoftwareGlitches:Errorsin theBMSsoftwarecan resultinincorrectdecisions,
potentially damaging the battery or compromising safety.
3. ReducedBatteryCapacity:
a. SafetyMargins:BMSsystems oftenimposelimitations on battery usage toensure safety,
which can slightly reduce the overall usable capacity.
b. Equalization:Batteryequalizationprocesses,usedtomaintainconsistentcellvoltages, can
consume energy and slightly lower the battery's capacity.
4. WeightandSpace:
a. Components:Theadditionalcomponentsrequired forBMSprotectioncanaddweight and
take up valuable space within the vehicle.
5. CompatibilityIssues:
a. DifferentBatteryChemistries:BMSsystemsmayneedtobetailoredtospecificbattery
chemistries, which can limit compatibility with different batterytypes.

Despitethesedisadvantages,thebenefitsofBMSprotectionintermsofsafety,performance,andbattery
longevity generally outweigh the drawbacks. Advancements in BMS technology are continually
addressing these challenges and improving the overallefficiency and reliabilityofEV batteries.

73
 CHAPTER7:RESULTS

OUTPUT:

Result:

Theproject“EVBMSFireProtectionandChargeMonitoringSystem”wasdesignedmainly focusing on
fire protection and charge monitoring

74
Conclusion:

In this way we are developing the system model for battery management in electric vehicle by
controlling the crucial parameter such as voltage, current, state of charge, state of health, state of life,
temperature. It is every important that the BMS should be well maintained with batteryreliabilityand
[Link]
[Link],thetargetofreducingthegreenhousegasescangreatlybeachievedbyusingbattery
management system.

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26 Madhubabu, T., Anireddy, A., Sahithi, N., Suman, K. S. K., Vikas, S., & Chenchireddy, K. (2023, April).
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27 Chenchireddy, K., Basha, M. G., Dongari, S., Kumar, P., Karthik, G., & Maruthi, G. (2023, March). Grid-
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28 Chenchireddy, K., & Jegathesan, V. (2023). ANFIS based reduce device count DSTATCOM. Journal of
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29 Kumar, V., Chenchireddy, K., Sreejyothi, K. R., Usha, T., Venkatasaireddy, A., & Rakesh, B. (2023,
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30 Chenchireddy, K., & Jegathesan, V. (2023). Improved Voltage Balancing Scheme For The MLI Based
DSTATCOM With Sliding Mode Controller. Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 27(8), 2937-2946.

31 Jagan, Vadthya, Janardhana Kotturu, and Sharmili Das. "Enhanced-boost quasi-Z-source inverters with two-
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32 Jagan, V., & Das, S. (2016, March). Two-tapped inductor quasi impedance source inverter (2TL-qZSI) for PV
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33 Chenchireddy, K., Goud, B. S., Mudhiraj, C. M. S., Rajitha, N., Kumar, B. S., & Jagan, V. (2022, March).
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34 Jagan, V., Das, S., Reddy, A. M. K., Swetha, C., & Neeharika, M. (2022). A family of switched-impedance
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35 Jagan, V., & Das, S. (2015, December). High boosting type Z-source inverter/improved Z-source inverter for
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37 Jagan, V., & Das, S. (2017, December). Switched impedance enhanced-boost quasi-Z-source inverter.
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38 Jagan, V., & Das, S. (2017, December). Reduced capacitor stress enhanced-boost improved-Z-source
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39 Jagan, V., Kotturu, J., & Das, S. (2017). Enhanced-boost quasi-Z-source inverters with two-switched
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40 Jagan, V., & Das, S. (2017, December). Reduced capacitor stress enhanced-boost improved-Z-source
inverter. In 2017 14th IEEE India Council International Conference (INDICON) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

41 Chenchireddy, Kalagotla, and V. Jegathesan. "Multi-Carrier PWM Techniques Applied to Cascaded H-Bridge
Inverter." 2022 International Conference on Electronics and Renewable Systems (ICEARS). IEEE, 2022.

42 Chenchireddy, K., & Jegathesan, V. (2023). Cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter-based DSTATCOM with an
artificial neural fuzzy inference systembased controller. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science, 32(1), 43-51.

43 Santhosh, K., Chenchireddy, K., Vaishnavi, P., Greeshmanth, A., Kumar, V. M., & Reddy, P. N. (2023,
January). Time-domain control algorithms of DSTATCOM in a 3-phase, 3-wire distribution system. In 2023

International Conference on Intelligent Data Communication Technologies and Internet of Things

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44 Sreejyothi, K. R., Chenchireddy, K., Sydu, S. A., Kumar, V., & Sultana, W. (2022, December). Bidirectional
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Communication and Aerospace Technology (pp. 63-68). IEEE.

45 Chenchireddy, K., & Jegathesan, V. (2022). Three-leg voltage source converter-based D-STATCOM for
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Connected Transportation (pp. 235-250). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.

46 Kumar, V., Chenchireddy, K., Reddy, M. R., Prasad, B., Preethi, B., & Raj, D. S. (2022, March). Power Quality
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47 Chenchireddy, K., Goud, B. S., Mudhiraj, C. M. S., Rajitha, N., Kumar, B. S., & Jagan, V. (2022, March).
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In 2022 8th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS) (Vol.

1, pp. 434-439). IEEE.

48 Chenchireddy, K., Jegathesan, V., & Kumar, L. A. (2019). Design and Simulation of a Single Phase Four
Level Neutral Point Clamped Inverter. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering

(IJRTE), 8(2).

49 Madhubabu, T., Anireddy, A., Sahithi, N., Suman, K. S. K., Vikas, S., & Chenchireddy, K. (2023, April).
Reduction of Harmonics to Improve Power Quality in Distribution Lines using a Series Active Power Filter.

In 2023 7th International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI) (pp. 123-128). IEEE.

50 Sydu, S. A., Chenchireddy, K., & Sreejyothi, K. R. (2021, May). Novel pso-fuzzy logic based control method
for unified power quality conditioner (upqc) for harmonic distribution. In Proceedings of the International

Conference on Smart Data Intelligence (ICSMDI 2021).

51 Chenchireddy, K., Sreejyothi, K. R., & Kumar, V. (2021). Comparative investigation of single-phase
Distributed Grid-connected with and without D-STATCOM. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 309, p. 01045).

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52 Chenchireddy, K., Basha, M. G., Dongari, S., Kumar, P., Karthik, G., & Maruthi, G. (2023, March). Grid-
Connected 3L-NPC Inverter with PI Controller Based on Space Vector Modulation. In 2023 9th International

Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS) (Vol. 1, pp. 94-98). IEEE.

53 Chenchireddy, K., Kumar, V., Eswaraiah, G., Sreejyothi, K. R., Sydu, S. A., & Ganesh, L. B. (2022, August).
Torque Ripple Minimization in Switched Reluctance Motor by Using Artificial Neural Network. In 2022 IEEE

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Future Electric Transportation (SeFeT) (pp. 1-6).

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54 Kumar, V., Chenchireddy, K., Sreejyothi, K. R., & Sujatha, G. (2022). Design and Development of Brushless
DC Motor Drive for Electrical Vehicle Application. In AI Enabled IoT for Electrification and Connected

Transportation (pp. 201-217). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.

55 Sreejyothi, K. R., Chenchireddy, K., Jahnavi, M., Boini, S., Ganna, R., & Prashanth, V. (2023, March). Fuel
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and Data Communication Systems (ICSCDS) (pp. 1628-1632). IEEE.

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56 Sreejyothi, K. R., Umesh, S., Kumar, V. R., Chenchireddy, K., Sai, Y. A., & Nagarjun, B. (2023, February).
Reduction of THD and Power Quality Improvement by using 48-pulse GTO-based UPFC in the Transmission

Systems. In 2023 7th International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication

(ICCMC) (pp. 1466-1470). IEEE.

57 Sreejyothi, K. R., Kumar, V., Chenchireddy, K., & Tejaswi, P. (2022). Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS)-Based
DC–DC Converter for Battery Input Application. In AI Enabled IoT for Electrification and Connected

Transportation (pp. 219-234). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.

58 Srujana, B., & Chenchireddy, K. (2024, August). Electric Vehicle Charging and Temperature Monitoring
System. In 2024 5th International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems

(ICESC) (pp. 54-57). IEEE.

59 Kumar, V., aniteja Reddy, Y. M., Meghana, P., Prashanth, M., Srilakshmi, J., & Chenchireddy, K. (2023,
February). Grid-Connected Inverter Fed from PV Array. In 2023 7th International Conference on Computing

Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC) (pp. 1433-1438). IEEE.

60 Chenchireddy, K., Kumar, V., Shankar, N. S., Vamshi, P., Tulasi, S., & Radhika, K. (2023, February). 3-phase
7-level diode clamped inverter for standalone application. In 2023 Third International Conference on Artificial

Intelligence and Smart Energy (ICAIS) (pp. 309-314). IEEE.

61 Chenchireddy, K., Basha, M. G., Kumar, V., & Sydu, S. A. (2024). DC link Voltage balancing for enhanced
performance in multilevel inverter-based distribution static synchronous compensator. Majlesi Journal of

Electrical Engineering, 18(2).

62 Ramesh, B., Chenchireddy, K., Reddy, B. N., Siddharth, B., Kumar, C. V., & Manojkumar, P. (2023). Closed-
loop control of BLDC motor using Hall effect sensors. International Journal of Applied Power Engineering

(IJAPE) 12, 3, 247-254.

63 Chenchireddy, K., Sreejyothi, K. R., & Kumar, V. (2022, March). Energy Management System Control in
Speed and Torque Coupling Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle. In 2022 8th International Conference on

Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS) (Vol. 1, pp. 182-186). IEEE.

64 Babu, N. R., Chenchireddy, K., Reddy, V. H. V., Samhitha, D., Apparao, P., & pavan Kalyan, C. (2023, May).
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Computing (ICAAIC) (pp. 1559-1564). IEEE.

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65 Mudigondla, R., Chenchireddy, K., Sudhan, R. M., Kumar, P. A., Swamy, Y., & Priya, P. S. (2023, March).
Induction Motor Speed Control Through Vector Control Approach. In 2023 International Conference on

Sustainable Computing and Data Communication Systems (ICSCDS) (pp. 1069-1074). IEEE.

66 Mudigondla, R., Reddy, B. S. G., Vinitha, B., Vishwateja, P., Kamble, A., & Chenchireddy, K. (2023, March).
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Conference on Sustainable Computing and Data Communication Systems (ICSCDS) (pp. 1063-1068). IEEE.

67 Jagan, Vadthya, and Sharmili Das. "Two-tapped inductor quasi impedance source inverter (2TL-qZSI) for PV
applications." 2016 IEEE 6th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS). IEEE, 2016.

68 Neelima, K., A. Manoj Kumar, and Vadthya Jagan. "An Adaptive DC Link Voltage Three-Phase Photovoltaic
Structure for CPI Voltage Fluctuations." Emerging Technologies & Applications in Electrical Engineering:

Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Technologies & Applications in Electrical

Engineering (ETAEE-2023), December 21-22, 2023, Raipur, India. CRC Press, 2024.

69 Vemula, J., Sagar, E. V., Sirisha, B., & Jagan, V. (2024, July). A Comprehensive Review on Switched
Capacitor Based DC-DC Converters. In Emerging Technologies & Applications in Electrical Engineering:

Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Technologies & Applications in Electrical

Engineering (ETAEE-2023), December 21-22, 2023, Raipur, India (p. 115). CRC Press.

70 Jagan, V., Ullemgondla, G., Thati, D., Salveru, B., Ongole, D., & Banoth, S. (2024, February). Superior-Boost
Quasi Z Source Inverter: Analysis and Implementation. In 2024 3rd International conference on Power

Electronics and IoT Applications in Renewable Energy and its Control (PARC) (pp. 475-480). IEEE.

71 Reddy, B. N., Shetty, K. B., Jalli, R., Akhila, K., Prudhviraj, K. S., & Jagan, V. (2024, February). Reduced
Redundant Power Processing in DC-DC Converters: A Comprehensive Review. In 2024 3rd International

conference on Power Electronics and IoT Applications in Renewable Energy and its Control (PARC) (pp. 361-

365). IEEE.

72 Jagan, V., Snehalatha, B., Deekshitha, S., Jayanth, P. V. R., Srinivas, S., & Thati, D. (2024, February). Novel
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73 Jagan, V., Kotturu, J., & Das, S. (2017). Enhanced-boost quasi-Z-source inverters with two-switched
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74 Jagan, V., Maheshwaram, B. C., Usirikapally, M., Balachandran, P. K., Reddy, B. N., Mettu, S., ... & Khan, B.
(2024). Analysis of Different PWM Techniques for Enhanced Ultrahigh Gain Z‐Network

Topology. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 2024(1), 6645798.

75 Sharma, C. V., Jagan, V., Srinivas, S., & Naidu, A. Y. S. (2020, February). Master-Slave Configuration for
Dual-Axis Solar Tracker: Design and Implementation. In 2020 IEEE International Students' Conference on

Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

76 Jagan, V., Maheshwaram, B. C., Usirikapally, M., Mettu, S., Kusumba, A., & Sriramoju, N. (2023, June).
Analysis of conventional PWM techniques for enhanced ultra high gain Z-network. In 2023 International

Conference on Computer, Electronics & Electrical Engineering & their Applications (IC2E3) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

77 Jagan, V., Maheshwaram, B. C., Usirikapally, M., Mettu, S., Kusumba, A., & Sriramoju, N. (2023, June).
Voltage-lift type impedance-network improved-z-source inverter. In 2023 International Conference on

Computer, Electronics & Electrical Engineering & their Applications (IC2E3) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

78 Jagan, V., Maheshwaram, B. C., Usirikapally, M., Mettu, S., Kusumba, A., & Sriramoju, N. (2023, June).
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Conference on Computer, Electronics & Electrical Engineering & their Applications (IC2E3) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

79 Chenchireddy, K., Basha, M. G., Kumar, V., & Sydu, S. A. (2024). DC link Voltage balancing for enhanced
performance in multilevel inverter-based distribution static synchronous compensator. Majlesi Journal of

Electrical Engineering, 18(2).

80 Basha, M. G., Chenchireddy, K., Sydu, S. A., Kumar, V., & Ganesh, L. B. (2024, May). Performance
Improvement of DC Motor by using ANFIS Controller. In 2024 4th International Conference on Pervasive

Computing and Social Networking (ICPCSN) (pp. 932-938). IEEE.

81 Kalagotla, C., & Jegathesan, V. (2024). Power Quality Improvement in Distribution System Using IRP Theory
with SMC. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 16(2), 38-48.

82 Chenchireddy, K., Dora, R., Mulla, G. B., Jegathesan, V., & Sydu, S. A. Development of robotic arm control
using Arduino controller. IAES International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA), 264, 1024-1064.

83 Ramesh, B., Chenchireddy, K., Naveen, K., Sneha, Y., Saiprem, K., & Jameel, M. (2024). A cutting-edge
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 84 Varma, N. R., Reddy, K. C., Dhasharatha, G., Manohar, V., Kumar, K. K., & Kumar, V. P. (2024). Hybrid
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01006). EDP Sciences.

85 Babu, N. R., Sai, S. S., Kumar, U., Chenchireddy, K., Kumar, K. T., & Naveen, M. (2023, November).
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on Sustainable Communication Networks and Application (ICSCNA) (pp. 653-658). IEEE.

83

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