Dr. Kazi M.A.
Sohel
Restrained beams
h tf
tf
Outline
Introduction
Shear Resistance
Plastic Shear Resistance
Shear Area
Shear Buckling Resistance
Moment Resistance
Moment Resistance with High Shear
Serviceability
Beam Deflections
Examples
Example RB‐1 (Section resistance
and deflection of UB)
1
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Introduction
Beams are structural members which transfer transverse loads on the member to the supports
through bending and shear.
Beams which are unable to deflect laterally are termed restrained .
Restrained beams are often designed on the basis of bending moment resistance which is
dependent on section classification.
Deflection is normally significant and has to be checked at serviceability limit state.
Failure modes of Steel beams
2
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Fully Restrained Beam
Full lateral restraint may be assumed to exist if the frictional or positive connection of a floor (or
other) construction to the compression flange of the member is capable of resisting a lateral force of
more than 2.5% of the maximum force in the compression flange of the member. This load should
be considered as distributed uniformly along the flange. Examples of full lateral restraint are:
1) in–situ or precast concrete slab which is supported directly on the top flange or cast around it
2) steel plate floor which is welded or bolted to the flange at closely spaced intervals
3) provision of closely spaced bracing elements so that the minor axis slenderness is low LT 0.4
2.5% * max. moment in member
Min. friction or connection resistance req’d=
(h – tf ) * L
C = M/(h-tf )
Friction force
(h-tf ) M = Applied Moment
3
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Shear Resistance
Shear Check
EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 6.2.6)
The design shear force, VEd, should satisfy:
VEd
1.0 Or, VEd Vc , Rd
Vc , Rd
Vc,Rd is the design shear resistance, which may be calculated based on a plastic or an elastic distribution
of shear stress. The usual approach is to use the plastic shear resistance, Vpl,Rd.
Plastic Shear Resistance
The design plastic shear resistance is given by:
V pl , Rd
Av f y 3 M0 1.0 (refer to EC3, 6.1) where Av is the shear area.
M0
4
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Shear Area
Rolled I and H sections,
load parallel to web Rolled I and H sections,
load parallel to flange
AV A 2bt f tw 2r t f hwtw
Av 2bt f
=1.0 (conservatively)
Welded I, H & box sections,
load parallel to web Welded I, H & box sections,
AV hwtw load parallel to flange
AV A hwt w
=1.0 (conservatively)
5
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Shear Area
Rectangular hollow sections,
load parallel to width
Rectangular hollow sections,
load parallel to depth AV Ab b h
h
AV Ah b h
Rolled T sections,
Rolled channel sections, load parallel to web
load parallel to web
AV 0.9 A bt f
AV A 2bt f tw r t f
Circular hollow sections
AV 2 A
6
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Shear Buckling
EN 1993-1-5 (Cl 6.2.6(6))
The shear buckling resistance for webs should be checked if
235
=1.0 (conservatively)
fy
Shear buckling is unlikely to affect rolled sections.
7
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Moment Resistance
Moment Check
EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 6.2.6)
The design bending moment, MEd, should satisfy the following cross-section check:
The design bending moment resistance, Mc,Rd about a principal axis depends on the class of the section:
Class 1 and 2 sections
Class 3 sections
Class 4 sections M0 1.0
8
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Section classification for bending only
The following sections are class 3 (semi-compact), all other UB and UC sections are either class 1
(plastic) or class 2 (compact):
Grade S355 steel
Grade S275 steel 152 × 152 × 23 UC
152 × 152 × 23 UC 305 × 305 × 97 UC
356 × 368 × 129 UC
Non of the UB and UC under bending is class 4.
Notes
• The Corus Advance range of sections includes UB and UCs that are not in BS446, these are
included in the above.
• Dimensions of all sections in the Advance range are given in SCI publication No P-363.
Moment Resistance with High Shear [EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 6.2.8) ]
When the design value of the shear force is less than 50% of the design plastic shear resistance, i.e.
VEd ≤ 0.5 Vpl,Rd, its effect on the moment resistance may be neglected.
Moment Resistance with High Shear When the design value of the shear force exceeds 50% of the
design plastic shear resistance i.e. VEd > 0.5 Vpl,Rd, the yield strength fy should be reduced by (1 – ) in
the determination of the moment resistance, Mc,Rd.
f yr 1 f y where
9
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Class 1 & 2 I sections with equal flanges and bending about major axis
An alternative approach is available to determine the reduced design plastic resistance moment for
class 1 and 2 I sections (for high shear).
Aw2 but
W pl , y fy
4tw
M V , y , Rd
M0
where Aw hwtw
What is Mc,y,Rd ??
10
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Serviceability
Deflection Check
EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 7.2)
Excessive deflection at service load may impair the function of a structure. Deflection check should
be carried using the unfactored variable actions Qk.
11
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
12
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Beam Deflections
Examples of simple beam and cantilever forces
13
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Example RB-1: Section resistance and deflection of UB
A beam of span 10 m is simply supported at its ends and fully restrained along its length. It
supports a uniformly distributed load across the entire span and a point load at its mid-span. Check
and verify if section UB 533×210×101 in S355 steel is suitable for this beam. Assume that the
beam carried plaster finish.
Unfactored load values: Dead UDL 5 kN/m Imposed Load UDL 10 kN/m
Dead Point load 50 kN Imposed Point load 100 kN
50 kN +100 kN
5 kN/m +10 kN/m
5m 5m
14
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Ultimate Limit State
Design Loads
Dead Load Distributed load 5 × 1.35 = 6.75 kN/m
Point load 50 × 1.35 = 67.5 kN
Imposed Load Distributed load 10 × 1.5 = 15 kN/m
Point load 100 × 1.5 = 150 kN
Design Moment
Maximum bending moment at mid-span:
MEd = (6.75+15)*102/8 + (67.5+150)*10/4
= 816 kNm.
Section Classification
Design Shear (Table 5.2)
= (235/fy)0.5 = 0.83
Maximum shear force at the supports: VEd = 217.5 kN. Classification of flange
cf / tf = 4.99≤ 9 = 9*0.83 = 7.47
Yield Strength Flange is Class 1.
tw = 10.8mm, tf = 17.4mm. Classification of web
Maximum thickness = 17.4mm < 40mm (EN 10025-2) cw / tw = 44.1 ≤ 72 = 72*0.83 = 59.8
For S355 steel, fy = 345N/mm2 Web is Class 1. Section is Class 1
15
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Shear Resistance
Shear Area
hwtw h 2t f tw 1.0 536.7 2 17.4 10.8 5421mm 2
Av A 2bt f tw 2r t f 12900 2 210.0 17.4 10.8 2 12.7 17.4 6222 mm 2 hwtw
Plastic Shear Resistance
V pl , Rd
Av f y 3 6222 345 3 10 3
1239 kN
M0 1.0
Since VEd = 217.5 kN < Vpl,Rd, shear resistance is adequate.
Shear Buckling
hw/tw = (536.7 – 2*17.4)/10.8 = 46.5 < 72/ = (72*0.83)/1.0 = 59.8.
Shear buckling check is not necessary.
Moment Resistance
M c , Rd
W pl , y f y
2610 10 345
3
10 6
900 kN.m
M0 1.0
Since MEd = 816 kNm < Mc,Rd, moment resistance is adequate 16
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Check for High Shear
0.5Vpl,Rd = 0.5*1239 = 620 kN.
Shear force at location of maximum bending moment (i.e., at mid-length)
= 217.5 – (6.75 + 15)*5 = 109 kN < 0.5Vpl,Rd
Section is in low shear; no reduction is necessary for moment resistance.
Serviceability Limit State
Check for Deflection
The deflection of the beam under unfactored imposed load is
PL 3
5wL 4 100 10 10
3 3
5 10 10 10
3 4
48 EI y 384 EI y 48 210 615 106 384 210 615 106
=16.1+10.1 =26.2 mm
Since the beam carries plaster finish,
L 10000
lim 27.78 mm
360 360
lim the maximum deflection of the beam is within the limit.
17
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Using Design Table
UB 533×210×101 in S355 under pure bending
Page D-66:
Section is class 1
Moment Resistance about major axis Mcy,Rd = 901 kNm
(hand calculation 900 kNm)
Page D-103
Design shear resistance Vc,Rd = 1240 kN
(hand calculation 1239 kN)
Note that the moment capacity given in the table is for low shear.
The moment needs to be reduced for high shear case.
Homework assignment-1
Design a cantilever beam need to resist load as shown in Figure. The beam is fully restrained
against lateral-torsional buckling. Try with section 610 × 305 × 149 UB S275.
DL=233 kN/m; LL =203 kN/m
1.5 m
18
Secondary beam
Primary beam
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
Modes of failure of Beam
The failure modes of steel beams are
Bending
Web bearing and buckling
Local buckling
Lateral torsional buckling
Shear
Deflection
Shear buckling
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
1. Bending
The vertical loading gives rise to bending of the beam. This results in
longitudinal stresses in the beam. These stresses are tensile in one half of the
beam and compressive in the other. As the bending moment increases, more
and more of the steel reaches its yield stress
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
2. Local buckling
Due bending moment, if the compression flange
or the part of the web subject to compression is
too thin, the plate may actually fail by buckling
or rippling, as shown in Figure, before the full
plastic moment is reached.
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
3. Shear
Due to excessive shear forces, usually adjacent to supports, the beam
may fail in shear
4. Shear buckling
During the shearing process
described above, if the web is
too thin it will fail by buckling
or rippling in the shear zone
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
5. Web bearing and buckling
Due to high vertical stresses directly over a support or under a
concentrated load, the beam web may actually crush, or buckle as a result
of these stresses
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
6. Lateral torsional buckling
The compression flange of an I-beam acts like a column, and will buckle sideways if
the beam is not sufficiently stiff or the flange is not restrained laterally. The load at
which the beam buckles can be much less than that causing the full moment capacity
to develop.
Dr. Kazi M.A. Sohel
7. Deflection
This is a serviceability
limit state and the check is
usually carried out under
unfactored applied load
only