Chapter 3 Laws of Motion

Exercise (A)

1. Explain giving two examples each of :

a. Contact forces
b. Non - contact forces

Solution

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a. The forces which act on bodies when they are in physical contact
are called contact forces.
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Example: frictional force and force exerted on two bodies during
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collision.
b. The forces experienced by bodies even without being physically
touched are called non-contact forces.
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Example: Gravitational force and Electrostatic force.

[Link] the following amongst contact and non - contact forces:

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a. Frictional force
b. Normal reaction force
c. Force of tension in a string
d. Gravitational force
e. Electrostatic force
f. Magnetic force
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Solution
Contact force: (a) frictional force (b) normal reaction force (c) force
of tension in a string
Non-contact force: (d) gravitational force (e) electric force (f)
magnetic force
[Link] one example in each case where :
a. The force is of contact, and
b. Force is at a distance

Solution
a. Force exerted on two bodies during collision.
b. Magnetic force between magnetic poles.

4.A. A ball is hanging by string from the ceiling of the roof. Draw

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a neat labelled diagram showing the forces acting on the ball and
the string.
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B. A spring is compressed against a rigid wall. Draw a neat and
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labeled diagram showing the forces acting on the spring.
C. A wooden block is placed on a table top. Name the forces
acting on the block and draw a neat and labelled diagram to show
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the point of application and direction of these forces.

Solution
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A.
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B.

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N A D
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C.
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The forces acting on the block are its weight in the downward
direction and the normal reaction force due to the table on the upward
direction.
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[Link] one factor on which the magnitude of a non-contact force

depends. How does it depend on the factor stated by you?

Solution
The magnitude of non-contact force on two bodies depends on the
distance of separation between them.
The force decreases as the distance of separation increases.
The force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of
separation.

[Link] separation between two masses is reduced to half. How is

the magnitude of gravitational force between them affected?

Solution
The magnitude of gravitational force between two masses will

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become four times as gravitational force varies inversely as the square
of distance of separation.
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[Link] the effects of a force applied on
i. A non-rigid, and
ii. A rigid body.
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How does the effect of the force differ in the two cases?

Solution
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A force when applied on a non-rigid body changes the inter-spacing

between its constituent particles and therefore causes a change in its
dimensions and can also produce motion in it.
On the other hand, a force when applied on a rigid body, does not
change the inter-spacing between its constituent particles and
therefore it does not change the dimensions of the body but causes
motion in it
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[Link] one example in each of the following cases where a force:

i. Stops a moving body.

ii. Moves a stationary body.
iii. Changes the size of a body.
iv. Changes the shape of a body.
Solution
i. A fielder on the ground stops a moving ball by applying a force
with his hands.
ii. The pull exerted by horse makes a cart moves.
iii. In a cycle pump, when the piston is lowered, the air is
compressed to occupy a less volume.
iv. On pressing a piece of rubber, its shape changes.

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MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE:
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[Link] of the following is a contact force:
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a. Electrostatic force
b. Gravitational force
c. Frictional force
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d. Magnetic force

Solution
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Frictional force is a contact force.

[Link] non - contact force is :

a. Force of reaction
b. Force due to gravity
c. Tension in string
d. Force of friction
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Solution
Force due to gravity is a non-contact force.
 EXERCISE –(B)

[Link] the physical quantity that causes motion in a body.

Solution
Force causes motion in a body.

[Link] force needed to keep a moving body in motion?

Solution
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Force is not needed to keep a moving body in motion.
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3.A ball moving on a table eventually stops. Explain the reason.

Solution
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The force of friction between the table and the ball opposes the
motion of the ball.
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4.A ball is moving on a perfectly smooth horizontal surface. If no

force is applied on it, then will its speed decrease, increase or
remain unchanged?

Solution
In absence of any external force, its speed shall remain unchanged.
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[Link] is Galileo's law of inertia?

Solution
Galileo's law of inertia states that a body continues to be in its state of
rest or of uniform motion unless an external force is applied on it.
[Link] Newton's first law of motion.

Solution
According to Newton's first law of motion, if a body is in a state of
rest, it will remain in the state of rest, and if the body is in the state of
motion, it will remain moving in the same direction with the same
speed unless an external force is applied on it.

[Link] and explain the law of inertia (or Newton's first law of

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motion). N A D
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Solution
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Statement of Newton's first law: If a body is in a state of rest, it will
remain in the state of rest, and if the body is in the state of motion, it
will remain moving in the same direction with the same speed unless
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an external force is applied on it.

Explanation: Newton's first law can be explained in the following two
parts:
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(i) Definition of inertia: The 1st part of Newton's first law of motion
gives the definition of inertia, according to which an object cannot
change its state by itself.
Example: A book lying on a table will remain in its position unless it
is displaced.
(ii) Definition of force: The 2nd part of Newton's first law defines
force, according to which force is that external cause which can move
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a stationary object or which can stop a moving object.

Example: A book lying on a table is displaced from its place when it
is pushed.
[Link] is meant by the term inertia?

Solution
The property of an object by virtue of which it neither changes its
state nor tends to change the state is called inertia.

[Link] the qualitative definition of force based on Newton's first

law of motion.

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Solution
Force is that external cause which can move a stationary object or
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which can stop a moving object.
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[Link] the factor on which the inertia of a body depends and
state how does it depend on the factor stated above.
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Solution
Inertia of a body depends on its mass. Inertia is directly proportional
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to mass, i.e. greater the mass of a body, greater is its inertia.

[Link] two examples to show that greater the mass, greater is the
inertia of the body.

Solution
Examples to show that greater the mass, greater is the inertia of the
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body are as shown below:

(i) If you want to start a car by pushing it, you find that it takes a very
large force to overcome its inertia. On the other hand, only a small
force is needed to start a child's express wagon. The difference
between the car and express wagon is the difference in mass. The car
has a large mass, whereas the wagon has a small one.
(ii) A cricket ball is more massive than a tennis ball. The cricket ball
acquires a much smaller velocity than a tennis ball when the two balls
are pushed with equal force for the same time.

12.'More the mass, the more difficult it is to move the body from
rest'. Explain this statement by giving an example.

Solution
It is difficult, i.e. a larger force is required to set a loaded trolley

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(which has more mass) in motion than an unloaded trolley (which has
less mass).
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[Link] the two kinds of inertia.

Solution
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Two kinds of inertia are as listed below:

(i) Inertia of rest.
(ii) Inertia of motion.
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[Link] one example of each of the following cases of inertia:

(a) Inertia of rest, and
(b) Inertia of motion.

Solution
Examples of inertia of rest: A coin placed on top of a card remains in
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place when the card is slightly and quickly jerked horizontally.

Example of inertia of motion: A ball thrown vertically upwards by a
person in a moving train comes back to his hand.
[Link] equal and opposite forces act on a stationary body. Will
the body move? Give a reason to your answer.

Solution
No, the body will not move because the net force acting on it is zero.
Hence, it will remain stationary due to inertia of rest.

[Link] equal and opposite forces act on a moving object. How is

its motion affected? Give reason.

Solution
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N A D
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The motion remains unaffected because the net force acting on it is
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zero.

[Link] aeroplane is moving uniformly at a constant height under

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the action of two forces (i) Upward force (lift) and (ii) Downward
force (weight). What is the net force on the aeroplane?
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Solution
The net force on the airplane is zero or the upward force is equal to
the downward force.

18 .Why does a person tend to fall when he jumps out from a

moving train and tries to stop immediately?
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Solution
If a person jumps out of a moving train and tries to stop immediately,
he falls due to inertia of motion. This is because his body tends to
move forward with the velocity of the train while his feet are
stationary.
[Link] does a coin, placed on a card, drop into the tumbler when
the card is rapidly flicked with a finger?

Solution
The reason is that when the card is flicked, a momentary force acts on
the card, so it moves away. However, the coin kept on it does not
share the motion at once and it remains stationary at its place due to
the inertia of rest. The coin then falls down into the tumbler due to the
pull of gravity.

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[Link] a ball is thrown vertically upwards from a moving train
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it comes back to the thrower's hand. Why does this happen?
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Solution
The reason is that when the ball is thrown, the ball is in motion along
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with the person and train. Due to the inertia of motion, during the time
the ball remains in air, the person and ball move ahead by the same
distance. This makes the ball fall back into the thrower's hand.
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[Link] the following:

(a) When a train suddenly moves forward, the passenger standing in
the compartment tends to fall backwards.
(b) When a train suddenly starts, the sliding doors of some
compartments may open.
(c) People often shake branches of a tree in an attempt to cause the
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fruits to fall.
(d) After alighting from a moving bus, one has to run for some
distance in the direction of bus in order to avoid falling.
(e) Dust particles are removed from a carpet by beating it.
(f) It is advantageous to run before taking a long jump.
Solution
(a) When a train suddenly starts, the passengers tend to fall
backwards. This is because the lower part of the body, which is in
contact with the train, begins to move while the upper part of the body
tends to maintain its position of rest. As a result, the upper part tends
to fall backwards.
(b) The frame of the sliding door being in contact with the floor of the
train also comes in motion on start of the train, but the sliding door
remains in its position due to inertia. Thus, the frame moves ahead

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with the train, while the door slides opposite to the direction of
motion of the train. Thus, the door may shut or open accordingly.
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(c) When the branches of the tree are shaken, they come in motion,
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while the fruits due to inertia remain in a state of rest. Thus, the larger
and weakly attached fruits get detached from the branches and fall
down due to the pull of gravity.
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(d) When people alight from a moving bus, they continue to run
alongside the bus to avoid falling. If they were to stop at once, the feet
would come to rest suddenly but the upper part of the body would still
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be in motion and they would tend to fall forward.

(e) The part of the carpet where the stick strikes comes in motion at
once, while the dust particles settled on it remain in the state of rest
due to inertia of rest. Thus, a part of the carpet moves ahead with the
stick leaving behind the dust particles that fall down due to gravity.
(f) When running, the athlete brings his body in the state of motion.
When the body is in motion, it becomes easier to take a long jump.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE :

[Link] property of inertia is more in the following vehicle:

(a) A car (b) A truck
(c) A horse cart (d) A toy car
Solution
A truck

2.A tennis ball and cricket ball are both stationary. To get them
into the state of motion, the following action is required:
(a) Less force is required for the cricket ball than for the tennis ball.
(b) Less force is required for the tennis ball than for the cricket ball.
(c) Same force is required for both the balls.
(d) Nothing can be said.

Solution
O T IS
N A D
CO N
Less force is required for the tennis ball than for the cricket ball.
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3. A force is needed to do the following actions:
(a) Change the state of motion or state of rest of the body.
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(b) Maintain the body in motion. (c) Maintain the body at rest.
(d) Maintain constant velocity of the body.
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Solution
Change the state of motion or state of rest of the body.
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 EXERCISE –(B)

[Link] the two factors on which the force needed to stop a

moving body in a given time depends.

Solution
Force needed to stop a moving body in a given time depends on its
mass and velocity.

O T IS
[Link] linear momentum and state its S.I. unit.
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Solution
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Linear momentum of a body is the product of its mass and velocity.
Its SI unit is kgms-1.
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3.A body of mass m moving with a velocity v is acted upon by a

force. Write an expression for change in momentum in each of the
following cases: (i) When v ≪c, (ii) When v c and (iii) When
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v≪ c but m does not remain constant. Here, c is the speed of light.

Solution
(i) When v≪ c,
∆p = ∆ (mv) = m∆v

(ii) When v c,
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∆p = ∆ (mv)

(iii) When v≪c but m does not remain constant.

∆p = ∆ (mv)
[Link] that the rate of change of momentum = mass ×
acceleration. Under what condition does this relation hold?

Solution
Let a force 'F' be applied on a body of mass m for a time 't' due to
which its velocity changes from u to v. Then,
Initial momentum of body = mu
Final momentum of body = mv
Change in momentum of the body in 't' seconds = mv - mu = m (v-u)

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Rate of change of momentum =
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=
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However, acceleration a = =
Therefore, rate of change of momentum = ma = mass × acceleration
This relation holds true when the mass of the body remains constant.
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[Link] bodies A and B of same mass are moving with velocities v

and 2v, respectively. Compare their (i) inertia and (ii) momentum.
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Solution
(i) Mass is the measure of inertia.
Let 'm' be the mass of the two bodies.
Inertia of body A:Inertia of body B :: m:m
Or, Inertia of body A:Inertia of body B :: 1:1
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(ii) Momentum of body A = m (v)

Momentum of body B = m (2v) = 2mv
Momentum of body A:Momentum of body B :: mv:2mv
Or, Momentum of body A:Momentum of body B :: 1:2.
[Link] balls A and B of masses m and 2 m are in motion with
velocities 2v and v, respectively. Compare:
(i) Their inertia.
(ii) Their momentum.
(iii) The force needed to stop them in the same time.

Solution
(i) Inertia of body A:Inertia of body B :: m:2m
Or, Inertia of body A:Inertia of body B :: 1:2.

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(ii) Momentum of body A = m ( 2v) = 2mv
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Momentum of body B = (2m) v = 2mv
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Momentum of body A:Momentum of body B :: 2 mv:2mv
Or, Momentum of body A:Momentum of body B :: 1:1.
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(iii) According to Newton's 2nd law of motion, rate of change of

momentum is directly proportional to the force applied on it.
Therefore,
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Force needed to stop A:Force needed to stop B :: 1:1.

[Link] the Newton's second law of motion. What information do

you get from it?

Solution
According to Newton's second law of motion, the rate of change of
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momentum is directly proportional to the force applied on it and the

change of momentum takes place in the direction in which the force is
applied.

It gives the quantitative value of force, i.e. it relates the force to the
measurable quantities such as acceleration and mass.
 [Link] does Newton's second law of motion differ from the first
law of motion?

Solution
Newton's first law of motion gives the qualitative definition of force.
It explains the force as the cause of acceleration only qualitatively but
Newton's second law of motion gives the quantitative value of force.
It states force as the product of mass and acceleration. Thus, it relates
force to the measurable quantities such as acceleration and mass.

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[Link] the mathematical form of Newton's second law of motion.
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State the conditions if any.
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Solution
Mathematical expression of Newton's second law of motion is as
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shown below:

Force = Mass × Acceleration

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Above relation holds for the following conditions:

(i) When the velocity of the body is much smaller than the velocity of
light.
(ii) When the mass remains constant.

[Link] Newton's second law of motion. Under what condition

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does it take the form F = ma?

Solution
According to Newton's second law of motion, the rate of change of
momentum is directly proportional to the force applied on it, and the
change of momentum takes place in the direction in which the force is
applied.
The relation F=ma holds for the following conditions:
(i) When the velocity of the body is much smaller than the velocity of
light.
(ii) When the mass remains constant.

[Link] can Newton's first law of motion be obtained from the

second law of motion?

Solution

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From Newton's second law of motion, F = ma.
If F = 0, then a = 0.
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This means that if no force is applied on the body, its acceleration will
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be zero. If the body is at rest, then it will remain in the state of rest
and if it is moving, then it will remain moving in the same direction
with the same speed. Thus, a body not acted upon by an external
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force, does not change its state of rest or motion. This is the statement
of Newton's first law of motion.
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[Link] graphs to show the dependence of (i) acceleration on

force for a constant mass and (ii) force on mass for a constant
acceleration.

Solution
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[Link] does the acceleration produced by a given force depend

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on the mass of the body? Draw a graph to show it.
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Solution
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If a given force is applied on bodies of different masses, then the
acceleration produced in them is inversely proportional to their
masses.
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A graph plotted for acceleration (a) against mass (m) is a hyperbola.

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[Link] the S.I. unit of force and define it.

Solution
The S.I. unit of force is Newton.
One Newton is the force which acts on a body of mass 1kg and
produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2, i.e. 1 N = 1 kg × 1 m/s2.
[Link] is the C.G.S. unit of force? How is it defined?

Solution
The C.G.S. unit of force is dyne.
One dyne is the force which acts on a body of mass 1 gram and
produces an acceleration of 1 cms-2, i.e. 1 dyne = 1 g × 1 cms-2.

[Link] the S.I. and C.G.S. units of force. How are they related?

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Solution
The S.I. unit of force is Newton and the C.G.S. unit of force is dyne.
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1 N = 105 dyne.
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[Link] does a glass vessel break when it falls on a hard floor, but
it does not break when it falls on a carpet?
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Solution
When a glass vessel falls from a height on a hard floor, it comes to
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rest almost instantaneously, i.e. in a very short time, so the floor

exerts a large force on the vessel and it breaks. However, if it falls on
a carpet, then the time duration, in which the vessel comes to rest,
increases, so the carpet exerts less force on the vessel and it does not
break.

[Link] Newton's second law of motion to explain the following

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instances:
(a) You pull your hands back while catching a fast moving cricket
ball.
(b) You prefer to land on sand instead of hard floor while taking a
high jump.
Solution
(a) We pull our hands back while catching a fast moving cricket ball,
because by doing so, we increase the time of catch, i.e. increase the
time to bring about a given change in momentum, and hence, the rate
of change of momentum decreases. Thus, a small force is exerted on
our hands by the ball.
(b) When an athlete lands from a height on a hard floor, his feet
comes to rest instantaneously, so a very large force is exerted by the
floor on his feet, but if he lands on sand, his feet push the sand for

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some distance; therefore, the time duration in which his feet comes to
rest increases. As a result, the force exerted on his feet decreases and
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he is saved from getting hurt.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE :
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[Link] linear momentum of a body of mass m moving with velocity

v is given by the following relation:
(a) v/m (b) m/v
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(c) mv (d) 1/mv

Solution
Mv

[Link] unit of linear momentum is :

(a) N s (b) kg m s-2
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(c) N s-1 (d) kg2 m s-1

Solution
Ns
[Link] correct form of Newton's second law is given by the
following equation:
∆ ∆
(a) F = (b) F= m
∆ ∆

∆
(c) F= v (d) F= mv
∆

Solution
∆
F=
∆

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N A D
[Link] acceleration produced in a body by a force of given

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magnitude depends on the following factor:
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(a) Size of the body (b) Shape of the body
(c) Mass of the body (d) None of these.
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Solution
Mass of the body
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NUMERICAL :

1.A body of mass 5 kg is moving with velocity 2 m s-1. Calculate its

linear momentum.

Solution
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Mass of the body, m = 5kg

Velocity, v = 2 m/s
Linear momentum = mv = (5)(2) kg m/s
= 10 kg m/s-1
[Link] linear momentum of a ball of mass 50 g is 0.5 kg m s-1. Find
its velocity.

Solution
Linear momentum = 0.5 kg m/s
Mass, m = 50 g = 0.05 kg
Velocity =
!.#
= m/s
!.!#

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= 10 m/s -1 N A D
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3.A force of 15 N acts on a body of mass 2 kg. Calculate the
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acceleration produced.

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Solution
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Force, F = 15 N
Mass, m = 2kg
$
Acceleration, a = [ From Newton's second law]
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%#
Or, a = ms-2
&
Or, a = 7.5 ms-2

4.A force of 10 N acts on a body of mass 5 kg. Find the

acceleration produced.
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Solution
Force, F = 10 N
Mass, m = 5kg
$
Acceleration, a = [ From Newton's second law]
%!
Or, a = ms-2
#
Or, a = 2 ms-2
5. Calculate the magnitude of force which when applied on a body
of mass 0.5 kg produces an acceleration of 5 m s-2.

Solution
Mass, m = 0.5 kg.
Acceleration, a = 5 ms-2
Force, F = ma [ From Newton's second law]
Or, F = (0.5) (5) N = 2.5 N.

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6.A force of 10 N acts on a body of mass 2 kg for 3 s, initially at
rest. Calculate: (i) The velocity acquired by the body and (ii)
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Change in momentum of the body.
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Solution
Force, F = 10 N
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Mass, m = 2 kg
Time, t = 3 s
Initial velocity, u = 0 m/s.
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(i) Let v be the final velocity acquired.

From Newton's second law,
F = ma.
$ %!
Or, a = = = 5 ms-2.
&
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From the 1st equation of motion,

a=
Or, v = at + u.
Or, v = (5)(3) + 0 = 15 m/s-1

(ii) Change in momentum = Final momentum- initial momentum

∆p = mv- mu.
Or, ∆p = m (v-u).
Or, ∆p = 2 ( 15 - 0) = 30 kg m/s-1

7. A force acts for 10 s on a stationary body of mass 100 kg, after

which the force ceases to act. The body moves through a distance
of 100 m in the next 5 s. Calculate: (i) The velocity acquired by
the body, (ii) The acceleration produced by the force and (iii) The
magnitude of the force.

Solution

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Mass, m = 100 kg
Distance moved, s = 100 m
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Initial velocity, u = 0
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(i) Because the body moves through a distance of 100 m in 5 s,
' (
Velocity of the body =
)
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%!!
Velocity = = 20 m/s-1
#
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(ii) From Newton's third equation of motion,

v2- u2 = 2as.
& &
Or, a =
&
&!& !&
Or, a = ms-2.
& %!!
Or, a = 2 ms-2.
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(iii) Force, F = ma
Or, F = (100) (2) N.
Or, F = 200 N.
8. Fig. shows the velocity-time graph of a particle of mass 100 g
moving in a straight line. Calculate the force acting on the
particle.

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(Hint : Acceleration = Slope of the v-t graph)
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Solution
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Slope of a velocity-time graph gives the value of acceleration.

&!
Here, slope = = 4 m/s2.
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Or, acceleration, a = 4 m/s2.

Force = Mass × Acceleration.

Given mass, m = 100 g = 0.1 kg.

Force = (0.1) (4) = 0.4 N.

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9. A force causes an acceleration of 10 m s-2 in a body of mass 500

g. What acceleration will be caused by the same force in a body of
mass 5 kg?
Solution

Let the force be F.

Force F causes an acceleration, a = 10 m/s2 in a body of mass, m =

500 g or 0.5 kg

Thus, F = ma

Or, F = (0.5) (10) = 5 N

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Let a' be the acceleration which force F (=5N) cause on a body of
mass, m' = 5 kg.
N A D
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*
Then, a' = .
+
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#
Or, a' = ms-2.
#

Or, a' = 1 ms-2.

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10.A force acts for 0.1 s on a body of mass 2.0 kg initially at rest.
The force is then withdrawn and the body moves with a velocity
©

of 2 m s-1. Find the magnitude of the force.

Solution

Mass, m = 2 kg

Initial velocity, u = 0

Final velocity, v = 2 m/s

D

Time, t = 0.1 s

Acceleration =

Or, a =

& !
Or, a = = 20 ms-2.
!.%
Force = Mass× Acceleration

Or, F = (2) (20) = 40 N.

11.A body of mass 500 g, initially at rest, is acted upon by a force

which causes it to move a distance of 4 m in 2 s, Calculate the
force applied.

Solution

Mass of an object = 500g =0.5 kg

O T IS
The second equation of motion is
N A D
CO N
%
S = ut + at2
&
O UC AA
T IO
PY
As the body is at rest u= 0,

T = 2s
ED PR

Displacement of an object = 4m
%
4 =(0) ×(2) + a(2)2
©

&

a =2m/s2

F = m × a=0.5 × 2 = 1 Newton .

Thus, the force applied to move the body is 1 Newton.

D

12 .A car of mass 480 kg moving at a speed of 54 km per hour is

stopped in 10 s. Calculate the force applied by the brakes.

Solution

Mass, m = 480 kg.

Initial velocity, u = 54 km/hr = 15 m/s.

Final velocity, v = 0.

Time, t = 10 s.

Acceleration =

Or, a =

! %#
Or, a = = -1.5 ms-2.
%!

O T IS
Here, negative sign indicates retardation.
N A D
CO N
Now, Force = Mass× Acceleration
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Or, F = (480) (1.5) = 720 N.

13.A car is moving with a uniform velocity 30 ms-1. It is stopped in

2 s by applying a force of 1500 N through its brakes.
ED PR

Calculate the following values:

(a) The change in momentum of car.

©

(b) The retardation produced in car.

(c) The mass of car.

Solution

Initial velocity, u = 30 m/s

D

Final velocity, v = 0

Time, t = 2s

Force, F = 1500 N
! ,!
Here, a = = = -15 ms-2. Here, negative sign indicates
&
retardation.
Now, F = ma.
- %#!!
Or, m = = = 100 kg.
. %#

(a) Change in momentum = Final momentum - Initial momentum

Or, ∆p = m (v - u)

Or, ∆ p = 100 (0 - 30)

Or, ∆p = 3000 kg m/s-1

O T IS
N A D
CO N
(b) Acceleration, a =
O UC AA
T IO
PY
! ,!
Or, a = = -15 ms-2,
&
ED PR

Here, negative sign indicates retardation.

Thus, retardation = 15 ms-2.

©

(c) From Newton's second law of motion,

F = ma
- %#!!
Or, m = = = 100 kg.
. %#
D

14. A bullet of mass 50 g moving with an initial velocity 100 m s-1

strikes a wooden block and comes to rest after penetrating a
distance 2 cm in it. Calculate: (i) Initial momentum of the bullet,
(ii) Final momentum of the bullet, (iii) Retardation caused by the
wooden block and (iv) Resistive force exerted by the wooden
block.
Solution

Mass, m = 50 gm = 0.05 kg.

Initial velocity, u = 100 m/s.

Final velocity, v = 0.

Distance, s = 2cm = 0.02 m.

(i) Initial momentum = mu = (0.05) (100) = 5 kg m/s-1

O T IS
(ii) Final momentum = mv = (0.05) (0) = 0 kg m/s.
N A D
CO N
& &
(iii) Acceleration, a =
&
O UC AA
T IO
PY
/0 %!!0
Or, a =
& !.!&
ED PR

Or, a = 2.5× 105 ms-2.

Therefore, retardation is 2.5× 105 ms-2.

©

(iv) Force, F = ma

Or, F = (0.05 kg) (2.5× 105 ms-2)

Or, F = 12500 N.
D
 EXERCISE –(D)

[Link] the purpose of Newton's third law of motion.

Solution

Newton's third law explains how a force acts on an object.

2. State Newton's third law of motion.

Solution

O T IS
According to Newton's third law of motion, to every action there is
always an equal and opposite reaction. The action and reaction act
N A D
CO N
simultaneously on two different bodies.
O UC AA
T IO
PY
[Link] and explain the law of action and reaction. by giving two
examples.
ED PR

Solution

Law of action and reaction: In an interaction of two bodies A and B,

the magnitude of action, i.e. the force FAB applied by the body B on
©

the body A, is equal in magnitude to the reaction, i.e., the force FBA
applied by the body A on the body B, but they are in directions
opposite to each other.

Examples:

(i) When a book is placed on a table, it does not move downwards. It

implies that the resultant force on the book is zero, which is possible
D

only if the table exerts an upward force of reaction on the book, equal
to the weight of the book.

(ii) While moving on the ground, we exert a force by our feet to push
the ground backwards; the ground exerts a force of the same
magnitude on our feet forward, which makes it easier for us to move.
Explanation: In the above stated example, there are two objects and
two forces. In the first example, the weight of the book acts
downwards (action) and the force of the table acts upwards (reaction).

In the second example, our feet exerts a force on the ground (action)
and the ground exerts an equal and opposite force (reaction) on our
feet.

[Link] and state the action and reaction in the following cases:

(a) Firing a bullet from a gun, (b) Hammering a nail,

O T IS
(c) A book lying on a table, (d) A moving rocket,
N A D
CO N
(e) A person moving on the floor,
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(f) A moving train colliding with a stationary train.

Solution
ED PR

(a) Action: Force exerted on the bullet.

Reaction: Recoil experienced by the gun.

©

(b) Action: The force exerted by the hammer on the nail.

Reaction: The force applied by the nail on the hammer.

(c) Action: Weight of the book acting downwards.

Reaction: Force acted by the table upwards.

D

(d) Action: Force exerted by the rocket on the gases backwards.

Reaction: Force exerted by outgoing gases on the rocket in forward

direction.

(e) Action: Force exerted by the feet on the ground in backward

direction.

Reaction: Force exerted by the ground on feet in forward direction.

(f) Action: Force exerted by a moving train on a stationary train.

Reaction: Force exerted by a stationary train on a moving train.

[Link] the motion of a rocket with the help of Newton's third

law.

Solution

When a rocket moves in space, it pushes gases outside, i.e. the rocket
applies force on the gases in the backward direction. As a reaction,

O T IS
the gases put equal amount of force on the rocket in the opposite
direction and the rocket moves in the forward direction.
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
ED PR
©

[Link] a shot is fired from a gun, the gun is recoiled. Explain.

Solution

When a man fires a bullet from a gun, a force F is exerted on the

D

bullet (action), and the gun experiences an equal and opposite recoil
(reaction) and hence gets recoiled.
[Link] you step ashore from a stationary boat, it tends to leave
the shore. Explain.

Solution

When a man exerts a force (action) on the boat by stepping into it, its
force of reaction makes him step out of the boat, and the boat tends to
leave the shore due to the force exerted by the man (i.e. action).

O T IS
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
[Link] two spring balances joined at their free ends are pulled

PY
apart, both show the same reading. Explain.

Solution
ED PR

Couple two spring balances A and B as shown in the figure. When we

pull the balance B, both the balances show the same reading
indicating that both the action and reaction forces are equal and
©

opposite. In this case, the pull of either of the two spring balances can
be regarded as action and that of the other balance as the reaction.
D

[Link] move a boat ahead in water, the boatman has to push the
water backwards by his oar. Explain this statement.

Solution

To move a boat, the boatman pushes (action) the water backwards

with his oar. In this response, the water exerts an equal and opposite
force (reaction) in the forward direction on the boat due to which the
boat moves ahead.
10.A person pushing a wall hard is liable to fall backwards. Give
reason.

Solution

A person pushing a wall hard (action) by his palm, experiences a

force (reaction) exerted by the wall on his palm in the opposite
direction; thus, he is liable to fall backwards.

[Link] action and reaction both act simultaneously. Is this

statement true?

Solution
O T IS
N A D
CO N
Yes, action and reaction act simultaneously.
O UC AA
T IO
PY
12.'Action and reaction are equal in magnitude'. Is this statement
true?
ED PR

Solution

Yes, action and reaction are equal in magnitude.

©

13.A light ball falling on ground, after striking the ground rises
upwards. Explain the reason.

Solution

When a falling ball strikes the ground, it exerts a force on the ground.
The ground exerts a force back at the ball in the opposite direction.
This is the reason the ball rises upwards.
D

[Link] on the statement 'the sum of action and reaction on

a body is zero'.

Solution

The given statement is wrong.

Reason: According to Newton's third law of motion, the action and
reaction act simultaneously on different bodies. Hence they do not
cancel each other.

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE :

[Link]'s third law does which of the following actions:

(a) Defines the force qualitatively. (b) Defines the force
quantitatively.
(c) Explains the way the force acts on a body. (d) Gives the direction

O T IS
of force. N A D
CO N
Solution
O UC AA
Explains the way the force acts on a body.
T IO
PY
2. Action and reaction act on:
ED PR

(a) Same body in opposite directions.

(b) Different bodies in opposite directions.
(c) Different bodies, but in the same direction.
(d) Same body in the same direction.
©

Solution
Different bodies in opposite directions

NUMERICALS :
D

1. A boy pushes a wall with a force of 10 N towards east. What

force is exerted by the wall on the boy?

Solution
The wall exerts an equal force of 10 N on the boy in the opposite
direction, i.e. west.
2. In the Fig., a block of weight 15 N is hanging from a rigid
support by a string. What force is exerted by (a) a block on the
string and (b) a string on the block? Name and show them in the
diagram.

O T IS
N A D
CO N
Solution
O UC AA
T IO
PY
(a) A block exerts 15 N force (weight) on the string downwards.
(b) The string exerts an equal force of 15 N on the block in the
opposite direction, i.e. upward direction (tension).
ED PR
©
D
 EXERCISE-(E)

1. State Newton's law of gravitation.

Solution
Newton's law of gravitation: Every particle in the universe attracts
every other particle with a force which is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them, and the direction of the force is along the line

O T IS
joining the masses.
N A D
CO N
[Link] whether the gravitational force between two masses is
O UC AA
T IO
PY
attractive or repulsive?

Solution
ED PR

Gravitational force is always attractive.

3. Write an expression for the gravitational force of attraction

©

between two bodies of masses m1 and m2 separated by a distance

r.

Solution
234 30
F∝
'0
Here G is a constant of proportionality called the universal
D

gravitational constant.

[Link] does the gravitational force of attraction between two

masses depend on the distance between them?

Solution
The gravitational force of attraction between two masses is inversely
proportional to the square of distance between them.
[Link] is the gravitational force between two masses affected if
the separation between them is doubled?

Solution
234 30
F∝
'0
If the distance between the masses becomes half, the force reduces to
one-fourth.

O T IS
[Link] gravitational constant G.
N A D
CO N
Solution
The gravitational constant is defined as the force of attraction between
O UC AA
T IO
PY
two bodies of unit mass separated by a unit distance.

[Link] the numerical value of gravitational constant G with its

ED PR

S.I. unit.

Solution
©

The value of G in the S.I. system is 6.67 x 10-11Nm2kg-2.

[Link] is the importance of law of gravitation?

Solution
The gravitational force of attraction is significant to explain the
D

motion of heavenly bodies, e.g. motion of planets around the Sun,

motion of the Moon around the Earth etc.

[Link] do you understand by the term force due to gravity?

Solution
The force with which the Earth attracts a body towards its centre is
called the force due to gravity.
[Link] an expression for the force due to gravity on a body of
mass m and explain the meaning of symbols used in it.

Solution
The force due to gravity on a body of mass m kept on the surface of
Earth (mass=M and radius=R) is equal to the force of attraction
between the Earth and that body.
56
F=
70

O T IS
[Link] the term acceleration due to gravity? Write its S.I. unit.
N A D
CO N
Solution
O UC AA
T IO
PY
The rate at which the velocity of a freely falling body increases is
called acceleration due to gravity. Its S.I. unit is m/s2.
ED PR

[Link] down the average value of g on Earth's surface.

Solution
©

The average value of 'g' on the Earth's surface is 9.8 m/s2.

[Link] is the acceleration due to gravity on the Earth's surface

related to the mass and radius of the Earth?

Solution
D

Let g be the acceleration due to gravity on the Earth's surface (mass =

M and radius = R).
56
Then, g =
70
14 . How are g and G related?

Solution
Acceleration due to gravity (g) is directly proportional to universal
gravitational constant (G).

15.A body falls freely under gravity from rest and reaches the
ground in time t. Write the expression for the height fallen by the
body.

Solution
O T IS
N A D
CO N
Initial velocity, u = 0.
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Time taken = t.
Acceleration due to gravity = g.
Let 'h' be the height fallen.
%
ED PR

h = ut + 89 &
&
% &
h = 89
&
©

16.A body is thrown vertically upwards with an initial velocity u.

Write the expression for the maximum height attained by the
body.

Solution
If a body is thrown vertically up with an initial velocity u to a height
D

h, then there will be retardation (a = -g).

At the highest point, the final velocity v = 0.
Thus, from the third equation,
V2 = u2 – 2gh
We get ,
:0
Hmax =
&;
17. Define the terms mass and weight.

Solution
Mass: The mass of a body is the quantity of matter it contains.
Weight: The weight of a body is the force with which the Earth
attracts it.

[Link] between mass and weight.

O T IS
Solution
Mass is a scalar quantity, but weight is a vector quantity. Mass is the
N A D
CO N
measure of the quantity of matter contained in a body, but weight is
O UC AA
T IO
PY
the measure of force with which the Earth attracts the body. Mass of a
body is always constant but weight varies from place to place.
ED PR

[Link] the S.I. units of (a) mass and (b) weight.

Solution
©

The S.I. unit of mass is kg and that of weight is Newton.

[Link] value of g at the centre of Earth is zero. What will be the

weight of a body of mass m kg at the centre of the Earth?

Solution
W = mg
D

At the centre of Earth, g = 0.

Therefore, W = 0.
[Link] of the quantity is constant for a body: mass or weight?

Solution
Mass of a body is always constant.

[Link] the meaning of the following statement '1 kgf = 9.8 N'.

Solution
1 kgf = 9.8 N.

O T IS
One kilogramme force is the force due to gravity on a mass of 1
kilogramme.
N A D
CO N
O UC AA
T IO
PY
MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE :

[Link] gravitational force between two bodies has the following

ED PR

property:
(a) Always repulsive
(b) Always attractive
©

(c) Attractive only at large distances (d) Repulsive only at large

distances.

Solution
Always attractive
D

2. The value of G is one of the values listed below:

(a) 9.8 N m2 kg-2
(b) 6.7 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2 (c) 6.7 x 10-11 m s-2
(d) 6.7 N kg-1

Solution
6.7 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2
3. The force of attraction between two masses each of 1 kg kept at
a separation of 1 m is which one of the values shown below:
(a) 9.8 N (b) 6.7 N
(c) 980 N (d) 6.7 x 10-11 N

Solution
6.7 x 10-11 N

4. A body is projected vertically upward with an initial velocity u.

O T IS
If acceleration due to gravity is g, the time for which it remains in
air is given by the following relation:
N A D
CO N
:
(a) (b) ug
;
O UC AA
T IO
PY
&: :
(c) (d)
; &;
ED PR

Solution
&:
;
METHOD: Let't' be the time in which the body reaches its maximum
©

height.
Initial velocity = u.
Final velocity (at the highest point) = 0.
Acceleration due to gravity = - g (negative sign indicates the body is
moving against gravity).
Using the first equation of motion,
D

v = u + gt.
We get,
0 = u - gt
:
Or t =
;
Now total time for which the ball remains in air = Time of ascent +
Time of descent
Because time of ascent = Time of descent,
 : : :
Total time taken = + =2
; ; ;
[Link] object falling freely from rest reaches ground in 2 s. If
acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m s-2, then the velocity of object
on reaching the ground will be as shown below:
(a) 9.8 m s-1 (b) 4.9 m s-1 (c) 19.6 m s-1 (d) Zero.

Solution
19.6 m s-1
METHOD: Given, u = 0
g = 9.8 m/s2
O T IS
N A D
CO N
Time t = 2s
Let 'v' be the velocity of object on reaching the ground.
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Using the first equation of motion,
v = u + gt
We get,
ED PR

v = 0 + (9.8) (2)
Or, v = 19.6 m/s.
©

NUMERICALS:

[Link] force of attraction between two bodies at certain separation

is 10 N. What will be the force of attraction between them if the
separation between them is reduced to half?
D

Solution
Given the force of attraction between two bodies = 10 N

6
Now, . F = G
70

7
If the new distance R'= , then let F' be the force acting between the
&
bodies. Then:
 6 6
F′ = G = 0
=4G
<0> 70

Or, F′ = 4F
Or F′= 4×10 = 40 N

[Link] the approximate weight of a body of mass 5 kg. What

assumption have you made?

Solution

O T IS
Weight = mg
W = (5) (9.8) = 50 N.
N A D
CO N
Assumption: Value of acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s2.
O UC AA
T IO
PY
[Link] the weight of a body of mass 10 kg in (a) kgf and (b)
Newton. Take g = 9.8 m s-2.
ED PR

Solution
Mass = 10 kg
©

(i) Weight (in kgf) = 10 x 1 kgf = 10 kgf

[1 kgf = 9.8 N]

(ii) Weight (in Newton) = 10 x 9.8 = 98 N

[Link] the magnitude and direction of the force of gravity acting

on the body of mass 5 kg. Take g = 9.8 m s-2.
D

Solution
Mass = 5 kg.
g = 9.8 m/s2.
Let F be the force of gravity,
F = mg.
F = (5) (9.8) = 49 N.
Force of gravity always acts downwards.
[Link] weight of a body is 2.0 N. What is the mass of the body? (g
= 10 m s-2)

Solution
Weight, W = 2.0 N
g = 9.8 m/s2
Let 'm' be the mass of the body.
W = mg
? &
Or, m = = < > kg = 0.2 kg.

O T IS
@.A
6. The weight of a body on Earth is 98 N, where acceleration due
N A D
CO N
to gravity is 9.8 m s-2. What will be its (a) mass and (b) weight on
the Moon, where acceleration due to gravity is 1.6 m s-2?
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Solution
Weight of the body on Earth = 98 N.
ED PR

Acceleration due to gravity on Earth = 9.8 m/s2.

Let 'm' be the mass of the body on Earth.
?
m=
©

@A
m = < > = 10 kg
@.A
Thus, the mass of the body is 10 kg, which always remains constant.
(a) Mass on moon = mass on Earth = 10 kg
(b) Let weight on moon is W'.
W' = mass× acceleration due to gravity on the Moon.
D

[Given, acceleration due to gravity on the Moon = 1.6 m/s2]

W' = 10 × 1.6 =16 N.

7.A man weighs 600 N on the Earth. What would be his

approximate weight on the Moon? Give a reason for your
answer?
Solution
Man's weight on Earth = 600 N
%
Man's weight on the Moon = < > man's weight on Earth;
B
%th
Because the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is that of
B
Earth and w = mg.
B!!
Therefore, man's weight on Moon = < > = 100 N.
B

[Link] (a) force and (b) weight act on a mass of 10.5 kg being

O T IS
pulled by the Earth? Take g = 10 m s-2.
N A D
CO N
Solution
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Mass, m = 10.5 kg
G = 10 m/s2
(a) Force, F = mg
ED PR

F = (10.5) (10) = 105 N

(b) Weight, w = mg
w = (10.5) (10) = 105 N
©

9.A ball is released from a height and it reaches the ground in 3 s.

If g= 9.8 m s-2, find the value for the following variables:
(a) The height from which the ball was released.
(b) The velocity with which the ball will strike the ground.
D

Solution
Let 'S' be the height.
Time taken, t = 3s; g = 9.8 m/s2
Initial velocity, u = 0 (because the body starts from rest)
(a) Using the second equation of motion,
%
S = ut + < > gt2
&
We get,
 %
S = 0 + < > (9.8) (3) (3)
&
S = 44.1 m

(b) Let 'v' be the velocity with which the ball strikes the ground.
Using the third equation of motion,
v2- u2 = 2gs
or, v2 - 02 = 2(9.8) (44.1)
or, v2 = 864.36

O T IS
or, v = 29.4 m/s
N A D
CO N
10. What force, in Newton, your muscles need to apply to hold a
mass of 5 kg in your hand? State the assumption.
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Solution
Mass, m = 5kg
ED PR

Force, F = mg
F = (5) (9.8) = 49 N
Assumption: Value of acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2.
©

11. A ball is thrown vertically upwards. It goes to a height 20 m

and then returns to the ground. Taking acceleration due to
gravity g to be 10 m s-2, find the following variables:
(a) The initial velocity of the ball
(b) The final velocity of ball on reaching the ground and
D

(c) The total time of journey of ball.

Solution
Given, maximum height reached, s = 20 m
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m/s2
(i) Let 'u' be the initial velocity.
At the highest point, velocity = 0
Using the third equation of motion,
v2 - u2 = 2gs
or, 0 - u2 = 2 (10) (20) m/s
or, u2 = - (400) m/s [Negative sign indicates that the motion is against
gravity]
or, u = 20 m/s

(b) Let v' be the final velocity of the ball on reaching the ground.
Considering the motion from the highest point to ground,
Velocity at highest point = 0 = Initial velocity for downward journey

O T IS
of the ball.
Distance travelled, s = 20m
N A D
CO N
Using the third equation of motion,
O UC AA
v2 u2 = 2gs T IO
PY
or, v2 0 = 2 (10) (20) m/s
or, v2 = 400 m/s
ED PR

or, v = 420 m/s

:
(c) Now total time for which the ball remains in air, t = 2 .
;
©

&!
Or, t = 2.
%!
Or, t = 4s.

12. An object is dropped from the top of a tower. It acquires a

velocity 20 m s-1 on reaching the ground. Calculate the height of
the tower. (Take g = 10 m s-2)
D

Solution
Initial velocity u = 0
Final velocity = 20 m/s
g = 10 m/s2
Let 'h' be the height of the tower.
Using the third equation of motion,
v2 u2 = 2gs
or, (20)2 0 = 2 (10) h
or, h = 20 m

13.A ball is thrown vertically upwards. It returns 6 s later.

Calculate: (i) The greatest height reached by the ball and (ii) The
initial velocity of the ball. (Take g = 10 m s-2)

Solution
Total time of journey = 6 s

O T IS
g = 10 m/s2
(i) Let 'H' be the greatest height.
N A D
CO N
B
Time of ascent, t = = 3 s,
&
O UC AA
T IO
PY
For ascent, initial velocity, u = 0
Using the second equation of motion,
%
H = ut + < > gt2
ED PR

&
%
H = 0 + < > (10) (3) 2
&
H = 45 m
©

(ii) Let u' be the initial velocity.

Final velocity, v = 0
Using the third equation of motion,
v2 u2 = 2gH
or, v2 0 = 2(10) (45)
or, v2 = 900
D

or, v = 30 m/s

14. A pebble is thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 20 m s-1.

How high will it be after 2 s? (Take g = 10 m s-2)

Solution
Initial velocity, u = 20 m/s
Time, t = 2s
g = 10 m/s2
Maximum height reached in 2s, H = (1/2) gt2
%
Or, H = < > (10) (2) 2
&
Or, H = 20 m

15. (a) How long will a stone take to fall to the ground from the
top of a building 80 m high and (b) What will be the velocity of
the stone on reaching the ground? (Take g=10 m s-2)

Solution
O T IS
N A D
CO N
(a) Height, s = 80m
g = 10 m/s2
O UC AA
T IO
PY
Using the second equation of motion,
%
S = ut + < > gt2
&
%
ED PR

Or, 80 = 0+ < > (10) (t) 2

&
2
Or, (t) = 16
Or, t = 4s
©

(b) Let 'v' be the velocity on reaching the ground.

Using the third equation of motion,
v2- u2 = 2gH
or, v2 0 = 2(10) (80)
or, v2 = 1600
or, v = 40 m/s
D

16. A body falls from the top of a building and reaches the ground
2.5 s later. How high is the building? (Take g = 9.8 m s-2)

Solution 16
Given time t = 2.5, g = 9.8 m/s2
%
Height, H = < > gt2
&
 %
Or, H = < > (9.8) (2.5)2
&
Or, H = 30.6 m

17. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with an initial velocity of

49 m s-1. Calculate: (i) The maximum height attained, (ii) The
time taken by it before it reaches the ground again. (Take g = 9.8
m s-2).

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Solution
Initial velocity, u = 49 m/s
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g = 9.8 m/s2
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(i) Let H be the maximum height attained.
At the highest point, velocity = 0.
Using the third equation of motion,
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v2 - u2 = 2gH
or,0 - 492 = 2(-9.8) (H)
C@0
or, H =
©

%@.B
or, H = 122.5 m
:
(ii) Total time of flight is given by t = 2
;
C@
Or, t = 2< >
@.A
Or, t = 10 s
D

18. A stone is dropped freely from the top of a tower and it

reaches the ground in 4 s. Taking g = 10m s-2, calculate the height
of the tower.

Solution
Initial velocity u = 0
Time t = 4 s
g = 10 m/s2
Let 'H' be the height of the tower.
Using the second equation of motion,
%
H = ut + < > gt2
&
%
Or, H = 0 + < > (10)(4)2
&
Or, H = 80 m

19. A pebble is dropped freely in a well from its top. It takes 20 s

for the pebble to reach the water surface in the well. Taking g =

O T IS
10 m s-2 and speed of sound = 330 m s-1. Find: (i) The depth of
water surface and (ii) The time when echo is heard after the
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pebble is dropped.
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Solution
(i) Time t =20 s
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g = 10 m/s2
Let 'D' be the depth of the well.
Using the second equation of motion,
%
©

D = ut + < > gt2

&
%
D = 0 + < > 10)(20) 2
&
D = 2000 m

(ii) Speed of sound = 330 m/s

Depth of well = 2000 m
D

Time taken to hear the echo after the pebble reaches the water surface
' D
=
D (
&!!!
= s
,,!
= 6.1 s
Time taken for pebble to reach the water surface = 20 s.
Therefore, the total time taken to hear the echo after the pebble is
dropped = 20 + 6.1 = 21.6 s.
20. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the top of a tower
with an initial velocity of 19.6 m s-1. The ball reaches the ground
after 5 s. Calculate: (i) The height of the tower, (ii) The velocity of
the ball on reaching the ground. Take g= 9.8 ms-2.

Solution
Let x be the height of the tower.
Let h be the distance from the top of the tower to the highest point as
shown in the diagram.

O T IS
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Initial velocity u = 19.6 m/s
g = 9.8 m/s2
ED PR

At the highest point, velocity = 0

Using the third equation of motion,
v2- u2 = 2gh
©

Or, - (19.6) 2 = 2 (-9.8) h

Or, h = 19.6 m

If the ball takes time t1 to go to the highest point from the top of
building, then for the upward journey from the relation, v = u - gt,
0 = 19.6 - (9.8) (t1)
D

Or, t1 = 2s

(ii) Let us consider the motion for the part (x+h)

Time taken to travel from highest point to the ground = (5- 2) = 3s
%
Using the equation s = ut + < > gt2
&
We get,
%
(x + h) = 0 + < > (9.8) (3) 2
&
Or, (x + 19.6) = 44.1 m
Or, x = 44.1- 19.6 = 24.5 m
Thus, height of the tower = 24.5 m

(iii) Let v be the velocity of the ball on reaching the ground.

Using the relation, v = u + gt
We get:
v = 0 + (9.8) (3)
Or, v = 29.4 m/s

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D
 ©
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