This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIE.2020.3001802, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

Operation and Control of a Hybrid Coupled

Interlinking Converter for Hybrid AC/LVDC
Microgrids
Lei Wang, Member, IEEE, Xiaofan Fu, Member, IEEE, and Man-Chung Wong, Senior Member,
IEEE
currently AC power system is still mainly utilized. On the other
Abstract—The respective advantages of AC and DC hand, DC microgrids have some attractive advantages such as 1)
microgrids lead to the blooming development of the hybrid higher efficiency for DC output sources and loads, 2) no
AC/DC microgrid, which consists of AC and DC microgrid reactive and unbalanced power problem, and 3) much fewer
tied by an interlinking converter. A new structure of hybrid
coupled interlinking converter (HCIC), which composed of
voltage problems due to the stored energy of DC capacitors. To
a converter in series with a static VAR compensator (SVC), combine the advantages of both AC microgrid and DC
is proposed for hybrid AC and low voltage DC (LVDC) microgrid, the hybrid AC/DC microgrids have been proposed
microgrids. Moreover, a new droop control method is in [1]-[14]. A hybrid AC/DC microgrid consists of three main
correspondingly developed for the proposed HCIC. Its parts: AC microgrid, DC microgrid, and power electronics
fundamental active and reactive power flow in the hybrid interlinking converters (ICs). The IC is one of the most
AC/DC microgrid is controlled by P-δ and Q-P-V droop
important elements in the hybrid AC/DC microgrids. To
control for converter part of the HCIC, and P-Q-α droop
control is proposed for SVC part of the HCIC. Furthermore, explore and improve the system performance, power rating,
a fast harmonic control is given based on a decoupled and application areas, the researchers are continuously
control strategy to improve the filtering characteristics of developing the different structures and controls of ICs. A
SVC part of the HCIC, suppress the harmonic power, and/or comparison of different interlinking converters is provided in
inject active power. Finally, simulation and experimental Table I.
results are provided to verify that the proposed HCIC for The conventional structure of the interlinking converters is
hybrid AC/LVDC microgrids has the ability of good power
flow control and power quality compensation, which not the interlinking converters with inductive coupled impedance
only meets the power flow requirements with low rating (ICICs) [1]-[3]. Some improved topologies of ICICs, using
system, but also greatly promotes the development of dual power converters (Dual ICICs) or even more parallel
more robust hybrid AC/DC microgrids. connected modular converters, are proposed in [4]-[6].
Index Terms—Interlinking converter, hybrid coupled Moreover, to reduce the cost and control complexity of
interlinking converter, droop control, power compensation, paralleled ICICs, the auxiliary ICIC paralleled with the
hybrid AC/DC microgrid. low-cost uncontrollable diode rectifier is proposed in [7].
Furthermore, the back-to-back connected ICICs have been
I. INTRODUCTION proposed in [8] and [9] to connect the unity grid, DC microgrid,

N microgrids have become one of increasing

OWSDAYS
attractive options for distributed generations system with
renewable energy sources (RES), storage systems, and different
and AC microgrid. However, all the above mentioned ICICs are
used to connect between AC microgrid and medium or high
voltage DC microgrid, since the peak voltage in AC microgrid
AC/DC loads. AC microgrids are rapidly developing since is required to be lower than the voltage in DC microgrid. Thus,
the conventional ICICs cannot be directly applied to the low
Manuscript received Dec. 1, 2019; revised May 11, 2020; accepted voltage DC (LVDC) microgrid.
June 1, 2020. This work was supported by the Macau Science and To connect the LVDC microgrid, different two-stage
Technology Development Fund (FDCT, Macao) with the project (FDCT
0026/2019/A1), University of Macau with the project converter structures such as ICIC+ Boost converter [10]-[11],
(MYRG2017-00038-FST, MYRG2018-00056-FST), and State Key ICIC+ quasi-Z-source inverters (ICIC+ qZSI) [12], and ICIC +
Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City for their financial support DC transformer [13]-[14], have been proposed. However, in
(Corresponding author: Lei Wang)
Lei Wang is with the College of Electrical and Information
these structures, the additional DC converter, quasi-Z-source
Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China (e-mail: inverters, and transformer (or DC/DC) can lead to the increase
jordanwanglei@[Link]). of the power switch capacity, control complexity, and cost.
Xiaofan Fu is with the State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for
Smart City, University of Macau, Macao, China (e-mail:
Therefore, to solve the above problems, a hybrid coupled
xiaofanfu@[Link]). interlinking converter (HCIC) is proposed for the hybrid
Man-Chung Wong is with Electrical and Computer Engineering, AC/LVDC microgrid. The key features of the proposed HCIC
Faculty of Science and Technology, and the State Key Laboratory of system is that the coupled impedance is considered as one type
Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macao, China
(e-mail: mcwong@[Link]). of the static var compensator (SVC) with the controllable

0278-0046 (c) 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See [Link] for more information.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Imperial College London. Downloaded on June 20,2020 at 05:09:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIE.2020.3001802, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

impedance and the SVC part of HCIC enables to provide the response, etc. To enhance the current or power sharing
voltage drop between AC microgrid and LVDC microgrid. accuracy, the improved droop control scheme has been
With regards to the control of the interlinking converters, proposed in [15] and [16]. In some applications (e.g., fuel cells
droop control is a well-known strategy for the ICICs. It has the and batteries), the corresponding harmonic current is
advantages of no communication requirements between detrimental, for it may shorten the lifetime of devices.
converters, good power-sharing, high reliability, expandability Therefore, the harmonic control functions [17]-[19] have been
and modularity, and the low bandwidth, etc. However, as added in original droop methods. In [20] and [21], the main
mentioned in various literature [15]-[23], the conventional goals of the control system are to achieve satisfactory current
droop control suffers many drawbacks such as low accuracy, sharing and maintain the microgrid stability. In addition, other
lack of the ability of harmonic compensation, and slow factors like generation costs, efficiencies, and emission

TABLE I
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT INTERLINKING CONVERTERS
Converter
Control Number of Switching.
Stage Structure Voltage level Control Power Cost
Complexity switches Loss.
Rating
P/Q exchange or
AC:200/380/400V 6
Single ICIC [1]-[3] voltage control, or Low High Medium Medium
DC 400/600/800V
power quality
P/Q exchange and
Single Parallel multiply ICICs AC:380/400V 6N
harmonic High High High High
-stage [4]-[6] DC:600/800V
compensation
Auxiliary ICIC +
AC:200V 6 (+6 Diode)
paralleled diode rectifier As active filter Medium Low Medium Medium
DC 370V
[7]
Back to Back Connected AC:3.5kV P/Q flow+ voltage 12
High High High High
ICIC [8], [9] DC 3.5kV stability
ICIC + Boost converter AC:180/310V P/Q exchange+ 8
High High High Medium
[10], [11] DC 300/380V voltage control
Multi-
stages Voltage boost+
AC:400V 7
ICIC + qZSI [12] unbalance High High High Medium
DC 420V
condition control
ICIC + DC transformer AC:400V AC/DC bus 14
High High High High
[13], [14] DC 400V voltage control
P/Q exchange +
Single- Proposed HCIC AC:200V 6 IGBTs+6
voltage control + High Low Low Medium
stage (new droop control) DC 200V thyristors
power quality

Fig. 1. Circuit configuration of HCIC and its proposed control block.

0278-0046 (c) 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See [Link] for more information.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Imperial College London. Downloaded on June 20,2020 at 05:09:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIE.2020.3001802, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

penalties at different load demands have been considered in purpose of the P-Q-α droop control is to compensate the
[22] and [23]. However, all above state-of-the-art droop reactive power and provide a low impedance for injecting
controls [15]-[23] are effectively applied to the conventional active power from converter part. The firing angle αx of SVC
ICICs, but they cannot be directly applied to the proposed part can be different for each phase so that the unbalanced
HCIC. In [24] and [25], the similar structure of the hybrid power is compensated.
active power filters (HAPFs) and hybrid grid-connected For the converter part, there are two control loops, namely:
inverter (HGCI) are proposed for reactive and harmonic and/or the fundamental droop control and harmonic control. Based on
active power compensation. However, the instantaneous PQ the controllable coupled impedance, a new P-δ and Q-P-V
control method is only adopted in [24] and [25]. Moreover, the droop controls are proposed for the fundamental power
HAPFs in [24] only act as power quality compensators and are injection. A fast harmonic control of the converter is developed
lack of active power transfer capability. Additionally, the for the instantaneous harmonic power compensation.
HGCI in [25] is not suitable for microgrid applications, for its
PQ control cannot affect the system voltage and frequency. III. PROPOSED CONTROL METHOD FOR HCIC
Therefore, in the paper, a new droop control method for the In this section, the control strategy of the HCIC is proposed,
HCIC is proposed in the hybrid AC/LVDC microgrid which includes three parts. In Part A, the fundamental droop
applications. The proposed control strategy enables the HCIC control is developed for the proposed HCIC and the comparison
to act as PV inverter, load converter, and power quality between the control of the conventional ICICs and that of the
compensator. Moreover, the proposed HCIC can be beneficial proposed HCIC is made. Then in Part B, a harmonic control
to the grids to unify the frequencies and voltages in microgrids. method is given for HCIC. Finally, in Part C, the overall
Thus, the proposed HCIC is available to connect with other ICs control strategy of the proposed HCIC is summarized.
and HCICs in parallel and it is suitable to microgrid
A. Fundamental Droop Control of the Proposed HCIC
applications.
Compared with the topologies and controls of the existing A.1 Proposed P-δ and Q-P-V droop control for
interlinking converters, the main objectives of this paper are: converter part
The power flow between the converter and the grid can be
• to propose a new structure of interlinking converter,
calculated as below[26], [27]:
namely, HCIC, composed of a converter in series with a
SVC for the hybrid AC/LVDC microgrid;
• to develop a new P-δ and Q-P-V droop control for the *
 VxVconxf V2  VxVconxf
converter part of HCIC, and P-Q-α droop control for the Pcxf = cos δ x − x  cos ϕ + sinδ x sinϕ (1)
 X X  X
SVC part of HCIC, for the control of fundamental active  
and reactive power flow in the hybrid AC/DC microgrids;  VxVconxf V2  VxVconxf
• and, to present a fast harmonic control for converter part of Q*cxf =  cos δ x − x  sinϕ + sinδ x cos ϕ (2)
 X X  X
HCIC for the instantaneous harmonic power 
compensation;
The layout of the paper is as follows. In Section II, the circuit where the subscript “f” represents the fundamental frequency
configuration and basic control block of the proposed HCIC are component, Vconxf is the fundamental output voltage of the
introduced. In Section III, the detailed control strategy for the converter; and δx represents the phase angle between Vx and
HCIC is developed, which includes P-δ, Q-P-V, and P-Q-α Vconxf. ϕ is related to the coupled impedance, X is the coupled
dedicated droop controls and a fast harmonic control. To verify impedance, and ϕ = -90° and ϕ = 90° are for capacitive and
the feasibility and validity of the proposed HCIC system, inductive coupled impedances, respectively. The variation of
simulation results and experimental verifications are provided the phase angle δx operation region is small [26], [27]. Thus, (1)
in Section IV and Section V, respectively. Finally, conclusions and (2) can be simplified into (3) and (4) for the capacitive
are drawn in Section VI. impedance as:

II. CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION AND BASIC CONTROL BLOCK * VxVconxf VxVconxf

Pcxf =− sin δ x ≈ − δx (3)
OF THE PROPOSED HCIC X SVC ( α x ) X SVC ( α x )
The circuit configurations of the conventional ICIC and the  VxVconxf 
Vx2
proposed HCIC are illustrated in Fig. 1. Here, the subscript ‘x’ Q*cxf = −  cos δ x −  (4)
denotes phase x = a, b, c; vsx, vx and vconx are the source voltage,  X SVC ( αx ) X ( α ) 
 SVC x 
load voltage, and converter voltage, respectively. isx, iLx, and icx
are source current, load current, and compensating current, For the fundamental converter voltage can be controlled by:
respectively. The SVC part of HCIC consists of a coupled
inductor Lc, a parallel capacitive CPF, and a thyristor-controlled X SVC ( α x ) * *
reactor (TCR) with an inductor LPF, as seen in Fig. 1. δx = − Pcxf = −mx ⋅ Pcxf (5)
Vx ⋅Vconxf
The control block of HCIC is provided in Fig. 1. a P-Q-α
droop control is proposed to control the SVC part of HCIC. The

0278-0046 (c) 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See [Link] for more information.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Imperial College London. Downloaded on June 20,2020 at 05:09:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIE.2020.3001802, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

2 2 control strategy enables to work for the controllable coupled

 X (α ) *   X SVC ( αx ) *  HCIC system.
Vconxf =  SVC x Pcxf  + Vx − Qcxf 
 Vx   Vx  A.2 Proposed P-Q-α droop control for SVC part
(6)
2 2
Besides of the droop control applied in converter part of
= ( n P ) + (V − n Q )
*
x cxf x
*
x cxf HCIC, the SVC part of HCIC is controlled by P-Q-α droop
control. As shown in (6), the Vconxf and XSVC(αx) are operated
together to determine the injected active and reactive power and
where mx and nx can be expressed as: if the Vconxf in (6) fixed, the injected Pcxf and Qcxf power range of
the HCIC can reach the maximum at the minimum value of
mx = nx Vconxf (7) XSVC(αx). The XSVC(αx) in (6) can be calculated by setting the
nx = X SVC ( α x ) Vx (8) derivative of Vconxf equal to zero.

From above (3)-(8), the XSVC(αx) can be given as: ∂Vconxf Vx2 ⋅ Qcxf
*
= 0 , X SVC ( α x ) =
∂X SVC ( α x ) 2 2 (11)

X SVC ( α x ) =
XTCR ( α x )XCPF
+ X Lc
( P ) + (Q )
*
cxf
*
cxf

XCPF − XTCR ( α x )
(9) By comparing the calculated XSVC(αx) in (9) and (11), the
π X LPF XCPF
= + X Lc firing angle αx can be determined. Considered (9) is
XCPF ( 2π − 2α x + sin 2α x ) − π X LPF complicated, a look-up table (LUT) between the firing angle αx
and the XSVC(αx) is created inside the controller. Besides, P-Q-αx
where XLc, XLPF and XCPF are the fundamental impedances of Lc, droop control of SVC part is plotted in Fig. 2, which presents
LPF, and CPF, respectively. Thus, the fundamental component the relationship between the active and reactive powers and the
vconxf* is expressed as: firing angle and the active and reactive powers can be
controlled by αx. Seen from Fig. 2, the reactive power can be
v*conxf = 2Vconxf sin (ωt + ϑx + δ x ) (10) positive (inductive reactive power) and negative (capacitive
reactive power) power.
where δx and Vconxf are from (5) and (6), respectively.
θ x = ωt + ϑx is the phase of grid voltage which is directly
obtained through phase lock loop (PLL).
Based on previous discussions, the comparisons between the
conventional droop control for ICIC and the proposed droop
control for HCIC are provided as Table II.
Active Power Pcxf*(W)

TABLE II
COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE CONVENTIONAL DROOP CONTROL FOR ICIC AND
THE PROPOSED DROOP CONTROL FOR HCIC
ICIC [26], [27] Proposed HCIC
Coupled
impedance
Inductive ϕ= 90° Inductive ϕ= 90° Capacitive ϕ=-90°
Active * VxVconxf * VxVconxf *
VxVconxf Firing Angle αx
Pcxf ≈ δx Pcxf ≈ δx Pcxf ≈− δx Reactive Power Qcxf*(var)
power XL X SVC ( α ) X SVC ( α ) (degree)
VxVconxf Vx2
Q*cxf =
VxVconxf Vx2  VxVconxf
Q*cxf = − 
Vx2 
 Fig. 2. P-Q-αx droop control of SVC part.
Reactive Q*cxf =
XL
cos δ x −
XL X SVC ( α )
cosδ x −
X SVC ( α )  X SVC( α )
cos δ x −
X SVC( α ) 

power

* mx = nx Vconxf mx = nx Vconxf
m in (5) mx = ∆δ x ∆Pcxf max
*
nx = ∆Vconxf ∆Qcxf
n in (6)
max
n x = X SVC ( α ) Vx n x = X SVC ( α ) Vx Inductive
SVC reactance (Ω)

In Table II, the droop control strategy modified its form for
converters with different types of coupled impedance.
Compared with fixed inductive coupled ICIC, the SVC part of
HCIC can be dynamically controlled by firing angle αx, which
can be inductive or capacitive. In particular, the droop control Capacitive

strategies for inductive coupled inverter and for capacitive

coupled inverter are in the opposite way. Thus, the
conventional droop control for ICICs does not work for the
controllable coupled HCIC. However, the proposed droop Firing Angle (Degree)

Fig. 3. Relationship between SVC reactance and firing angle.

0278-0046 (c) 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See [Link] for more information.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Imperial College London. Downloaded on June 20,2020 at 05:09:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIE.2020.3001802, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

It is necessary to point out that here the reactance XSVC(αx) is The system of (13) is transformed into the synchronous
affected by the active and reactive power passing through the orthogonal frame (d-q method [28]) with the simplifications
HCIC and the P-Q-α droop control is proposed for SVC part [29]:
of the HCIC. Fig. 3 shows the relationship between SVC
v*conhd =
1  c ( (
 −ω L 1 − L C ω 2 + L
PF PF
ɶ
PF ⋅ icq +) 
 )
reactance and the firing angle and the reactance of XSVC(αx) is  
1 − LPF CPF ω 2  1 − L C ω 2 v − L 1 − L C ω 2 + L
controlled by firing angle αx. Therefore, the XSVC(αx) reactance 
( PF PF d c ) ( (
PF PF PF ud 

) )
is not constant when the active and reactive power are not fixed. = K p1 ⋅ iɶcq + K p 2 ⋅ vd + K p3 ⋅ ud
While under the steady-state (fixed active power P and reactive (14)
power Q), the Xsvc(αx) reactance is fixed.
v*conhq =
1  c ( (
 −ω L 1 − L C ω 2 + L
PF PF
ɶ )
PF ⋅ icd +

 )
B. Harmonic Control of the Proposed HCIC  
1 − LPF CPF ω 2  1 − L C ω 2 v − L 1 − L C ω 2 + L
The converter is used to improve the filtering characteristics 
( PF PF q c ) ( (
PF PF PF uq 

) )
= K p1 ⋅ iɶcd + K p 2 ⋅ vq + K p3 ⋅ uq
of SVC part, suppress the harmonic power, and inject active
power. The fast harmonic control is compared with the (15)
fundamental droop control of HCIC. The proposed P-δ and
in which, K P1 =
( (
ω Lc 1 − LPF CPF ω 2
)+L ) PF
(16)
Q-P-V droop controls in converter is used to control the 2
1 − LPF CPF ω
fundamental active and reactive power, and the control period
is above one cycle. On the other hand, the purpose of the 1 − LPF CPF ω 2
fundamental P-Q-α droop control is to determinate SVC
K P2 = (17)
1 − LPF CPF ω 2
impedance and the SVC part has two back-to-back connected
thyristors T1x and T2x for each phase, and they are triggered
alternately in every half cycle, as shown in Fig. 4. K P3 =
(
Lc 1 − LPF CPF ω 2 + LPF ) (18)
1 − LPF CPF ω 2
Th_va
θx Alpha_a
αx
where Kp1, Kp2, and Kp3 are the proportional gains of the
Phase Angle

180
(Degree)

120

60
controller. With practical parameters of the proposed HCIC in
0 Table IV, the Kp1, Kp2, and Kp3 are calculated, which are 19.45,
1.50
Thy_T1 180ο−αx 1.00 and 0.06, respectively. In (14) and (15), icd, icq, vd, vq, ud,
T1x
Trigger

On
1.00
and uq can be expressed as:
State

0.50
Off
0.00
Thy_Tr2   2π   4π  
 cos θ a cos  θ a − cos  θ a −   ica 
3  3    
1.50
T2x  icd  2   
On
(19)
Trigger

1.00
 = icb
4π    
State

0.50  icq  3   2π  
 − sin θ a − sin  θ a − − sin  θ a −  
 icc 
Off
0.00
  3   3  
0.300 0.320 0.340 0.360 0.380 0.400 ...
0 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms 100ms ...
Time (s) ...   2π   4π  
 cos θ a cos  θ a − cos  θ a −   va 
Fig. 4. Generation of trigger signals for the thyristors of the SVC part.  vd  2   3   3    
 = vb (20)
 v q  3   2π   4π    
 − sin θ a − sin  θ a − − sin  θ a −  
 vc 
Compared with the relative slow fundamental droop control   3   3  
(0.02s), the fast harmonic droop control (above 1/(5kHz)) can  di 
enhance the overall control speed of the HCIC. The detailed ud   c ( ( )
L 1 − LPF CPF ω2 + LPF ⋅ cd   K ⋅
dt   p
) ( iɶLd − iɶcd )
control time of the proposed HCIC is provided in Table III.  = = (21)
uq   dicq   K ⋅ (iɶLq − iɶcq ) 
TABLE III
L
 c

( (
1 − L C
PF PF ω 2
+ LPF ⋅ )
dt 
 
p
)
CONTROL TIME OF THE PROPOSED HCIC
SVC part Converter part where iɶLq , iɶLd , iɶcq and iɶcd are the harmonic components of load
Fundamental droop control Total
Control P-Q-α P-δ and
Fast Harmonic
transient
current and the compensating currents in d-q frame,
control respectively. θa is obtained by va passing through the PLL. The
droop Q-P-V droop response
Time 20ms 20ms 1/(5kHz)* 10ms detailed derivation process of (14)-(21) can be found in [29].
*Note that the 5kHz is the switching frequency. The harmonic reference voltage vconxh* can be expressed as:
 
To achieve the above purposes, the reference converter  cos θ a − sin θ a 
 v*conah    *
voltage vconx* needs to be calculated. Using Kirchhoff’s voltage   2   2π   2π    vconhd 
 v*conbh  =  cos  θ a − − sin  θ a −  (22)
law, one can be written as:   3   3 
  3    v*conhq 
 v*conch  
dicx    4π   4π 
vconx = vx − Lc − vCPFx (12)  cos  θ a −  − sin  θ a − 
  3   3  
dt
dicx d 2vCPFx The final reference converter voltage can be given as:
vCPFx = LPF − LPF CPF (13)
dt dt 2

0278-0046 (c) 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See [Link] for more information.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Imperial College London. Downloaded on June 20,2020 at 05:09:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIE.2020.3001802, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

v*conx = v*conxf + v*conxh (23) where vce,n(t) and ice,n(t) are the collector-emitter voltage and
current of IGBT, respectively. Tf is the fundamental period and
where vconxf* and vconxh* are seen in (10) and (22), respectively. n is the number of IGBT.
C. Summary of Overall Control Strategy of the Proposed For the thyristor, each thyristor of SVC part only turns on
HCIC one time in a fundamental period, which is different from that
In Fig. 1, SVC part impedance XSVCx can be obtained from the IGBTs of the converter part does. In the HCIC applications,
(11) by proposed P-Q-α control. Then, by comparing the the on-state switching loss is the dominated loss of the thyristor
impedance XSVCx in (11) with (9), the firing angle αx can be that can be easily calculated as [24]:
n =6 n =6
obtained. Since (9) does not have a closed-form solution, a look
up table (LUT) has been created to directly obtain the firing
Psw(thyristor) = ∑ Pthy,n = ∑(UTO, n × ITAV , n + rT × ITRMS
2
,n ) (25)
n =0 n =0
angle αx with known XSVCx. By comparing the pre-calculated αx
of the phase θx, the trigger signals for the thyristor of the SVC where ITRMS,n is the RMS value of current passing through
part can be generated. thyristor, ITAV,n is the average value of current passing through
For the fundamental converter control, the fundamental thyristor, UTO is the thyristor threshold voltage, and rT is the
voltage reference vconxf* can be calculated through the proposed thyristor slope resistance. According to datasheet of thyristor
P-δ and Q-P-V droops from (5) and (6), and the reference
modules (PK110FG160), rt =~ 0.44mΩ and UTO = 0.25V.
converter voltage vconxh* is obtained through the harmonic loop
control in (19)-(22). Then, the final reference voltage is
AC Load increasing 100%Ic
obtained by summing up vconxf* and vconxh*. Finally, the trigger 20
THD
Ia iLx=11.8% Ib THDiLx=5.8%

Injected (Var) Current (V) Current (A) Current (A)

signals for converter is generated by voltage pulse width
10

Load
0

modulation (PWM). -10

-20

20
THDisx=1.7%
Ia_source Ib_source THDisx=0.8%
Ic_source

10

Source
IV. SIMULATION STUDY 0
-10

In this section, the comparative simulation results are -20

Ica ica Ica_ref
15.0
provided in Part A among the conventional IC (ICIC) [1]-[3],
Demand & &Injected
Reactive Power Reference

7.5
0.0
the recent ICIC + DC transformer [13], [14], and the proposed -7.5
-15.0
HCIC in terms of the response time, THD, the tracking 3.0k
Q_Load_tot
Reference ica*
Q_Inj_tot
Var Demand
accuracy, and the power loss. In Part B, the simulation results 2.0k

are provided to verify the feasibility and validation of the

1.0k
Var Injected
0.0

proposed structure and the proposed droop control of HCIC. 100

Total Power Loss2 PLoss=85W
Loss (W)

The parameters of the proposed HCIC and AC/DC microgrids

75
Power

50 PLoss=25W
25
for simulation are given in Table IV. 0
udc
Voltage (V)

600
Converter Voltage VDC=400V
400
DC

TABLE IV 200
PARAMETERS OF HCIC AND MICROGRIDS 0
Parameters Physical values 0.420
0 0.440 0.460
40ms 0.480 0.500
80ms 0.520 0.540
120ms 0.560 0.580
160ms 0.600 200ms ...
0.620
...
AC microgrid VLL, f, Ls 200V, 50Hz, 1mH Time (s) ...

DC microgrid VDC 200V (a)

HCIC Lc, LPF, CPF, 5mH, 30mH,160µF
Controller Kp1, Kp2, Kp3, Kp, KI 19.45, 1.00, 0.06, 500, 20 THD
Ia iLx=11.8% AC Load
Ib increasing 100% Ic THDiLx=5.8%
Current (A)

20
10
Load

A. Comparison of the Conventional ICIC, ICIC + DC 0

-10
Transformer, and the Proposed HCIC -20
THD isx=3.8% THDisx=1.8%
The switching loss of the conventional ICIC or ICIC + DC 20
Ia_source Ic_source Ib_source
Current (A)

10
Source

transformer is from the switching components (IGBTs) of the 0

converter part. In contrast, the switching loss of the HCIC -10
-20
consists of two parts: 1) switching loss of the IGBTs in the Total Power Loss2
160 PLoss=125W
converter part and 2) switching loss of the thyristors in the SVC
Loss (W)
Power

120

part. 80
40
PLoss=43W

For the IGBT, the switching loss is obtained by measuring 0

the collector-emitter voltage and current of each IGBT, the total Vidc udc
Voltage (V)

600
Converter Voltage VDCH=400V
converter switching losses can be found via (24) [24] [30]: 400
DC

DC Microgrid Voltage VDC=200V

200

n n 0
1 Tf
Psw( IGBT ) = ∑ Psw( IGBT ),n = ∑ ∫0 Tf
vce,n ( t ) ⋅ ice,n ( t )dt (24) 0.420
0 0.440 0.460
40ms 0.480 0.500
80ms 0.520
Time (s)
0.540 0.560 160ms
120ms 0.580 0.600 0.620
200ms

n =0 n=0
(b)

0278-0046 (c) 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See [Link] for more information.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Imperial College London. Downloaded on June 20,2020 at 05:09:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIE.2020.3001802, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

THD
Ia iLx=11.8% AC Load
Ib increasing 100% Ic THDiLx=5.8% B. Dynamic Performance of the HCIC
Loss (W) Injected (Var) Current (V) Current (A) Current (A)
20
10
Fig. 6 - Fig. 7 show the dynamic performance of the HCIC
Load
0
-10
-20 for absorbing active power (600W) and injecting active power
THDisx=3.7%
Ia_source Ic_source THDisx=1.2%
Ib_source
20
(-600W) from DC microgrid to AC microgrid. In 50ms, the AC
Source

10

local load current is suddenly increasing for about 100%. The

0
-10
-20

15.0
Ica_ref
Tracking error 0.33A ica Ica Tracking error 0.35A total harmonic distortions of the load current (THDiLx) are 12.8%
&Injected
Reactive Power Reference

7.5
0.0 and 5.8% for two sets of loads, respectively. The local load
-7.5
-15.0
Reference ica*
reactive power of the AC source current is compensated to
Q_Inj_tot Var Demand Q_Load_tot
3.0k
about zero. Moreover, the AC source current THDisx is lower
Demand &

2.0k
1.0k
0.0
Var Injected than 5%. Fig. 8 presents the performance of the HCIC for
100
Total Power Loss2 unbalanced loads compensation. Seen from Fig. 8, the AC
Power

source reactive powers are compensated to about zero from the

75 PLoss=55W
50 PLoss=20W
25
0
udc
original 510var, 290var, and 508var. Besides, the average value
Voltage (V)

600
of source active power is 600W (Psaf=460W, Psbf =620W, and
DC

400 Converter Voltage VDC=200V

200
0
Pscf =710W) before compensation. After HCIC operation, the
0.420
0 0.440 0.460
40ms 0.480 0.500
80ms 0.520 0.540
120ms 0.560 0.580
160ms 0.600 0.620
200ms ...
...
AC source active power is balanced to around 400W with
Time (s)
(c)
...
Pcxf=200W injection for each phase. Moreover, the AC source
Fig. 5. Performances of interlinking converters in terms of THD, tracking current THD are compensated to lower than 5% from 27.1%
accuracy, total power losses and operation voltage: (a) ICIC, (b) ICIC + DC (showing the worst phase).
transformer, and (c) proposed HCIC.

Seen from Fig. 5, the conventional ICIC have less response AC Load increasing 100%

Power (var) Power (W) Current (A) Current (A) Voltage (V)
Ea_source Eb_source Ec_source
200

time than the proposed HCIC for the injected current and VAR Load
100
0

demand, and the conventional ICIC + DC transformer has the

-100
-200
THDiLx =12.8% THDiLx =5.8%
same response time for the injected current and VAR demand 20
Ia Ib Ic
Load

10
as the conventional ICIC does, which is ignored to show in Fig. 0
-10
5(b). Specifically, the SVC part of the proposed HCIC has two -20
THDisx=1.8%
THDisx=4.8%
Iass Ibss Icss
back-to-back connected thyristors T1x and T2x for each phase, 20
Source

10

and they are triggered alternately in every half cycle. Thus, the 0
-10

response time of SVC part is about one fundamental cycle -20

P_s PAC_Load P_L
(0.02s), Thankfully, the converter part can improve the 4.0k
Active

3.0k
response time of the SVC part, so that the overall response time 2.0k PAC_source 3Pcxf=600W
of HCIC can be less than 0.02s. Moreover, the proposed HCIC
1.0k
Q_s 3Pcxf=600W Q_L
1.5k
has better steady-state tracking accuracy and less power losses
Reactive

1.0k QAC_Load
than the conventional ICIC and ICIC+DC transformer do due to 0.5k
0.0
QAC_source

its high DC voltage. In addition, all three converters have 0

0.950 50ms
1.000 100ms
1.050 150ms
1.100 200ms
1.150 ...
...
satisfactory THD performances (<5%). Moreover, the detailed Time (s) ...

performances of these features are summarized in below Table Fig. 6. Dynamic performance of HCIC for DC load charging.
V.
Ea_source AC Load increasing 100%
Eb_source Ec_source
Power (var) Power (W) Current (A)Current (A) Voltage (V)

200
TABLE V 100
Load

0
COMPARISON OF ICIC, ICIC+DC TRANSFORMER AND HCIC -100
ICIC + DC Proposed -200
Converter type ICIC IaTHD iLx =12.8% THDiLx=5.8%
transformer HCIC 20
Ic Ib

Response time (ms) <1 <1 10 10

Load

0
Converter 1st load 1322 1322 611 -10

ratings (W) 2nd load 3870 3870 1935 -20

THDisx=2.8%
Iass Ibss Icss THDisx=1.6%
Tracking 1st load 93.5 93.5 96.1 20
Source

10
accuracy (%) 2nd load 96.7 96.7 98.2 0
-10
1st load 1.7 3.8 3.7 -20
THDisx (%) PAC_Load
2nd load 0.8 1.8 1.2 3.0k
P_L P_s
Active

1st load 25 43 20 2.0k

Power loss(W) 3Pcxf=-600W
2nd load PAC_source
1.0k
85 125 55 0.0
3Pcxf=-600W
Q_s Q_L
1.5k
Compared with the conventional ICIC + DC transformer in
Reactive

1.0k QAC_Lo ad
Table V, the proposed HCIC has the lower converter rating and 0.5k
0.0
QAC_source

switching loss. However, the transient time of HCIC is slightly 0

0.950 50ms
1.000 100ms
1.050 150ms
1.100 200ms
1.150 ...
...
longer than that of ICIC + DC transformer. But the transient Time (s) ...

time of HCIC is still less than one cycle. Fig. 7. Dynamic performance of HCIC for active power injection.

0278-0046 (c) 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See [Link] for more information.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Imperial College London. Downloaded on June 20,2020 at 05:09:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIE.2020.3001802, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

Before HCIC Connected

Ea_source Eb_source After HCIC Connected
Ec_source
200
THDisa=16.6% PF=0.99 THDisa=8.9%
Voltage (V)

100
200 PF=0.85 THDVa=4.6% THDVa=3.0% 20
Source

0
100 10

isa (A)
-100
0 0

va (V)
-200 THDisa=27.1% THDisa=4.7%
Iass THDisb=20.7% Ibss Icss THDisb=3.5% -100 -10
20
THDisc=27.1% THDisc=4.8% -200 -20
Current (A)

10 THDisb=16.4% PF=0.99 THDisb=9.1%

Source

0 200 PF=0.85 THDVb=4.7% THDVb=3.0% 20

10

isb (A)
-10 100

vb (V)
-20
0 0
P_source_a P_source_b P_source_c
800 Pscf -100 -10
Power (W)

700 Pave
-200 -20
PF=0.99 THDisc=9.5%
Active

600
Psbf THDisc=16.5%
500 Pcxf=200W 200 PF=0.85 THDVc=4.6% THDVc=3.0% 20
400 Psaf
300 100 10

isc (A)
0

vc (V)
600
Q_source_a
Qsaf Qscf
Q_source_b Q_source_c 0
-100 -10
Power (var)

500
Reactive

400
300 -200 HCIC on -20
200 Qsbf
100 0 40ms 80ms 120ms 160ms 200ms
0
0.900 0.950 1.000 1.050 1.100 1.150 1.200 ... Time (s)
0 50ms 100ms 150ms 200ms 250ms 300ms ...
... Fig. 10. Waveforms of vx and isx for balanced reactive power and harmonic
Time (s)
current compensation and active power injection at AC microgrid by using the
Fig. 8. Simulation results for unbalanced AC loads compensation before and
HCIC.
after HCIC operation.

0.58kvar
V. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATIONS 0.05kvar 0.72kW
0.61kW

The experimental prototype of the proposed HCIC

0.58kvar
0.72kW
0.05kvar 0.63kW

(110V-3.3kW) is constructed in the laboratory, shown in Fig. 9. 0.58kvar

0.04kvar 0.73kW
0.63kW
The digital control system of the HCIC consists of two 1.74kvar 2.17kW 1.87kW

paralleled digital signal processors (DSPs) TMS320F2812s,

0.14kW

and the basic settings of both DSPs are the same. The sampling
frequency of the control system is 25kHz in experiment (for (a) (b)
Fig. 11. Dynamic balanced inductive loads compensation by using the
both DSPs). For every 1/(25kHz) period, the Timer will provide HCIC: (a) Qsxf (reactive power compensation) and (b) Psxf (active power
a signal to process analog to digital (A/D) conversion and the injection).
corresponding interrupt. After processing the proposed control
strategy, the output hysteresis PWMs signal will be generated
and the maximum PWM switching frequency is 12.5kHz.
Meanwhile, the SanRex PK110FG160 thyristors are used for
the SVC part of the HCIC, and the Mitsubishi IGBT intelligent
power modules PM300DSA60 are employed as the switching
devices of the converter part of the HCIC. To capture the
experimental results, the voltage and current waveforms are
measured by an oscilloscope “Yokogawa DL750” and the (a) (b)
current harmonic spectrums for three-phase are measured by a
Fig. 12. Experimental phasor diagrams of vx and isxf for balanced inductive
power quality analyzer named “Fluke 435”. The parameters for loads: (a) before HCIC operation and (b) after HCIC operation.
experiments are the same as that for simulation study, shown in
Table IV. With referenced to the IEEE standard 519-2014 [31],
the current THDisx is required to be lower than 12% under the
conditions of ISC/IL ∈ 50, 100 based on the laboratory-scaled
setups in Fig. 9.

(a) (b)
Fig. 13. Experimental harmonic spectrum isx for balanced inductive loads:
(a) before HCIC operation and (b) after HCIC operation.

Fig. 10 - Fig. 13 illustrate the dynamic performances of

the HCIC before and after operation. In Fig. 11, the reactive
power 1.74kvar is flowing from AC microgrid into HCIC,
and the active power are injected from DC gird to AC grid.
As shown in Fig. 12, the AC microgrid current is reduced
Fig. 9. Photo of the lab-scaled experimental setup of the proposed HCIC.
from around 8.6A to 5.6A, and after HCIC operation the

0278-0046 (c) 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See [Link] for more information.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Imperial College London. Downloaded on June 20,2020 at 05:09:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIE.2020.3001802, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

voltage and current are in phase with each other as expected. each phase are also different. As shown in Fig. 14 and Fig. 17,
The voltage THDvx and current THDisx are improved from the HCIC improved the source current THDisx from 18.7% to
4.7% and 16.6% to 3.0% and 8.9%, respectively, as shown in 10.3% and source voltage THDVx from 4.7% to 3.0%, , shown
Fig. 10 and Fig. 13. the worst phase. Moreover, the worst phase PF is improved
from 0.59 to 0.99. From Fig. 15, it can be seen that the HCIC
PF=0.59 THDisa=18.7% PF=0.99 THDisa=9.4%
200 THDVa=4.6% THDVa=3.0% 20 compensated the Qsxf of each phase (0.56kvar, 0.28kvar and
100 10 0.58kvar) close to zero, and the different Psxf of each phase

isa (A)
va (V)

0 0
-10
(0.37kW, 0.57kW and 0.64kW) are compensated to
-100
-200 THDisb=17.4%
-20 approximately the same value by a total 210W power injection
PF=0.88 PF=0.99 THDisb=10.3%
200 THDVb=4.7% THDVb=3.0% 20 from DC grid to AC grid. In Fig. 16, the source currents are
10
100 reduced from 5.7A, 5.6A, and 7.6A to 4.3A, 4.7A, and 4.4A,

isb (A)
vb (V)

0 0
-100 -10 which are only slightly different, and after HCIC operation the
-200 PF=0.77 THDisc=13.4% PF=0.99 THDisc=10.3%
-20 source voltage and current are in phase with each other as
200 THDVc=4.6% THDVc=2.9% 20 expected.
100 10

isc (A)
vc (V)

0 0
-100 -10 VI. CONCLUSIONS
-200 HCIC on -20
A new structure of interlinking converter, namely, HCIC,
0 40ms 80ms 120ms 160ms 200ms
Time (s)
composed of a SVC in series with a converter, is proposed for
Fig. 14. Waveforms of vx and isx for unbalanced reactive power and harmonic the hybrid AC/LVDC microgrid system. Moreover, a new
current compensation and active power injection at AC microgrid by using the droop control method has been correspondingly developed for
HCIC.
the proposed HCIC system, and its fundamental active and
reactive power flow in microgrids has been controlled by the
0.56kvar
0.02kvar 0.37kW
0.43kW proposed P-δ and Q-P-V droop controls in the converter part of
0.28kvar
0.57kW
0.50kW HCIC, whereas P-Q-α droop has been proposed for the SVC
0.04kvar

0.58kvar
part of HCIC. Furthermore, a fast harmonic control has been
0.09kvar 0.64kW 0.44kW
given based on a decoupled control strategy to improve the
1.42kvar 1.58kW
0.15kvar 1.37kW 3*Pcxf* filtering characteristics of SVC part of HCIC, suppress the
harmonic power, and/or inject active power. To verify the
(a) (b) validation of the proposed HCIC topology and the
Fig. 15. Dynamic unbalanced inductive loads compensation by using the performances of the proposed control strategy, a prototype of
HCIC: (a) Qsxf (reactive power compensation) and (b) Psxf (active power 110V-3.3kV HCIC system has been constructed. Simulation
injection).
results and experimental verification demonstrate that the
proposed HCIC in the hybrid AC/LVDC microgrid has the
ability of good power flow control and good power quality
compensation. It not only meets the power flow requirements
with low cost/rating system, but also greatly promotes the
development of more robust hybrid AC/DC microgrids.

REFERENCES
(a) (b) [1] G. Venkataramanan and M. Illindala, “Microgrids and sensitive loads,” in
Fig. 16. Experimental phasor diagrams of vx and isxf for unbalanced inductive Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Winter Meeting, New York, vol. 1, pp.
loads: (a) before HCIC operation and (b) after HCIC operation. 315–322. Jan, 2002.
[2] H. Xiao, A. Luo, Z. Shuai, G. Jin and Y. Huang, “An improved control
method for multiple bidirectional power converters in hybrid AC/DC
microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid. vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 340-347, Jan. 2016.
[3] Z. Shuai, Y. Peng, J. M. Guerrero, Y. Li and J. Z. Shen, "Transient response
analysis of inverter-based microgrids under unbalanced conditions using
dynamic phasor model," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. , vol. 66, no. 4, pp.
2868-2879, Apr. 2019.
[4] T.-P. Chen, “Zero-sequence circulating current reduction method for
parallel HEPWM inverters between AC bus and DC bus,” IEEE Trans.
(a) (b) Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 290–300, Jan. 2012.
Fig. 17. Experimental harmonic spectrum isx for unbalanced inductive loads: [5] H. Xiao, A. Luo, Z. Shuai, G. Jin, and Y. Huang, “An improved control
(a) before HCIC operation and (b) after HCIC operation. method for multiple bidirectional power converters in hybrid AC/DC
microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 340–347, Jan. 2016.
[6] Y. Xia, Y. Peng, P. Yang, M. Yu, and W. Wei, “Distributed coordination
Fig. 14- Fig. 17 show the dynamic performances of the control for multiple bidirectional power converters in a hybrid AC/DC
HCIC before and after operation for the unbalanced loads. At microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 4949–4959,
the unbalanced loads situations, the firing angles of SVC part Jun. 2017.
are different for each phase, and the compensating currents of [7] C. Hou and Y. Huang, "Diode rectifier with auxiliary converter for hybrid

0278-0046 (c) 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See [Link] for more information.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Imperial College London. Downloaded on June 20,2020 at 05:09:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIE.2020.3001802, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

AC/DC microgrids," IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 2, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 2152 - 2164, May 2014.
no. 4, pp. 1059-1069, Dec. 2014. [30] M.C. Wong, J. Tang, and Y.D. Han, “Cylindrical coordinate control of
[8] D. Salomonsson, L. Soder, and A. Sannino, “An adaptive control system for three-dimensional PWM technique in three-phase four-wired trilevel
a DC microgrid for data centers,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 44, no. 6, pp. inverter,” IEEE Trans. Power. Electron., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 208-220, Jan.
1910–1917, Nov./Dec. 2008. 2003.
[9] R. Majumder, “A hybrid microgrid with DC connection at back to back [31] IEEE recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in
converters,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 251–259, Jan. 2014. electrical power systems, 2014, IEEE Standard 519-2014.
[10] P. C. Loh, D. Li, Y. K. Chai, and F. Blaabjerg, “Hybrid AC–DC
microgrids with energy storages and progressive energy flow tuning,” Lei Wang (M’17) received the [Link]. degree in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering from
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1533–1543, Apr. 2013.
University of Macau (UM), Macao SAR, P. R.
[11] P. Wang et al., “Distributed control for autonomous operation of a
China, in 2011, [Link]. degree in Electronics
three-port AC/DC/DS hybrid microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.
Engineering from Hong Kong University of Science
62, no. 2, pp. 1279–1290, Feb. 2015. and Technology (HKUST), Hong Kong SAR, P. R.
[12] J. Khajesalehi, K. Sheshyekani, M. Hamzeh and E. Afjei, “Maximum China, in 2012. and Ph.D. degree in Electrical and
constant boost approach for controlling quasi-Z-source based interlinking Computer Engineering from University of Macau
converters in hybrid AC–DC microgrids,” IET Gener. Transmiss. Distrib., (UM), Macao SAR, P. R. China, in 2017.
vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 938-948, Mar. 2016. He was a postdoctoral fellow in the Power
[13] J. Huang, J. Xiao, C. Wen, P. Wang and A. Zhang, "Implementation of Electronics Laboratory of UM from Jan. 2017 to Feb.
bidirectional resonant DC transformer in hybrid AC/DC micro-grid," IEEE 2019. He was a visiting fellow in department of electrical and computer
Trans. Smart Grid .,vol. 10. no. 2, pp. 1532-1542, Mar. 2019. engineering, University of Auckland, from Feb. 2019 to Aug. 2019. In 2019, he
[14] J. Huang et al., "Robust circuit parameters design for the CLLC-type DC joined College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University,
transformer in the hybrid AC/DC microgrid," IEEE Trans. Ind. Changsha, China, where he is currently a Full Professor.
Electron,.vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1906-1918, Mar. 2019. He has authored 1 Springer books, 1 Elsevier book chapter, 5 patents (U.S.A
[15] H. C. Chiang, K. K. Jen, and G. H. You, “Improved droop control method and China) and over 30 journal and conference papers. Dr. Wang received the
with precise current sharing and voltage regulation,” IET Power Electron., champion award in the “Schneider Electric Energy Efficiency Cup”, Hong
vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 789–800, 2016. Kong, 2011, Macao Science and Technology R&D Award for Postgraduates
[16] Y. Liu, T. C. Green, J. Wu, K. Rouzbehi, A. Raza, and D. Xu, ‘‘A new (Ph.D) in 2018.
droop coefficient design method for accurate power-sharing in
VSC-MTDC systems,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 47605–47614, 2019. Xiaofan Fu (M’16) received the [Link]. degree in
[17] D. Pérez-Estévez, J. Doval-Gandoy and J. M. Guerrero, "AC-voltage electrical engineering from Taiyuan University of
harmonic control for stand-alone and weak-grid-tied converter," IEEE Technology, Taiyuan, China, in 2003; received the
Trans. on Ind. Appl. vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 403-421, Jan/Feb. 2020. [Link]. degree in electrical engineering from
[18] A. Micallef, M. Apap, C. S. Staines, J. M. Guerrero, and J. C. Vasquez, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China, in 2006; from
“Reactive power sharing and voltage harmonic distortion compensation of 2006 to 2009, had systematic Ph.D. study in electrical
droop controlled single phase islanded microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Smart engineering at Southeast University, Nanjing, China;
Grid., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1149–1158, May 2014. and received the Ph.D. degree in electrical
[19] G. Liu, T. Caldognetto, P. Mattavelli and P. Magnone, "Suppression of engineering from Université du Québec, École de
second-order harmonic current for droop-controlled distributed energy Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Canada, in 2016.
resource converters in dc microgrids," IEEE Trans. on Ind. Electron., vol. Currently, she works as a post-doctoral fellow at
67, no. 1, pp. 358-368, Jan. 2020. the State Key Laboratory of Internet of Thing for Smart City, University of
[20] F. Gao, S. Bozhko, A. Costabeber, G. Asher, and P. Wheeler, “Control Macau, Macau, China. Her research interests include grid integration of
design and voltage stability analysis of a droop-controlled electrical power renewable energy, smart grid and micro-grid technologies, and
system for more electric aircraft,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. voltage-source-converter family of HVDC.
12, pp. 9271-9281, Dec. 2017.
[21] W. Du et al., "A comparative study of two widely used grid-forming droop
Man-Chung Wong (SM’06) received the [Link].
controls on microgrid small signal stability," IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top.
and [Link]. degrees in Electrical and Electronics
Power Electron., Early Access Article, DOI
Engineering from University of Macau (UM),
10.1109/JESTPE.2019.2942491.
Macao, China, and got his Ph. D. degree from
[22] I. U. Nutkani, P. C. Loh, W. Peng, and F. Blaabjerg, “Cost-prioritized
Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua
droop schemes for autonomous AC microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Power
University, Beijing, P. R. China.
Electron., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 1109–1119, Feb. 2015.
He is currently a professor in the Department of
[23] I. U. Nutkani, P. C. Loh, and F. Blaabjerg, “Droop scheme with
Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
consideration of operating costs,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29,
of Macau and he was a visiting fellow in
no. 3, pp. 1047–1052, Mar. 2014.
Cambridge University, now he is affiliated with
[24] L. Wang, C. Lam and M. Wong, "The analysis of DC-link voltage,
State Key Laboratory of Internet of Thing Smart
compensation range, cost, reliability and power loss for shunt (hybrid)
City and Sate Key Laboratory of Analog and
active power filters,"2018 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy
Mixed Signal VLSI, University of Macau.
Engineering Conference (APPEEC), Kota Kinabalu, 2018, pp. 640-645.
He published four books and more than 150 technical journals and
[25] L. Wang, C. Lam, and M. Wong, "Analysis, control, and design of a hybrid
conference papers. He holds four U.S. patent and 8 Chinese patents. His
grid-connected inverter for renewable energy generation with power
research interests include integrated power electronics controllers, power
quality conditioning." IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 8, pp.
electronics converters, power quality compensators, renewable energy,
6755–6768, Aug.. 2017.
wireless power transfer and smart grid.
[26] A. Trivedi and M. Singh, ‘‘L1 adaptive droop control for AC microgrid
Prof. Wong was a recipient of Macao Science and Technology Invention
with small mesh network,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 65, no. 6, pp.
Awards (2nd Class at 2018, 3rd Class at 2014 and 2012 respectively) and Yong
4781–4789, Jun. 2018.
Scientist Award from Insituto Internacional De Macau at 2000, Young Scholar
[27] K. Lao, W. Deng, J. Sheng and N. Dai, "PQ-coupled strategy for droop
Award form University of Macau at 2001, Second Prize of 2003 Tsinghua
control in grid-connected capacitive-coupled inverter," in IEEE Access,
University Excellent Doctor Thesis Award. He was IEEE TENCON Macao
vol. 7, pp. 31663-31671, 2019.
2015 General Chair and IEEE APPEEC Macao 2019 General Chair. He was
[28] Z. Shuai, Y. Li, W. Wu, C. Tu, A. Luo and Z. J. Shen, "Divided DQ
Chair of IEEE Macau Section at 2014- 2015, he is currently the Chair of IEEE
small-signal model: a new perspective for the stability analysis of
Macau PES/PELS Joint Chapter and IEEE Region 10 Power and Energy
three-phase grid-tied inverters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 66, no. 8,
Society North Representative since 2015. Since 2017, he is department head of
pp. 6493-6504, Aug. 2019.
Electrical and Computer Engineering, FST, University of Macau.
[29] S. Rahmani, A. Hamadi, and K. Al-Haddad, “A combination of shunt
hybrid power filter and thyristor-controlled reactor for power quality,”

0278-0046 (c) 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See [Link] for more information.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Imperial College London. Downloaded on June 20,2020 at 05:09:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.