classmate
14.5EmI CONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS) Date
Page
Classification metal), Conduetors ond Semi Con ductors
on the basis c Coadictvityi
Chke basis c the velatve volues ch eletyical
Cenduckttty)(o) xe Srsktutty (p=) class:fied a
) Metals hey hase Aigk Condetuity tn Laa esistzuity
R) SemiConduetos: they have Conducttuity (o0 resistty
intex mo diate to metals and inSulators
DrsutoYs
Eleme ntal Semt Conductor s Siand Ge.
Compound Semicsuctors.
iy Onoont , cdS, Gats, cAse InP et
i ogontc Anthocene, deped palo Cyanines ete
W) orantc polyme rs Ply Pmole, pdy an line, pobpophene ete.
Ehergy band
the qxoup of clasely pocked energy leel s Cabed
energy band
Valence bond
The enes bands okiah aYe Compleiely iled at
Zexo Keluin axe (alled Valeae bnd.
Condctton loand
The enexqy band above, the valcnce lband Ps Called
Condetion band. the Conduction band may be emphy
Partially led
alassnate
Dat
Page
The gop beteen valence band aad the Carhctan
bond fS Called ener go
classitcation c metals,ConductaS and Seni (on
ductors
Conductors
Dn metas etex Conduc tico kond is faxtially
d Coasueiion band Can ovexlap the Valeate
band no enexq4 gaf. A large number af-fsee.
ele atot axe avoilatle toY Corsction andhence metals
|hove high Condctvity
tbn
ne
CS
E
VS
vevy Smal Eg oerbyping
Insulaors.
Sa tasulstos enerq4gap 13 very large.lE23e)
he alence band is Completely alled sbile
Conducion bond S emty , Elkctont Cannot-be excited
ra Valence bond to Conduetan band b apelyin
electyie ield tente electrcad Corductian is not posde
ekcton
chetqy
Ev
classHate
Date
Poge
SemiCorductogs
t absdate Zexo tempesaure (ok) tke Valene bond ?s
aled and Condation band is empy and fe materal
Lads a an insulator At xoom tempesature Sone
enaly ercited too Conductson bond. ttence at
|qher empercaYe SemiConductoys_acqutre Some Eorctict
Eletyon
knegy,
Cnductiuty
ntrin3ic Semi Conductor
i) Ltinsic Semi Conductex 2s a Are Semiaoducto
emaly genexated chasse Griers
i) Nesr abscute zero temper atre Semicondctoy
oct lake in Sulatoy. As temperatuse inlieaSeg' due to thera
energ Some clectron break free and Conduct adectichy
i) T¾e Vatanly ck an elethon inhe koond otth an
eecte Gage pstttve charge is Cated a hoe
2-tot Curren
D- le ctron Cunent
Dh- hole Cument
(-+) Sto)6e
elassmate
Date
Page
EztrinSic SemiConductoYS
DE is a type ch SemiConductor hat has been
daped ot6 snpar ities toalter its Condcfivity
The proce}s oh addtng Siitade imaurtby
atoms to pure SemiCocectox ike Sia)6e to enhance
eir electrical Candetutky s calld doping
N-bfe Semi Conducter? Rieedectyen
N-te Semi Condue tor is
outained by doping are 6e
emi CondrtoYS (ike S; (or (44
otA a Resta valent dogantike
)hea pesta valent taAdy
Latom ck p ocupies poStton in fke Iattice o Ge
One 1emains weakly bound to -ke parentatom
it) Elections ase majorrby choge Caxiers hile
hde xe minaty chorge Carriers
P-tpe Semi Condctor -
i) ptee SemiCondctox as
Canductors ike silox) Gel6
tyivalet impurhy ike
ALaminius
classMate
Date
Page
y The -tivalent dopant atong Jons Calent bnds oth
hast Ge(oo Si otoms clhele tRe bond beteen the toutÊ
negh baur and tnivalent atom h)a vacancay óy hale.
y The maforihy chorge Caiers are hdes an minority
Charge Carriers
Neteethe elea on and hole ConCentrahon tn a Semi ondetac
ntheonal equtlibAm nen= ;
Pan junction diodei
whena PtypeSemiCondec for Coystal
S_Jotned witf an n-bype SemiConducfor Crystal
+fen the gesulting arxangsment is Called apn juaci
Fomation ak p-N function
To make a N Junefion -the Nype ano Ptyee
afeyof nye Silicon, an aluninum filniS plaled
and heed taahgh tenexatre 586c almini
AtPfuces isto S:icon aad aptyfe Semi Canduc to iS
On a n-tyre SemiConducfox, Such afmtion
of Pxcqion n N=egion iS Caled P-N Jumchion.
fonation tke depeton een in a P-N Tunton
toncentofn qiodient, 4ole diffsefr rgion
cdassmute
Date
Page
When Qn eketon diffucey om nP it leaves
ehind inmobie pos:tye ion on tke n-Side a electons
Continue to diffuse a layea ek positive. chorge devebps on-ke
nSde ohtke funeton
Similay P-ide developes Jayer o negtie chor
immobile
’Duetopositive phorges h bide, mqatie charze4
p-Side ani electriead is Set cip acinssjunchan
The mothon o ckerge Caters die to electcel ts
ealted dst
>4sdat cussent stts, shich ts oppoSite ?n d:rechon o
tke diusion Current.
both axe egliale
The loss afaletton faon the ý-Yegion and gaia
of ielecton thu Pxqion Caijea fotential iffeenle
Laloy te junchion otRe -tuoo xejins
tRis Paterta tends to pse wen the moment o
often Caed a barnleAtential
Erample 14,3
(Fplo 34)
classmute
Date
Page
Pn Junetion diode inderfonard bias
A pn junchon ?s Satd to be feruard biald
1tk poSttie terminal ot the entesna( batte
iS Connected to P-sde and tke ne gafue t eninal
|to stke n-Side o P-njunction
Lafoxaxd biasng te faxcard ualtage. oses
Re poterial barier Vo , as a nSut o tfate rtie
barrier and widh ot dpleticn layex deceales
ke effecive Ualue okpotentlal baxxier in -torard
P-n Junctiea dicde cunder Teve3se bias3
A Ln junction is Satd to Teve Tse blase
if tRe PoSitive tesminal ct ReR erferna batfer
Cannected to n-Side and negie terminas PSide
fe eletve valhe tr bayxieY pateti under
bias 25 Cvav).
there S no Condecon acest
biaSing
Tever Se bias votape
Kevase CuYrent
Lea liafe Qnest.
dASSmte
Date
Page
V-Dchasa cter tsttes c P-n juntion dde
iy forward characteristcs
Cn platting a gsaph betieen foyhrd biai vo-Bate
ond foracd Cuent se qet kefollouing g1aph.
JSuitch
Threshold voltnge
voltage
wattage V=VeCaled
byand
(a.3y fo Se aad afox Si -the.
Knee Voltege
CurKeat thxaugh ke junctian starts increaSing xoapidly
oHth [Link] Shaoing ßee near variafion But bela
tfe Knee Voltage Re Vaxtatan in Curent is
land tke Cauxve
) ReverSe Chaactex sts
On plttag a qxaph between YevexSe
blel vottage And evese Cutent e geAe
SeveÍse chaxacteristics es shan in ure.
o tke Cunve we nte that sete ree rse
bia Sing o Pnunehon tae Current Svery Smali (A)
land nde pensent Votage upto Catain Yevexc
bial valtege, Knoan beak dDuon voltee
classmate
Date
Page
Yeverse bies boltagr ex eeds -the
eak douw n Valtage,the YeverSe aYYent
increale abrnpty Stkis
hS Cuxeat eceed ke xoted vale o Pn
ncaen il get dmaged
RecifexT iSa deice hich is csed for
Convertin aternathug Cunrentvoltage into direct Cusneat
Apptcatton c junction diode as a Rectier?
>all wave Rectiiex.
An altenating voltege s aggicd axoss adiade
Seie) oitk a load ReSistoY a pating Votege
01 affRar acIaS lood. aaly dusinge half celes
o Re ac inpnt duzing uAicA the cdzade isaxard
bialed Such xe ctifes is Called Half Jave
'xecifiex
iy Duringhe positive, halt Gcle ot e tnput te
Lohen Ais pos:ie aad Bis negative tken te
nder iard biased 'i enteTrsent
inpttc
dide D ander everSe biased. te nce the Cursent
Lond neSstor (R.
nus tke dkode Sent Cuseut durin posifiue
Load retlance
nce
Mente Dodc ats as
tene
biaed TeverSe s dode
D and bialed foroad
P,is Diade negalive BiS and pasitive sechen
A
inpatt oCycle hal tive Poss iy
wlorkintkegsDusing
Hure in
Sloun as
onnected
[Link] [Link]
Cente
AfB te the and tap Centre Befean 2aput
Ac
egual Provides hica cised Shomex
is ton
Constcflons
ectfer wave
sMFudl
Alave Full
t
>t
33 No P]
Page
Date
dsssmte
classnate
Date
Page
when A beComcj nejafie and B betones positive
iexse bialef and''stofulavd biased
thence D Schd Cuxent thxougk load vesistance.
Th the diode end tReCurent inbots
in-the Same dixztion4ence t siode octs
Las fatl oe fectfex.
entu-fap a)
ICene
2RL Out put
1i
at|
4
tur to tu to furtot