Introduction of

Hemisphere, Continents
and Oceans
Hemispheres

“The world is split by degrees north and south

of the equator. To the north of the equator is
known as the Northern Hemisphere, and south
of the equator is known as the Southern
Hemisphere. Dr. Thomas, (2013)”
Eastern Hemisphere

The Eastern Hemisphere is east of the

prime meridian and west of the International
Date Line. Most of Earth’s landmasses,
including all of Asia and Australia and most of
the Africa are part of the eastern
Hemisphere.
Western Hemisphere

The Western Hemisphere is west of the

prime meridian and east of the International
Date Line. The America’s, the western part
of the British Isles (including Ireland and
Wales) and the northwestern part of Africa
are land masses in the Western Hemisphere.
 The prime meridian is the line of 0° longitude, the
starting point for measuring distance both east and
west around Earth.

The prime meridian is arbitrary, meaning it could

be chosen to be anywhere. Any line of longitude (a
meridian) can serve as the 0° longitude line.
However, there is an international agreement that the
meridian that runs through Greenwich, England is
considered the official prime meridian. They chose
the meridian passing through the Royal Observatory
in Greenwich, England. The Greenwich Meridian
became the international standard for the prime
meridian.
UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)
The prime meridian also sets Coordinated Universal Time
(UTC). UTC never changes for daylight saving or anything
else. Just as the prime meridian is the standard for
longitude, UTC is the standard for time. All countries and
regions measure their time zones according to UTC.

There are 24 time zones in the world. If an event happens

at 11:00 a.m. in Houston, Texas, USA, it would be reported
at 12 p.m. in Orlando, Florida, USA, 4:00 p.m. in Morocco,
9:00 p.m. in Kolkata, India and 6:00 a.m. in Honolulu,
Hawai’i, USA. The event happened at 4:00 p.m. (1600) UTC.
 The prime meridian also helps establish the
International Date Line. Earth’s longitude measures
360°, so the halfway point from the prime meridian is
the 180° longitude line. The meridian at 180°
longitude is commonly known as the International
Date Line. As you pass the International Date Line,
you either add a day (going west) or subtract a day
(going east).
UTC world map
International Date Line (IDL)
International Date Line is an imaginary line on Earth’s surface
defining the boundary between one day and the next.

The International Date Line is located about 180° east (or

west). It is halfway around the world from the prime meridian (0°
Longitude), the reference point of time zones, which runs through
Greenwich, UK.

The International Date Line is the boundary where each

calendar day starts and is known as the “Line of Demarcation”
because it separates two calendar dates. When you cross the date
line traveling East, you subtract a day and if you cross the line
traveling West, you add a day.
Daylight Saving Time (DST)
Daylight Saving Time (DST) is the practice of turning the clock ahead
as warmer weather approaches and back as it becomes colder again.

The goal of Daylight Saving Time is to make better use of daylight by

prolonging the amount of time we can spend outside during daylight hours.

Daylight Saving Time, also called summer time, system for uniformly
advancing clocks, so as to extend daylight hours
during conventional waking time in the summer months. In countries in the
Northern Hemisphere, clocks are usually set ahead one hour in late March
or in April and are set back one hour in late September or in October.
Continents
 The world has seven continents: North and South America (sometimes
referred to as one continent called ‘The Americas’) Europe, Africa, Asia,
Australia (including Oceania), and Antarctica.

Note: The continent of Australasia and Oceania refers to a much larger

area than just Australia, because it includes Papua New Guinea,
Tasmania, New Zealand and many island groups in the South Pacific,
e.g. Fiji, Solomon, etc.
South America
The South America mainland is the southern part
of the bigger American landmass and situated in the
southern half of the globe. The equator goes through
the mainland offering a tropical atmosphere for a
significant part of the landmass with mild conditions
conceivable in the south. South America is encircled
by the Pacific Ocean on the western fringe and the
Atlantic Ocean on its eastern outskirt. This landmass
is the fourth biggest of the 7 mainland’s and is
comprised of twelve nations with Brazil being the
biggest as far as both land mass and populace.
South America
Map
 South America's southernmost islands, called
Tierra del Fuego, are under 1,120 kilometers (700
miles) from Antarctica. These islands even host
some Antarctic flying creatures, for example, gooney
birds, and terns. Early Spanish adventurers visiting
the islands just because saw little flames dabbing the
land. These flames, made by indigenous individuals,
appeared to drift on the water, which is likely how the
islands got their name—Tierra del Fuego signifies
"Place where there is Fire."
Angels Falls
 “South America is also home to the world’s
highest waterfall, Angel Falls, in the country of
Venezuela. Water flows more than 979 meters
(3,212 feet)—almost a mile. The falls are so
high that most of the water evaporates into
mist or is blown away by wind before it
reaches the ground.” – National Geographic
North America
The North American mainland is the third biggest
landmass and the fourth biggest by populace. It
incorporates the nations of Canada, United States,
Greenland, Mexico and the Latin American areas that
fill in as an association among North and South
America. The mainland is found totally in the northern
side of the equator and encompassed by the Arctic
Ocean toward the north, the Pacific Ocean toward
the West, and the Atlantic Ocean toward the east.
North America
Map
 “Youthful mountains—including the Rockies,
North America's biggest chain—ascend in the
West. A portion of Earth's most youthful mountains
are found in the Cascade Range of the U.S.
conditions of Washington, Oregon, and California.
A few tops there started to frame just around a
million years back—a wink of an eye in Earth's long
history. North America's more seasoned mountain
ranges ascend close to the East Coast of the
United States and Canada.”’ – National Geographic
Antarctica
Antarctica is the windiest, driest, and iciest spot on Earth.
Antarctica is bigger than Europe or Australia, yet not at all like
those continents, it has no perpetual human populace.

The terrain of Antarctica is arranged as the southernmost

land mass on Earth. The South Pole can be found here
among its gigantic enduring ice sheets and below zero
atmosphere. Antarctica is known as the coldest landmass and
has barely any neighborhood plants or animals considering
the way that an enormous bit of the terrain is campaigned in
sheets of ice that can be more than a mile-thick which
structures unending frigid mass.
 Antarctica is the fifth as far as size contrasted with
the other 7 mainland. Both Australia and Europe
could a fit in a comparative area that Antarctica
covers. The landmass is known for being incredibly
dry which qualifies it as the greatest desert region on
earth. Antarctica has one of the windiest and coldest
climates of the world's territories. Temperatures can
reach −90°C (−130 °F) in specific regions of the
landmass.
Antarctica Map
Mount Erebus
Deception Island
 “There at least two active volcanoes in Antarctica.
The highest, Mount Erebus (12,448 feet; 3,794
meters), boasts a permanent lake. The other lies on
Deception Island, off the Antarctic Peninsula.
Although eruptions in 1967 and 1969 damaged
science stations there, the island remains popular
with tourists, who can bathe in the water warmed by
the volcano while surrounded by ice.” – Antarctica:
The Southernmost Continent, Nola Redd, (2018)
Europe
Europe, the 6th biggest landmass, contains only seven
percent of the world's property. In complete region, the
landmass of Europe is just somewhat bigger than the nation of
Canada. In any case, the number of inhabitants in Europe is
more than twice that of South America. Europe has in excess
of 40 nations and huge numbers of the world's significant
urban communities, including London, the United Kingdom;
Paris, France; Berlin, Germany; Rome, Italy; Madrid, Spain;
and Moscow, Russia.

There are several bodies of water that surround the

continent of Europe. To the south, you will find the
Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, to the west is the
Atlantic Ocean, and to the north is the Arctic Ocean.
Europe
Map
Athens, Acropolis
“As a conceptual construct, Europa, as the more learned of
the ancient Greeks first conceived it, stood in sharp
contrast to both Asia and Libya, the name then applied to
the known northern part of Africa. Literally, Europa is now
thought to have meant “Mainland,” rather than the earlier
interpretation, “Sunset.” It appears to have suggested itself
to the Greeks, in their maritime world, as an appropriate
designation for the extensive northerly lands that lay
beyond, lands with characteristics vaguely known yet
clearly different from those inherent in the concepts of Asia
and Libya—both of which, relatively prosperous and
civilized, were associated closely with the culture of the
Greeks and their predecessors.” – William Berentsen
Africa
Africa, the second-biggest mainland, covers a territory multiple
occasions that of the United States. From north to south, Africa
extends around 8,000 kilometers (5,000 miles). It is associated with
Asia by the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt.

Africa is first in order; it is second in both population and size

among the Earth's seven mainland. The individuals of Africa are
spread across 54 distinct nations in Africa. This mainland is home to
15% of the total populace and the landmass makes up 20% of the
complete land region on planet earth. The equator goes through the
focal point of the mainland which accommodates to a great extent
warm and additionally tropical atmospheres. The northern and the
southern segment of Africa have more mild conditions.
 There are several bodies of water surrounding the
continent of Africa. You can find the Indian Ocean to the
southeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean
Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the northeast.
Africa
Map
Sahara Desert
 “The Sahara, which covers much of North Africa, is
the world’s largest hot desert. The world’s longest
river, the Nile, flows more than 6,560 kilometers
(4,100 miles) from its most remote headwaters in
Lake Victoria to the Mediterranean Sea in the north”-
National Geographic
Asia
Asia, the biggest mainland, extends from the eastern
Mediterranean Sea toward the western Pacific Ocean. There
are in excess of 40 nations in Asia. Some are among the
most-populated nations on the planet, including China, India,
and Indonesia. A little over half of Earth's populace lives in
Asia. In excess of 33% of the world's kin live in China and
India alone.

The majority of Asia's kin live in urban communities or

fruitful cultivating zones close to stream valleys, fields, and
drifts. The levels in Central Asia are generally inadmissible for
cultivating and are meagerly populated.
 Asia contains probably the most seasoned civic
establishments among the 7 landmasses including the nations
of China and Japan. Asia incorporates the Saudi Arabia
landmass with the oil-rich nations including the United Arab
Emirates and Kuwait. The landmass additionally incorporates
the assembling habitats of India and Japan and Hong Kong,
which is a main banking and corporate focus.
Asia
Map
Mount Everest
“Asia is the most mountainous of all the continents. More than
50 of the highest peaks in the world are in Asia. Mount
Everest, which reaches more than 8,849 meters (29,032 feet)
high in the Himalaya range, is the highest point on Earth.
These mountains have become major destination spots for
adventurous travelers.”- National Geographic
Australia
Australia is the smallest of the 7 landmasses
however is home to the 6th biggest nation which is
known by a similar name, Australia. The mainland
gets its name from the Latin word "australis" which
means mean southern. Because of the landmass'
geology and size, it is regularly alluded to as an
"island" mainland. Australia is encircled by two seas.
The Indian Ocean is found on the western side and
the Pacific Ocean is found on the eastern side.
 The landmass is now and then called Oceania, to
incorporate the a large number of small islands of the
Central Pacific and South Pacific, most prominently
Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia (counting the
U.S. province of Hawai'i). Notwithstanding, the
mainland of Australia itself incorporates just the
country of Australia, the eastern part of the island of
New Guinea (the country of Papua New Guinea) and
the island country of New Zealand.
Australia Map
(Oceania)
Great Barrier Reef
 “The Great Barrier Reef, off mainland
Australia’s northeast coast, is another living
laboratory. The world’s largest coral
reef ecosystem, it is home to thousands of
species of fish, sponges, marine mammals,
corals, and crustaceans. The reef itself is
1,920 kilometers (1,200 miles) of living coral
communities. By some estimates, it is the
world’s largest living organism.” - National
Geographic
Oceans
The world also has seven important oceans: North
and South Pacific, North and South Atlantic, the
Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Southern
Ocean. Oceans are of great importance for our
climate and in the tourism context they provide
opportunities for cruise holidays and beach
vacations.
Ocean of the World
“Historically, there are four named ocean basins: the Atlantic,
Pacific, Indian, and Arctic. However, most countries - including
the United States - now recognize the Southern (Antarctic) as
the fifth ocean basin. The Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian are the
most commonly known. The Southern Ocean is the 'newest'
named ocean basin. It is recognized by the U.S. Board on
Geographic Names as the body of water extending from the
coast of Antarctica to the line of latitude at 60 degrees South.
The boundaries of this ocean were proposed
to the International Hydrographic Organization in 2000.
However, not all countries agree on the proposed boundaries,
so this has yet to be ratified by members of the IHO. The U.S.
is a member of the IHO, represented by the NOS Office of
Coast Survey.” – National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 2020.
Pacific Ocean
 The Pacific is the biggest of these seas, covering 63,784,077
sq miles (165,200,000 km²). It fills the territory between the
western coastline of the Americas, the eastern coastlines of Asia
and Australia, and is topped toward the North and South by the
Arctic and Antarctic areas. Partially in view of the various tropical
islands of East Asia, the Pacific flaunts the longest absolute
shoreline, about 84,300 miles (135,663 km). It additionally holds
the most profound point on the world's ocean bottom, the
Challenger Deep in the Marianas Trench, close to the island of
Guam.

The Pacific Ocean isolates North America and South America

from Australia and Asia. It spreads from the Arctic region in the
north to the Antarctic in the south. It stretches to 12,300 miles
wide from Colombia to Indonesia, which is most of the way over
the planet. This number is more than multiple times the width of
the moon.
Atlantic Ocean
 The next largest ocean is the Atlantic, with an area
of 41,081,270 sq miles (106,400,000 km²). It is
bounded by the Americas to its west, and by the
western shores of Europe and Africa to its east. It
includes the Mediterranean, Caribbean and Baltic
Seas, and the Gulf of Mexico. Like the Pacific Ocean,
it reaches to the Arctic and Antarctica. It covers 29%
of the entirety of the Earth's water surface making it
second just to the Pacific Ocean.
Indian Ocean
 The Indian Ocean is the third biggest of the
world's five seas, making up about 20% of Earth's
water. Named after the nation of India, it is
circumscribed by Asia toward the north, Antarctica
toward the south, Australia toward the east, and
Africa toward the west. Home to an incredible
assortment of mankind from the beginning of time,
the Indian Ocean is additionally wealthy in outlandish
plant and creature species, and still supplies the
world with flavors, for example, dark pepper, nutmeg,
and ginger.
Arctic Ocean
 At 5,400,025 sq miles (13,986,000 km²), the Arctic is the
littlest and shallowest of the five Oceans, and falls generally
inside the Arctic Circle. It is encircled by the Eurasian and
North American mainland, and incorporates Hudson Bay and
the North and Barents Seas.
Because of its chilly temperature, part of the sea stays
secured by ice consistently; nonetheless, almost the entirety
of the water's surface is canvassed in ice during winter. The
water's salt levels differ during the time alongside
temperature, however the Arctic for the most part contains
less salt than the other four seas because of its low
dissipation rates and the enormous measure of freshwater
that is added to the sea by waterways and streams.
Southern Ocean
 The Southern Ocean, otherwise called the
Antarctic Ocean is a colossal waterway that
encompasses the whole mainland of Antarctica and
arrives at Australia and the southern finish of South
America. This sea is a littler waterway contrasted
with the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Indian
Ocean yet is greater than the Arctic Ocean. It covers
around four percent of the world's surface, which
allots to be 7,846,000 square miles.
Different Types of World Map
A map is an emblematic delineation which signifies
connections between components of some space, for
example, articles, locales, and subjects. Most World Maps are
attracted to a scale to communicate a proportion between at
least two units of estimation.

The word 'map' started from the Latin word "mappa" which
implied a napkin or paper. Since these were the typical
materials the most punctual guides of the World were drawn
on. There are different sorts of guides of the World and each
type presents an alternate sort of data. World Maps as a rule
incorporate a compass nose to demonstrate what direction is.
A. Climate Maps
 A climate map gives nonexclusive data about the
atmosphere and precipitation in a locale. Map
makers utilize various hues to portray distinctive
atmosphere or precipitation zones on the Climate
Map. They can likewise show the particular climatic
zones of a zone dependent on the temperature, the
measure of snow it gets or the normal number of
overcast days.
B. Economic or Resource Maps
 Economic or resource maps endeavor to speak to
the sort of common assets or monetary action
prevalent in a zone using various images or hues.
C. Physical Maps
 Physical maps speak to the physical highlights of
a region which may incorporate mountains,
waterways or lakes. Water bodies are normally
appeared in blue. Colors are additionally used to
show contrasts in land rises. While green is utilized to
delineate lower rises, orange or earthy colored show
higher heights.
D. Political Maps
 Political guides of the World do not represent to
any physical or geographical highlights. They
demonstrate nation capitals, significant urban
communities and political limits including state and
public limits. Contingent upon the detail of the World
guide, they may likewise incorporate areas of urban
communities, both large and small.
E. Road Maps
 Maps are one of the most broadly utilized map
types. Individuals use them for arranging excursions
and driving directions. Contingent upon the detail,
these guides show major and minor roadways and
streets other than air terminals, railroad tracks, city
areas and different focal points, for example, parks,
landmarks and so on.
F. Topographic Maps
 Topographic Maps include form lines to speak to
the shape and height of a specific zone. Lines that
are near one another show steep landscape while
lines far separated demonstrate level territory. While
geographical guides are like physical guides in work
as they show distinctive physical scene highlights,
they are diverse on the grounds that geological
guides use shape lines, and not colors, to show
changes in the landscape.
G. Thematic Maps
 Thematic Maps center around a specific topic or
subject. They are unique in relation to the six
different kinds of general reference maps as they
don't simply show physical or political highlights, for
example, streams, urban communities, streets,
heights or political divisions. These things are just
appeared as foundation data and reference focuses
to enhance the specific topic of the guide.