PERIODIC

CLASSIFICATION

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 WISE UP
 Classification of elements : We need to classify the elements to
i) Study the properties of elements. ii) Correlate the properties of elements
iii) Study the properties of compounds formed
 Atomic Number : The number of electrons (or) protons present in a neutral
atom.
 Mass Number : The number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of
an atom.
 Valence shell : The last shell or orbit of an atom is known as its valence shell or
ultimate shell and is represented by the letter 'n’
 Penultimate shell : The shell just before the ultimate shell is known as
penultimate shell and is represented by ‘n-1’.
 Antipenultimate shell : The shell before the penultimate shell is known as
antipenultimate shell and is represented by ‘n-2’.
 Valence electron(s): The electron(s) present in the outer most orbit of an atom
is (are) called valence electron(s).
 Core electrons : The electrons other than the valence electrons in an atom are
called core electrons.
 Electronic Configuration : The systematic
arrangement of electrons in various atomic
orbitals in the increasing order of their energies
is known as electronic configuration.
 The increasing order of various atomic orbitals is
as follows :
1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p.....
To write the electronic configuration easily, we
use the Moeller's diagram which is shown
below
 The elements are classified into s, p, d, f
blocks based on the differentiating electron.

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  Fill the following periodic table with symbol of elements.

MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

 It is based on modern periodic law which states that the properties of the
elements are the periodic function of their atomic numbers.
 It contains 18 groups and 7 periods.
Group number Common name General outermost
configuration
IA Group element Alkali Metals ns1
IIA Group elements Alkaline Earth Metals ns2
IIIA Group elements Boron family ns2np2
IVA Group elements Carbon family ns2np2
VA Group elements Nitrogen family (pnictogens) ns2np3
VIA Group elements Oxygen Family (Chalcogens) ns2np4
VIIA Group elements Halogens ns2np5
VIIIA Group elements Noble gases/Inert gases/ ns2np6
Aerogens/Zero group
elements

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 PERIODS
Periods : There are 7 horizontal rows in the periodic table. These are called
periods.
First Period : It contains only two elements Hydrogen and Helium. So, it is
called the 'shortest period'.
Second Period : It contains 8 elements Li, Be. B, C. N, O, F, Ne.
Third Period : It contains 8 elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl. Ar.
The second and the third periods are called ‘Short periods’.
Forth Period : It contains 18 elements from K to Kr (Z= 19 to 36).
Fifth period : It contains I8 elements from Rb to Xe (Z= 37 to 54).
The fourth and fifth periods are called "Long periods".
Sixth Period : It contains 32 elements from Cs to Rn and is called the 'Longest
period’(Z=55 to 86)

Seventh Period : It contains 32 elements from Fr to Og and is called the

'Longest period’ (Z=87to118)

GOLE - 1 SYNOPSIS

PERIODIC PROPERTIES
Introduction:

The properties which are directly or indirectly dependent on the electronic

configuration of the elements are called atomic properties or periodic
properties. The meaning of the word periodic is that a particular pnpery is
repeated in a system at regular intervals. In modem periodic table, these
intervals are 2.8,8, 18,18 and 32 i.e. similar properties are observed with
elements belonging to the same group which have been arranged in groups
after the difference of either 2 or 8or 18 or 32 in atomic numbers as similar
valence shell electronic configurations recur after certain regular intervals
of atomic number. This is the cause of periodicity in atomic properties.

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Modern periodic law:

According to Modern periodic law "the physical and chemical properties of

the elements are the periodic functions of their atomic numbers or the
electronic configuration".

Properties such as Atomic radii, lonization energy, Electron gain enthalpy,

Electronegativity, Electropositivity, Valency. Oxidation number etc. shows
periodicity.

To understand periodic properties in a better manner we should learn the

following terms.

1. The screening effect or shielding effect:

In a multi electron atom, the electrons of the valence shell are attracted
towards the nucleus and also these electrons are repelled by the electrons
present in the inner shells. On account of this, the actual force of attraction
between the nucleus and the valence electrons is some what decreased by
the repulsive force acting in opposite direction. This decrease in the force
of attraction exerted by the nucleus on the valence electrons due to the
presence of electrons in the inner shells, is called Screening effect or
Shielding effect.

The magnitude of the screening effect depends upon the number of inner
electrons, i.e., higher the number of inner electrons, greater shall be the
value of screening effect.

2. Effect nuclear charge :

Due to screening effect the valence electron experiences less attraction

towards nucleus. This brings decrease in the nuclear charge. The resultant
nuclear charge is termed as effective nuclear charge.

It is represented by Z*. [𝑍 ∗ = 𝑍 −
𝜎, 𝑍 ∗ 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
Z=Actual nuclear charge, 𝜎 screening constant]

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 Ex : Calculate the effective nuclear charge experienced by the 4s electron in
potassium atom (Z=19).

The Electronic configuration of K is Is² 2s² 2p2 3s² 3p²4s1 and this has 4
shells in it.
∴ (𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑓 )4𝑠 = 𝑍 − 𝜎

∴ 𝜎 = (0.85 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 (𝑛 − 1)𝑡ℎ 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 + 1.00

× 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 )

= 0.85 × 8 + 1.00 × 10 = 16.80

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑍 − 𝜎 = 19 − 16.80 = 2.20

GOAL – 1 ASSIGNMENT

I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. In the Modern Periodic Table, the period indicates the value of

a) Atomic number b)Atomic mass

c) Shell number d) Number of electrons in outer shell

2. Which of the following does not reflect periodicity

a) Bonding behaviour of elements

b) Electro negativity

c) Ionisation energy

d) Neutron / Proton ratio

3. According to modern periodic law, the chemical properties of the elements are
the periodic functions of their

a) Atomic mass b) Atomic number

c) Density d) Mass number

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4. The group number of element in periodic table indicates:

a) Valency with respect to hydrogen

b) The atomicity

c) The number of electrons in the outermost shell

d) Oxidation number

5. Elements belonging to same group of periodic table have generally the same

a) Electronic configuration

b) Number of electrons in outermost shell

c) Chemical properties

d) Physical properties

II. More than one correct answer type questions :

6. Which of the following statement(s) is / are correct?

a) 𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑓 of elements increases along the period

b) 𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑓 of elements increases down the group

c) Isoelectronic species have the same nuclear charge

d) Screening constant (𝜎) increases down group

7. Which of the following is/ are periodic properties

a) Atomic radii b) Valency

c) Oxidation number d) Ionisation energy

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III. Statement type question :

a) All the above statements are correct

b) All the above statements are incorrect

c) A and B are correct but C is incorrect

d) A and B are incorrect but C is correct

8. Statement (A) : Repeating the properties of elements in a regular intervals

known as periodicity.

Statement (B): Having the similar valence electronic configuration is cause of

periodicity.

Statement (C): Higher the inner electrons greater shall be the value of
screening effect.

[Link] (A): Effective nuclear charge is represented by Z*.

Statement (B): Z*equal to Z- 𝜎.

Statement (C): Z represents actual nuclear charge.

IV. Assertion & Reason type question:

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is correct, R is incorrect. d) A is incorrect but R is correct

10. Assertion (A): Elements belonging to same group have similar properties.

Reason (R): Same groups after the difference of cither 2 or 8 or 18 or 32 in

the atomic number and having similar valence shell electronic configuration have
similar properties.

11. Assertion (A): Second period consists of 8 elements.

Reason (R) : Second period is long period in the periodic table.

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V. Match the following :

12. A) Modern periodic low 1) 2,8,8,18,18,32

B) Screening constant 2) Electronic configuration

C) Periodicity interval 3) 𝜎

A B C A B C

a) 3 2 1 b) 2 3 1

c) 1 3 2 d) 3 1 2

13. Column – 1 Column – 2

A) Periodic property 1) Effective nuclear charge

B) Decrease of attraction of valence 2) Electronegativity, atomic radii

electrons

c) Atomic number 3) Modern periodic low

A B C A B C

a) 1 2 3 b) 2 1 3

c) 3 2 1 c) 1 3 2

Test yourself (Matrix Matching )

This question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column I are labeled A. B, C and D, while the statements in Column Il are labeled p, q, r, s and t. any given
statement in Column I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statements (s) in Column II. The
appropriate bubbles corresponding to the answers to these questions have to be darkened as illustrated in
the following example:
If the correct matches are A -p, s and t; B-q and r: C-p and q: and D-s and¡ then the correct darkening of
bubbles will
look like the following
Column – 1 Column – 2
A) Na p) IA Group
B) Cl q) 3rd period
C) Al r) P - block
D) O s) Non - metal
t) 2nd Period

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VI. Passsage type questions :

The decrease in the force of attraction exerted by the nucleus on the

valence electrons due to the presence of electrons in the inner shells, is
called Screening effect or Shielding effect.

14. The magnitude of screening effect is depends upon

a) Inner electrons b) Valence electrons

c) Valency d) Oxidation number

15. If atomic size increases, then screening effect also

a) Increses b) Decreases c) Will not change d) All

16. The decrease in the force of attraction exerted by the nucleus on the valence
electrons due to the presence of electrons in the inner shells, is called______

a) Screening effect b) Shielding effect

c) Both a & b d) Lanthanide contraction

17. Effective nuclear charge can be calculated by using the formula is

a)𝑍 ∗ = 𝑍 + 𝜎 b)𝑍 = 𝑍 ∗ + 𝜎 c) 𝑍 ∗ = 𝑍 − 𝜎 d) 𝜎 = 𝑍 ∗ − 𝑍

GOAL - 2 SYNOPSIS

ATOMIC RADII

Atomic radii defined as the distance between the centre of the nucleus and
the outer most shell where electrons are present.
It is expressed in nano metre (1nm = 10-9m) or in Angstrom units

(1A0=10-10m) or in pico meter (1pm = 10-12m)

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 Various names have been proposed for atomic radii depending upon their
nature of the atoms.
They are :

a) Covalent Radii b) van der Waals' radii

c) Crystal Radii (or) Metallic Radii

a. Covalent Radii : In a homo nuclear di-atomic molecule it is one half of the

distance between the centre of the two nuclei bonded by a single covalent bond.
Bond length 𝑑𝐴−𝐴 = 𝑟𝐴 + 𝑟𝐴 = 2𝑟𝐴
1
𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 = [𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ]
2

Ex: Bond distance in 𝐶𝑙2 molecule=198pm.

198
𝑟𝐶𝑙 = = 99𝑝𝑚
2

Homo nuclear di-atomic molecule

In a hetero nuclear diatomic molecule of AB type. if the bonding is purely

covalent, then the bond length 𝑑𝐴−𝐵 is equal to the sum of the convalent radii of
A and B. 𝑑𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑟𝐴 + 𝑟𝐵

Hetero nuclear di-atomic molecule

In case of molecules with one element with greater electronegativity than other,
then the bond length 𝑑𝐴−𝐵 is calculated as 𝑑𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑟𝐴 + 𝑟𝐵 − 0.09(χ𝐴 − χ𝐵 )

Where χ𝐴 and χ𝐵 are the electronegativities of the elements A and B.

*Covalent radius is used for non metals.

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b. an der Waals' radii : It is one half of the inter neuclear distance between the
two atoms of A and B, in the two neighbouring
molecules of the substance in the solid state.

NOTE : van der Waal’s radii of an element is

always larger than its covalent radii.

c. Crystal radii : It is also called metallic radii. It is defined as "half of the distance
between the nucleii of two adjacent metal atoms in the metallic closed packed
crystal lattice". It is used for metal atoms which are assumed to be closely packed
spheres in the metallic crystal.

Ex : The distance between the two adjacent Copper atoms in solid copper is
256 pm , hence the metallic radius of copper is 256/2=128 pm.

NOTE : Metallic radii is always layer than the covalent radii.

Comparision of three radii of an element :

Van der Waal’s radii> Metallic (crystal) radii >Covalent radii

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 GOAL - 2 ASSIGNMENT

I. MCQ with one correct answer

1. Covalent radi is used for

a) Metals b)Non- metals c) Both a and b d) Metalloids

2. Among the following, the correct order of radii is

a) Van der Waal’s radii¸ metallic radii

b) Metallic radii < van der Waal’s radii

c) Covalent radii > van der Waa’s radii

d) Crystal radius < Covalent radius

3. Which of the following vanderwaal's radi is the largest?

a)Ne b) Cl c) O d) F

4. A and B are two elements whose electronegativities χ𝐴 are χ𝐵 and where

χ𝐴 > χ𝐵 , then the bond length of d𝐴−𝐵 is given by

a) 𝑑𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑟𝐴 + 𝑟𝐵 − 0.09(χ𝐴 − χ𝐵 )

b) 𝑑𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑟𝐴 − 𝑟𝐵 − 0.99(χ𝐴 − χ𝐵 )

c) 𝑑𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑟𝐴 + 𝑟𝐵 − 0.99(χ𝐴 + χ𝐵 )

d) 𝑑𝐴−𝐵 = 𝑟𝐴 + 𝑟𝐵 − 0.09(χ𝐴 + χ𝐵 )

5. The distance between the centre of the nucleus and the outer most shell
where electrons are present is

a) Covalent radius b) van der Waal’s radius

c) Atomic radius d) Metallic radii

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II. More than one correct answer type questions :

6. Atomic radii expressed in

a) Nano meter b) Angstrom unit

c) Pico meter d) Dalton

7. Choose the incorrect statement among the following

a) Covalent radii is used for metals

b) Crystal radii is also called as covalent radii

c) Radius of cation larger than it's atom

d) 1A0=10-10 m

III. Statement type question :

8. Statement A : van der Waals' radii of an element is always larger than its
covalent radii.

Statement B : Metallic radii is always larger than the covalent radii.

Statement C : Crystal radius is used for metals

a) All the above statements are correct

b) All the above statements are incorrect

c) A, B are correct but C is incorrect

d) A, B are incorrect but C is correct

IV. Match the following:

9. SET- A SET – B

1) Atomic radii A) Non-metals

2) Radius of cation B) Metals

3) Crystal radius C)Z*

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 4) Covalent radius D) Nano meter

5) Effective nuclear charge E) Smaller than atomic radius

of parent atom

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

a) A D C B E b) D E B A C

C) D C A E B D) D A E B C

10. SET – A SET – B

1) e A) Covalent radius

2) r B) Charge of an electron

3) 𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑓 D) Atomic number

1 2 3 1 2 3

a) A C B b) B C A

c) C A B d) B A C

V. Passage type questions :

It is one half of the inter nuclear distance between the two atoms of A and
B, in the two neighbouring molecules of the substance in the solid state.
Vander wall's radii of an element is always larger than its covalent radii.

11. Atomic radius of an atom can be measured as

a) Covalent Radii b) Van der Waals' radii c) Crystal Radii d) All

12. The one half of the inter neuclear distance between the two atoms of A and
B, in the two neighbouring molecules of the substance in the solid state is called
as

a) Covalent Radii b) Van der Waals' radii

c) Crystal Radi d) Metallic Radii

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13. Arrange the Covalent Radi, Van der Waals' radii, Crystal Radii in increasing
order of its size

a) Van der Waal's radii < Metallic radii < Covalent radii

b) Van der Waal's radii > Covalent radii < Metallic radii

c) Covalent radii < Van der Waal's radii < Metallic radii

d) Covalent radii < Metallic radii < Van der Waal's radii

14. Crystal radii is also called as

a) Covalent Radii b) Van der Waals' radii

c) Metallic radii d)AII

GOAL - 3 SYNOPSIS

PERIODICITY OF ATOMIC RADII

Variation of atomic radii in period:

The atomic radii decreases from left to right along a period in the periodic
table. In a period the atomic number increases and distinguishing electrons
enters the same outer shell, hence nuclear charge increases. This increases
the attractions between the nucleus and the extra nuclear electrons as the
number of orbitals remain same. Due to this all electrons in orbitals are
pulled closer to the nucleus. This goes on from atom to atom in a period.
The atomic radius of inert gas is shown the largest in a period. Because of
its vanderwaal's radius which is generally larger than the covalent radii.

Example :

2nd period Li > Be > B > C > N > O > F < Ne

Atomic radii (in Ȧ) 1.23 0.89 0.82 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.72 1.60

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Variation in a group : In a group from top to bottom, atomic number increases.
the valence shell increases, hence the atomic radii increases. Ex: Li (1.23).
Na (1.57). K (2.03). Rb (2.16). Cs (2.35).

The increase in size is due to the presence of extra energy shells in the elements
as we go down the group.

In vertical columns of transition elements, there is an increase in the size from

the first member to the second member. But from the second member to the
third member, there is a small change in the size and some times sizes are same.
This is due to Lanthanide contraction

Lanthanide contraction: In lanthanides, the differentiating electron enter in to the

4f level. Since these electrons do not effectively screen the valence electron from
the increased nuclear charge, the size gradually decreases. This decrease is
termed as Lanthanide contraction.

Ionic Radii :

Definition:

It is a distance of outermost shell of an anion or

cation from its nucleus.

The radius of the cation is always smaller than the

atomic radius of parent atom.

Eg : Na> Na*

The radius of the anion is always larger than the atomic radius of the parent
atom.

Eg : Cl- >Cl

Iso electronic species : Some atoms and ions which contain the same number of
electrons are known as iso electronic species.

Eg:C-4,N-3,0-2

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The size of iso electronic ions decreases with increase in the atomic number

C-4>N-3>0-2> F->Ne>Na+>Mg+2> Al+3>Si+4

GOAL - 3 ASSIGNMENT
I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. Among the following the element with smallest covalent radii is

a) Be b)B c)C d) N

2. Choose correct set of representation of Atomic radius is

a) Li>Be>B b)C<N<0 c) Li<Be<B d) N<O<F

3. Which of the following is smallest in size?

a)Na+ b)N3- c)o2- d) F-

4. If we go from lithium to fluorine in the second period, there would be a

decrease in

a) Atomic mass b) Atomic radii c) Both a and b d) Atomic number

5. Among the following, the iso electronic species are

a) O-1,F- b) Mg+2,Ne c)O-2,Ar d)Na+, Cl-

6. The ions O-2, F-, Na+, Mg+[Link]+3 are iso electronic. Their ionic radii show

a) An increase from O-2 to F- and then decrease from Na+ to Al+3)

b) A decrease from O-²to F and then increase from Na+ to Al+3)

c) A significant increase from O-2 to Al+3

d) A significant decrease from O-210 A!+3

7. Among the following. the group which represents a collection of iso electronic
species is (atomic number of Cs = 55 and Br= 35)

a) N-3,F-,Na+ b) Be,Al+3,Cl-

c) Ca+2,Cs+1,Br d)Na+,Ca+2,Mg+2
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8. The ion having biggest size is

a) F- b) Cl- c) Br- d)I-

9. The ion with largest radius is

a) O-2 b) Mg+2 c) Na+ d) F-

10. The ionic radius of a cation is always

a) Less than atomic radius b) More than atomic radius

c) Equal to atomic radius d) Cannot be predicted

11. Among the following choose correct representation of Ionic radius is

a) Ti-<Mn+7 b) P+3<P+5 c) K+> Cl- d) P+3>P+5

II. More than one correct answer type question :

12. Among the following, the iso electronic species are

a) O-2,F- b)Mg+2,Ne c)O-2,Ar d) Na+,Mg2+

13. Which of the following is correct in order of increasing size?

a) I+<I<I- b) Fe<Fe2-<Fe3+ c)Fe3+<Fe2+<Fe d) Ti+4<Mn+7

14. Among the following ions, the set with isoelectronic ions is

a)N3-,Na+,Al3+ b) Mg2+,Ba2+,Ca2+ c) Na+,Mg+,Al3+ d) Ca2+,S2-,Cl-

III. Statement type questions :

15. Statement (A): The atomic radii in a group top to bottom increases.
Statement (B) : The atomic radii in a period left to right decreases.
Statement (C) : C-4, Si-4 are iso electronic species.

a) All the above statements are correct

b)All the above statements are incorrect
c) A, B are correct but C is incorrect
d) A, B are correct but C is correct

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IV. Match the following :

16. Column – 1 Column – 2

A) Atomic radii of Li 1) Decreasing lanthanides size gradually

B) F- Ion isoelectronic to 2)Al+3

c) Lanthanide contraction 3) 1.23 Ȧ

A B C A B C

a) 3 2 1 b) 2 1 3

c) 1 3 2 d) 3 1 2

V. Passage type questions :

The distance of outermost shell of an anion or cation from its nucleus is

called lonic Radius.
The radius of the cation is always smaller than the atomic radius of parent
atom. Eg: Na < Na
The radius of the anion is always larger than the atomic radius of the parent
atom. Eg: Ct > CI
Ions or atoms with same number of electrons are called Isoelectronic
species.

17. Fill in the gap with appropriate symbol: Radius of cation _____ atomic radius
of parent atom

a)< b)> c)= D) Cant’t predict

18. The species which contains same [Link] electrons are called as

a) Isotopes b) Isobars c) Isotones d) Isoelectronics

19. Which of the following statements is correct for the following Iso electronic
series? S2-, Cl- , K+, Ca2+
a) The size of the ions initially increases then decreasese
b) The ionic radius is decreases from left to right
c) Left to right no change in ionic radius d) None of these
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 CLASS ROOM ASSIGNMENT
ORANGE WORKSHEET

I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. Among the following, trends of ionic radii are correct is

a) F->Na+>Mg2+ b) Al3->0-2>N3- c) P3->Al3+<Cl- d) H->H+> He+

[Link] radii of fluorine and neon in Angstrom (Ã) units are respectively given
by

a)0.72,1.60 b) 1.60,1.60 c)0.72,0.72 d) Both b and c

3. Which one of the following is the smallest in size ?

a) N3- b) O2- c) F- d) Na-

II. Assertion and Reason type :

4. Assertion (A) : In case of isoelectronic ions the ionic size decreases with the
increase in atomic number
Reason(R) : The greater the attraction of nucleus, greater is the ionic radius

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c)A is correct. R is incorrect. d) A is incorrect but R is correct

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GOAL – 4 SYNOPSIS
IONIZATION ENERGY
Definition of Ionization Energy:

It is the minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from the

valence shell of an isolated neutral gaseous atom.

It is represented by I.E

The ionization energy required to remove first electron from neutral gaseous
atom is termed as first ionization energy (I.E1).

Similarly energy required to remove second and third electrons is referred as

second ionization energy(I.E2) and third ionization energy (I.E3) respectively.

M(g) →M+(g)+e- △H = IE1

M+(g) →M2+(g)+e- △H = IE2
M2+(g) →M3+(g)+e- △H = IE3
Generally, IE3>IE2>IE1
Ionization energy values are often expressed in [Link]/[Link] or KJ/[Link] or
KJ/mol or eV/atom

1 eV/atom = 23.06kcal/mol = 96.39KJ/mol

Factors affecting Ionization Energy:

[Link] size:

As the size of atom increases the nuclear attraction on valence electron

decreases. Therefore, in large atoms less energy is required to remove valence
electron i.e., lower IE or IP Value.

2. Nuclear Charge:

More the nuclear charge, the attraction between nucleii and the electron of
outer shell will be more, therefore more energy will be required for its removal.

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3. Shielding Effect or Screening Effect :

The phenomenon in which inner electrons acts as a screen or shield in between

nucleus and valence electrons and there by reducing nuclear charge is known as
shielding effect.

The increase in the inner electrons will tend to decrease the nuclear charge on
valence electrons and hence ionization energy will decrease.

4. Penetration effect :

he ionization potential also depends on the type of the subshell in which the
electron is present. As s-electron penetrates nearer to the nucleus, so it is more
tightly held than p-electrons and similarly d-electrons are more tightly held than
f-electrons. Therefore ionization energy decreases in the order of s, p, d & f
subshells. Hence ionization energy of s-electron is greater than p-electron. Which
in turn is greater than that of d-electron and so on.

Penetration power of s, p, d and f sub shells is s>p>d>f

5. Completely or half filled electronic configuration :

Half filled or completely filled electronic configurations are more stable and it is
difficult to remove electron and thus ionization energy is more i.e. removal of
electron from completely filled configuration requires much more IE than in a
normal case.

Eg: IE1 of N > IE1 of O but IE1 of O > IE1 of N, IE1 of Be>B

6. Net charge on the atom :

The energy required to remove the electron from an atom or ion is directly
proportional to the charge on the residual ion. The successive IE of various
electrons are in the following order:

1st < 2nd < 3rd < 4th < 5th and so on. Eg: Al+ <Al+2<Al+3

Page 26 of 108
Variation of Ionization energy in a period :

Generally ionization energy increases as we move from left to right along a

period, because with increase in atomic number in a period, nuclear charge
increases and hence electrons are more tightly held.

2nd Period Li Be B C N O F Ne
IE1 (in eV) 5.4 9.3 8.2 11.2 14.54 13.64 17.42 21.56
Note: Nitrogen has half filled p orbital. So it requires more ionization energy to
remove an electron.

Variation of Ionization energy in a group:

On moving down the group valence shell become far away from the nucleus and
thus nuclear attraction towards valence electrons decreases which results
decrease in ionization energy.

IA group Li Na K Rb Cs
IE (eV) 5.4 5.1 4.3 4.2 3.9

GOAL - 4 ASSIGNMENT

I. MCQ with one correct answer questions :

1. High ionization potential is exhibited by

a) Metals b)Non-metals c) Metalloid d) Radioactive elements

2. The element with the highest ionization energy is

a) Oxygen b) Nitrogen c) Helium d) Carbon

3. The set representing the correct order of first ionization enthalpy is

a) K>Na>Li b) Be>Mg<Ca c) B>C>N d) Ge>Si>C

Page 27 of 108
4. Ionization energy of nitrogen is more than oxygen because

a) Nucleus has more attraction for electrons.

b) Half filled p orbitals are more stable.

c) Nitrogen atom is small.

d) More penetration effect.

5. Among the Alkali metals, the metal highest ionization enthalpy is

a) Li b) Na c) Cs d) Rb

6. The element with the highest first ionization potential is

a) Boron b) Carbon c) Nitrogen d) Oxygen

II. MCQ with more than one correct answer :

7. The factors that influence the ionization energies are

a) size of the atom b) charge on the nucleus

c) the inner electrons which effectively screen the nuclear charge

d) Atomic number of the element

[Link] is correct about ionization potential ?

a)IE1 of n> IE1 of O b) IE2 of N>IE2 of O

c) IE2 of Li>IE2 of Ne d) IE1 of Al>IE1 of Ca

III. Statement type questions :

9. Statement A:The first ionization energy of Al is less than the first ionization
energy of Mg.
Statement B: The first ionization energy of Na is less than the first ionization
energy of Mg.
Statement C: The second ionization of Mg is greater than the second ionization
energy of Na.

Page 28 of 108
 a) All the statements are correct

b) All the statements are incorrect

c) A. B are correct and C is incorrect

d) A. B are incorrect and C is correct

10. Statement .A: Penetration power of s. p. d and f subshells are s>p>d>f.

Statement B : IE1 of N > IE1 of O but IE2 of O> IE2of N.
Statement C:IE3>IE2>IE1

a) All the statements are correct

b) All the statements are incorrect

c) A. B are correct and C is incorrect

d) A. B are incorrect and C is correct

11. Statement A : In large atoms less energy is required to remove valence

electrons
Statement B : The more the effective nuclear charge, the more will be the
ionization energy.
Statement C : If net charge increases ionization energy decreases.

a) All the statements are correct

b) All the statements are incorrect

c) A. B are correct and C is incorrect

d) A. B are incorrect and C is correct

IV. Assertion and reason type :

12. Assertion (A): The first ionization energy of Be is greater than that of B.
Reason (R) : 2p electrons are more loosely held than 2s electrons.

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is correct , R is In correct. d) A is incorrect but R is correct
Page 29 of 108
13. Assertion (A) : First ionization energy of nitrogen is lower than that of oxygen.
Reason (R): Across the period effective nuclear charge increases.

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is correct , R is In correct. d) A is incorrect but R is correct

14. Assertion (A): The highest 1.E. in a period is shown by noble gas.
Reason (R) : Noble gases are at the extreme right of the period.

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is correct , R is In correct. d) A is incorrect but R is correct

V. passage type question :

The Energy required to remove second and thind electrons from an uni
positive ion is referred as second ionization energy(I.E,)and third ionization
energy (1.E,) respectively.

M(g)→ M+(g)+0-e △H=IE1 M+(g)→M2+(g)+e- △H=IE2

M2+(g)→M3+(g)+e- △H=IE3 Generally, IE1>IE2>IE3

lonization energy values are often expressed in [Link]/[Link] or K/[Link] or
KJ/mol or eV/atom 1 eV/atom = 23.06kcal/mol =96.39KJ/mol

15. M+(g) →M+2(g)+e-, △H=IE2 indicates

a) First ionisation energy b) Third ionisation energy

c) Second ionisation energy d) None

16. 1 ev/atom is equal to

a) 23.06 kcal/mol b) 96.39 kj/mole

c) Both a& b d) 1.602 ×10-19 column

Page 30 of 108
17. From the above information choose the correct equation to represents first
ionisation energy

a) M(g) → M+(g)+e- b)M+(g) →M+2(g)+e-

c)M+2(g) →M+2(g)+e- d) None

18. Ionisation energy of an atom is expressed in

a) [Link]/mol b) KJ/mol c) KJ/atom d) Both a& b

VI. Match the following :

19. SET – A SET- B

1) 1ev/atom A) IE2

2) Mg++ e-→Mg2+ B) 23.06 [Link]/mole

3) Net charge on the atom C) decrease

4) In group I.E. D) Al+<Al+2<Al+3

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

a) A D C B b) C B D A

c) C D A B d) B A D C

CLASS ROOM ASSIGNMENT

ORANGE WORKSHEET

I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. The energy required to remove the second electron from an uni positive ion is

a) lonization energy b) First ionization energy

c) Second ionization energy d) Third ionization energy

Page 31 of 108
2. The first IE of magnesium is greater than that of aluminium because

a) Al atom is very large when compared to Mg

d) Al atom has an electron more when compared to Mg

c) Mg has a stable electronic configuration

b) Al atom has an electronic configuration

3. The second ionization energy can be represented as

a) M(s)→M+(g)+e- b) M+(g)→M2+(g)+e-

c) M(g)+e-→M-(g) d) M+2(g)→M3+(g)+e-

4. The first ionization potential of Na, Mg. Al and Si are in the order

a)Na<Mg>Al<Si b)Na>Mg>Al>Si
c)Na<Mg<Al<Si d)Na>Mg>Al<Si

II. MCQ with more than one correct answer :

5. Some statements related to ionization potential are given. Among them the
correct statements are

a) IE2 of sodium is greater than that of magnesium

b) IE2 of ncon is greater than that of oxygen

c) IE2 of lithium is greater than IE2 of helium

d) IE2 of lithium is greater than IE2 of beryllium

6. Atoms with high value of IE, always have

a) Large atomic radius b)Small atomic radius

c) Strongly bonded valence electron d) Loosely bonded valence electrons

Page 32 of 108
GOAL - 5 SYNOPSIS

ELECTRON AFFINITY (ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY)

Definition :

Electron Affinity of an element is equal to "The energy released when an electron

is added to valence shell of an isolated neutral gaseous atom".

(or)

When an electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom to convert it into a

negative ion, the enthalpy change accompanying the process is defined as
electron gain enthalpy. (△egH)

Ag+e-→A-1(g)e+EA1 △eg H1=-EA1

The addition of second electron in an anion is more difficult and energy is

needed to over power the repulsion forces between negatively charged atomic
sphere and the valence electron. This energy being greater than energy released
during gaining up of electron, i.e., why higher EA Values (EA2,EA3) are Endoergic
nature.
+𝑒 −
𝐴−(𝑔) + 𝑒 − → 𝐴2− (𝑔) → 𝐴3− (𝑔) Ex : O(g) + e- →𝑂(𝑔) △eg 𝐻1− = -140 KJ/mol
△eg H =+ EA2 △eg H=+EA3 (exothermic)
− − 2− −
i.e., EA3>EA2>EA1 O(g) + e → O(g) △ egH2 = +780 KJ/mol
EA2, EA3 are always endoergic (endothermic)

EA, Values are exoergic (however for some elements endoergic e.g. Noble gases,
and alkali earth metals) while rest are endoergic.

Factors affecting Electron Affinity:

The magnitude of electron affinity depends on number of factors such as :

Page 33 of 108
1. Atomic size :

The smaller is the size of the atom the stronger is the attraction for the
added electron towards the nucleus. Thus EA increases.
1
𝐸𝐴 ∝
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
Example : EA of Be > EA of Mg

2. Nuclear charge :

The greater the nuclear charge, the stronger the attraction for the added
electron towards the nucleus.
Thus EA increases as nuclear charge increases.

Example : EA of O< EA of F

[Link] configuration :

The elements with stable electronic configuration have very little or no

tendency to accept additional electron. Hence, EA is low or zero in these
cases.

Variation of Electron gain enthalpy or Electron Affinity in a group :

The electron affinity decreases from top to bottom as the atomic size increases
and added electron would be farther from the nucleus. But generally the second
element in a group i.e., third period element (IIA to VIIA groups) has greater
electron enthalpy than the first element i.e.. second period element due to
Electronic repulsions of the small size of the first element

Order of electron affinity of various groups is

Si > C > Ge > Sn > Pb (IVA group)

P > N > As > Sb > Bi (VA group)

S > Se > Te > Po > 0 (VIA gnoup)

Cl > F > Br > I (VIIA group)

Page 34 of 108
Variation of Electron gain enthalpy or Electron Affinity in a period:

Electron gain enthalpy increases across a period from left to right. The nuclear
charge increases from left to right across a period and consequently it will be
easier to add an electron to a smaller atom.

GOAL - 5 ASSIGNMENT
I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. The electron affinity for inert gases is likely to be

a) High b) Low c) Zero d) Positive

2. Increasing order of electron affinity is

a)N<O<CI<AI b) O<N<Al<Cl c) N<Al<O<Cl d) Cl<N<O<Al

3. The electronic configuration of four elements is given below. Arrange these

elements in the correct order of the magnitude(without sign ) of their electron
affinity.

i) 2s22p5 ii) 3s23p5 iii) 2s22p4 iv)3s23p4

Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

a) i<ii<iii<iv b) ii<i<iv<iii c) iii<iv<ii<I d) iii<iv<i<ii

4. The element with the highest electron affinity is

a) O b) F c) Cl d) N

II. More than one correct answer type question :

5. Which of the following factors will effect Electron affinity

a) Atomic size b) Electronic configuration

c) Nuclear charge d) Melting point

Page 35 of 108
6. Choose the correct order of electron affinity from the fallowing

a) Si>C>Ge>Sn>Pb b) P>N>As>Sb>Bi

c) S>Se>Tc>Po>O d) F>Cl>Br>I

III. Assertion and Reason type :

7. Assertion (A): Electron affinity of Oxygen is less than that of Fluorine but
greater than that of Nitrogen.

Reason (R) : Fluorine has small atomic size when compared to Oxygen and
Nitrogen

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is correct. R is incorrect.

d) A is incorrect but R is correct

IV. Statement type questions :

8. Statement A : Electron affinity increases with increase in the atomic number

across a period.[

Statement B : The element with octet electronic configuration will have low
electron affinity.

Statement C: The decreasing order of electron affinity of fluorine, chlorine and

bromine is F> Cl> Br

a) All the statements are correct b) All the statements are incorrect

c) A,B are correct and C is incorrect d) A,B are incorrect and C is correct

V. Passage type questions :

The addition of second electron to the anion is more difficult and energy is
needed to over come the repulsion forces between negatively charged atomic
sphere and the valence electron. This energy being greater than energy released
Page 36 of 108
during gaining up of electron, i.e., why higher EA Values (EA, EA,)are Endoergic
nature.
+𝑒
𝐴 𝑔) + 𝑒 − → 𝐴2− (𝑔) → 𝐴3− (𝑔)
−(

△eg H =+EA2 △eg H=+EA3

i.e., EA3>EA2>EA1

EA2,EA3 are always Endoergic

EA1 Values are exoergic (however for some elements endoergic e.g. Noble gases,
and alkali earth metals) while rest are endoergic.

9. If a student write △H = +EA,, here EA, indicates

a) First electron gain enthalpy b) Second electron gain enthalpy

c) Third electron gain enthalpy d) Second ionisation encrgy

10. If Ramu said two statements

i) EA1 values are always exoergic ii) Generally EA2 and EA3 are endoergic

Then what is your opinion

a) I is true, Il is false b) I is false, II is true

c) Both are correct d) Both are incorrect

11. Correct order of EA1, EA2 and EA3 values are

a) EA1<EA3<EA2 b) EA2<EA1<EA3

c) EA3>EA2>EA1 d) EA1>EA2<EA3

[Link] of electron gain enthalpy is

a) Kcal/mol b) KJ/mole c) No units d) Both a and b

Page 37 of 108
 CLASS ROOM ASSIGNMENT
ORANGE WORKSHEET

I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. Second and successive electron affinity of an element

a) is always successive (energy is released)

b) is always positive (energy is absorbed)

c) can be positive or negative d) is always zero

2. The electron affinity of K+(g) ion is numerically equal to

a) Electron affinity of Cl atom

b) Electronegativity of Cl atom

c) Ionization energy of Ar atom

d) Ionization energy of K atom

II. Assertion & Reason type question :

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A

c) A is correct, R is incorrect. d) A is incorrect but R is correct

3. Assertion (A) : Electron affnity of chlorine is more than that of fluorine.

Reason (R) : Fluorine has small atomic size than chlorine.

[Link] (A) : Electron gain enthalpy of O or F is less than that of the

succeeding element in their respective groups

Reason (R) : Electron gain enthalpy increases as we go down the group.

Page 38 of 108
III. Statement type question :

5. Statement A : The magnitude of E.A. depends on atomic size and electronic

configuration.

Statement B : The energy released is when an electron is added to a valence shell

of an isolated neutral gaseous atom.

Statement C : Electron gain enthalpy decreases with increase in the atomic

number across a period.

a) All the above statements are correct

b) All the above statements are incorrect

c) A, B are correct but C is incorrect

d) A, B are incorrect and C is correct.

IV. Match the following :

6. SET - A SET - B

1) Electron affinity A) s > p> d>f

2) Second IE B) 23.06 [Link]/mole

3) Penetration power c) A(g)+e-→A-(g) + EA1

4)1 ev/atom d M+(g) →M2-(g) +e-

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

a) A D C B b) C B D A

c) C D A B d) B C D A

Page 39 of 108
7. SEE – A SET – B

1) High electron affinity A) F

2) 2s2 2p5 B) Exoergic

3) EA1 C) Cl

4) EA2 & EA3 D) Endoergic

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

a) C A B D b) A B C D

c) A C B D d) B D C A

GOAL - 6 SYNOPSIS
ELECTRONEGATIVTY

Definition:

The tendency of an atom of an element to attract the shared pair of electrons in

a covalent bond towards its own direction is called Electronegativity.

Electronegativity is the property of bonded atom according to paulling scale

electronegitive values are compared with hydrogen so it is dimension less
quantity.

Expressions of Electronegativity :

The following approaches were used to express the electronegativity:

1) Pauling's Approach 2) Mulliken's Approach 3) Allred - Rochow scale

Page 40 of 108
1. Pauling's Approach:

In 1931 Linus Pauling proposed a scale of measurement of electronegativity (EN).

As per this scale, EN of an element is calculated from the values of bond
energies.

The bond energy of a compound (a diatomic molecule) A-B is taken as the

average value of the bond energies of A-A and B-B molecules.
1 1
𝐸𝐴−𝐵 = (𝐸𝐴−𝐴 + 𝐸𝐵−𝐵 ) 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝐴−𝐵 = (𝐸𝐴−𝐴 × 𝐸𝐵−𝐵 )2
2
But the experimentally determined values of Ea-, are found to be more than
calculated values. The extra bond energy is called △ (Delta).

∆(𝐴−𝐵) = [(𝐸𝐴−𝐵 )𝑒𝑥𝑝 − (𝐸𝐴−𝐵 )𝑐𝑎𝑙 ]

1
∆(𝐴−𝐵) = [(𝐸𝐴−𝐵 ) − (𝐸𝐴−𝐴 × 𝐸𝐵−𝐵 )2 ]

If χ𝐴 and χ𝐵 are EN values of A and B, then they are related to △(A-B), according to
Pauling by the following relation.

(χ𝐴 − χ𝐵 ) = 0.208 √∆(𝐴−𝐵)

Where △(A-B) is expressed in kcal/mol and

In SI units (χ𝐴 − χ𝐵 ) = 0.1017 √∆(𝐴−𝐵)

Where △(A-B) is expressed in kJ/mol

On Pouling scale,fluorine has the highest EN value i.e.,4.0

Note – 1 : (χ𝐴 − χ𝐵 ) = (𝑒𝑉 )−! 2 √∆ 𝐴 − 𝐵

1eV atom-1=23.06 Kcal mol-1=96.49 kJ mol-1

1eV atom-1=23.06 Kcal/mole

1
1
(23.06)−2 = = 0.208
√23.06

Page 41 of 108
 1eV atom-1=96.44 kJ/mole
1
1
(𝑒𝑉 )−2 = = 0.107
√96.44

Note – 2 : This scale gives dimenstionless electronegativity values.

2. Mulliken’s approach :

In 1937 Mulliken suggested that the electronegativity of the element is the

average of ionization energy and electron affinity.
𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 + 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
2
⇒ If the value of IP and EA are taken in Kcal/mol, then
(𝐼𝑃 )𝐴 + (𝐸𝐴)𝐴 (𝐼𝑃 )𝐴 + (𝐸𝐴)𝐴
𝑋𝐴 = =
2 × 62.5 125
(𝐼𝑃)𝐴 +(𝐸𝐴)𝐴
If the value of IP and EA are taken in KJ/mol, then𝑋𝐴 =
540

Relation between Pauling scale and Mulliken scale of EN

(EN)M=(2.8)(EN)p

Where

(EN)M =EN on Mulliken scale,

(EN)p=EN on Pauling scale

Note : Pauling’s EN values are commonly used value.

Mulliken value of EN are about 2.8 times more thanthe Pauling’s value.

Mulliken electro negative values are expressed in ev/atom,

Kcal/mol,Kj/mol,

Page 42 of 108
[Link] - Rochow scale:

Allred - Rochow defined EN as the electrostatic force exerted by the nucleus on

the valence electrons at a distance equal to the covalent radius.
This force F is given by

𝑒 2 , 𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝐹=
𝑟2
Where

e=charge of an elcctron.
r= Covalent radius.
Zeff= Effective nuclear charge

NOTE: The zero value of electronegativity for noble gases is due to their inert
nature.

GOAL - 6
ASSIGNMENT
I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. The electronegativity of inert gases is

a)1.5 b) 3.5 c)4.0 d)0

2. According to Mulliken, electronegativity of the element is

𝐼𝐸+𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐸−𝐸𝐴
a) 𝐸𝑁 = b) 𝐸𝑁 =
4 2
𝐼𝐸+𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴+𝐼𝐸
c) 𝐸𝑁 = d) 𝐸𝑁 =
2 6

3. Relation between electronegativity on Mulliken scale((EN)M) and Pauling

scale((EN)p)is
(𝐸𝑁)𝑀 (𝐸𝑁)𝑀
a) = (𝐸𝑁)𝑃 b) = (𝐸𝑁)𝑃
2.8 2

(𝐸𝑁)𝑃
c)(𝐸𝑁)𝑀 = (𝐸𝑁)𝑃 + 1 d) = (𝐸𝑁)𝑀
2.8

Page 43 of 108
4. The electronegativity value of neon is

a)4.0 b) 3.0 c) 2.1 d) 0

5. The most electronegative element is

a) N b) F c) O d) Cl

II. MCQ with more than one correct answer :

6. According to Mulliken, electronegativity of the element is

a) Avetage of ionization energy and electron affinity

𝐼𝐸−𝐸𝐴 𝐼𝐸+𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴+𝐼𝐸
b)𝐸𝑁 = c) 𝐸𝑁 = d)𝐸𝑁 =
2 2 6

7. Which among the following approaches were used to express the

electronegativity

a) Pauling's approach b)Mullikan's approach

c) Allred - Rochow scale d) Hund's approach

III. Statements type question :

8. Statement (A): Electronegativity is the property of isolated atom.

Statement (B): Noble gases have highest electronegative value i.e.,4.0

Statement (C): EN has no units.

a) All the above statements are correct

b) All the above statements are incorrect

c) A, B are correct but C is incorrect

d) A, B are incorrect and C is correct.

9. Statement (A): Electronegativity is the property of an isolated atom.

Statement (B) : The electronegativity values of elements in pauling scale will be

2.8 times more

Page 44 of 108
Statement (C): Noble gases have highest electronegative value i.e.. 4.0

a) All the above statements are correct

b) All the above statements are incorrect

c) A, B are correct but C is incorrect

d) A, B are incorrect and C is correct.

IV. Match the following :

10. Column – I Column – II

A) EN of Fluorine on Pauling scale 1) Bond energy of species

B) EN of Neon on Pauling scale 2) 0

c) According to Pauling EN depends 3) 4.0

4) EA,IE

A B C A B C

a) 3 2 4 b) 2 1 3

c) 3 2 1 d) 2 1 4
Test yourself (Matrix Matching)
This question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The
statements in Column I are labeled A, B, C and D, while the statements in Column II are
labeled p,q, r, s and t. any given statement in Column I can have correct matching with ONE
OR MORE statements (s) in Column II. The appropriate bubbles corresponding to the
answers to these questions have to be darkened as illustrated in the following example:
If the correct matches are A-p, s and t; B-q and r; C-p and q; and D-s and t; then the correct
darkening of bubbles will look like the following.
Column – 1 Column - 2
A) Na p) liquid at room temperature
B) Hg q) Metal
C)Br r)Valency is one
D) Au s) Halogen
t) +1 Oxidation state

Page 45 of 108
V. Passage type questions :

The tendency of an atom of an element to attract the shared pair of electrons in

a covalent bond towards its own direction is called Electronegativity.

Electronegativity is the property of bonded atom and it has no units.

Expressions of Electroncgativity :

The following approaches were used to express the electronegativity :

I) Pauling's Approach 2) Mulliken's Approach 3) Allred - Rochow scale

11. The electronegativity of oxygen on Pauling's scale is 3.5, on Milliken's scale is

a) 1.25 b)3.5 c) 9.8 d) All

12. In Allred- Rochow scale Zeff represents

a) Nuclear charge b) Effective nuclear charge

c) Charge of an electron d) All

13. Electro negativity is the property of

a) Isolated atoms b) Bonded atoms

c) Both a and b d) None of these

14. I: Mulliken scale is bigger than pauling's scale.

II: Pauling scale is bigger than Mulliken's scale.

a) Both I & II are correct b) Both I & II are incorrect

c) I is correct, II is incorrect d) I is incorrect, II is correct

Page 46 of 108
 CLASS ROOM ASSIGNMENT
ORANGE WORKSHEET

I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. The electronegativity of the following elements increases in the order

a) C,N,Si.P b)N,Si,C,P c) Si,P,C,N d) P,Si,N,C

2. According to Mulliken electronegativity is

𝐼.𝐸+𝐸.𝐴
a) 𝐸. 𝑁 = b) (𝐸. 𝑁)𝑀 = (2.8). (𝐸𝑁)𝑃
2

𝐼.𝐸 𝑒 2 .𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑓
c) 𝐸. 𝑁 = d) 𝐸. 𝑁 = 𝐹 =
2 𝑟2

3. The outermost electronic configuration of the most electronegative element is

a) ns² np3 b)ns² np4 c)ns² np5 d) ns2 np6

4. Accoring to pauling scale the units of electronegativity are

a) KJ/mole b)eV/atom

c) Kcal/mole d) Dimension less quantity

II. Assertion and Reason Type :

5. Assertion (A): On Pauling scale, fluorine has the highest EN value i.e, 4.0

Reason (R) : Fluorine has small atomic size.

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A

c) A is correct, R is incorrect.

d) A is incorrect but R is correct

Page 47 of 108
6. Assertion (A) : Smaller the size of an atom greater is the electronegativity.

Reason (R) : Electronegativity refers to the tendency of atom to attract shared

pair of electrons in a covalent bond towards its direction.

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is correct, R is incorrect. d)A is incorrect, R is correct

III. Match the following :

7. SET – A SET – B
𝐼.𝐸+𝐸.𝐴
1) Pauling scale A)𝐸. 𝑁 =
2

(𝐸.𝑁)𝑀
2) Mulliken’s scale B) (𝐸. 𝑁)𝑃 =
2.8

3) Relation between Pauling

𝑒 2 .𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑓
and Mulliken’s scale C) 𝐹 =
𝑟2

4) Allred & Rochow scale D) (𝑋𝐴 − 𝑋𝐵 ) = 0.208√∆(𝐴−𝐵) 𝐾𝐶𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

a) A D B C b) B A C D

c) D A B C d) C D B A

GOAL - 7 SYNOPSIS
FACTORS AFFECTING ELECTRONEGATIVITY
a) Nuclear Charge:

If the nuclear charge of an atom increases towards a shared pair of electrons

then the electronegativity also increases.

Page 48 of 108
b. Screening Effect:

More screening effect is produced by inner electrons, more repulsive force is

experienced by valence electrons. Therefore possibility of entry of electron will
be less. Therefore EN decreases.
1
𝐸. 𝑁 ∝
𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
c. Atomic size:

As the atomic size increases, the nuclear attractions on valence electrons

decreases, thus electronegativity decreases.
1
𝐸. 𝑁 ∝
𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
VII A group F Cl Br I
E.N. value 4.0 3.0 2.8 2.5
d. An atom with higher oxidation state is more electronegative, as it has more
effective nuclear charge.

Eg: Electronegativity of Fe3+> Electronegativity of Fe2+

1
[𝐸. 𝑁 ∝ 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒]. [𝐸. 𝑁 ∝ ]
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒

Variation of Electronegativity in a period :

On moving from left to right in a period, the electronegativity value increases

because atomic size decreases and nuclear charge increases.

2nd Period Li Be B C N O F Ne
E.N Value 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 0
Variation of Electronegativity in a group:

On moving down the group electronegativity decreases because atomic size

increases

NOTE: The highest electronegative clement is fluorine (F), while the least
electronegative element is Cs. However for Noble gases, EN value is zero (0)
Page 49 of 108
GOAL - 7 ASSIGNMENT

I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. Which is true about the clectronegativity order of the following elements?

a)P>Si b)C>N c)Br>CI d) Sr>Ca

c) Decreases carbon to oxygen and then increases

d) Increases from carbon to fluorine

2. The electronegativity of the following elements increases in the order of

a) F,Cl,Br,I b) I,Br,F,Cl c) I,Br,Cl,F d) F,I,Br,Cl

II. More than one correct answer type question

3. Predict the correct matching of element with its electro negativity

a) C – 2.5 b) N – 3.0 c) F – 4.0 d) Br – 2.5

4. Select the correct statements :

a) Electronegativity of an element ∝ Zeff

b) ELectronegativity of a cation ∝ charge on cation

c) Electronegativity ∝ s-character in hybrid orbital

d) Electronegativity of a anion ∝ charge on the anion

III. Assertion and Reason type :

5. Assertion (A): Ferrous ion has more electronegativity than ferric ion
Reason (R) :An atom with higher oxidation state has more effective naclear
charge.

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is correct, R is incorrect. d) A is incorrect, R is correct.

Page 50 of 108
IV Statement type questions :

a) All the statements are correct b) All the statements are incorrect

c) A. B are correct and C is incorrect d) A. B are correct and C is correct

6. Statement (A): On moving down the group electronegativity decreases.

Statement (B): Cs has least electronegativity

Statement (C): Cl has more electronegativity than F.

7. Statement (A): If atomic size increases, electrone gativity decreases.

Statement (B): With increase in oxidation state, electronegativity increases.

Statement (C) : As nuclear charge increases, electronegativity decreases.

[Link] type questions :

As the atomic size increases, the nuclear attractions on valence electrons

decreases. thus electronegativity decreases.

Element F Cl Br I
E.N. values 4.0 3.0 2.8 2.5
8. Electro negativity value of chlorine is

a) 3.0 b)2.5 c) 4.0 d) 2.8

9. The electronegative values of given elements in the table represents

a) Decreases from top to bottom in a group

b) Decreases from left to right in a period

c) Increases from top to bottom in a group

d) Decreases from right to left in a period

Page 51 of 108
10. Choose the incorrect statement from the following

a) Electronegativity decreases from left to right in a period

b) Electronegativity increases from top to bottom in a group

c) Electronegativity increases from right to left in a period

d) All of the above

11. Electro negative value of Argon is

a) 0 b) 2 c) 1 d) 3

CLASS ROOM ASSIGNMENT

ORANGE WORKSHEET

I. MCQ with more than one correct answer :

1. Which factors affecting electronegativit among the following.

a) Nuclear charge b) screening effect

c) Atomic size d) Oxidation state

II. Statement type questions :

a) All the statements are correct b) All the statements are incorrect

c) A. B are correct and C is incorrect d) A. B are correct and C is correct

[Link] (A): Electronegativity of F3+ is greater than electronegativity of Fe2+.

Statement (B): Screening effect increases as the Electronegativity decreases.

Statement (C):The highest electronegative element is F.

[Link] (A): If atomic size increases, electronegativity decreases.

Statement (B): With increase in oxidation statc, electronegativity increases.

Statement (C): As nuclear charge increases, electronegativity increases.

Page 52 of 108
III. Assertion and Reason type:

4. Assertion (A): Ferric ion is more electro negative than Ferrous ion.

Reason (R) : Atom with lower oxidation state is more electronegative than
atom with higher oxidation state.

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A

c)A is correct and R is incorrect d) A is incorrect and R is correct.

5. Assertion (A): Electronegativity of Fe3+ > Electronegativity of Fe3+

Reason (R): An atom with higher oxidation state has more effective nuclear
charge.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

c)A is correct and R is incorrect d) A is incorrect and R is correct.

IV Match the following :

6. Element Electronegative value

A) Fluorine 1) 0

B) Chlorine 2) 4.0

C) Neon 3) 3.0

A B C A B C

a) 2 3 1 b) 2 1 3

c) 1 2 3 d) 3 1 2

Page 53 of 108
7. Element Electronegativity

1) Li A) 2.0

2) Be B) 1.0

3) B C) 1.5

4) C D) 2.5

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

a) B C A D b) B A C D

c) B D A C d) D A C B

GOAL - 8 SYNOPSIS
ELECTRO POSITIVITY
Definition:

Tendency of atom of an clement to lose one or more electrons and form positive
ion is known as electropositivity.

Metals are electropositive in nature and have a tendency to lose electrons.

M→M++e-

As the electropositivity increases metallic nature also increases.

Factors affecting Electropositivity:

[Link] size :

Larger the size of the atom, the clement can lose the valence electron easily,
hence EP increases.

Page 54 of 108
[Link] charge:

The greater the nuclear charge, the stronger will be the attraction between the
nucleus and the valence electrons. Thus EP decreases as nuclear charge
increases.

[Link] effect:

Due to the increase in the shielding effect the valence electrons have less nuclear
attraction and thus can be easily removed. Therefore the greater the shielding
effect, the greater will be the EP.

Variation of electropositivity in a period :

In a period from left to right electropositivity decreases, this is due to increase in

ionization energy along a period which makes loss of electrons difficult.

Variation of electropositisity in a group:

In a group from top to bottom electropositivity increases. This is due to decrease

in ionization energy on going down a group.

GOAL - 8 ASSIGNMENT

I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. Electropositivity is seen in

a)Metalloids b)Metals
c) Non-metals d) Zero group element

[Link] most elcctropositive element in the periodic table is

a)Cs b) Ca c)Li d) Pb

II. More than one correct answer type question :

3. Which of the following elements are electro positive elements

a) Mg b)K c) Ca d) Cl
Page 55 of 108
4. Identify the factors that will effect the etropositivity of elements.

a) Atomic size b)Nuclear charge

c) Shielding effect d) Melting point

III. Statement type question :

5. Statement A: Metals are electropositive in nature.

Statement B: With increase in atomic size, electropositivity increases.

Statement C :As the shielding effect increases, EP decreases.

a) All the statements are correct

b) All the statements are incorrect

c) A. B are correct and C is incorrect

d) A, B are incorrect and C is correct

6. Statement A : With increase in nuclear charge, electropositivity decreases.

Statement B: As the EP increases metallic nature also increases.

Statement C: In a period from right to left EP decreases.

a) All the statements are correct

b) All the statements are incorrect

c) A. B are correct and C is incorrect

d) A, B are incorrect and C is correct

IV. Assertion and Reason type :

7. Assertion (A): Cs has highest EP.

Reason (R): Atomic size of Cs is large.

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is correct, R is incorrect d) A is incorrect, R is correct

Page 56 of 108
V. Match the following :

8. Factor effecting electro positivity Effect on electro positivity

A) Large atomic size 1) Greater electro positivity

B) Greater nuclear charge 2) Decreasing electro positivity of

elements

C) Increasing shielding effect 3) Large electro positivity

A B C A B C

a) 3 2 1 b) 1 3 2

c) 2 3 1 d) 2 1 3

VI. Passage type questions :

Metals are electropositive in nature and have a tendency to lose electrons.

M →M++e-
As the electropositivity increases metallic nature also increases

[Link] positive character of an element can be change by changing its

a) Nuclear charge b)Atomic radii

c) Shielding effect d) a,b and c

10. If an element exhibits loosing tendency of electrons then it is simply known

as

a)Metal b) Non-metal

c) Metalloid d) Radio active element

11. If electro positivity of an element increases then it metallic nature

a) Increases b) Decreases c) No change d)Both a & b

12. Electro positive elements by losing electrons can be formed as

a) Anions b) Cations c) Radicals d) All

Page 57 of 108
 CLASS ROOM ASSIGNMENT
ORANGE WORKSHEET

I. Assertion & Reason type :

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation of A

c) A is correct and R is incorrect d) A is incorrect and R is correct

1. Assertion (A): Outermost electronic configuration of most electropositive

elements is ns2np3.

Reason (R) : ns2 np3 is stable due to half filled subshell.

[Link] (A): Cs has Electro negative nature.

Reason (R) : Atomic size of Cs is large.

[Link] (A): Outermost electronic configuration of electropositive elements is

ns1.

Reason (R) : ns1 configuration is stable due to half filled subshell's

II. Statement type questions :

4. Statement (A) : Metals are electro positive in nature and have a tendency to
lose electrons

Statement (B): As the E.P increases metallic nature also increases.

Statement (C) : In a group from top to bottom Electro Positivity decreases.

a) All the above statements are correct

b) All the above statements are correct

c) A and B are correct but C is incorrect

b) All the above statements are incorrect

Page 58 of 108
GOAL - 9 SYNOPSIS

OXIDISING AND REDUSING PROPERTY

Oxidation : Removal of electrons or loss of electrons from an atom is called

oxidation.

Oxidising property : Elements with high EN have the property of pulling the
shared pair of electrons towards itself from the neighbouring bonded atom. This
property is called oxidising property.

Example : F>0>CI(Good oxidising agent having high oxidising property).

Reduction: Gain of electrons is reduction.

Reducing property : Elements with high EP and low IP have the property of losing
an electron. This property is called Reducing property.

Example : Na, Mg. Al. etc,(Good reducing agent having high reducing property)

Metallic and non-metallic property:

1) Metallic property:

Metals have the tendency to form cations by losing electrons

Metals are electropositive in nature

Metals are good reducing agents.

Metals have low IP and low EN values.

Example : Na, K. Al etc.,

2)Non-Metallic property :

Non-Metals have the tendency of pulling the shared pair of electrons towards
themselves.
Non-Metals are highly EN and possess high IP.

Page 59 of 108
 Non-Metals are good oxidising agents.

Example: C.N.O. S.P..etc.

Variation in a group : The metallic property increases down the group and non
metallic property decreases down the group, due to the following reasons:

i) IP decreases down the group

ii) Shielding effect increases.

iii) Nuclear charge decreases.

Example : In IVA group. Carbon is a non-metal where as Tin and Lead are
metals.

Variation in a period : The Metallic property decreases along the period from
left to right and non metallic property increases along the period, due to the
following reasons:

i) Nuclear charge increases in a period

ii) IP increases, EN increases.

Example : lA and IIA group elements are metals where as VIIA, VIIIA group
elements are non-metals

GOAL - 9 ASSIGNMENT

I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. Choose the incorrect statement

a) Loss of electrons is called oxidation.

b) Gain of electron is called reduction.

c) Non-metals are highly electronegative and possess high IP.

d) Metals have low IP and high EN values.

Page 60 of 108
2. Among the following, the element with metallic property is

a) P b) N c) K d) S

3. Across the period the reducing nature of elements

a) Increases b) Remains constant

c) Decreases d) Increases upto VA group and then decreases

II. MCQ with more than one correct answer :

4. Identify the periodic property which increases down the group.

a)Metallic property b) Non-metallic property

c) Electro positivity d) Electro negativity

5. Identify the factors that will effect the electro positivity of elements.

a) Atomic size b) Nuclear charge

c) Shielding effect d) Melting point

III. Statement type questions :

a) All the statements are correct

b) All the statements are incorrect

c) A. B are correct and C is incorrect

d) A, B are incorrect and C is correct

6. Statement A : Metals are good reducing agents.

Statement B : Metals lose electrons easily.

Statement C : Meals have low IP and high EN

7. Statement A : Down the group shielding effect increases.

Statement B : Across a period nuclear charge increases.

Statement C : Non-metals are highly EN and possess high IP.

Page 61 of 108
IV. Match the following :

8. A) Metal 1) Chlorine

B) Highest reducing agent 2) Cesium

C) Non metal 3) Magnesium

A B C A B C

a) 3 2 1 b) 1 2 3

b) 2 3 1 d) 1 3 2

V. Passage type questions :

Gain of electrons is reduction.

Reducing property : Elements with high EP and low IP have the property of losing
an electron. This property is called Reducing property.

Example : Na, Mg, Al. etc.

9. Loss or removal of electrons from an atom is known as

a) Reduction b)Oxidation

c) Redox d) Oxidising property

10. Generally the element having high EP and low IP exhibits

a) Oxidising property b) Reducing property

c) Reduction d) All

11. Among the following good reducing agents are

a)Metals b) Non-metals

c) Metalloids d) Both a & b

12. Among the following the element which acts as good reducing agent

a) O b) K c) Cl d) Br

Page 62 of 108
 CLASS ROOM ASSIGNMENT
ORANGE WORKSHEET

I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. Cause of reducing property is

a) Gaining electrons b) Lose of electrons

c) Sharing electrons d) Both a and c

2. As the electropositivity increases metallic nature

a) Increases b) Decreases

c) Remains constant d) No change

II. MCQ with more than one correct answer :

[Link] the correct statement

a) Loss of electrons is called oxidation

b) Gain of electrons is called reduction

c) Non-metals are highly electronegative

d) Metals have low IP and high EN values

III. Statements type questions :

4. Statement A : The metallic property decreases along the period from left to
right.

Statement B : The non-metallic property increases along the period.

Statement C : Metals have the tendency to form cations by gaining electrons

a) All the statements are correct b) All the statements are incorrect

c) A. B are correct and C is incorrect d) A, B are incorrect and C is correct

Page 63 of 108
GOAL - 10 SYNOPSIS
VALENCY

Definition:

Valency is the combining capacity of an clement. (OR)

According t0 the new concept, valency may be defined as "The number of

electrons that are lost or gained to shared with one atom of that element. to
acquire the stable configuration of the nearest noble gas element.

The valency of metals is given by the number of valence electrons

present in an atom,

The vaieney of metals is given by the number of valence electrons present in an

atom.

The valency of non metals is given by subtracting the number of valence

electrons present in an atom from [Link]..(8-number of valence electrons)

Vaiency of s and p-block elements :

In case of representative elements the number of valence electrons increases

from I to 8 from left to right in a period so the valency increases from left to right
and then decreases to zero.

Group General Valence Valency No. of bonds

Electronic Electrons formed
configuration
IA ns1 1 1 1
IIA ns2 2 2 2
IIIA ns2np1 3 3 3
IVA ns2np2 4 4 4
VA ns2np3 5 3 3
2 4
VIA ns np 6 2 2
2 5
VIIA ns np 7 1 1
2 6
VIIIA ns np 8 0 0

Page 64 of 108
Valency of d – block elements :

These elements have the outer most electronic configuration ns1-2(n - 1) d1-10.

These elements show variable valency involving valence electrons and d

electrons of the penultimate shell.

The common valency of the transition elements is either 2 or 3.

Example : Iron has a variable valency of 2 & 3.

GOAL - 10 ASSIGNMENT

I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. ‘X’ has 6 valence electrons, then it combines with

a)6 hydrogen atoms b)6 oxygen atoms

c) 2Cl atoms d) Both b and c

2. ‘X’ has 8 valence electrons, then its valency is

a)2 b)6 c) 0 d) 3

II. More than one correct answer type questions :

3. Which of the following element will have valency one

a) Potassium b) Chlorine

c) Hydrogen d) Fluorine

4. Which of the following element will have valency two

a) Calcium b) Magnesium

c) Chlorine d) Oxygen

Page 65 of 108
III. Statement type questions :

[Link] A : Valency of s-block elements is equal to number of electrons

present in ultimate shell.

Statement B : The common valency of d-block elements is 2.

Statement C: General electronic configuration of transition elements is

ns1-2(n-1)d0-10

a) All the statements are correct b) All the statements are incorrect

c) A. B are correct and C is incorrect d) A, B are incorrect and C is correct

IV. Match the following :

6. Valency Group

1) 3 A) Carbon family

2) 0 B) Boron family

3) 4 C) Chalcogens

D) Inert gases

1 2 3 1 2 3

a) A B D b) A C B

c) C D A d) B D A

7. Element Number of bonds formed

1) B A) 4

2) Ar B) 3

3) Si C) 2

4) Ba D) 1

E) 0

Page 66 of 108
 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

a) B C E A b) B E C D

c) B E A C d) E A C B

V. Passage type questions :

Valency is the combining capacity of an element and it is equal to number of

valency electrons in metals and 8- number of valence electrons in non metals.

8. Valency electronic configuration of halogen family is

a) ns2np3 b) ns2np4 c) ns2np5 d) ns2np2

9. The common valency of VIIA group is

a)1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 5

10. Valence electronic configuration of transition elements is

a) ns2(n-1)d10 b) ns2(n-1)d9

c) ns1-2(n-1)d1-10 d) ns2(n-1)d1-10

11.X has 4 valence electrons, present in 2nd period, it combines with

a) 2Cl atom b) 2 oxygen atoms

c) 3 oxygen atoms d) Both a, b and c

CLASS ROOM ASSIGNMENT

ORANGE WORKSHEET
I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. X' has 5 valence electrons, then it combines with

a) 6 hydrogen atoms b) 6 oxygen atoms

c) 3 Cl atoms d) both b and c

Page 67 of 108
2. Valence electronic configuration of oxygen family is

a) ns2np1 b) ns2np2 c) ns2np3 d) ns2np4

II. Assertion and reason type :

3. Assertion (A): Valency is the combining capacity of an element.

Reason (R) : The valency of oxygen is 2.

a) Assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion

b) Assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion

c) Assertion is correct but reason is incorrect

d) Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct

4. Assertion (A): The valency of oxygen is 2.

Reason (R) : The combining capacity of oxygen is 2.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation of A

c)A is correct and R is incorrect

d)A is incorrect and R is correct

III. Statement type questions :

5. Statement (A): The common valency of the transition elements is either 2 or3

Statement (B): Iron has a variable valency of 2 or 3.

Statement (C): Valency of non-metals equal to (8- number of valence electrons)

a) All the statements are correct b) All the statements are incorrect

c) A. B are correct and C is incorrect d) A, B are incorrect and C is correct

Page 68 of 108
IV . Match the following :

6. Element Number of bonds formed

A) C 1) 4

B) He 2) 3

C) Ca 3) 2

D) N 4) 1

5) 0

A B C D A B C D

a) 2 3 5 1 b) 2 5 3 4

c) 2 5 1 3 d) 1 5 3 2

7. General Electronic configuration Valence electrons

of elements

A) ns2np1 1) 4

B) ns1 2) 1

C) ns2 3) 2

D) ns2np2 4) 5

A B C D A B C D

a) 4 3 1 2 b) 3 4 2 1

c) 1 3 2 4 d) 4 2 3 1

Page 69 of 108
8. General Electronic Configuration Valency

1) ns2np3 A) 0

2) ns1 B) 2

3) ns2 C) 1

4) ns2np6 D) 3

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

a) D C A B b) C D B A

c) A C B D d) D C B A

GOAL - 11 SYNOPSIS
OXIDATION NUMBERS

The oxidation number or oxidation state of an element is defined as the possible

electronic charge which the atom of the element appears to have acquired in the
given chemical form of the element.

The common oxidation states of the elements are related to their valence
electronic configuration.

Variation in a group :

The oxidation number of the elements is mostly equal to the group [Link]
varies from group to group For s-block elements, the maximum positive
oxidation state shown by any element is equal to the total number of valence
electrons.

Example :

Group Valence electroic configuration Valence Electrons Oxidation number

IA Group ns1 1 +I
2
IIA Group ns 2 +II
Page 70 of 108
p-block elements exhibits various oxidation states . These elements often gain or
lose sufficient number of electrons in order to attain noble gas electronic
configuration.

Group General Electronic configuration Valence electrons Oxidation number

IIIA ns2np1 3 +III
2 2
IVA ns np 4 +IV
2 3
VA ns np 5 -III,+III,+V
2 4
VIA ns np 6 -II,+II,+IV,+VI
VIIA ns2np5 7 -I,+I,+III,+V,+VIII
VIIIA ns2np6 8 0
d-block elements exhibits more than one oxidation states. The outer most
electronic configuration of d-block elements is ns1-2(n-1)[Link] show the
common oxidation state of +II due to the loss of ns1 electrons.

Ru and Os exhibits a maximum Oxidation state of +VIII in RuO4 and OsO4

respectively.

Example :

Element Outer most electronic Configuration Oxidation states

1 2
Sc [Ar]3d 4s +II,+III
2 2
Ti [Ar]3d 4s +II,+III,+IV
V [Ar]3d34s2 +II,+III,+IV,+V
Cr [Ar]3d54s1 +II,+III,+IV,+V,+VI
Mn [Ar]3d54s2 +II,+III,+IV,+V,+VI,+VII
Fe [Ar]3d64s2 +II,+III,+IV,+V,+VI
7 2
Co [Ar]3d 4s +II,+III,+IV,+V
8 2
Ni [Ar]3d 4s +II,+III,+IV,
10 1
Cu [Ar]3d 4s +II,+III,
10 2
Zn [Ar]3d 4s +II

Page 71 of 108
GOAL - 11 ASSIGNMENT
I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. Number of valence electrons in Neon is

a) 0 b) 8 c) 3 d) 6

2. Oxidation number of the elements is mostly equal to

a) Period number b) Group number

c) Both a and b d) Atomic number

3. 'X' is an clement which belongs to VA group and 3* period. The oxidation state
and tame of the element are

a) +5 and P b) -3 and N c) +5 and N d) -3 and S

4. The set which shows highest oxidation state is

a) Os and Rh b) Ru and Fe c) Os and Ru d) As and Ru

5. Valence electronic configuration of VIII B group elements is

a) ns2(n-1)d6 b) ns2(n-1)d8 c) Both a and b d) ns2(n-1)d3

6. Outermost electronic configuration of Chromium is

a) [Ar]3d44s2 b) [Ar]3d54s1 c) [Ar]3d64s2 d)[Ar]3d64s1

II. Assertion and Reason type :

7. Assertion (A): d- block elements exhibits only one oxidation state in their
compounds.

Reason (R):The common oxidation state of d block elements is +II

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation of A

c) A is correct and R is incorrect

d) A is incorrect and R is correct.

Page 72 of 108
8. Assertion (A):d-block elements exhibits more than one oxidation states.

Reason(R):d-block elements show the common oxidation state of +II due to the
less of ns2 electrons

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation of A

c) A is correct and R is incorrect

d) A is incorrect and R is correct.

III. Statement type :

9. Statement A: Elements often gain or lose sufficient number of electrons to atai

nobic gas electronic contiguration.

Statement B : Oxidation number of the element is mostly equal to its group

number.

Statement C: The valence electronic configuration of III B group is astn-Ed

a) All the statements are correct b) All the statements are incorrect

c) A. B are correct and C is incorrect d) A, B are incorrect and C is correct

IV. Match the following :

10. Element Oxidation states

1) Fluorine A) +8

2) Osmium B) +3, +5

3) Phosphorus C) +4, -4,0

4) Carbon D) -2

5) ‘S’ in H2S E) -1

Page 73 of 108
 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

a) E A B C D b) E C B A D

c) E A D C B d) E B C D A

V. Passage type questions :

d-block elements exhibits more than one oxidation states. The outer most
electronic configuration of d-block elements is n1-2(n- 1)d1-10. They show the
common oxidation state of +II due to the loss of ns2 electrons.

Ru and Os exhibits a maximum Oxidation state of +VIII in RuO4 and OsO4

respectively.

11. The outer most electronic configuration of d-block elements is

a) ns2(n-1)d1-9 b) ns1-2(n-1)d1-10

c) ns1-2nd1-10 d) ns1-2(n-1)d1-9

12. Common oxidation state of d - block elements is/are

a)+II b)+II c) +I d) +VII

13. The maximum Oxidation state exhibits by Ru and Os is

a)+ VI b) +VII c) +VIII d) Both b & c

14. The maximum oxidation state exhibits by the element Fe

a) +II b) +III c) +VI d) +IV

CLASS ROOM ASSIGNMENT

ORANGE WORKSHEET
I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. 'X' is an element which belongs to VIA group and 20 period. The oxidation
state and symbol of the element are

a) +5 and P b) -3 and N c) -2 and O d) -3 and S

Page 74 of 108
II. MCQ with more than one correct answer :

2. Valence electronic configuration of VIII B group elements is

a) ns2(n-1)d6 b) ns2(n-1)d8 c) ns2(n-1)d7 d) ns2(n-1)d3

3. Which of the following exhibits maximum oxidation state + VIII

a) Ru b) Cs c) Os d) Mn

III. Match the following :

4. Outer most electronic Oxidation States

Configuration

A) [Ar] 3d24s2 1) +II, +III, +IV, +V, +VI

B) [Ar] 3d54s1 2) +II, +III, +IV, +V, +VI, +VII

C) [Ar] 3d64s2 3) +II

D) [Ar] 3d104s2 4) +II, +III, +Iv

A B C D A B C D

a) 3 4 1 2 b) 4 1 2 3

c) 3 4 2 1 d) 4 3 2 1

GOAL - 12 SYNOPSIS
DIAGONALRELATIONSHIP AND CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
Diagonal Relationship:

There exists a characteristic analogy in elements of 2nd and 3rd period. The first
element of a group resembles closely with second element of next successive
group. This phenomenon is known as diagonal relationship. Therefore the first
three elements of second period (Li. Be and B) not only show resemblance with

Page 75 of 108
the elements of their own groups but show resemblance with the elements
diagonally placed in the higher groups.

Lithium shows close resemblance with magnesium, beryllium with aluminium

and boron with silicon. The resemblance, however, disappears after these pairs.

On moving far away in period or in group the relationship disappears since the
elements located diagonally show large differences in their atomic radii because
the increasing or decreasing trend in atomic radii does not occur in same order.

The diagonally similar elements possess, the same polarising power. Polarising
power of species is the ratio of its ionic charge to the square of the ionic radius.

A cation's polarizing power relations to it's ability to attractive the valence

electron shell (outermost electrons) form a near by anion in ionic compounds
and the tendency of the anion to become polarized by the cation is know as its
polarizability.
𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
(𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)2
Chemical Reactivity : Reactivity of elements depends on two properties of
elements. They are

a) Electropositivity b) Electronegativity

If the elements are highly electropositive in nature, they can lose the electrons
easily and easily react with other elements. If the elements are highly
electronegative in nature, they can easily pull the electrons towards themselves
and easily react with other elements.

Page 76 of 108
In a group: The Electropositivity character increases down the group and
Electronegativity [Link] the reactivity of elements increases down
the group.

Example : Calsium is the last clement in IA group, hence it is highly reactive.

But in the case of p-block elements, as the elcetronegativity nature decreases

down the group, the reactivity decreases down the group.

Example : Flaorine is highly reactive as electronegativity of Fluorine is 4. The

reactivity decreases down the group

In a period : The Electropositivity decreases from left to right, but

electronegativity increases from left to right. From this, electropositive nature is
more to the extreme left in the period. So reactivity is high in IA and IIA group
elements, then it decreases to the right. Therefore halogen group elements are
highly reactive as electronegativity is high to the extreme right of the period.

Example : Fluorine is the first element in VIIA group which has highest
electronegativity.

Diagonal Relationship between Lithium and Magnesium (Chemical properties)

1) Ionic radius of 𝐿𝑖 ⊕ is 0.60 Ȧ and that of Mg2+ is 0.65 Ȧ

2) Li and Mg react with oxygen to form normal oxides.

4Li+02→ 2Li20

2Mg+02→ 2MgO

3) Both of them react with nitrogen to form nitrides, Li3N and Mg3N2

6Li+N2→2Li3N

3Mg+N2→Mg3N2

Similarities between Lithium and Magnesium

1) Both combine directly with nitrogen and their nitrides with water give
ammonia.
Page 77 of 108
2) Hydroxides of both give oxides on heating.

Similarities between Beryllium and Aluminium

1) Both are silvery white, good conductors of electricity.

2) Both become passive with conc. HNO3.

3) They liberate hydrogen from acids and alkalis.

GOAL - 12 ASSIGNMENT
I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. Diagonal relationship is shown by

a) All elements with their diagonally opposite elements

b) All elements of 3rd and 4th periods

c) Some of elements of 2nd and 3rd periods

d) Elements of d-block

2. Which pair is different from the others?

a)Na-K b)Ca-Mg c) Li-Mg d) B-Al

3. Aluminium is diagonally related to

a) Li b)Si c) Be d) B

II. More than one correct answer type questions :

4. Predict the correct matching clement with respect to its diagonal relation ship
element

a) Li-Na b)Li-Mg c) Be-Al d) B-Si

5. Predict the correct matching set of elements with their ionic radii

a)Li+-Na* b) Li+-Mg+2 c)Be+2-AI+3 d) B+3-Si+4

Page 78 of 108
III. Assertion and Reason type :

6. Assertion (A): Caesium is highly reactive

Reason (R) : Caesium is highly electronegative in nature

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is correct, R is incorrect. d) A is incorrect but R is correct

IV. Statement type question :

7. Statement A :IA group elements are highly reactive in nature.

Statement B : VIIA group elements are highly reactive in nature.

Statement C: Chemical reactivity depends on EP and EN

a) All the statements are correct b) All the statements are incorrect

c) A,B are correct and C is incorrect d) A,B are incorrect and C is correct

V. Match the following as per their diagonal relationship :

8. SET A SET B

1) Li A) Na

2) Be B) Mg

3) B C) Si

D) P

e) Al

1 2 3 1 2 3

a) A C E b) B E C

c) B C D D) E B D

Page 79 of 108
VI. Passage type questions :

There exists a characteristic analogy in elements of 2nd and 3rd period. The first
element of a group resembles closely with second element of next successive
group. This phenomenon is known as diagonal relationship.

9. Among the following the elements which exhibits diagonal relationship is / are

a)Li b) Mg c) C d) Both a & b

10. Predict the wrong matching with respective to diagonally related elements

a) Li-Na b) Be-Al c) B-Si d) Li-Mg

11. Be and Al exhibits same chemical properties is due to

a) Similar outermost electronic configuration

b) Diagonal relationship

c) Both belongs to same period

d) Both b and c

12. Give formula to measure Polarising power of species

(𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)2 𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
a) b) (𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐
𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)2

𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
c) (𝐼𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 d) Both a & b
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒)2

CLASS ROOM ASSIGNMENT

ORANGE WORKSHEET

I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. Silicon is diagonally related to

a) Li b) Al c) Be d) B

Page 80 of 108
2. Li is diagonally related to

a) Mg b)Al c) S d) Na

3. Chemical similarity between B and Al is due to

a) Similar outermost electronic configuration

b) Diagonal relationship

c) Both belongs to same period

d) Both b and c

II. MCQ with more than one correct answer :

4. Chemical reactivity of elements depends on

a) Electropositivity b) Electronegativity

c) Atomic mass number d) Atomic volume

III. Assertion & Reason type questions :

5. Assertion (A): 2nd and 3rd period elements have diagonal relationship.

Reason (R) : The first element of a group resembles closely with second
element of next successive group.

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is correct, R is incorrect. d) A is incorrect, R is correct.

6. Assertion (A): Caesium is highly reactive.

Reason (R) : Caesium is highly electropositive in nature.

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is correct, R is incorrect. d) A is incorrect, R is correct.

Page 81 of 108
GOAL - 13 SYNOPSIS
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS INTO s, p, d, f BLOCKS

The elements, as arranged in the long form of the periodic table can also be
divided into four blocks known as s-, p-, d- and f-block elements. This
classification depends upon the type of the orbital (s, p, d or f) into which the last
elements of the atom of the elements enters. The last electron is called as
differentiating electron. This classification is most rational and is now commonly
in use.

On the basis of clectronic configuration, the clements arc grouped into four
blocks. They are

i) s-block elements ii) p-block elements

iii) d-block elements and iv) f-block elements

s, p, d and f-block elements in the long form of periodic table

i. s-block elements : Elements in which the last electron enters the s - orbital of
"ns" energy shell are known as s-block elements. The members of this block lie
on the extreme left of the periodic table.

The maximum capacity of "ns" energy shell is of two electrons, thus these
elements have valency shell configuration either ns1 or ns². The elements having

Page 82 of 108
ns' configuration are called alkali metals (IA) and while those having ns²
configuration are called alkaline earth metals (IIA).

General characteristics of s-block elements

All these elements are metals, most of which are markedly reactive with non-
metals. Cs and Rb are so reactive that they inflame spontaneously when exposed
to air. These elements are soft in nature, having low melting and boiling points.
Because of large atomic radii and atomic volumes, these elements are with low
densities.

Ionization energy of these elements are very low and they readily form positive
ions in aqueous solutions.

Group I A: M→M+(aq)+e-, Group II A: M→M++(aq)+2e-

Due to the ease with which this block of elements lose their valency electrons,
they act as strong reducing agents. They form ionic compounds (except Li and
Be)

ii. p-block elements : Elements in which p - orbitals are being progressively filled
are known as p-bloc elements. This block is situated at the extreme right side of
the periodic table. The valency shell configuration of elements belonging to this
block varies from ns2np1 to ns2np6. These elements include some metals. all non-
metals and metalloids.

General characteristics of p-block elements : The number of np electrons

increases from one in group III A to five in group VII A and the electronegativity
or non-metallic character increases horizontally, from left to right.

lonization potential increases from left to right in a given period. Accordingly the
member of the VIIA group has the greatest tendency to gain an electron.

Down the groups the metallic character increases, have a great tendency to form
cations and the heavier members of the group in the p-block show metallic
character. They show both positive and negative oxidation states, and along a
period their reducing power decreases while their oxidising power increases

Page 83 of 108
e.g.: Al is a good reducing agent. Si is weak in this respect whereas P and S are
both reducing as well a oxidizing agents and halogens are strong oxidising agents.

They form lonic as well as covalent compounds. These elements have relatively
high value of lionization energies and show variable oxidation states.

The p-block elements together with s-block elements are referred as

'representative elements' or 'Main group elements'.

iii. d-block element : Elements in which last electron enters the d-orbital
(i.e. elements in which d-orbitals are being progressively filled) are known as
d-block elements. In these elements, the last electron is added to the
penultimate shell.

This block of elements is situated in between 's' and p-blocks of the periodic
table. In the long form of periodic table, d block consists of elements of groups 3
to 12 (III B to VIII B, IB and II B), whose two outermost energy levels have the
configurations varying from (n-1)s²p6d1ns²(Group 3) to (n-1)s2p6 d10,ns²
(Group 12).

Since the properties of these elements are midway between those of s-block and
p-block elements, they are called as transition elements.

General characteristics of d-block elements : The elements of d-block are all

metals having high melting and boiling points. They are hard in nature and good
conductors of heat and electricity.

The ionization energies of most of the d-block elements lie in between those of
's' and 'p' block elements. They show variable valency (Except II B group) and
form both ionic and covalent compounds. Most of the transition elements and
their compounds act as good catalysts. They have high tendency to form complex
compounds and alloys.

iv. f-block elements : In these elements to last electron enters the (n - 2) f energy
shell i.e. (n-2) f sub shell is gradually filled up.(n-2) energy shell is called anti
penultimate shell).

Page 84 of 108
This block of elements is placed separately at the bottom of the main periodic
table. The electronise configuration of these elements varies from
(n-2)f1(n- 1)d1ns2 to (n-2) f14(n- 1)d1 ns2. At some places the actual configurations
are somewhat different than the expected. Thus the general configuration can
be represented as (n-2) f1-14 (n-1) d0,1or 2 ns². All the 'f' block elements belong to
3rd group and falls into two serieses -4 f series and 5f- series, 14 elements in
each.

a) 4f – series (Lanthanides, Rare – earths or Lanthanones) : In these elements the

last electron is being progressively added in the 4f orbitals. This includes
elements from Cerium (58) to Lutetium(71). The electronic configuration of the
anti-penultimate orbit of these elements is 4s2p6d10f-14.

b) 5f-series (Actinides or Actinones) : In these elements the last electron is being .

progressively added in the 5f orbitals. This includes elements from Thorium(90)
to Lawrencium (103). The electronic configuration of the anti-penultimate orbit
of these elements is 5s2p6d10f1-14.

f-block elements arc also known as inner transition elements because, literally
speaking they constitute transition series within transition elements

General Characteristics of f-block elements :

The characteristics of f-block elements are similar to transition metals i.e.,d-block

elements.

All the inner transition elements are metals, paramagnetic and they form
coloured compounds. They have tendency to form complexes. These elements
show variable valency. +3 is the most important oxidation state. Few elements
show +2 and +4 oxidation states.

Chemically lanthanides are very similar. It is difficult to separate them from a

mixture by application of a chemical property. The members of Actinide series
are radioactive in nature. Elements with atomic number above 92 are not found
in nature. These are man-made elements, generally called as 'transuranic
elements.'

Page 85 of 108
GOAL - 13 ASSIGNMENT
I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. The element with Z=39 belongs to

a)s-block b)p-block c)d-block d) f-block

2. f-block elements are called inner transition elements because

a) They have properties similar to those of transition elements.

b)They have been taken out of the transition elements and also present
between two transition elements.

c)The last electron enters into the f-orbital of penultimate shell

d) The last electron enters into the f-orbital of the antipenultimate shell

3. Element whose outer electronic configuration vary from ns² np1 to ns² np6
constitute.

a)s-block elements b)p-block elements

c)d-block elements d)f-block elements

II. MCQ with more than one correct answer :

4. Which of the following are characteristic properties of s-block elements

a) Less active metals b) Ionic and coordinate covalent

c) Form Ionic compounds d) High active metals

III. Statement type Questions :

5. Statement A : The outermost electronic configuration of p-block element

ns1- 2np1-6

Statement B : Most of the p-block elements are metals, non-metals and

metalloids.

Statement C : 4f series contains actinides.

Page 86 of 108
 a) All the statements are correct b) All the statements are incorrect

c) A,B are correct and C is incorrect d) A,B are incorrect and C is correct

IV. Assertion and Reason type :

6. Assertion : Helium is placed along with inert gases in 'zero' group.

Reason : Due to its chemical inertness and stable electronic configuration

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A

c) A is correct, R is incorrect.

d) A is incorrect but R is correct

V. Match the following :

7. Column – 1 Column – 2

A) s-block 1) Outer shell “ns” orbital

B) p-block 2) Antipenultimate shell (n-2) f orbital

C) d-block 3) Outermost shell “np” orbital

D) f-block 4) Penultimate shell (n-1) d orbital

A B C D A B C D

a) 1 3 4 2 b) 1 4 3 2

c) 4 3 2 1 d) 3 2 4 1

VI. Passage type questions :

In Lanthanides the last electron is being progressively added in the 4f orbitals.

This includes elements from Cerium(58) to Lutetium (71). The electronic
configuration of the antipenultimate orbit of Lanthanides elements is
4s²p6d10 f1-14.

Page 87 of 108
8. Lanthanoids and Actinoids belongs to______ group in the periodic table

a) IB b) IIB c) IIIB d) IIIA

9. Lanthanoids is also known as

a) Radio active elements b) Alkali metals

c) Rare earth metals d) Transition metals

10. Outer most electronic configuration of Lanthanoids is

a) 4f1-145d0, 1 or 26s2 b) 3f1-144d0, 1 or 25s2

c) 4f15d106s2 d) 4f1-145d106s2

CLASS ROOM ASSIGNMENT

ORANGE WORKSHEET

I. MCQ with more than one correct answer :

1. Which of the following are characteristic properties of s-block elements

a) Less active metals b) All are metals

c) Electro positive d) High active metals

II. Statement type questions :

2. Statement (A): IA group elements arc highly reactive in nature

Statement (B): VIIA group elements are highly reactive in nature.

Statement (C) : Chemical reactivity depends on Electropositivity and

Electroncgativity

a) All the above statements are correct

b) All the above statements are incorrect

c) A. B are correct and C is incorrect

d) A. B are incorrect and C is correct
Page 88 of 108
3. Statement (A): The p-block elements are metals, non-metals and metalloids

Statement (B): 4f series contains Lanthanides,

Statement (C): The outermost electronic configuration of p-block element

ns² np1-6

a) All the above statements are correct

b) All the above statements are incorrect

c) A. B are correct and C is incorrect

d) A. B are incorrect and C is correct

4. Statement (A): The Electropositivity character decreases down the group

Statement (B): The Electronegitivity decreases from left to right of period

Statement (C): Ru and Os exhibits a maximum Oxidation state of +VIII in RuO4

and OsO4 respectively.

a) All the above statements are correct

b) All the above statements are incorrect

c) A. B are correct and C is incorrect

d) A. B are incorrect and C is correct

The periodic trends of elements in the periodic table.

Page 89 of 108
 GENERAL TENDENCY OF PERIODIC PROPERTIES
PERIODIC PROPERTY ALONG A PERIODIC DOWN THE GROUP
(From left to right)
ATOMIC RADIUS Decreases Increases
IONIZATION ENERGY Increases Decreases
ELECTRON AFFINITY Increases Decreases
ELECTRONEGATIVITY Increases Decreases
ELECTROPOSITIVITY Decreases Increases
METALLIC PROPERTY Decreases Increases
NON-METALLIC PROPERTY Increases Decreases

NOTE :This table represents general tendency, but in some cases there will be
exceptions.

Refer theory for exceptions.

QUICK REVIEW
 Properties such as Atomic radii, Ionization energy, Electron gain enthalpy,
Electronegativity. Electropositivity, Valency, Oxidation number etc., shows
periodicity.
 his decrease in the force of attraction exerted by the nucleus on the valence
electrons due to the presence of electrons in the inner shells, is called
Screening effect or Shielding effect.
 Due to screening effect the valence electron experiences less attraction
towards nucleus. This brings decrease in the nuclear charge. The resultant
nuclear charge is termed as effective nuclear charge.
 Atomic radii defined as the distance between the centre of the nucleus and
the outer most shell where electrons are present.
 Various names have been proposed for atomic radii depending upon their
nature of the atoms. They are :
a) Covalent Radii b) van der Waal’s radii
c) Crystal Radii (or) Metallic Radii
Page 90 of 108
 lonic Radii : It is a distance of outermost shell of an anion or cation from its
nucleus.
 Definition of Ionization Energy : It is the minimum amount of energy required
to remove an electron from the valence shell of an isolated neutral gaseous
atom.
 Generally, IE3>IE2>IE1

 Electron Affinity of an element is equal to "The energy released when an

electron is added to valence shell of an isolated neutral gaseous atom".

 The tendency of an atom of an element to attract the shared pair of electrons

in a covalent bond towards its own direction is called Electronegativity.
 The following approaches were used to express the electronegativity:
1)Pauling's Approach 2) Mulliken's Approach 3) Allred - Rochow scale
 Tendency of atom of an element to lose one or more electrons and form
positive ion is known as elstropositivity.
 Oxidation : Removal of electrons or loss of electrons from an atom is called
oxidation
 Oxidising property : Elements with high EN have the property of pulling the
shared pair of electrons towards itself from the neighbouring bonded atom.
This property is called oxidising property.
 Reduction: Gain of electrons is reduction.
 Reducing property : Elements with high EP and low IP have the property of
losing an electron. This property is called Reducing property.
 Valency is the combining capacity of an element. (OR)
 According to the new concept, valency may be defined as "The number of
electrons that are lost or gained or shared with one atom of that element, to
acquire the stable configuration of the nearest noble gas element.
 The oxidation number or oxidation state of an element is defined as the
possible electronic charge which the atom of the element appears to have
acquired in the given chemical form of the element.

Page 91 of 108
 Diagonal Relationship : There exists a characteristic analogy in elements of 2nd
and 3rd period. The first element of a group resembles closely with second
element of next successive group. This phenomenon is known as diagonal
relationship.
 Chemical Reactivity : Reactivity of elements depends on two properties of
elements. They are
a)Electropositivity b) Electronegativity
 s-block elements : Elements in which the last electron enters the s - orbital of
"ns" energy shell are known as s-block elements. The members of this block lie
on the extreme left of the periodic table.
 p-block elements : Elements in which p-orbitals are being progressively filled
are known as p-block elements.
 d-block elements : Elements in which last electron enters the d-orbital (i.e.,
elements in which d-orbitals are being progressively filled) are known as
d-block elements.
 f-block elements : In these elements to last electron enters the (n - 2) f energy
shell i.e..(n-2)f sub shell is gradually filled up.((n- 2) energy shell is called anti
penultimate shell).

ANALUSE AND ASSESS

1. Analyse the Atomic radii and Crystal radii.

A.

2. Analyse factors affecting ionisation energy.

A.

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3. Analyse and assess electronegativity in group and period.

A.

4. Analyse the oxidising and reducing agents.

A.

5. Define diagonal relationship with examples.

A.

6. Analyse the following properties in group and period

i) Valency ii) Electron affinity

A.

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 ANALYSE AND APPLY
I. MCQ with one correct answer :

1. lonization energy increasing order

i) 2s²2p6 ii) 2s22p5 iii) 2s22p3 iv) 2s22p4

a) i>ii>iii>iv b) i>iii>iv>ii c) i>iii>ii>iv d) iv<iii<ii<i

2. Among the following, the metal which requires radiation of highest frequency
to cause emission of electrons is

a) Na b) Mg c) K d) Ca

3. Among the following, the correct order of the size is

a) Na< Mg<K b) P<Cl<Br c) O2-<F-<MG2+ d) I->I>I+

4. The second ionization energies of Li. Be. B and C are in the order of

a) B>C>Li>Be b) B>C>Be>Li c) Li>B>C>Be d) Li>C>B>Be

5. The ions O2-, F-. Na+. Mg2+ and Al3+ are isoelectronic, their ionic radii show

a) A significant increase from O²- to AI3+

b)A Significant decrease from O²- to AI3+

c) An increase from O2- to F- and then decrease from Na+ to Al3+

d) A decrease from O2- to F- and then increase from Na+ to Al3+

6. Among the following rearrangements which is not truely represents the

property indicated against it

a) Br2<C2,<F2: electronegativity b) Br2<F2<Cl2 : electron affinity

c) Br2<Cl2< F2 : electropositivity d) Br2<Cl2<F2 : oxidising power

7. I.E is maximum in which of the following orbitals

a) Half filled b) Full filled c) Unfilled d) Partially filled

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8. The least stable ion amongst the following is

a) Li- b) Be- c) B- d) C-

9. Magnitude of screening effect depends on

a) Inner electrons b) valency electrons

c) Neutrons d) Positrons

II. MCQ with more than one correct answer :

10. Units of I.E

a) K.J / mole b) eV/atom c) [Link]/ mole d) A0

11. Among the following, the iso electronic species are

a) [Link] b) Mg+², Ne c) Ar,Cl- d) Na+1,Ne

12. Among the following, the iso electronic species are

a) Ne,Al+3 b) Mgt²,Ne c) O-2, Ne d) Ar, Ca+2

13. Which of the following factors effect the E.A

a) Atomic size b) Electronic configuration

c) Nuclear charge d) Oxidation state

14. Which of the following elements have zero or positive electron affinity

a) He b)N c) Ar d) Ne

15. Which among the following process are endoergic

a)EA1 b)EA2 c) EA3 d) EA4

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16. Relation between electronegativity on Mulliken scale(EN)M and Pauling
scale(EN)P is
(𝐸𝑁)𝑀 (𝐸𝑁)𝑀
a) = (𝐸𝑁)𝑃 b) (𝐸𝑁)𝑃
= 2.8
2.8

(𝐸𝑁)𝑃
c) (𝐸𝑁)𝑀 = (𝐸𝑁)𝑃 (2.8) d) (𝐸𝑁)𝑀
2.8

17. Which among the following elements contains EA, values as endoergic.

a) Halogens b) Inert gases

c) Alkaline earth metals d) Chalcogens

18. Electro negativity measured in

a) Mulliken scale b) Pauling scale

c) PII scale d) Allred- rochow scale

19. Which factors affecting electronegativity among the following.

a) Nuclear charge b) Screening effect

c) Atomic size d) Oxidation state

20. The common valency shown by d block elements are

a)5 b)2 c) 3 d) 6

21. Among the following, the groups exhibit valency 2 are

a) II A b) III A c) VI A d) IV A

III. Assertion and Reason Type questions :

a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A

c) A is correct, R is incorrect.

d) A is incorrect but R is correct

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22. Assertion (A): Valence electrons experiences less attraction towards the
nucleus.

Reason (R) : The nuclear force decreases on valence electrons due to inner
electrons.

23. Assertion (A) : Elements belonging to same group have similar properties.

Reason (R) : Same groups after the difference of either 2 or 8 or 18 or 32 in

the atomic number and having similar valence shell electronic configuration have
similar properties.

24. Assertion (A) : Na+ ion radius is always smaller than Na atom.

Reason (R) : The radius of the cation is always smaller than parent atom

25. Assertion (A) : F ion is larger in size compared to F.

Reason (R) : Electronic repulsion increases because of addition of electron

which results in decrease in effective nuclear charge.

26. Assertion (A) : First ionization energy of Be is greater than that of B.

Reason (R) : Across the period effective nuclear charge increases.

27. Assertion (A) : Shielding effect increases as we go down the group.

Reason (R) : More is the number of electrons in the penultimate shell, more is
shielding.

28. Assertion (A) : Electron affinity of oxygen is less than that of fluorine but
greater than that of nitrogen.

Reason (R) : Fluorine has big atomic size than oxygen.

29. Assertion (A) : Electron gain enthalpy can be exothermic or endothermic

Reason (R) : Electron gain enthalpy provides a measure of the ease with
which an atom adds an electron to form anion

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30. Assertion (A) : Ca has lowest Electro positivity.

Reason (R) : Cs is a metl.

31. Assertion (A) : Caesium is highly reactive

Reason (R) : Caesium is highly electropositivity in nature

32. Assertion (A) : Valency is the combining capacity of an element.

Reason (R) : Iron has variable valency of 2 and 5.

IV. Statement type question :

a) All the statements are correct b) All the statements are incorrect

c) A. B are correct and C is incorrect d) A. B are incorrect and C is correct

33. Statement (A): Some atoms and ions which contain the same number of
electrons are known as isoelectronic species.

Statement (B): The distance between the centre of the nucleus of an atom
and valency shell is called atomic radii.

Statement (C): The distance between outer most shell and nucleus of an ion is
called lonic radii.

34. Statement (A) : The first ionization energy of Al is less than the first ionization
energy of Mg.

Statement (B): The first ionization energy of Na is less than the first ionization
energy of Mg.

Statement (C): .The second ionization of Mg is greater than the second

ionization energy of Na.

35. Statement (A) : Electron affinity increases with increase in the atomic number
across ä period.

Statement (B) :The decreasing order of electron affinity of fluorine, chlorine

and bromine is Cl>F> Br.

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 Statement (C)：The element with stable electronic configuration will have
high electron affinity.

36. Statement (A) : The magnitude of Electron affinity depends on atomic size
and electronic configuration.

Statement (B) : The energy is released when an electron is added to a valence

shell of an isolated neutral gaseous atom.

Statement (C) : Electron gain enthalpy increases with increase in the atomic
number across a period.

37. Statement (A) : IA group elements are chemically inert in nature.

Statement (B) : VIIA group elements are chemically inert in nature

Statement (C) : Chemical reactivity depends on Electro positivity and Electro

negativity

38. Statement (A) : If atomic size increases, electronegativity decreases.

Statement (B) : With increase in oxidation state, electronegativity increases.

Statement (C) : In a period as nuclear charge increases, electronegativity

decreases.

39. Statement(A) : Metals are electro positivity in nature .

Statement (B) : with increase in atomic size, electropositivity increases

Statement (C) : As shielding effect increases Electropositivity character

increases

40. Statement (A) : Metals are good reducing agents.

Statement (B) : Metals lose electrons easily

Statement (C): Metals have low IP and low EN

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 PREVIOUS EAMCET, AIEEE AND IIT QUESTIONS

I. Assertion and Reason type questions :

In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed

by a corresponding statement of Reason (R) just below it. Of the statements,
mink the correct answer as

a) If both assertion and reason ate correct and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion

b) If both assertion and reason ate correct but season is not the correct
explanation of assertion

c) If assertion is correct but reason is incorrect

d) If assertion is incorrect but reason is correct

1. Assertion (A) : Isoelectronic species have same radii. (IIT)

Reason (R) : They contain same number of electrons.

2. Assertion (A): Electron of oxygen is less than the nitrogen but larger than
fluorine (IIT)

Reason (R) : N, O, F belong to same period of the periodic table.

3. Assertion(A) : I.E. of 7N is more than that of 8O as well as 6C. (IIT)

Reason (R) : This is due to difference in reactivity towards oxygen.

4. Assertion (A) : P has I.E. than sulphur. (IIT)

Reason(R) : Electronegativity refers to the tendency of atom to share electrons

with other atoms.

5. Assertion(A) : Properties of atom and its corresponding ions remain same .(IIT)

Reason(R) : Electronic configurations of both atom and ion remain same.

Page 100 of 108

6. The correct order of atomic radii is (IIT)

a) N<Be<B b) F-<O2-<N3- c) Na<Li<K d) Fe3+<Fe2+<Fe4+

[Link] to the Periodic Low of elements, the variation in properties of

elements is relates to their (AIEEE)

a)Nuclear neutron – proton number ratios b) Atomic masses

c) Nuclear masses d) Atomic number

8. The atomic number of vanadium(V) , chromium(Cr), manganese (Mn) and

irom(Fe) are respectively 23,24,25 and 26. Which one of these may be expected
to have highest I.E2? (AIEEE)

a) Fe b) V c) Cr d) Mn

9. Which one of the following groupings represents a collection of isoelectronic

species?(At. nos. : Cs =55, Br=35) (AIEEE)

a) Ca2+,Cs+,Br b)Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+

c) N3-,F-,Na+ d) Be,Al3-,Cl-

[Link] of the following ions has the highest value of ionic radius ? (AIEEE)

a) Li+ b) B3+ c) O2- d) F-

11. Which one of the following sets of ions represents the collection of
isoelectronic species ? (AIEEE)

a)K+,Ca2+,Sc3+,CI- b) Na+, Ca2+,Sc3+,F-

c) K+,CI-,Mg2+,Al3+, Sc3+ d) Na+, Mg2+,Al+3, Cl-

12. In which of the following arrangements the order is not according to the
property indicated against it ? (AIEEE)

a)Li<Na<K<Rb(Increasing metallic radius)

b)I<Br<F<CI (Increasing electron gain enthalpy (with negative sign)
c)B<C<N<O (Increasing first ionization enthalpy)
d) AP3+ <Mg2+ <Na+<F- (Increasing ionic size)
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13. Of the following sets which one does not contain isoelectronic species (AIEEE)

a) BO33-, CO32-, NO3- b) SO32-, CO32-,NO3-

c) CN-,N2,C22- d) PO43-, SO42-,CIO4-

14. The increasing order of the first ionization enthalpies of the elements B, P, S
and F (lowest first) (AIEEE)

a) F<S<P<B b) P<S<B<F c) B<P<S<F d) B<S<P<F

15. Which one of the following sets of ions represents a collection of

isoelectronic species ? (AIEEE)

a) K+,Cl-,Ca2+,Sc3+ b) Ba2+,Sr2+,K+,Ca2+

c) N3-, O2-,F-,S2- d) Li+,Na+,Mg2+,Ca2+

16. The ion that is isoelectronic with CO is (IIT)

a) CN- b) O2+ c) O2- d) N2+

17. Element with atomic number 38, belongs to (EAMCET)

a) IIA group and 5t period b) IIA group and 2nd period

c) VA group and 204 period d) IIIA group and 5th period

18. Observe the following statement : (EAMCET)

I) The physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of

their electronic configuration

II) Electronegativity of fluorine is less than the electronegativity of chlorine

III) Electropositive nature decreases from top to bottom in a group.

The correct answer is :

a) I,II and III are correct b) Only I is correct

c) Only I and II are correct d) Only II and III are correct

Page 102 of 108

19. Identify the correct order in which the covalent radius of the following
elements increases (EAMCET)

I) Ti II) Ca III) Sc

a) I,II,III b) III,II,I c) II,I,III d) I,III,II

20. Identify the correct order in which the ionic radius of the following ions
increases (EAMCET)

I) F- II) Na+ III) N-3

a) III,I,II b) I,II,III c) II,III,I d) II,I,III

21. The outer electron configuration of Gd (Atomic No;64) is: (AIEEE- 2011)

a) 4f3 5d5 6s2 b) 4f8 5d0 6s2

c) 4f4 5d4 6s2 d) 4f7 5d1 6s2

22. Which ordering of compounds is according to the decreasing order of the

oxidation state of nitrogen? (IIT 2012)

a) HNO3, NO, NH4Cl, N b) HNO3, NO, N ,NH4Cl

c) HNO3, NH4Cl, NO, N2 d) NO, HNO3, NH4Cl, N2

23. The periodic table consists of 18 groups. An isotope of copper, on

bombardment with protons, undergoes a nuclear reaction yielding element X as
shown below. To which group, element X belongs in the periodic table?
63 4
29𝐶𝑢 + 11𝐻 → 6 10𝑛 + 𝛼 + 2 11𝐻 + 𝑋 (AIEEE- 2012)
2

24. Which one of the following is the smallest in size (IIT – 1990)

a) N3- b) O2+ b) F- d) Na-

25. Which of the following has the maximum number of unpaired electrons
(IIT-1996)

a) Mg2+ b) Ti3+ c) V3+ d) Fe2+

Page 103 of 108

26. Which one of the following ions has the highest value of ionic radius ?
(IIT-2004)

a) O2- b) B3+ c) Li+ d) F-

27. The correct sequence which shows decreasing order of the ionic radii of the
elements it (AIEEE – 2010)

a) Al3+>Mg2+>Na+>F->O2- b) Na+>Mg2+>Al3+>O2->F-

c) Na+>F->Mg2+>O2->Al3+ d) O2-<F->Na+>Mg2+>Al3+

28. The increasing order of the ionic radii of the given isoelectronic species is
(IIT 2014)

a) Cl-,Ca2+,K+,S2- b) S2-,Cl-,Ca2+,K+

c) Ca2+,K+,Cl-,S2- d) K+,S2-,Ca2+,Cl-

29. The increasing order of the atomic of Si, S, Na, Mg, Al is (EAMCET – 2014)

a) S<Si<Al<Mg<Na b) Na<Al<Mg<S<Si

c) Na<Mg<Si<Al<S d) NA<Mg<Al<Si<S

30. Which one of the following correctly represents the variation of

electronegativity (EN) with atomic number (Z) of group 13 elements ?
(EAMCET – 2014)

31. The increasing order of atomic radii of the following Group 13 elements is
(JEE ADV 2016)

a) Al<Ga<In<Tl b) Ga<Al<In<Tl

c) Al<In<Ga<Tl d) AL<Ga<Tl<In

Page 104 of 108

32. Which of the following pairs of ions is isoelectronic and isostructural?
(NEET - 2016)

a) 𝐶𝑂32− , 𝑁𝑂3− b) 𝐶𝐼𝑂3− , 𝐶𝑂32− c) 𝑆𝑂32− , 𝑁𝑂3− d) 𝐶𝐼𝑂3− , 𝑆𝑂32−

33. Which of the following is an analgesic? (NEET – 2016)

a) Novalgin b) Penicllin

c) Streptomycin d) Chloromycetion

34. In which of the following options the order of arrangement does not agree
with the variation of property indicated against it? (NEET- 2016)

a) Al3+<Mg2+<Na+<F- ( increasing ionic size)

b) B<C<N<O ( increasing first ionisation enthalpy)

c) I<Br<Cl<F ( increasing electron gain enthalpy)

d) Li<Na<K<Rb ( increasing metallic radius)

35. The electronic configurations of Eu (Atomic No.63), Gd (Atomic No.64) and Tb

(Atomic No.65) are: (NEET – 2016)

a) [Xe]4f76s2,[Xe]4f86s2 and [Xe]4f85d16s2

b) [Xe]4f65d16s2,[Xe]4f75d16s2 and [Xe]4f96s2

c) [Xe]4f65d16s2,[Xe]4f75d16s2 and [Xe]4f85d16s2

d) [Xe]4f76s2,[Xe]4f75d16s2 and [Xe]4f96s2

36. Which of the following pairs of compounds is isoelectronic and isostructural?

(NEET - 2017)

a) BeCl2,XeF2 b) Tel2,XeF2

c) IBr2−,XeF2 d) IF3,XeF2

Page 105 of 108

37. The reason for greater range of oxidation states in actinoids is attributed to

(NEET – 2017)

a) The radioactive nature of actinoids

b) Actinoid contraction

c) 5f. 6d and 7s levels having comparable energies

d) 4f and 5d levels being close in energies

38. The clement Z= 114 has been discovered recently. It will belong to which of
the following family group and electronic configuration ? (NEET – 2017)

a) Halogen family [Rn] 5f146d107s²7p5

b) Carbon family [Rn] 5f146d107s27p2

c) Oxygen family [Rn] 5f146d107s²7p4

d) Nitrogen family [Rn] 5f146d107s27p6

39. The group having isoelectronic species is: (IIT - 2017)

a) O2-,F-,Na+,Mg2+ b) O-,F-,Na,Mg+

c) O2-,F-,Na,Mg2+ d) O-,F-,Na+,Mg2+

40. For Na+. Mg2+. F- and O2-; the correct order of increasing ionic radii is :

(JEE ADV – 2018)

a) O2-<F-<Na+<Mg2+ b) Na+<Mg2+<F-<O2-

c) Mg2+<Na+<F-<O2- d) Mg2+<O2-<Na+<F-

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41. The size of the iso-electronic species CI-, Ar and Ca2+ is affected by

(JEE ADV – 2019)

a) Principal quantum number of valence shell

b) Azimuthal quantum number of valence shell

c) electron - electron interaction in the outer orbitals

d) nuclear charge

42. The lanthanoide that would show colour is (JEE ADV – 2019)

a) Gd² b) La² c) Lu3+ d) Sm3+

43. The correct order of hydration enthalpies of alkali metal ions is

(JEE ADV - 2019)

a) Li+>Na+>K+>Cs+>Rb+ b) Na+>Li+>K+Rb+>Cs+

c) Na+>Li+>K+>Cs+>Rb+ d) Li+>Na+>K+>Rb+>Cs+

44. What is the change in oxidation number of carbon in the following reaction ?

CH4(g)+4Cl2(g)→ CCl4(l)+4HCl(g) (NEET – 2020)

a) +4 to +4 b) 0 to +4 c) -4 to +4 d) 0 to -4

45. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons in 71Lul176, respectively are

(NEET – 2020)

a) 71, 104 and 71 b) 104, 71 and 71

c) 71, 71 and 104 d) 175, 104 and 71

46. The correct order of first ionisation enthalpy for the given four elements is

(NEET – 2020)

a) C<N<F<O b) C<N<O<F c) C<O<N<F d) C<F<N<O

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47. Fluorine is a stronger oxidising agent than chlorine because: (NEET – 2022)

i) F-F bond has a low enthalpy of dissociation.

ii) F- has high hydration enthalpy.

iii) Electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is less negative than chlorine. k

iv) Fluorine has a very small size.

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given.

a) (i) and (ii) only b) (i) and (iii) only

c) (i) and (iv) only d) (ii) and (iii) only

Page 108 of 108