DIY Residential Sprinkler System Guide
DIY Residential Sprinkler System Guide
Sprinkler System
Design Handbook
A Step-By-Step
Introduction to
Design and Installation
AREA B AREA C
AREA D
Graph Areas
AREA A AREA E
find the system’s working pressure; record it in the kPa/Bars Service lines are based on 30 meters of thick walled PVC. Deduct 7.6 l/min for copper pipe. Deduct 19
l/min for new galvanized pipe.
box. Working pressure will be used when choosing sprinkler Working pressure is the approximate working pressure at the head, and should be used only as a guide
when choosing the proper sprinkler heads and designing the system. The numbers in the Design Capacity Chart
heads and designing the system. are based on generally accepted flow rates (velocity). In some cases, designers increase the velocity in copper
pipe only from the accepted 2.3 meters per second (mps) to 2.75 meters per second (mps). If you do not de-
You have now established the maximum l/min and the duct the 7.6 l/min for copper pipe, the rate is approximately 2.7 meters per second (mps). The friction loss is
substantially increased at this speed, and the working pressure will be affected. In order to use numbers in the
approximate working pressure available for the sprinkler chart, the length of copper service line should not exceed 15 meters if you decide not to deduct the 7.6 l/min.
system. Exceeding these maximums may result in inefficient
watering or a condition referred to as water hammer, which
could cause serious damage to the system. These two num- l/min Bars kPa
bers will be used in the design process.
Design Capacity Working Pressure
3
AREA B AREA C
AREA D
Locate Sprinklers
AREA A AREA E
EXAMPLE
System Design Capacity
Water Meter 15 mm
Service Line 25 mm PGP® – Large Area Rotor I-20 Ultra – Large Area Rotor
Static Pressure 4.8 Bars, 480 kPa 8 meters to 12 meters spacing 8 meters to 12 meters spacing
Curved Areas
Convert curved areas to a series of straight lines; place sprinklers the same as you
would in square or rectangular areas. Adjustable arc nozzles on spray heads work
very well in curved areas.
Choosing Nozzles
90˚ = 5 l/min
When designing an irrigation system, it is important to ensure that the precipi-
180˚ = 10 l/min
tation (rate at which water is applied) is even over each zone of coverage.
“Matched precipitation” is accomplished by selecting the appropriate nozzles, 360˚ = 20 l/min
or zoning together sprinklers with the same precipitation rate. The two criteria to
consider are a sprinkler’s flow rate and arc of coverage. The illustration (right)
depicts three different sprinkler heads with matched precipitation rates. In each Example: If you have decided to use the I-20
Ultra and have quarter, half and full circle heads
case, five liters per minute (l/min) is applied to each quarter circle and precipi-
on the same zone, you could use the 1.0, 2.0
tation is therefore matched. and 4.0 nozzles or the 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 nozzles,
depending on your available l/min.
5
AREA C
AREA B
AREA D
Indicate Zones
AREA A
AREA E
You will need to section the yard into “zones.” Dividing the
area into zones is an easy process. Beginning with area A: ÷ =
1. Refer back to the working pressure entered on page 2.
This is the pressure you will need to use when determining Total l/min of all heads Design capacity in Number of zones in
sprinkler spacing and l/min requirements listed in the in one area l/min (from page 2) this area
Sprinkler Performance Charts.
AREA CAPACITY EXAMPLE
2. Write the individual sprinkler’s l/min next to each sprinkler
head in the area. Use the Sprinkler Performance Charts on Round up for
Design Number of
the back cover. Area Area l/min ÷ Capacity = Zones
3. Add up all of those numbers and divide the sum by the A 32 ÷ 49 = 1
total l/min (system design capacity) available. B 51 ÷ 49 = 1
4. If the total number of zones is not a whole number, round C 69 ÷ 49 = 2
the number up to establish how many zones there will be D 62 ÷ 49 = 2
(1.2 zones becomes 2 zones). This is the total number of E 39 ÷ 49 = 1
valves needed for the sprinklers in that area.
5. Now that you know how many zones the area will have,
divide up the sprinklers so that each zone in the area will
have approximately the same l/min. Do not place too many
heads on the same zone; stay within the system’s design AREA C = 68.7 l/min
capacity. PGM MID-RANGE
ROTORS
6. Draw and label the zone valves for this area, i.e. Zone 1,
Zone 2, etc.
7. Follow the above procedure to locate sprinklers and divide
all areas into zones.
6
AREA B
ZONE 2 AREA C
ZONE 6
ZONE 3
ZONE 5
ZONE 4
AREA D
AREA A
ZONE 1 ZONE 7
AREA E
Determine where you want the valve manifold for each AREA A – ZONE 1 AREA D – ZONE 5
area. You may want a manifold in the front yard and one in
AREA B – ZONE 2 AREA D – ZONE 6
the back yard, or you may want more locations. Manifold
placement is entirely up to you. We recommend placing the AREA C – ZONE 3 AREA E – ZONE 7
manifold in an accessible spot for easy maintenance. Place the AREA C – ZONE 4 Point of Connection
manifold close to the area the valves will serve, but where you
will not be sprayed when activating the system manually.
Lateral Line
PIPE SIZING CHART
The two most common types of pipe used in sprinkler
Maximum Flow Rates for Sprinkler Lines
systems are polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene (Poly).
PVC Thick PVC Thin Polyethylene
Check with your local Hunter dealer to find out which type of Pipe Sizes Wall Wall Pipe
pipe is used in your area. 20 mm 34 l/min 38 l/min 30 l/min
1. Draw a line connecting all of the sprinkler heads in each 25 mm 57 l/min 60 l/min 50 l/min
separate zone. Follow the example in the illustration on 32 mm 91 l/min 99 l/min 83 l/min
this page and draw the most direct route with the fewest
turns or changes of direction as possible.
2. Draw a line from the sprinkler line to the zone valve. This Connecting Sprinklers with PVC or Poly Pipe
should be the most direct line possible.
3. Begin sizing the pipe. Start at the head farthest from the
zone valve. The pipe connecting the last head to the sec-
ond to last head should be 20 mm. (See Pipe Sizing Chart.) OR OR
RIGHT WRONG
7
Point of Connection
Main Line
1. Determine the location for the system point of connection.
It should be near the water supply.
2. Draw a line connecting all the manifolds together, and
P.O.C. to city water supply: Use a brass compression tee to
then draw a line connecting this line to the P.O.C. connect your sprinkler system to the household water supply.
3. The main line should be one pipe size larger than the larg-
est lateral line.
G. Point Of Connection (P.O.C.)
Connecting to City Water Supply
Use a brass compression tee to hook your sprinkler system
to the household water supply line. You may hook up to cop-
per, PVC or galvanized iron service lines without having to
solder or thread any pipe.
Most areas require some type of backflow preventer to pro-
tect drinking water. Copper pipe may be required between
the P.O.C. and the backflow preventer. Always check the
local building code or with the local permitting agency for the P.O.C. freezing climate
requirements in your area.
Connecting to City Water Supply in Freezing Climates
If the installation is in a freezing climate and the P.O.C. is
in the basement, install a drain valve immediately after the
isolation valve to drain the irrigation line before first freeze.
Connecting to a Pump
When the water source is a tank, lake, well or bore hole
the irrigation system is usually pressurized by a pump. A foot
valve may be installed at the inlet of the suction line to keep
the pump primed. A check valve should be installed on the
discharge line to prevent backflow. A manual control valve
should be installed in the discharge line to regulate flow and
a pressure gauge should be used to monitor dynamic system P.O.C. pump installation at water source
pressure. Try to minimize elbows, bends and other causes of
turbulence and friction in the suction and discharge lines.
Review Design
The design process is now complete. Check to make sure TIPS
you have placed sprinklers in all areas. Also, review the pipe
Most professional installers recommend PVC pipe for
layout to be sure you have sized the pipe correctly. You are
the constant pressure line from the backflow pre-
now ready to begin installing the system.
venter to the zone control valves. Some communities
require copper, however. Check local ordinances before
laying out your system.
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER CONTROLLER
SRC, EC OR Pro-C SERIES
ICR
ICR REMOTE CONTROL
VALVE BOX
SQUARE OR ROUND
WATERPROOF WIRE CONNECTORS
CAP
FOR FUTURE USE
VALVE BOX
SQUARE OR ROUND
WATER METER
BACKFLOW PREVENTER
(CHECK LOCAL CODES)
MALE ADAPTERS
System Installation
H. System Installation
Making the Point of Connection to City Water Supply
1. Refer to the Point Of Connection (P.O.C.) detail on page 7.
2. Turn off the water supply to the residence.
3. Dig a hole to expose the supply line.
4. Cut a 25 mm piece out of the supply line, slip the compres-
sion tee onto the pipe, and tighten the compression nuts.
5. Install the brass nipple and gate valve.
6. Install the valve box for easy access to gate valve.
7. Turn the water back on to the residence.
Installing the Main Line Before trenching, use small flags and marking spray paint to lay
1. Using marking spray paint, indicate the pipe lines from the out the irrigation system.
pump or the P.O.C. to the valve manifold locations.
2. On existing lawns, lay down a plastic tarp alongside the
marked trench about 60 cm away from where the pipe will
be placed.
3. Remove the sod by cutting a strip about 30 cm wide and
4 cm to 5 cm deep using a flat shovel. Roll up the sod and
place the sod and dirt on the plastic tarp.
4. Trenching: Check local codes. If there are no established
local codes for sprinkler main line depth in your area,
trench 25 cm to 30 cm deep.
5. Installing Pipe Under a Walkway or Driveway:
Hammering Method: Cap off both ends of a galvanized
pipe and hammer through (See illustration).
Jetting Method: Using a pipe-to-hose threaded adapter,
connect one end of the pipe to a garden hose and attach a
small stream hose nozzle to the other end. Turn the water
on and jet under the concrete.
First lay down tarps and remove sod, then dig trenches 25 cm
6. Install a backflow preventer where required by local mu- to 30 cm deep for the main line. Trench 15 cm to 20 cm for
nicipal codes. lateral lines.
7. Installing Pipe: Lay out pipe and fittings near the trenches
according to how they will be installed.
Be careful not to get dirt or debris in the pipe.
8. Beginning with the P.O.C. (or backflow preventer if ap-
plicable), measure, cut and install the pipe, working your
way to the last manifold or stub-out. (See Sprinkler System
Overview on pages 8 – 9.)
9. Backfilling the main line is discussed on page 12.
TIPS
Most professional installers recommend PVC pipe for
the constant pressure line from the backflow pre-
venter to the zone control valves. Some communities
require copper, however. Check local ordinances before
laying out your system. Connect pipe under a walk or driveway by capping
off the ends of galvanized pipe and “hammering” through.
11
System Installation
4. Installing Pipe: Lay out pipe and fittings at the side of the
trenches according to how they will be installed. Be careful
not to get dirt and debris inside the pipe.
5. Backfilling the lateral line is discussed on page 12.
Automatic Drain Valve Installation for Freezing Climates: Lay out the pipes and sprinklers near the trenches
Locate the drain valves at the low points in each zone. where they will be installed.
12
System Installation
Materials List
Using the plot plan and the check lists below, do a take-off 1. Exterior Point of Connection – Non Freezing
to determine your Materials List. If you are unsure what a part VALVE BOX SQUARE OR ROUND
is called, check the Sprinkler System Overview. Use colored WATER METER
pencils and as you count or measure each component, mark
the plan and write the item down here on this Materials List.
BRASS GATE
Make sure to list everything on your plan.
VALVE
1. Point of Connection: Detail and list the materials needed OR BRASS
BALL VALVE
by size. Check the backflow prevention requirements for
your area and record the materials needed.
2. Pipe: Measure and list pipe by size. Be sure to add a little MALE ADAPTER
additional pipe for waste. Count and list the number of
main line and lateral line fittings by size and type.
POINT OF CONNECTION (P.O.C.)
2. PIPE AND FITTINGS (Calculate the length of pipe and number of fittings required.)
PVC (slip x slip x slip) 20 mm 25 mm 32 mm Poly (compression or barbed insert fittings)
MAIN MAIN
PVC PIPE POLYETHYLENE PIPE
METERS REQUIRED LATERAL LATERAL METERS REQUIRED
TEE SxSxS ixixi TEE
S x S x 13 mm (1⁄2")T i x i x 13 mm (1⁄2")T
S x S x 20 mm (3⁄4")T i x i x 20 mm (3⁄4")T
ELBOW 90° x S x S 90° x i x i ELBOW
MALE MALE
ADAPTERS SxT ixT ADAPTERS
COUPLING COUPLING
SxS ixi
Materials List
Male Adapters
4. CONTROLLER
TIPS
Never drop PVC pipe. If it is dropped and hits a rock or
concrete the pipe could shatter and send tiny sharp
pieces flying. Even if the pipe does not break, it could PVC CONDUIT FOR LOW
VOLTAGE WIRE (OPTIONAL)
get a hairline crack and later burst under normal
water pressure. This can also happen if the pipe is al-
lowed to slap together while being carried.
15
Materials List
5. Sprinklers: Count the number of sprinkler heads needed by 5. Sprinklers
type and record the totals in the chart.
6. Swing Joint
6. Swing Joints: Count the sprinkler heads and determine the
GEAR DRIVE USE A PRE-ASSEMBLED HUNTER
number of pre-assembled Hunter swing joints needed, or: ROTOR SWING JOINT SJ SERIES
7. Calculate the number of fittings needed by size. I-20 ULTRA
5. SPRINKLERS
Count all of the sprinklers on your plan and list here:
GEAR DRIVE ROTORS – POP-UP AND SHRUB
POP-UP, LAWN Quantity
SJ-506 1⁄2" x 15 cm
SJ-512 1⁄2" x 30 cm
SPRAY SPRINKLER
SJ-7512 1⁄2" x 3⁄4" x 30 cm
SRS OR Pro-Spray
SJ-712 3⁄4" x 30 cm SERIES
ALTERNATE
INSTALLATION
7. SWING JOINT ASSEMBLIES METHOD:
FLEXIBLE OR
Transfer the number of sprinklers required from Step 5 to the area provided “CUT-OFF” RISER
below, then determine the quantity of parts needed:
FLEXIBLE OR
1⁄2" Inlet Sprinkler Total “CUT-OFF” POLY
1⁄2" Marlex Street Ell x3 = RISER
Glossary of Terms
ARC – Describes how far around in a circular pattern a sprinkler will rotate application of the solvent.
or spray. A sprinkler with a 90° arc would spray a quarter circle. RADIUS – How far out from the sprinkler the water sprays. A nozzle with a
BACKFLOW PREVENTER – A device installed between the P.O.C. and 5.2 meter radius means that the water will spray out as far as 5.2 meters.
the sprinklers that is designed to prevent the backflow of contaminated ROTORS – Gear-driven sprinklers that shoot out a solid stream of water
water into the drinking water. Different countries require different types of and rotate slowly in a circular pattern, streaming out water to areas as small
backflow preventers. The user should check with their Hunter dealer or as 5 meters and as large as 23 meters or more. Rotors fit into the “large
local permitting agency for the type of backflow device approved for their area sprinklers” category.
area.
SPRAY HEADS – Sprinklers that emit a fan-type spray of small droplets of
CHECK VALVE – A small device allowing water to flow in one direction water. These heads have a radius of 5.2 meters and shorter. Spray heads
only. A check valve has a spring which will hold the valve closed, and will fit into the category of “small area sprinklers.”
not allow the water to flow out of the sprinkler until a pre-set pressure is
achieved in the system. This spring will hold back water in a pipe that has STATION – A term used when discussing controllers. Sprinklers in a water-
as much as 2 to 3 meters change in elevation and is an excellent solution ing zone are connected by pipe to a valve, which is wired to a station on the
for slope applications. controller. A 6-station controller (also called a timer) can control from one to
six valves.
CONTROLLER – Also known as a timer, the part of an automatic sprinkler
system that determines when a valve will turn on and how long it will oper- TIMER – See “Controller”
ate. The timer sends a low voltage signal to the valve, which will then open TRENCH – Lateral line trenches should be at least 15 cm to 20 cm deep.
for a predetermined amount of time allowing water to flow to the sprinklers. When digging in the yard most people will dig without concern to about a
What size timer to purchase is determined by how many zones are in the 10 cm depth. At 15 cm they begin to dig more carefully, as they know there
sprinkler system. are utilities buried in their yard. Installing the lateral pipes at 15 cm to 20 cm
FLOW – Expressed in liters per minute (l/min) or in cubic meters per hour helps to avoid broken pipes due to weeding or the planting of annual color.
(m3/hr), flow is a measurement of the volume of water moving through a The main line is usually installed before the lateral lines and should be
pipe or sprinkler component over a specific amount of time. deeper, allowing the lateral lines to be installed at the stated depth. As an
added note, install the low-voltage wires in the same trench below the main
FRICTION LOSS – Water flowing through the meter, valves, pipe, and line pipe to help protect the wires.
fittings has considerable drag or friction. When the velocity of water
increases, the friction loss increases. The friction reduces the available VALVE – In a sprinkler system, there are many types of valves, but really
dynamic pressure. only two families of valves–sprinkler valves and shut-off valves. Within
those two families are a variety of valves. When discussing a sprinkler
HEAD-TO-HEAD – This phrase describes the correct placement of spray system, the term “valve” usually refers to an automatic control valve.
heads and stream rotors. One sprinkler must be placed so that it will spray
another sprinkler (or 50% of the adjusted diameter). This provides for com- SPRINKLER ZONE CONTROL VALVES
plete coverage and prevents dry spots. MANUAL CONTROL VALVES are not as common as they once were.
LATERAL (Lateral Line) – Non-pressure pipe running from the valve to the The manually-controlled sprinkler system eliminates having to move a
sprinklers. hose-end sprinkler around from area to area, but the user does not have
LOW HEAD DRAINAGE – Water left in the pipe after a valve is turned off the convenience of the automatic system.
that is gently flowing out of a low elevation sprinkler head. Low head drain- AUTOMATIC CONTROL VALVES are used in conjunction with automatic
age can be corrected through the use of a check valve. timers and are a convenient, economical way of delivering water to lawns,
l/min – LITERS PER MINUTE – The available l/min must be known before plants and gardens. With an automatic system, the user does not have to
a sprinkler design can be completed. Sprinkler heads have different l/min worry about wasting water when they forget to turn the system off. Instead,
requirements. The total l/min of all the sprinkler heads on one zone should just the right amount of water is delivered to each zone automatically.
not exceed the available l/min. VOLUME – Expressed in liters or cubic meters (m3), volume is used to
MAIN (MAIN LINE) – Pressurized pipe running from the P.O.C. to the zone describe either the amount of water available or the amount of water used
control valves. (see flow).
MANIFOLD – A group of valves. WATER HAMMER – The surging of pressure which occurs when a control
valve is suddenly closed. In extreme conditions, this surging will cause
P.O.C. – POINT OF CONNECTION – The sprinkler main line tie-in point.
the pipes to vibrate or create a pounding noise. Water hammer is most
POLY PIPE – Polyethylene is black, flexible pipe popular in areas that are commonly caused by fast-closing valves or pipes that have been sized too
susceptible to long freezes in the winter. An insert fitting with a hose clamp small causing high velocity water flow.
or a compression fitting is used with poly pipe.
WIRE – In an automatic sprinkler system, low voltage direct burial wire is
PRECIPITATION RATE – Expressed in mm per hour, precipitation rate is used to connect the automatic control valves to the controller. The most
the rate at which water is being applied. Matched precipitation means all of frequently used wire for the home sprinkler system is multi-strand. Color-
the sprinklers in the area are placing about the same amount of water on a coded, multi-strand sprinkler wire has several coated wires together in one
given area. Different types of sprinklers should not be installed in the same protective jacket. It is a good idea to install extra wires for future expansion
zone. Large area sprinklers and small area sprinklers may use the same of the system.
LPM, but because the size of the areas they cover is not the same, the mm
ZONE – A zone is an area to be watered by one sprinkler valve.
per hour of water applied is very different.
PRESSURE – Measured with a pressure gauge and expressed in kPa
or Bars. Static pressure is the kPa measured when no water is flowing
through a closed system. Dynamic pressure is the kPa measured when the
system is open, or water is flowing through.
PROGRAM – A program is information the user enters into the timer’s
memory that determines when the system will water. A program for an
automatic sprinkler timer contains three pieces of information: what days
to water, what time to start watering all zones, and how long each zone will
water.
PVC PIPE – The most common type of pipe used in areas with warmer
climates. Generally white in color, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipe is more
rigid than the black poly pipe, and requires the use of PVC solvents (glue).
The pipe manufacturers also recommend the use of primer just prior to the
Watering Guidelines
Application Rates
WATERING GUIDELINES
Watering application rates will vary with different types of Cool, non-arid climates – Apply 25 mm of water per week.
plants, soils and climates. New lawn must be kept moist, and Hot, arid climates – Apply 50 mm of water per week.
newly-transplanted shrubs must be watered every day or two. Clay soils, fine particles, Program the controller with shorter
Established plants will need deeper, less frequent watering. absorbs water slowly run times; increase the number of
start time cycles per day; decrease the
The following guidelines will get you started.
number of water days per week.
Watering Guidelines Loam soils, medium-sized Program the controller with longer
particles, average run times and fewer start time cycles
1. Do not operate more than one valve at a time. absorption rate per week.
2. Water early in the morning when it is least windy and Sandy soils, larger particles, Program the controller with shorter
pressure is the greatest. Early morning watering will also absorbs water quite rapidly run times; increase the number of
start time cycles per day; increase the
reduce water evaporation. Watering in the early evening number of water days per week.
is not recommended. A lawn is more likely to get diseases
when wet for a long duration, especially overnight during
the summer. Watering on a hot summer day may also burn SPRINKLER RUN TIME SCHEDULE – OVER 7 DAYS
the plants, due to evaporated salt on the leaves.
Water To Apply Spray I-20 Ultra
3. In most areas, lawns require 40 mm to 50 mm of water per Each Week Sprinklers PGM Rotors PGP® Rotors Rotors
week in the hottest months. Hot and arid areas may require 25 mm 40 min. 130 min. 150 min. 150 min.
more. 50 mm 80 min. 260 min. 300 min. 300 min.
Right-Corner
2.1
2.4
206
241
1.5 m x 4.6 m
1.5 m x 4.6 m
0.15
0.16
2.5
2.6
3.4 344 8.2 0.52 8.7 SR 3.4
4.1
344
413
5.5
5.8
.23
.25
3.8
4.2
SR 3.4
4.1
344
413
5.5
5.8
.23
.25
3.8
4.2
Strip 2.1 206 8.5 0.57 9.5
2.8
1.4
275
137
1.5 m x 4.6 m
1.2 m x 8.5 m
0.17
0.25
2.8
4.2
3.0 2.8
3.4
275
344
9.1
9.1
0.68 11.4
0.77 12.9 2.0
2.1
2.8
206
275
5.2
5.2
.32
.39
5.3
6.4 3.0
2.1
2.8
206
275
5.2
5.2
.32
.39
5.3
6.4
SS-530 1.7
2.1
172
206
1.5 m x 9.1 m
1.5 m x 9.1 m
0.27
0.29
4.5
4.9
SR 3.4
4.1
344
413
5.5
5.8
.45
.50
7.6
8.3
SR 3.4
4.1
344
413
5.5
5.8
.45
.50
7.6
8.3
Side Strip 2.4 241 1.5 m x 9.1 m 0.32 5.3
2.8 275 1.5 m x 9.1 m 0.43 5.7
TIPS
Sprinkler Radius: The radius can be reduced up to 25% with a sprinkler adjustment tool.
kPa/Bar: If the pressure at the sprinkler is higher than the ratings recommended in the charts, you
may need a pressure regulator.
Low Angle Nozzles: These nozzles project a lower spray pattern and are ideal for slopes or where low
® tree branches or wind are a problem.
Hunter Industries Incorporated • The Irrigation Innovators © 2002 Hunter Industries Incorporated
U.S.A.: 1940 Diamond Street • San Marcos, California 92069 • [Link]
Europe: Bât. A2 - Europarc de Pichaury • 1330, rue Guillibert de la Lauzières • 13856 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 3, France
Australia: 8 The Parade West • Kent Town, South Australia 5067 P/N 700331 INT-318 11/02