Here are the answers to the 39 questions listed above:

1. B) Allan Octavian Hume

2. B) Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee
3. B) Self-rule within the British Empire
4. B) Mahatma Gandhi
5. B) 1919
6. A) 1920
7. C) Mahatma Gandhi
8. B) 1930
9. B) The Rowlatt Act
10. B) General Dyer
11. C) Annie Besant
12. B) 1942
13. A) Bhagat Singh
14. B) To defend the Ottoman Caliphate
15. A) 1757
16. D) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
17. B) 1907
18. C) Mahatma Gandhi
19. B) Annie Besant
20. A) Jawaharlal Nehru
21. C) Ram Prasad Bismil
22. C) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
23. B) Lord Mountbatten
24. C) The Revolt of 1857
25. C) 1919
26. B) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
27. A) Subhas Chandra Bose
28. A) Non-Cooperation Movement
29. B) Mahatma Gandhi
30. B) Lala Lajpat Rai
31. B) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
32. C) Sir Leander Rose
33. A) Lord Curzon
34. D) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
35. C) Mahatma Gandhi
36. B) 1927
37. B) 1930
38. A) Mahatma Gandhi

LIFE PROCESSES
What is life processes?
The maintenance functions of living organisms must go on even when they are not doing
anything particular. Even when we are just sitting in class, even if we are just asleep, this
maintenance job has to go on. The processes which together perform this maintenance job are
life processes.
What is nutrition? What are the different modes of nutrition?
The must be a process to transfer a source of energy from outside the body of the organism,
which we call food, to the inside is called nutrition.
The different modes of nutrition are saprophytic nutrition, parasitic nutrition and holozoic
nutrition.
Oxidising-reducing reactions are some of the most common chemical means to break-down
molecules.
Q. What is respiration?
Ans. The process of acquiring oxygen from outside the body, and to use it in the process of
break-down of food sources for cellular needs
Q. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like
humans?
Ans. Due to higher metabolic rate and the volume of human body is so large that oxygen cannot
diffuse into all cells of the body quickly as oxygen will have to travel large distances to reach
each and every cell. So diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen demand of multicellular
organisms.
Q. What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?
Ans. Any visible movement such as walking, breathing, or growing is generally used to decide
whether something is alive or not. However, a living organism can also have movements, which
are not visible to the naked eye. Therefore, the presence of life processes is a fundamental
criterion that can be used to decide whether something is alive or not.
Q. What are outside raw materials used for by an organism?
Ans. Energy is required by all living species, to sustain and preserve their existence. Oxygen,
water, and food are examples of external raw materials used by organisms
What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?
Important processes like respiration, excretion, transportation and digestion etc.
What are autotrophs?
The general requirement for energy and materials is common in all organisms, but it is fulfilled in
different ways. Some organisms use simple food material obtained from inorganic sources in
the form of carbon dioxide and water. These organisms, the autotrophs, include green plants
and some bacteria.
What are Heterotrophs?
Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition

Organism prepares its own food and is not An organism that does not prepare its own food and is
dependent on any other organ dependent on other organisms for food.

ism.

Food is prepared from CO2, water, and sunlight. Food cannot be prepared from CO2, water, or sunlight.

Chlorophyll is required for food preparation. Chlorophyll is not required for food preparation.

Green plants and certain bacteria like Euglena All animals like cow goat and fungi, most bacteria,
have autotrophic modes of nutrition. have heterotrophic modes of nutrition.

Heterotrophic organisms include animals and fungi. These complex substances have to be
broken down into simpler ones before they can be used for the upkeep and growth of the body.

What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?

Enzymes are bio-catalysts.

What is the role of the acid in our stomach?
HCl present in the stomach dissolves food particles and creates an acidic medium. In an acidic
environment, protein-digesting enzymes, pepsinogen, are converted into pepsin. HCl in the
stomach also acts as a protective barrier against many disease-causing pathogens

What is the function of digestive enzymes?

Digestive enzymes break complex food molecules into simpler ones. This will make the food
absorption process easy and effective. Absorbed food is transported to all parts of the body by
the blood.
What is Autotrophic Nutrition?
Carbon and energy requirements of the autotrophic organism are fulfilled by photosynthesis. It
is the process by which autotrophs take in substances from the outside and convert them into
stored forms of energy.
This material is taken in the form of carbon dioxide and water which is converted into
carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. Carbohydrates are utilised for
providing energy to the plants
they also need other raw materials for building their body. Water used in photosynthesis is taken
up from the soil by the roots in terrestrial plants. Other materials like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron
and magnesium are taken up from the soil. Nitrogen is an essential element used in the
synthesis of proteins and other compounds. This is taken up in the form of inorganic nitrates or
nitrites.
Mention the raw materials required for photosynthesis
Raw materials required for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2), water, light and
chloroplast.
Saprophytic Nutrition

Some organisms feed on dead and decaying organic matter. This mode of nutrition is called
saprophytic nutrition.

 The food is partially digested outside the body, and then it is absorbed.
 E.g. Fungi are saprophytes.( What is the mode of nutrition in fungi?)

What is Parasitic Nutrition?

Ans. Some organisms feed at the expense of another organism and in turn cause harm. This is
called the parasitic mode of nutrition.

 These parasites live on the body or in the body of a host organism and derive the
nutrients directly from the body of the host.
 E.g. Leech is an ectoparasite while Ascaris is an endoparasite. Cuscuta is a parasitic
plant.

The energy derived from the food we eat is stored in our body in the form of glycogen.

Explain what happens during the process of photosynthesis. The following events occur during
this process
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into
hydrogen and oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates
(iv) For example desert plants take up carbon dioxide at night and prepare an intermediate
which is acted upon by the energy absorbed by the chlorophyll during the day
Explain the significance of photosynthesis. Write the balanced chemical equation involved in
the process.
Answer:
Photosynthesis is important for a number of reasons:
(i) Food : By photosynthesis, green plants synthesise food from simple raw materials like
CO2 and H2O. Thus, it sustains life on earth.
(ii) Oxygen : Oxygen released during the process of photosynthesis is needed by animals and
humans for respiration. It is also required for respiration of microbes. Oxygen also supports
combustion of fuels.
(iii) Fuels : Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are forms of stored solar energy
synthesised millions of years ago through photosynthesis. Balanced chemical equation involved
in the process of photosynthesis is given as :

How do guard cells open and close stomata?

The opening and closing of the pore is a function of the guard cells. The guard cells swell when
water flows into them, causing the stomatal pore to open. Similarly the pore closes if the guard
cells shrink.
Q. ‘Stomata remain closed in desert plants during daytime’. How do they do photosynthesis?
Ans. In desert plants, stomata open at night and take in carbon dioxide (CO2). Stomata remain
closed during daytime to prevent the loss of water by transpiration. They store the CO 2 in their
cells until the sun comes out so that they can carry on with photosynthesis during the daytime.
Q. “All plants give out oxygen during the day and carbon dioxide during the night”. Do you agree with
this statement? Give reason.
This statement is incorrect. Since photosynthesis requires sunlight, it occurs only in the daytime,
which thus means that plants give out oxygen during the day. Plants give out carbon dioxide
during respiration, which takes place during the day as well as at night.
Q. (a) State the form in which the following are stored:
(i) Unused carbohydrates in plants.
(ii) The energy derived from food in humans,
(a) (i) Unused carbohydrates in plants are stored in the form of complex sugar known as starch.
They are later broken down into simple sugars (glucose) when energy is needed.
(ii) The assimilated food molecules hold energy in their chemical bonds. Their bond energy is
released by oxidation in the cell. This energy is trapped by forming bonds between ADP
(adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) to synthesise ATP (Adenosine
triphosphate) molecules. These bonds are later broken by enzymatic hydrolysis and the energy
released is utilised for cellular processes.
Q. If a plant is releasing carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen during the day, does it mean that there
is no photosynthesis occurring? Justify your answer.
Ans. Plants exchange gases throughout the day. In the process of respiration, they release
carbon dioxide and intake oxygen.
In the case of photosynthesis, they release carbon dioxide and this process is dependent upon
respiration because in photosynthesis the plant requires carbon dioxide which is obtained from
respiration.
Hence we can say that respiration and photosynthesis can occur simultaneously.

Q. Write three points of difference between respiration in plants and respiration in

animals.
Answer:
Differences between respiration in plants and animals are as follows:

Plant respiration Animal respiration

(i) All parts of plants, like roots, stem and Animal performs respiration as a single
leaves, perform respiration individually. unit.
Respiratory gases are usually
(ii) There is little transport of respiratory gases
transported over long distance inside an
from one part to the other during respiration.
animal during respiration.
(iii) Respiration occurs at a very slow rate. It is a fast process in animals.
Gases are transported by specialised
(iv) There is no special gas transport system.
blood vascular system.
(v) Respiratory organ in plants are generally
Respiratory organ in animals are
stomata in leaves, lenticels in stem and
generally lungs and gills.
general surface of roots.

Q. Why is nutrition necessary for an organism? Give any two reasons. Or

Why is nutrition necessary for the human body?
Ans . Nutrition is a method in which the food is consumed by the organisms into the body and
utilizing the nutrients from the food.
Nutrition is necessary for an organism. It is required for the following purposes:
It provides energy for the metabolic processes in the body.
It is necessary for the growth of new cells and repairing worn out cells.

Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis. Explain ?

OBSERVATION:
After adding the iodine solution the part of the leaf that was covered by black paper remains
colorless while the region that was exposed to sunlight will have blue-black color.

INFERENCE:
The food prepared by plants (carbohydrates) through the process of photosynthesis is stored as
starch.
This starch reacts with the iodine solution to change to a blue-black color.
Only those portions of the leaf that were exposed to sunlight could photosynthesize and hence,
change to a blue-black color when tested with iodine.
The region that was closed by black papers on both sides were not able to photosynthesize and
hence the color did not appear.
This proves the importance of sunlight in the process of photosynthesis as it does not occur in
the parts of leaves that are not exposed to sunlight.

Take 1 mL starch solution (1%) in two test tubes (A and B). n Add 1 mL saliva to test tube A and
leave both test tubes undisturbed for 20-30 minutes. n Now add a few drops of dilute iodine
solution to the test tubes. n In which test tube do you observe a colour change? n What does
this indicate about the presence or absence of starch in the two test tubes? n What does this tell
us about the action of saliva on starch?
Starch is a component in many foods. When iodine is added to starch it turns blue. That is why,
in the experiment, the solutions in both beakers turn blue. On addition of saliva which contains
an amylase, a starch digesting enzyme (chemical compound that catalyses the breakdown of
starch); the starch gradually converts to sugar. Once the starch is broken down, the blue colour
disappears. It is important to know that the salivary amylase requires an alkaline medium to act.

How is nutrition in Amoeba performed? Or

Explain with the help of neat and well labelled diagrams the different steps involved in nutrition
in Amoeba
The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic. The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is called
phagocytosis.

1. Amoeba ingests food by using its finger-like projections called pseudopodia.

2. The food is engulfed with a little surrounding water to form a food vacuole inside the
Amoeba. The food is digested inside food vacuole by digestive enzymes.
3. Food is absorbed directly into the cytoplasm of Amoeba by diffusion.
4. Food is used to obtain energy and growth of Amoeba.
5. When considerable amount of undigested food collects inside Amoeba then its cell
membrane ruptures at any place to throw out this undigested food.

Diagrammatic representation of different stages in the holozoic nutrition (feeding) of Amoeba is

as follows:

Explain Nutrition in Paramoecium

 Paramoecium also exhibits holozoic nutrition.

 However, they have cilia that help them to engulf the food through the oral groove.
 A food vacuole is created, enclosing the food.
 It moves through the cytoplasm, the process is called cyclosis.
 Food digested in the food vacuole is absorbed by the cytoplasm.
 Undigested food is given out to a tiny pore called an anal pore or cytopyge.

Nutrition in Humans

 Humans are omnivores, they can eat plant-based food as well as animal-based food.
 Being more complex, humans have a very complicated nutrition system.
  The digestive system has an alimentary canal and associated digestive glands, which
together function to nourish the body.
 There are five stages in human nutrition; Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation
and Egestion.
 Four stages i.e. ingestion, digestion, absorption and egestion, take place in the
alimentary canal, while assimilation of food takes place in the whole body.
Q. What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal?
Ans. The wall of alimentary tract contains muscles which can contract and expand
alternately. The contraction and expansion movement of the walls of food pipe is called
peristaltic movement. The peristaltic movement moves the partially digested food in all the
digestive organs throughout the alimentary canal.

Q. Describe Alimentary canal in humans? Or what all are part of alimentary canal?

Ans. The alimentary canal in humans is a long tube of varying diameter.

 It starts with the mouth and ends with the anus.

 Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine are the parts of the alimentary
canal.

Mouth

 It is the opening of the alimentary canal and helps in the ingestion of food.
 The buccal cavity, which is present behind the mouth, is also commonly referred to as
the mouth.
 The buccal cavity has teeth and a tongue.
 The set of teeth helps in the mastication of food.
 The tongue has taste buds on it and thus helps in tasting the food.
 The salivary glands also open in the buccal cavity and pour saliva, which initiates the
process of digestion.
(a) State the role played by the following in the process of digestion :
(i) Enzyme trypsin
(ii) Enzyme lipase-

Answer:
(a) (i) Enzyme trypsin : This enzyme is produced by the pancreas in an inactive form
called trypsinogen. Trypsin converts remaining proteins into peptones and the peptones
into peptides and amino acids.
(ii) Enzyme lipase : It is secreted by pancreas and small intestine. Lipase converts fats
into fatty acids and glycerol.

b)List two functions of finger-like projections present in the small intestine.

Q. How is Small intestine designed to absorb digested food.?

Ans. Internally, the wall of the small intestine is provided with long finger-like projections called
villi. Two functions of villi are :
(i) The villi greatly increase the absorptive surface area of the inner lining of small intestine.
(ii) The large surface area of small intestine helps in rapid absorption of digested food.( Name
the organ which perform the following functions in human Absorption of digested food)

Teeth

 Teeth are the hard structures present in the buccal cavity.

 They help us to cut, shear and masticate the food we eat.
 The vertical section of a tooth shows four layers enamel, dentine, cement and dental
pulp.
 Enamel is the outermost, shiny, highly mineralized and hardest part of the human body.
 Dentine makes the bulk of the tooth and contains 70% inorganic salts.
 Cement is present at the lining of a tooth and bony socket.
 The dental pulp is the central soft part of a tooth and contains nerve endings, blood and
lymph vessels along with connective tissue.
 There are four types of teeth in humans, Incisors, canines, molars and premolars, each
with a specific function.
 Incisors cut the food, canines tear the food while molars and premolars crush it.
 The dental formula in adult humans is 2:1:2:3.

Small Intestine

 The small intestine is the longest part of the alimentary canal, about 20 feet long in
humans.
 It has regions, the duodenum, the region which follows the stomach; the jejunum is the
middle part; and the ileum is the later region which continues further into the large
intestine.
 The internal surface of the small intestine is folded into finger-like projections called villi.
 A common pancreatic duct from the pancreas and liver opens into the duodenum.
 Most of the chemical digestion and absorption takes place in the small intestine.

Large Intestine

 The large intestine in humans is about 5 feet long.

 It has two regions, the colon ( about 1.5 m) and the rectum (10 cm in length in the adult).
 The region of the large intestine after the ileum is called the colon, while the last part is
called the rectum.
 Colon has three regions, ascending colon, transverse colon and descending colon.
  At the base of the ascending colon, a small finger-like out-growth is seen and is
called an appendix.
 It houses many useful bacteria required for the digestion of food.
 Rectum opens to the outside by the anus.
 The anus has internal and external anal sphincters.

Peristalsis

A constant wave-like movement of the alimentary canal right from the oesophagus to the
small intestine is called as peristalsis.

 Muscles present in the wall of the alimentary canal are responsible for peristalsis.
 This movement helps to push the food through the alimentary canal.

Digestive Glands

 Several glands produce digestive juices that help in the digestion of food.
 Salivary glands, gastric glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are a few to name.
 Salivary glands secrete saliva, which initiates digestion in the mouth itself.
 Gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach They secrete gastric juices containing
mucus, protein digesting enzymes pepsin, rennin and hydrochloric acid (HCl).( State the
location and function of gastric glands)
Q. Where does digestion of fat take place in our body?

 The liver secretes bile which is stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps in the digestion of
fats.
 The pancreas secretes many digestive enzymes, and its secretion is called pancreatic
juice.
 Enzymes like trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, and amylase are present in pancreatic juice.

Pancreas

 The pancreas is a long, flat gland present behind the stomach in humans.
 It is one of the major digestive glands and is of mixed nature, i.e. endocrine as well as
exocrine.
 As an endocrine organ, it secretes two hormones called insulin and glucagon which
maintain the blood sugar level.
 As an exocrine gland, it secretes pancreatic juice, which is nothing but a mixture of many
digestive enzymes.
 The digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas include trypsin and chymotrypsin, and
proteases which digest proteins.
 It also includes amylase, which digests the starch content of the food.
 Pancreatic lipases are the pancreatic enzymes that help in the digestion of fats.
What is the function of digestive enzymes?

Digestive enzymes break complex food molecules into simpler ones. This will make the
food absorption process easy and effective. Absorbed food is transported to all parts of
the body by the blood.

How do Organisms obtain their Nutrition?

Autotrophic organisms make their own food by a process called photosynthesis. Green
plants, for example, manufacture sugar and starch from carbon dioxide and water using
the energy of sunlight to drive the necessary chemical reactions.

Heterotrophic organisms obtain their food from the bodies of other organisms.

How does Amoeba obtain their Nutrition ?

Amoeba takes in food using temporary finger-like extensions of the cell surface which
fuse over the food particle forming a food-vacuole

Inside the foodvacuole, complex substances are broken down into simpler ones which
then diffuse into the cytoplasm.

The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out.
How does Paramoecium obtain their Nutrition ?

In Paramoecium, which is also a unicellular organism, the cell has a definite shape and
food is taken in at a specific spot. Food is moved to this spot by the movement of cilia
which cover the entire surface of the cell.

Process of steps – of eating food to digestion

We eat various types of food which has to pass through the same digestive tract.
Naturally the food has to be processed to generate particles which are small and of the
same texture.

Crushing the food with our teeth.

Since the lining of the canal is soft, the food is also wetted to make its passage smooth.
When we eat something we like, our mouth ‘waters’. This is actually not only water, but a
fluid called saliva secreted by the salivary glands.

Another aspect of the food we ingest is its complex nature.

If it is to be absorbed from the alimentary canal, it has to be broken into smaller

molecules. This is done with the help of biological catalysts called enzymes.

The saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that breaks down starch which
is a complex molecule to give sugar.

The food is mixed thoroughly with saliva and moved around the mouth while chewing by
the muscular tongue. The lining of canal has muscles that contract rhythmically in order
to push the food forward.

These peristaltic movements occur all along the gut.

Q. What is peristaltic movement?

Ans. aeThe relaxation of gut muscles to move the partially digested food downwards
throughout the alimentary canal is called peristaltic movement.
From the mouth, the food is taken to the stomach through the food-pipe or oesophagus.
The stomach is a large organ which expands when food enters it. The muscular walls of
the stomach help in mixing the food thoroughly with more digestive juices. These
digestion functions are taken care of by the gastric glands present in the wall of the
stomach. These release hydrochloric acid, a protein digesting enzyme called
pepsin, and mucus.

The hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium which facilitates the action of the
enzyme pepsin.

The exit of food from the stomach is regulated by a sphincter muscle which releases it in
small amounts into the small intestine

. From the stomach, the food now enters the small intestine. This is the longest part of
the alimentary canal which is fitted into a compact space because of extensive coiling.

The small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and
fats. It receives the secretions of the liver and pancreas for this purpose

The food coming from the stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline for the
pancreatic enzymes to act.

Bile juice from the liver accomplishes this in addition to acting on fats. Fats are
present in the intestine in the form of large globules which makes it difficult for enzymes
to act on them. Bile salts break them down into smaller globules increasing the
efficiency of enzyme action

The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes like trypsin for
digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats.

The walls of the small intestine contain glands which secrete intestinal juice. The
enzymes present in it finally convert the proteins to amino acids, complex carbohydrates
into glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol

The digested food is taken up by the walls of the intestine. The inner lining of the small
intestine has numerous finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area
for absorption.

What does VILLI do ?

 increase the surface area for absorption.

The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each and
every cell of the body, where it is utilised for obtaining energy, building up new tissues
and the repair of old tissues.

The unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine where more villi absorb water from
this material. The rest of the material is removed from the body via the anus. The exit of
this waste material is regulated by the anal sphincter.

What other function do you think is served by the acid in the stomach?

Acid makes the stomach's habitat acidic. It activates inactive pepsinogen into pepsin.
Pepsin helps in protein digestion in the stomach. It also kills bacteria that are brought
into our bodies through food.

Q. Why do herbivores need longer small intestine and carnivores’ small? Or Why is small
intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores?
A. Herbivores eat plants which is rich in cellulose. Cellulose takes longer time for complete
digestion by the enzymes present in symbiotic bacteria. Therefore, they have longer small
intestine. Carnivores, feed on flesh which is easier to digest and do not contain cellulose also.
Therefore, they have shorter intestine for digestion of food eaten by them.
What is Dental carries?
Dental caries Dental caries or tooth decay causes gradual softening of enamel and dentine. It
begins when bacteria acting on sugars produce acids that softens or demineralises the enamel.
Masses of bacterial cells together with food particles stick to the teeth to form dental plaque.
Saliva cannot reach the tooth surface to neutralise the acid as plaque covers the teeth. Brushing
the teeth after eating removes the plaque before the bacteria produce acids. If untreated,
microorganisms may invade the pulp, causing inflammation and infection.
Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis
ANs. Three raw materials are required by plants for the process of photosynthesis. -Carbon
Dioxide- It is obtained by plants from the earth's atmosphere. -Water- It is absorbed by plants
from the soil. -Sunlight- Without sunlight photosynthesis would not be possible
Q. what is the function of digestive enzymes
Digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, pepsin, trypsin, etc., help in the chemical digestion
of food by breaking down complex food particles into simpler ones. These simple molecules can
be easily absorbed by the blood and is thus transported to all the cells in the body.
Q. what is pyruvate
The first step is the break-down of glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into a three-carbon molecule
called pyruvate.
This process takes place in the cytoplasm. (Q. The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon
dioxide, water and energy takes place in)
Further, the pyruvate may be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This process takes
place in yeast during fermentation. Since this process takes place in the absence of air
(oxygen), it is called anaerobic respiration. Breakdown of pyruvate using oxygen takes place
in the mitochondria
What is Aerobic respiration ?
[Link] breaks up the three-carbon pyruvate molecule to give three molecules of carbon
dioxide.
The other product is water. Since this process takes place in the presence of air (oxygen), it is
called aerobic respiration. The release of energy in this aerobic process is a lot greater than in
the anaerobic process..

Q. Write two different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in human body. Write
the products formed in each case.
A. 3w
The two different ways by which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in human body are:
(i) Aerobic respiration : The end products in aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, water and
energy.

Q. How aquatic animals does takes oxygen and why rate of breathing is high?
Or Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that in terrestrial organisms. Give
reasons.
Ans. Aquatic animals like fishes obtain oxygen from water present in the dissolved form through
their gills. The amount of dissolved oxygen is quite small as compared to the amount of oxygen
in the air. Therefore, to obtain required oxygen from water, aquatic animals have to breathe
much faster than the terrestrial organisms.
Draw a diagram depicting Human Alimentary Canal and label on it:
Gall bladder, Liver and Pancreas.
In human beings (Fig. 6.9), air is taken into the body through the nostrils.
The air passing through the nostrils is filtered by fine hairs that line the passage.
The passage is also lined with mucus which helps in this process. From here, the air passes
through the throat and into the lungs. Rings of cartilage are present in the throat. These ensure
that the air-passage does not collapse.

Within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes which finally terminate in
balloon-like structures which are called alveoli.
Q. How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases?

The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place. The walls of the
alveoli contain an extensive network of blood-vessels. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the
rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by
blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body.
Q. In the process of respiration, state the function of alveoli.
Ans. Functions of alveoli are :
(i) They increase the surface area for exchange of gases.
(ii) The thin walls of alveoli facilitate rapid exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
alveolar air and blood.

Q. Write three points of difference between breathing and respiration.

Answer:
Differences between breathing and respiration are as follows:

Breathing Respiration

(i) It is a physical process. It involves It is a biochemical process. It involves

inhalation of fresh air and exhalation of foul exchange of respiratory gases and also
air. oxidation of food.

It is both an extracellular as well as

(ii) It is an extracellular process.
intracellular process.
(iii) It does not involve enzyme action
It involves a number of enzymes required
rather two types of muscles are involved in
for oxidation of food.
this process.
(iv) It does not release energy, infact it
It releases energy.
consumes energy.
(v) It is confined to certain organs only. It occurs in all the cells of the body.

[Link] residual volume

[Link] the breathing cycle, when air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a
residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the
carbon dioxide to be released.
In human beings, the respiratory pigment is haemoglobin which has a very high affinity for
oxygen. This pigment is present in the red blood corpuscles. Carbon dioxide is more soluble in
water than oxygen is and hence is mostly transported in the dissolved form in our blood.

Q. What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to
obtaining oxygen for respiration?
Ans. Terrestrial organisms take up oxygen from the atmosphere whereas aquatic animals obtain
oxygen dissolved in water. Air contains more O2 as compared to water. Since the content of O2
in the air is high, terrestrial animals do not have to breathe faster to get more oxygen

2. What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in various
organisms?
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration are the two separate processes by which glucose is oxidised
to provide energy in diverse organisms. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen
whereas in anaerobic respiration, oxygen is not present.
3. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?
Ans. Oxygen is carried both physically dissolved in the blood and chemically combined to
hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide is carried physically dissolved in the blood, chemically combined to
blood proteins as carbamino compounds, and as bicarbonate.

4. How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases?
Ans. The lungs are divided into bronchi, and the bronchi are divided into bronchioles. The
alveoli are small, round, or balloon-like structures at the ends of the bronchioles that increase
surface area and maximize gas exchange in the lungs. The alveoli are sac with a diameter of
about 0.2-0.5 mm.
Q. Give reasons for the following:
(i) Lungs always contain residual volume.
(ii) Nostrils are lined with mucus.
Ans (i) Lungs always contain residual volume so that during the breathing cycle, when air is
inhaled and exhaled, there must be sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon
dioxide to be released. It is also important as it prevents the lungs from collapsing.
(ii) Mucus and hair present in nostrils help in filtration of inhaled air. It traps harmful substances
and germs present in air.
Q. blood being a fluid connective tissue
. Blood consists of a fluid medium called plasma in which the cells are suspended. Plasma
transports food, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form.
Oxygen is carried by the red blood cells. Many other substances like salts, are also transported
by the blood. We thus need a pumping organ to push blood around the body, a network of tubes
to reach all the tissues and a system in place to ensure that this network can be repaired if
damaged.
Q. Name the vein which brings blood to left atrium from [Link]

Name the blood vessel that brings oxygenated blood to the human heart.
Answer:
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart.
Heart Function

Question -Which chamber of the heart received oxygenated blood?

or Explain how is the oxygenated blood from this particular chamber sent to all the
body parts?
Ans. The oxygenated blood is brought back to the heart by the pulmonary veins
which enter the left atrium. From the left atrium blood flows into the left ventricle. The
left ventricle pumps the blood to the aorta which will distribute the oxygenated blood
to all parts of the body
. De-oxygenated blood comes from the body to the upper chamber on the right, the right atrium,
as it expands.
As the right atrium contracts, the corresponding lower chamber, the right ventricle, dilates.
This transfers blood to the right ventricle, which in turn pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation.
Since ventricles have to pump blood into various organs, they have thicker muscular walls than
the atria do. Valves ensure that blood does not flow backwards when the atria or ventricles
contract.

Q. Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with
respect to their structures and functioning?
Alveoli Nephrons
1. Alveoli are the tiny air sacs present in the
1. Nephrons comprise glomerulus and tubules
lungs that allow the rapid exchange of gases.
through which glomerular filtrate passes
2. Present in the lungs 2. Present in kidneys
3. There are located in the respiratory system
3. These are located in the excretory system
4. There are around 480 million alveoli found in
4. Around 1.5 million nephrons are found in
each lung kidneys
5. These are sac-like structures 5. These are tubular structures
6. Pulmonary arterioles supply blood 6. Afferent arterioles supply blood
7. Blood is supplied to pulmonary veins 7. Blood is supplied to renal veins
8. Facilitates gaseous exchange in lungs 8. Facilitates blood filtration to produce urine
9. Made up of simple cuboidal epithelium with
9. Made up of simple squamous epithelium
microvilli
Question What is the advantage if a four chambered heart?

Ans. In the four-chambered heart, the left half is completely separated from right half
by septa. This prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. This
allows a highly efficient supply of oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. This is
useful in animals that have high energy needs, such as birds and mammals.
Q. Explain the process by which inhalation occurs during breathing in human beings?
Ans. When the lungs inhale, the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward. At the
same time, the muscles between the ribs contract and pull upward. This increases
the size of the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure inside.
[Link] is double circulation ?
A mechanism in which blood circulates twice through the heart in one complete cycle is known
as double circulation. Systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation are two pathways in which
the blood flows in double circulation. Double circulation is present in birds and mammals.
[Link] is blood pressure

Blood pressure The force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel is called blood pressure.
This pressure is much greater in arteries than in veins. The pressure of blood inside the artery
during ventricular systole (contraction) is called systolic pressure and pressure in artery during
ventricular diastole (relaxation) is called diastolic pressure. The normal systolic pressure is
about 120 mm of Hg and diastolic pressure is 80 mm of Hg.
Q. a) Mention any two components of blood.
(b) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.
(c) Write the function of valves present in between atria and ventricles.
(d) Write one structural difference between the composition of artery and veins. (2018)
Answer:
(a) Two components of blood are blood plasma and blood corpuscles.
(b) Deoxygenated blood gets oxygenated in the lungs, from there it moves to heart and pumped
to different parts of the body. Its path can be traced out as
Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium of heart → Aorta → Arteries → Body parts
(c) When blood is pumped, valves prevent back flow of blood between ventricles and atria. They
open and allow the right amount of blood to flow from one chamber to the other.
(d) Structural difference between veins and arteries is as follows:
Veins:
Veins have thin, less elastic and less muscular walls. They have valves to prevent back flow of
blood.
Arteries:
Arteries have thick, elastic and muscular walls with no valves.

Blood pressure is measured with an instrument called sphygmomanometer. High blood

pressure is also called hypertension and is caused by the constriction of arterioles, which results
in increased resistance to blood flow. It can lead to the rupture of an artery and internal
bleeding.
What are Arteries and their function ?
Arteries are the vessels which carry blood away from the heart to various organs of the body.
Since the blood emerges from the heart under high pressure, the arteries have thick, elastic
walls.
What are veins ?
Veins collect the blood from different organs and bring it back to the heart. They do not need
thick walls because the blood is no longer under pressure, instead they have valves that ensure
that the blood flows only in one direction.

List in tabular form three differences between arteries and veins.

Answer:
Differences between arteries and veins are as follows:

Arteries Veins
(i) Arteries are the blood vessels which
Veins are blood vessels which bring blood
carry blood away from the heart for
from the body back to the heart.
distribution to the body.
(ii) Arteriei walls are thick and valves are Their walls are thin and valves are present to
absent. prevent back flow of blood.
(iii) Blood passing through narrow lumen The blood passing through wide lumen of
of arteries is mostly oxygenated and has veins is deoxygenated (except in pulmonary
a considerable pressure. veins) and has low pressure.
(iv) More elastic and placed deeply. Less elastic and superficially placed.

Question .What is Lymph? And state its function ?

Ans. Through the pores present in the walls of capillaries some amount of plasma, proteins and
blood cells escape into intercellular spaces in the tissues to form the tissue fluid or lymph. It is
similar to the plasma of blood but colourless and contains less protein.
Lymph drains into lymphatic capillaries from the intercellular spaces, which join to form large
lymph vessels that finally open into larger veins. Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from
intestine and drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood.
Question How does transportation happens in plants ?
Ans. Plant transport systems will move energy stores from leaves and raw materials from roots.
These two pathways are constructed as independently organised conducting tubes. One, the
xylem moves water and minerals obtained from the soil. The other, phloem transports products
of photosynthesis from the leaves where they are synthesised to other parts of the plant
How does the water transports in plants ?
Xylem transports water in plants. Water is absorbed from the soil through root hair cells. Water
moves by osmosis from root cell to root cell until it reaches the xylem. It is transported through
the xylem vessels up the stem to the leaves.
Q. How does Transport of food and other substances happens In plants ?
Or Define translocation in reference to plants. ?
Ans. Phloem, with its set of companion cells, sieve tubes, fibres and parenchyma, transports
food materials from the leaves to different parts of the plant. This activity is called translocation.

The translocation of food and other substances takes place in the sieve tubes with the help of
adjacent companion cells both in upward and downward directions
Question .What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the
functions of these components?
Ans. The components of the transport system in human beings are the heart, blood, and blood
vessels. The function of the heart is to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body and
receives deoxygenated blood from the various body parts and sends this impure blood to the
lungs for oxygenation.
Question .Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals
and birds?
Ans. The separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds is
necessary to produce more energy in order to maintain their body temperature at different
climatic Conditions.

Q. Write three types of blood vessels. Give one important feature of each.
Answer:
The three types of blood vessels in human body are: (i) arteries, (ii) veins and (iii)
capillaries.
(i) Arteries are the blood vessels which carry blood from heart to various parts of the
body. The walls of arteries are thick, elastic and muscular that enables them to dilate
but not rupture when the heart contracts and forces blood into them.

(ii) Veins are thin walled blood vessels which bring blood from the body back to the
heart. They are larger and hold more blood than the arteries. The lumen of veins are
provided with valves to prevent the backflow of blood.

(iii) Capillaries are thin walled and extremely narrow blood vessels which occur at the
terminals of artery and vein. The wall of capillaries are permeable to water and
dissolved substances so that the exchange of materials between the blood and body
cells can take place.

Q. Explain why plants have low energy needs as compared to animals.

Ans. Plants are autotrophic and do not have to move from one place to another in
search of their food. Movements in a plant are usually at the cellular level and hence
they required less amount of energy. Whereas animals are heterotrophic and locomote
in search of food and other activities, hence require higher amount of energy than of
plants.

Q. What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants?
How are water and minerals transported in plants? How is food transported in plants?

Ans. Xylem and phloem are the 2 main components of the plant's transport system. Xylem
helps in the upward transport of water whereas phloem helps in the transport of food from the
leaves to other plant parts.

Question .What is excretion in human beings ?

Ans. The excretory system of human beings includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a
urinary bladder and a urethra. Kidneys are located in the abdomen, one on either side of the
backbone. Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder
where it is stored until it is released through the urethra.
Q. What do the following transport?
(i) Xylem
(ii) Phloem
(iii) Pulmonary vein
(iv) Vena cava
(v) Pulmonary artery
(vi) Aorta
Answer:
(i) Xylem is a specialised plant conducting tissue that transports water and minerals from roots
to all aerial parts of plants which occurs against gravitational force with the help of ascent of
sap.
(ii) Phloem transports food that is prepared in the leaves, through photosynthesis, to various
parts of plant. This process is called translocation. Phloem also transports amino acids,
hormones synthesised in the shoot tips and root tips and other metabolites.
(iii) Pulmonary vein present in human circulatory system brings oxygenated blood from lungs to
the left atrium of heart.
(iv) Vena cava transport deoxygenated blood collected by all veins of body except pulmonary
vein and pass it to the right atrium of heart.
(v) Pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood from right atrium of heart to lungs for
oxygenation.
(vi) Aorta transports oxygenated blood from left atrium to systemic arteries which further take
the blood to various body parts and organs.
Q. How is urine produced?

The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste products from the blood. Just as CO2 is
removed from the blood in the lungs, nitrogenous waste such as urea or uric acid are removed
from blood in the kidneys. Each capillary cluster in the kidney is associated with the cup-shaped
end of a tube that collects the filtered urine

Each kidney has large numbers of these filtration units called nephrons packed close together
The urine forming in each kidney eventually enters a long tube, the ureter, which connects the
kidneys with the urinary bladder. Urine is stored in the urinary bladder until the pressure of the
expanded bladder leads to the urge to pass it out through the urethra. The bladder is muscular,
so it is under nervous control, as we have discussed elsewhere. As a result, we can usually
control the urge to urinate

What is artificial kidney or dialysis ?

Kidneys are vital organs for survival. Several factors like infections, injury or restricted blood
flow to kidneys reduce the activity of kidneys. This leads to accumulation of poisonous wastes in
the body, which can even lead to death. In case of kidney failure, an artificial kidney can be
used. An artificial kidney is a device to remove nitrogenous waste products from the blood
through dialysis.

Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons. ?

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Each kidney consists of millions of nephron
which plays a significant role in the filtration and purification of blood. The nephron is divided
into two portions, namely, the glomerulus and the renal tubule and helps in the removal of
excess waste from the body.

2. What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?
In plants, waste products are removed by diffusion. Plants, excrete oxygen, a product of
photosynthesis. Plants get rid of water by transpiration. Waste products may be stored in
vacuoles or may be stored in leaves which fall off.

. How is the amount of urine produced regulated

The amount of urine produced is strongly dependent on the amount of additional water or water
reabsorbed, even in the body's dissolved waste. When excess water is found in the body, the
volume of dilute urine excreted is high
Question . How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place? Or
What is the significance of emulsification of fats? And where does it take place
Or How do carbohydrates, proteins and fats get digested in human beings?
Ans, The bile salts (from the liver) break down the large fat globules into smaller globules so
that the pancreatic enzyme lipase can easily act on them. This is referred to as emulsification of
fats. This process takes place in the small intestine.

Question . What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?

Ans. Saliva contains special enzymes that help digest the starches in your food. An enzyme
called amylase breaks down starches (complex carbohydrates) into sugars, which your body
can more easily absorb. Saliva also contains an enzyme called lingual lipase, which breaks
down fats.
The wetness from the saliva helps our mouth moist and helps to lubricate the digestive tract.
This ensures that the digestive tract functions properly and smoothly.
Q. What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducts?
Ans. Autotrophic nutrition takes place through the process of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide,
water, chlorophyll pigment and sunlight are the necessary conditions required for autotrophic
nutrition. Carbohydrates (food) and O2 are the by-products of photosynthesis.
Q. Name the pigment, which can absorb solar energy.
Ans. Chlorophyll is the pigment, which can absorb solar energy.
Q. Which part of the roots is involved in exchange of respiratory gases?
Ans. Root hair is the part of the root which is involved in exchange of respiratory gases.
Q. Name the respiratory organs of
(i) fish
(ii) mosquito
(iii) earthworm
(iv) dog
Solution:
The respiratory organs of
(i) fish – gills
(ii) mosquito – tracheoles
(iii) earthworm – skin
(v) dog – lungs.
Q. From where do the following take in oxygen?
(i) prawn (ii) rat.
Solution:
(i) Prawns take in oxygen that is dissolved in water.
(ii) Rat takes in oxygen from the atmosphere.
Q. What are the final products after digestion of carbohydrates and proteins?
Ans. The food is ingested through the mouth and undigested food is excreted through the anus.
The substances that are absorbed during digestion are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The
final products from the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are sugars, amino acids,
fatty acids, and glycerol respectively.
Q. What is the stored form of food in animals ?
Ans. Glycogen: The food is stored in the form of Glycogen in the animal body. When the amount
of glucose is high in the blood, it is converted into glycogen by the hormone insulin. It is a
polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a primary storage form of glucose in the body.
Q. Define peristalysis?
Ans, Peristalsis: The movement of food in the alimentary canal is mediated by the process
called peristalsis. It is a type of involuntary muscular movement that occurs in the digestive
system. It begins with the swallowing of food in the mouth and propulsion throughout the
gastrointestinal tract.
Q. Write one function of each of the following enymes.
i) Pepsin ii) Lipase
Ans. Pepsin converts proteins into peptides.
Fats are broken down by lipases of gastric juice. Rennin is only found in gastric juice of infants,
which helps in the breakdown of milk proteins.
Q. What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands?
Ans. Gastric glands secrete HCl, mucus, rennin and pepsin enzymes. Mucus protects the inner
lining of stomach from the action of HCl and enzymes. In the absence of mucus, there would be
erosion of inner lining of stomach leading to acidity and ulcers.
Question .Name the process used by single-celled organisms for taking in food, exchange of
gases or removal of wastes
Ans. – Diffusion
Q. Give two differences between pepsin and trypsin.
Ans. Pepsin is an enzyme that acts only in an acidic medium, trypsin is an enzyme that acts in
an alkaline medium. pepsin is secreted by the gastric juice, and trypsin is secreted by the
pancreatic juice. Pepsin is secreted in the stomach, trypsin is secreted in the small intestine.
Pepsin is situated in gastric glands, trypsin is situated in the pancreas.
Ans. Write any two functions of large intestine in man?
Ans. The large intestine has 3 primary functions: absorbing water and electrolytes, producing
and absorbing vitamins, and forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for elimination.
Question . Bile secreted by liver does not contain enzymes but still play an important role in
digestion. Justify the statement.
Ans. Though bile juice is devoid of any digestive enzymes, it is required for the digestion of fats.
The fats cannot be digested easily because they are insoluble in water and are present as large
globules. Bile juice breaks down big fat droplets into smaller droplets.
17. Name the organ which perform the following functions in human Absorption of water – Large
Intestine
..Secretion of Bile juice.- Liver
20 (a) Draw a diagram depicting Human Alimentary Canal and label on it:
Gall bladder, Liver and Pancreas.
(b) State the roles of Liver and Pancreas.
(c) Name the organ which performs the following functions in humans:
(i) Complete digestion of food takes place
(ii) where enzyme pepsin is produced.
Question -State the basic difference between the process of respiration and photosynthesis.
Ans. Both are similar reactions that occur in a specific manner. In the process of respiration,
oxygen and glucose yield water and carbon dioxide, while carbon dioxide and water yield
glucose and oxygen during the process of photosynthesis.
Question Name the energy currency in the living organisms. When and where it is produced?
Ans. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency in living organisms. It is produced at
the end of respiration and is produced in the mitochondria.
Q. Why do the walls of the trachea not collapse when there is less air in it?
Ans. The trachea is supported by c-shaped rings of cartilage which hold them in place when
there is less air inside it. Due to this, the walls of trachea do not collapse even when there is a
little air. So, the correct option is 'cartilaginous rings'.
Q. “The breathing cycle is rhythmic whereas exchange of gases is a continuous process”.Justify
this statement.
Ans. Ans. The breathing cycle involves inhalation and exhalation of air due to alternate
expansion and contraction of thoracic cavity. Thus it is a rhythmic process. But exchange of
gases is a continuous process as it takes place between the blood and each and every cell, by
diffusion.
Q. Explain the role of diaphragm in the process of breathing
Ans. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges. This
contraction creates a vacuum, which pulls air into the lungs. Upon exhalation, the diaphragm
relaxes and returns to its domelike shape, and air is forced out of the lungs.
Ques. Explain the three pathways of breakdown of glucose in living organisms..
Ans. The stages of glucose breakdown can be divided into four distinct phases such as
glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain. Glucose is
converted into Pyruvate which in turn produces carbon dioxide and water along with the
generation of heat
Question . List three characteristics of lungs which make it an efficient respiratory surface.
Ans. The millions of alveoli in the lungs, as well as the capillaries that surround them, exchange
gas. Thin walls, a moist inner surface, a large combined surface area, and a rich blood supply
are all characteristics of a respiratory surface.
[Link] the glucose breakdown pathway in case of aerobic respiration by filling the blanks.

Q. Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label the following:

(i) part where air is filtered by fine hair and mucus- Nostrils
(ii) part which terminates in balloon – like structures- The bronchioles
(iii) balloon – like structures where exchange of gases takes place.- Alveoli
(iv) part which separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity. The Diaphragm

Q. Give reasons:
(a) Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria.
(b) Transport system in plants is slow.
(c) Circulation of blood in aquatic vertebrates differs from that in terrestrial vertebrates.
(d) During the daytime, water and minerals travel faster through xylem as compared to the night.
(e) Veins have valves whereas arteries do not .
Answer:
(a) Since ventricles have to pump blood into various organs with high pressure, they have
thicker walls than atria.
(b) Transport system in plants is less elaborate than in animals, as plants are less active, so
their cells do not need to be supplied with materials so quickly.
(c) The aquatic vertebrates like fish have gills to oxygenate blood. The flow of blood in a fish is
single circulation because the blood passes through the heart only once in one complete cycle
of body. The terrestrial vertebrates like birds and humans have double circulation as the blood
travels heart twice in one complete cycle of blood and they have lungs for oxygenation of blood.
(d) It is because during daytime rate of transpiration is higher.
(e) The lumen of veins have valves, which allow the blood in them to flow in only one direction.
Thus prevent back flow of blood.
Q. Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label kidneys, ureters on it.
Answer:
Diagram of human excretory system is as follows:

Q. Describe the structure and function of nephron with the help of diagram.
Answer:
Structure of nephron is as follows:

The function of nephron is filtration of blood and elimination of waste material from it. Blood is
filtered from the blood capillaries into Bowmans capsule and pour the filtrate into the renal
tubule. In this part, large amount of water and useful substances like glucose, amino acid,
minerals ions, etc., are reabsorbed. Nitrogenous waste along with little amount of water is sent
to the urinary bladder, which later expels the urine to the outside through urethra.

Question . (a) Name four types of metabolic wastes produced by humans.

(b) Name any two human excretory organs other than kidney.
Answer:
(a) Four types of metabolic wastes produced by human are urea, carbon dioxide, water
and salts.
(b) Two human excretory organs other than kidneys are:
(i) Lungs : They help to eliminate carbon dioxide.
(ii) Liver : It is an excretory organ as it converts harmful amino acids to harmless urea
and haemoglobin of worn out RBCs to bilirubin and biliverdin that can be excreted out of
the body.

Question
(a) Name the organs that form the excretory system in human beings.
(b) Describe in brief how urine is produced in human body.
Answer:
(a) Excretory system (Urinary system) in human beings consists of a pair of kidneys, a
pair of ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

(b) In the kidney, the wastes are converted to urine by three processes :
(i) Ultrafiltration : In it, large amount of water along with certain harmful substances like
urea, uric acid, K+, ammonium salts, creatinine, etc., and certain useful substances like
glucose, amino acids, Na+, etc., pass through glomerular capillaries and glomerular
membrane into cavity of Bowman’s capsule of nephrons under pressure. The filtrate so
formed is called nephric filtrate which is moved towards ureter.

(ii) Selective reabsorption : In it, large amount of water and sodium, whole of glucose
and amino acids and small amount of urea are passed back from nephric filtrate into
blood capillaries. It occurs either by back diffusion (i.e., water and urea) or active
transport (i.e., Na+, glucose and amino acids). It generally occurs in PCT (Proximal
convoluted tubule) of nephrons.

(iii) Tubular secretion : In this, certain harmful chemicals like uric acid, creatinine, K +,
etc., are passed from blood capillaries surrounding the nephron into nephric filtrate by
active transport. It generally occurs in DCT (Distal convoluted tubule) of nephrons. Now,
the fluid is termed as urine and is excreted out of the excretory organs.

Question - State the function of epiglottis.

Solution: Epiglottis prevents the food from entering into the trachea.
Why do trachea doesn’t collapse when less air in it?
Ans. The walls of trachea do not collapse when there is less air in it, because, they are
supported by rings of cartilage
Q. What happens to visible light of the Sun when it falls on chlorophyll?
[Link] light of the Sun consists of seven colours, namely, violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow,
orange and red. Out of these lights of different wave lengths, chlorophyll absorbs mainly blue,
violet, red and orange lights but does not absorb the green light. It is due to the reflection of
green light by the chlorophyll that the plant looks green in colour.
Q. In which of the following groups of organisms, food materials are
broken down outside the body and absorbed?

(a) Mushroom, green plants, Amoeba

(b) Yeast, mushroom, bread mould

(c) Paramecium, Amoeba, Cuscuta

(d) Cuscuta, lice, tapeworm

[Link]
processes-important-questions-and-answers-1669027614-1