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Internal Resistance and EMF of Cells

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9 views9 pages

Internal Resistance and EMF of Cells

dont use this

Uploaded by

ashithgsk
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

PHYSICS PROJECT

ON

“To study the various factors on which the


Internal resistance/EMF of the cell depends”.
OVERVIEW

* Introduction
* Aim of project
* Theory
* Circuit diagram
* Apparatus Required
* Procedure Followed
* Observation
* Results and Inference
* Precautions
* Bibliography

INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic appliances and the use is
increasing every day. Thus , the batteries need to be made more powerful so that their
potential can be increased greatly . Thus , this project report is based on practical analysis
for the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell. When the internal resistance of the
cell is decreased we can increase the potential difference across it, and hence make it
more reliable.

To study the various factors on which the internal resistance and emf of the
cell depends
INTERNAL RESISTANCE

Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the electrolyte of the


cell to the flow of ions.

Its S.I. unit is ohm(Ω ) its s.i unit is ohm for a cell of emf (E) and internal
resistance (r), connected to an external resistance (R) such that (I) is the
current flowing through the circuit
E = V + Ir

Then

r = E-V/I

AIM OF PROJECT

To study the various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of the cell depends.

THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions.
The internal resistance of a cell is
∙ Directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
∙ Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in electrolyte.
∙ Decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
∙ Is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Apparatus Required
A potentiometer,
● A jockey,
● A battery,
● Three way keys,
● A fractional resistance box,
● A high resistance box (about 0-10000 Ω),
● A rheostat of low resistance,
● A voltmeter, a primary cell (say voltaic),
● Electrolytes of different concentrations,
● An ammeter, connecting wires and pieces of Sand paper.
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight
connections according to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and make sure that e.m.f. of the battery
is more than that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained.

To study variation of internal resistance with distance of separation

4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.


5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the rheostat so that a null point is obtained
on the last wire of the potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately using a set square and measure
the balancing length (l1) between the null point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2. At the same time, take out a small
resistance (1 – 5W) from the shunt resistance box connected in parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (l2) from end P. Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart. Then remove the plugs of keys K1 and K2.
Wait for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
12. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of observations.

To study variation of internal resistance with area of electrodes

13. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of electrodes in the electrolyte
by dipping them into the electrolyte at different depths for each observation.
14. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your readings.

To study variation of internal resistance with concentration of electrolyte

15. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the concentration of electrolyte by
adding distilled water for different observations.
16. Obtain three such observations by repeating step.

OBSERVATION
Table for effect of separation between electrodes

Table for effect of temperature

RESULT & INFERENCES


● The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to E = 0.98 Volt.
● The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation
between the electrodes.
● The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of the
electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
● The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the temperature of
electrolytes.
● The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the concentration
of the electrolyte.

PRECAUTIONS

1. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.


2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are to be
taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2 should , all be connected to
the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire
gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of observation. If
necessary , adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

∙ Help from internet


1. Wikipedia
2. Google
∙ Information from library
∙ Help from teacher
∙NCERT textbook class 12th
∙NCERT physics lab manual

Common questions

Powered by AI

To measure internal resistance variation with electrode separation, maintain electrodes at varying distances (e.g., 16 cm, 12 cm, 9 cm). Measure the balancing length on the potentiometer for each distance, adjusting the rheostat to achieve a null point. Record the balancing lengths to determine how internal resistance varies with electrode separation .

A potentiometer, by allowing for precise measurement of voltage drop across varying lengths of wire, assists in accurately determining the balancing point at null voltage. This helps in ascertaining the internal resistance by calibrating potential differences and accounting for variations as external conditions change .

The experimental setup requires a potentiometer, a jockey, a battery, three-way keys, fractional and high resistance boxes, a rheostat, a voltmeter, a primary cell, electrolytes of different concentrations, an ammeter, and connecting wires. The circuit needs to be connected according to the specified diagram to obtain accurate measurements of internal resistance .

High internal resistance in a cell leads to reduced efficiency in electronic applications as it limits the maximum current the cell can deliver, increasing heating and reducing potential output. Minimizing internal resistance leads to higher potential differences across electronics, making devices more reliable and efficient .

Precautions include ensuring connections are neat, clean, and tight. Plugs should only be introduced in the keys during measurements. Connect positive poles of batteries and cells to the terminal at zero wire. The jockey must not be rubbed but gently touched. Adjust the rheostat if the ammeter reading is not constant for a set of observations .

The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation distance between its electrodes. As the distance between the electrodes increases, the internal resistance also increases .

The electromotive force (EMF) is a constant value measured using the voltage across the cell without load, indicated as E = 0.98 Volt. Measuring internal resistance involves observing changes in potential difference across a load, requiring adjustments in setup (e.g., electrode distance, concentration changes, etc.) to observe variations and calculate internal resistance from changes in current and potential difference .

The internal resistance of a cell decreases with an increase in the temperature of the electrolyte. Higher temperatures reduce the resistance offered by the electrolyte to the flow of ions .

The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte. Reducing the concentration by adding distilled water increases the internal resistance, as there are fewer ions available to carry the electric current .

Increasing the surface area of the electrodes immersed in the electrolyte leads to a decrease in the internal resistance of the cell. The internal resistance is inversely proportional to the facing surface area of the electrodes .

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