Classification of Flow: Compressible versus Incompressible flows
✔ If the density variations are negligible then the fluid is incompressible, for example water.
✔ While, air is compressible fluid as density variation can be significant.
✔ The closed piston-cylinder arrangement can be pushed for compressible or incompressible ?
✔ Can air be considered as incompressible flow under certain conditions ? Answer is yes !
✔ It is noted that when Mach number of air flow is less than 0.3, the density variation in the fluid
are less than 5% which can be neglected for engineering applications.
✔ Mach number = Speed of Fluid / Speed of Sound
✔ For air, Speed of sound (at room temperature) is around 315 m/s. Hence the air velocity upto
100 m/s can be considered as incompressible flow.
✔ Remember that air is compressible fluid but when it is flowing at velocities less than 100 m/s. It is
considered as incompressible flow. In this way, it brilliantly simplifies the analysis!
5
Viscous vs Inviscid regions of fluid flow
✔ Any fluid has some viscosity by default!
✔ Some regions of the fluid flow can be considered inviscid.
✔ Viscous effects are dominant within the boundary layer while they can be neglected outside the
boundary layer.
✔ All these efforts would simplify the analysis!
6
Viscous vs Inviscid regions of fluid flow
7
Internal vs External fluid flow
8
Classification of Fluids: Laminar vs Turbulent Flow
✔ Laminar: Smooth and Orderly.
✔ Turbulent: Chaotic.
✔ If the fluid is highly viscous, then what type of flow it will tend to be in general ? 9
Reynolds number
Reynolds number
Classification of Fluids: Steady vs Unsteady Flow
✔ Steady: The properties of fluid do not vary with time.
✔ Unsteady: The properties of fluid vary with time.
Classification of Fluids: Uniform vs Non-uniform Flow
✔ Uniform: The properties of fluid do not vary with space.
✔ Non-uniform: The properties of fluid vary with space.
✔ Properties can be velocity, pressure, density etc.
12
Classification of Fluids: 1D, 2D and 3D Flows
✔ 1D: Velocity is a function of only one space co-ordinate (i.e. x or y)
✔ 2D: Velocity is a function of two space co-ordinate (i.e. x and y)
✔ 3D: Velocity is a function of three space co-ordinate (i.e. x, y and z)
✔ Note: The geometry or domain of the flow can be two dimensional but still that flow would
be called as one dimensional if the velocity varies only along one space co-ordinate.
✔ Example is flow in a pipe (will be discussed in later modules)
13
Continuity Equation (Conservation of mass equation)
uoutlet > uinlet as area of nozzle decreases at outlet
1: inlet
2: outlet Q = A*V, Q (m3/s) is called Discharge or Volume flow rate
Continuity Equation (in differential form)
For Incompressible and steady flow:
u: velocity along x direction
v: velocity along y direction
w: velocity along z direction
For 2 dimensional flow
Continuity Equation (in cylindrical co-ordinates)
For Incompressible and steady flow:
ur: velocity along r direction
uθ : velocity along θ direction
uz: velocity along z direction
r-θ plane r-z plane
Total differential formula
Z = f(x, y)
Vorticity
In this course we will deal only with two dimensional flow in x-y plane, vorticity is perpendicular to velocity
field (i.e. x-y plane) or along z direction
Problem 1
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 5
Acceleration of fluid particle
Local or temporal Acceleration Convective Acceleration
Total
acceleration
Local or temporal Acceleration Convective Acceleration
Total
acceleration
V = ui + vj + wk
Along X direction:
Along Y direction:
Acceleration of fluid particle (optional)
.
B
.
A
Problem 1
Problem 1
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 2
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 3
Problem 3
Problem 3
Velocity Potential
Velocity Potential
Stream Function
Stream Function
Stream Function
Relation between velocity potential and stream function
Equi-Potential lines
……….. 5.13
Constant Stream lines
………... 5.14
Problem 1
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 4
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 5
Problem 6
Problem 6