36 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

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1 (a) 2 (a) 3 (d) 4 (a) 5 (c) 6 (b) 7 (d) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (c) 11 (a) 12 (b) 13 (b) 14 (c) 15 (a)
16 (d) 17 (d) 18 (c) 19 (b) 20 (d) 21 (b) 22 (a) 23 (d) 24 (c) 25 (a) 26 (b) 27 (b) 28 (c) 29 (b) 30 (c)
31 (c) 32 (a) 33 (b) 34 (b) 35 (a) 36 (c) 37 (c) 38 (a) 39 (b) 40 (a) 41 (d) 42 (c) 43 (b) 44 (d) 45 (c)
46 (c) 47 (a) 48 (b) 49 (d) 50 (c) 51 (c) 52 (b) 53 (b) 54 (b) 55 (d) 56 (a) 57 (b) 58 (b) 59 (a) 60 (c)
61 (d) 62 (a) 63 (c) 64 (d) 65 (b) 66 (d) 67 (a) 68 (a) 69 (b) 70 (a) 71 (b) 72 (a) 73 (b) 74 (c) 75 (a)
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91 (b) 92 (d) 93 (b) 94 (b) 95 (b) 96 (d) 97 (a) 98 (a) 99 (b) 100 (d) 101 (d) 102 (b) 103 (d) 104 (d) 105 (d)
106 (a) 107 (a) 108 (a) 109 (a) 110 (d) 111 (d) 112 (b) 113 (a) 114 (b) 115 (d) 116 (a) 117 (c) 118 (a) 119 (c) 120 (d)
121 (a) 122 (d) 123 (a) 124 (a) 125 (d) 126 (c) 127 (b) 128 (c) 129 (c) 130 (b) 131 (a) 132 (a) 133 (d) 134 (b) 135 (d)
136 (a) 137 (a) 138 (d) 139 (b) 140 (a) 141 (b) 142 (d) 143 (b) 144 (d) 145 (a) 146 (a) 147 (d)

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148 (a) 149 (d) 150 (d) 151 (c) 152 (b) 153 (b) 154 (a) 155 (c) 156 (b) 157 (b) 158 (d) 159 (c) 160 (c) 161 (a) 162 (c)
163 (b) 164 (a) 165 (b) 166 (a) 167 (b) 168 (c) 169 (a) 170 (a) 171 (d) 172 (d) 173 (b) 174 (c) 175 (c) 176 (a) 177 (c)
178 (d) 179 (a) 180 (b) 181 (a) 182 (c) 183 (b) 184 (c) 185 (c) 186 (d) 187 (b) 188 (d) 189 (b) 190 (c) 191 (d) 192 (d)
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Answers & Explanations

1 (a) Aristotle classified plants into trees, shrubs and B represents the rod-shaped bacteria generally called as
herbs. He used simple morphological characters as a tool bacilli.
for his classification. He also divided animals into two C represents the spiral-shaped bacteria (with flagella
groups those which have red blood and those that did not. ranging from one to multiple) generally called as spirilla.
2 (a) Earlier, all the organisms of the world had been D represents the comma-shaped bacteria called as vibrio.
divided into two kingdoms, i.e. plant kingdom and 9 (c) Archaebacteria are a primitive group of bacteria.
animal kingdom. These bacteria can survive in extreme habitats such as
This system of classification was given by Carolus marshes, hot springs, deserts, snow, etc.
Linnaeus in the book Systema Naturae (1735). Archaebacteria have a unique cell wall structure and
4 (a) The five kingdom classification proposed by composition which is responsible for their survival in
Whittaker includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and such extreme conditions. Thus, the type of bacteria which
Answers & Explanations

Animalia. corresponds to the features given is archaebacteria.

Out of which four kingdoms, i.e. Protista, Fungi, 10 (c) Thermoacidophiles belong to archaebacteria and
Plantae and Animalia contain eukaryotes. have dual ability to tolerate high temperature as well as
5 (c) In the five kingdom classification, high acidity. They often live in hot sulphur springs
Chlamydomonas and Chlorella have been included where the temperature may be as high as 80°C and pH
in kingdom–Protista as they are autotrophic, as low as 2.
eukaryotic organisms with cell wall. 11 (a) Saline bacteria are called halophiles (e.g.
6 (b) Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes. In five kingdom Halobacterium, Halococcus). It is a group that belongs
system of classification (by RH Whittaker), all archaebacteria which can tolerate high salinity and is
prokaryotes are included in the kingdom–Monera. commonly found in salt rich substrata.
8 (b) The given figures 12 (b) The primitive prokaryotes are methanogens.
A represents spherical-shaped bacteria generally called Methanogens are present in the gut of several ruminant
as cocci. animals such as cows and buffaloes.
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification 37

These are responsible for the production of biogas from 31 (c) Mycoplasma are classified under kingdom-Monera.
the dung of ruminants. There are two major groups of monerans, archaebacteria
16 (d) Cyanobacteria contain photosynthetic pigments and eubacteria. Some other groups of monerans are
found in chromatophores, which are the infoldings of mycoplasma, rickettsiae and actinomycetes.
the plasma membrane. In these, photosynthesis is Mycoplasma are the simplest and the smallest
carried out. free-living prokaryotes.
17 (d) Cyanobacteria, also known as Blue-Green Algae 32 (a) Option (a) is not a feature of protists. It can be
(BGA), are most primitive prokaryotic organisms. corrected as
These are considered to be the most ancient of all the Kingdom–Protista includes all unicellular eukaryotic
chlorophyll bearing organisms on earth. organisms like diatoms, dinoflagellates, slime moulds,
18 (c) Cyanobacteria are Gram + ve photosynthetic sarcodine, etc. Rest of the options are features of
prokaryotes, which perform oxygenic photosynthesis. protists.
Their photosynthetic pigments include chlorophyll-a, 33 (b) Although all single-celled eukaryotes are placed in
carotenoids and phycobilins. kingdom–Protista, yet its boundaries are not
21 (b) Heterocyst is a large sized, pale-coloured, well-defined.
thick-walled cell, specialised for nitrogen-fixation which 35 (a) All single-celled eukaryotic organisms like
occurs in terminal, intercalary or lateral position in chrysophytes (diatoms and desmids), euglenoids
filamentous cyanobacteria, e.g. Nostoc and Anabaena. (Euglena), dinoflagellates and slime moulds are
22 (a) The diagram in option (a) is a filamentous blue- included in the kingdom–Protista.
green algae (Nostoc), which possesses specialised cells 36 (c) Chrysophytes include diatoms and desmids (golden
called heterocysts. algae). These belong to the division–Chrysophyta/
23 (d) The parts labelled in the figure are identified as Bacillariophyta.
(A) Nostoc, a genus of cyanobacteria capable of 37 (c) Diatoms and desmids are found in freshwater as
nitrogen-fixation, due to the presence of heterocyst (B), well as in marine environment. These are microscopic
in them. C is mucilaginous sheath which increases the and float passively in water currents.
water holding capacity of cell. 38 (a) Chrysophytes are planktons which float passively in
26 (b) The diagram represents a bacterial cell. A water current. Chrysophytes (diatoms) constitute an
represents the cell wall which contains peptidoglycan. B important producer (first trophic level) in the form of
represents the cell membrane. phytoplanktons in aquatic ecosystem. These are the
C represents the genetic material (DNA) present as main source of food for aquatic animals.
nucleoid. 39 (b) The siliceous cell walls of diatoms are
Part D indicates the process of binary fission, by which indestructible (i.e. do not decay easily). These were
a mature cell divides into two equal daughter cells. collected over millions of years on the sea floors, called
27 (b) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria oxidise diatomite or diatomaceous earth or silica gel.
various inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites These deposits may extend for several hundred metres in
and ammonia and use the released energy for their ATP certain areas. Thus, silica gel is obtained from diatoms.
production. They play an important role in the recycling 41 (d) Diatomite or diatomaceous earth is used as a cleaning
of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and sulphur. agent in metal polishes, filtration of oil and syrup, etc.
28 (c) Green sulphur bacteria are anaerobic bacteria. They It has no role in biogas production.
do not produce oxygen during photosynthesis. Such 42 (c) In chrysophytes, the cell wall forms two thin
type of photosynthesis is known as anoxygenic overlapping shells, which fit together as in case of a
photosynthesis. These bacteria do not use water as a soap box.
source of reducing power. Instead, hydrogen is obtained
Answers & Explanations

from hydrogen sulphide. The entire photosynthetic These walls are embedded with silica and thus, are
process of a green sulphur bacteria can be represented indestructible.
by the following reactions 43 (b) Diatoms are chief producers in the oceans and they
H2 S → 2[H] + S contribute 40% of marine primary productivity. They
Hydrogen constitute a major group of unicellular eukaryotic
sulphide microalgae and are among the most common types of
Light phytoplanktons.
6CO2 + 12H2  → C6 H12 O6 + 6H2 O
Enzymes 44 (d) In dinoflagellates, the two flagella are dissimilar
29 (b) Citrus canker is a disease, which affects citrus (heterodont), one is transverse flagellum and other is
plants. It is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri. longitudinal flagellum. The longitudinal flagellum is
30 (c) Mycoplasma is the triple layered smallest living narrow, smooth, directed posteriorly and lies in the
cells. It does not have definite cell wall. It is an sulcus.
anaerobic organism. It cause diseases in plants (little The transverse flagellum is ribbon-like and lies in
leaf of brinjal) as well as in animals (pleuromorphic annulus. The two types of flagella beat in different
pneumonia in man). directions.
38 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

45 (c) In dinoflagellates, cells are generally covered by a 67 (a) The body of a fungus (except yeast) is made up of
rigid coat, the theca or lorica of articulated and a number of elongated , tubular filaments known as
sculptured plates formed of cellulose. Because of the hyphae. The network of hyphae is called mycelium.
presence of sculptured plates, these protists are often
68 (a) The cell wall of fungi is composed of chitin, the
known as armoured dinoflagellates.
second most abundant carbohydrate. It is a
46 (c) The given figure is of a dinoflagellate. For these, homopolymer of N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) joined
option (c) is incorrect and can be corrected as with β 1-4 linkages. NAG is a modification of glucose
Dinoflagellates have two flagella, one lying molecule.
longitudinally and other transversally in a furrow 69 (b) Option (b) is wrong for fungi and can be
between wall plates. corrected as
48 (b) Some dinoflagellates (e.g. Gonyaulax catenella) are In fungi, cell wall contains chitin or cellulose along
poisonous to vertebrates. When they are present in large with other polysaccharides, proteins and lipids. Only in
numbers, they produce a toxin called saxitoxin into the some fungi, e.g. Phytophthora or other oomycetes a
sea water, which kills fishes and other marine animals. purely cellulosic cell wall is present. Rest of the
50 (c) Plant-like nutrition is present in Euglena. In options are correct.
euglenoids, the nutrition is holophytic 70 (a) Yeasts are unicellular, degenerated, non-mycelial,
(photoautotrophic), saprozoic or holozoic. The saprophytic fungi possessing no hyphae. But
photoautotrophs or holophytic forms possess chloroplasts sometimes, chain of buds is formed during rapid
with or without pyrenoids. In Euglena, photosynthetic growth, which may give false appearance of a
pigments include chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b.
mycelium and is called as pseudomycelium.
51 (c) Slime moulds lack chlorophyll and are heterotrophic.
71 (b) The coenocytic condition of hyphae arises due to
These generally, live as saprotrophs except a few, which
continued nuclear division without undergoing
are parasites on algae, other fungi and flowering plants.
cytokinesis which makes the hyphae multinucleate. If
52 (b) The free-living thalloid body of the acellular slime the whole mycelium is without septum, the name is
moulds is called plasmodium. It is the wall less mass of called coenocytic.
multinucleate protoplasm, covered by slime.
74 (c) The symbiotic association of a fungus with the root
53 (b) Under favourable conditions slime moulds form an of a higher plant is known as mycorrhiza. The fungus
aggregation called plasmodium, which may grow and is dependent upon the higher plants for shelter and
spread over several feet. During unfavourable conditions, food and in turn fixes phosphorus for the host plant.
the plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies
75 (a) The fungal mycelium of mycorrhiza in soil plays a
bearing spores at their tips. These spores are extremely
highly important role in absorbing and transferring
resistant and survive for many years.
inorganic (mineral) ions, especially, phosphorus and
54 (b) The figure represents a saprophytic protist organism, nitrogen from the soil to the plant, it is associated with
i.e. slime mould. These occur over dead and decomposed helping in its proper growth.
matter engulfing organic matter.
76 (d) In fungi, vegetative reproduction occurs by
55 (d) Ciliates differ from all other protozoans in having fragmentation, budding, fission, sclerotia and
two types of nuclei. rhizomorphs but not through protonema. Protonema
These two nuclei are usually of different size, i.e. one is refers to the earliest stage of life cycle in moss.
meganucleus and the other is micronucleus. The former 77 (b) In fungi, asexual reproduction occurs through the
controls metabolism whereas the latter is concerned with formation of spores, e.g. zoospores, sporangiospores,
reproduction, e.g. Paramecium. chlamydospores, oidia, conidia, etc. Oospore is a
62 (a) Trypanosoma gambiense causes gambian sleeping sexual structure.
Answers & Explanations

sickness. It was first observed by Forde in 1901. Bruce 78 (d) Fungi show sexual reproduction by oospores,
discovered that the parasite of sleeping sickness is ascospores and basidiospores. These various spores are
transmitted by tse-tse fly. produced in distinct sturctures called fruiting bodies.
63 (c) The most characteristic feature of Paramecium is the 80 (a) Plasmogamy is the first stage of sexual
presence of large number of cilia on its entire body reproduction in which the cytoplasm of two sex cells
surface. Paramecium uses these cilia for locomotion and fuse with each other.
capturing of food.
81 (b) Karyogamy is the fusion of two compatible nuclei
64 (d) Sporozoans include diverse organisms which have brought together as a result of plasmogamy.
an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle.
82 (d) Only option (d) represents the correct sequence of
66 (d) Option (d) contains the incorrectly named and Class → Mycelium → Fruiting body.
described organism. Noctiluca is a colourless Other options can be corrected as
dinoflagellate famous for bioluminescence and is called
as sea tinkle. Rest are correctly matched.
l
Phycomycetes → Aseptate and coenocytic mycelium
→ Fruiting bodies are not reported
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification 39

l
Ascomycetes → Branched and septate mycelium 104 (d) Basidiomycetes includes not only mushrooms, toad
→ Ascocarps stools, puffballs, jelly fungi and shelf fungi, but also
l
Basidiomycetes → Branched and septate mycelium many important plant pathogens, like rusts and smuts.
→ Basidiocarp. All these fungi bear characteristic fruiting bodies called
83 (b) In some fungi, during sexual reproduction, the basidiocarps.
cytoplasm of two cells fuses, but the two nuclei per cell 105 (d) The Alternaria sp., are imperfect filamentous fungi
do not. This results in the formation of an intervening belonging to the class–Deuteromycetes.
dikaryon or binucleate condition and the phase is called 106 (a) Ustilago and Puccinia are the common parasites
dikaryophase of fungus. included in Basidiomycetes. Puccinia graminis tritici
85 (d) The morphology of the mycelium, mode of spore causes black rust of wheat, while Ustilago causes
formation and type of fruiting bodies are the basis for destructive smut diseases in most of the cereal plants.
the division of the kingdom–Fungi into four classes, i.e. 107 (a) In Deuteromycetes, the mycelium is septate and
(i) Phycomycetes (ii) Ascomycetes branched. Coenocytic forms are not known in
(iii) Basidiomycetes (iv) Deuteromycetes Deuteromycetes.
86 (b) Rhizopus (black bread mould) is included in the 108 (a) The imperfecti fungi, which are decomposers of
class–Phycomycetes. It is the common saprotrophic litter and help in mineral cycling belong to the class
fungi that attack a variety of food stuffs. Deuteromycetes.
87 (c) Coenocytic, multinucleate and aseptate mycelium is They are fungi, which do not fit into the commonly
found in class–Phycomycetes, e.g. Albugo. established taxonomic classification of fungi. They
include all those fungi in which the perfect stage (sexual
89 (c) In Phycomycetes asexual reproduction occurs stage) is not reported.
through motile zoospores or through non-motile
aplanospores, endogenously produced in the respective 109 (a) Deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores
sporangium. known as conidia. These are non-motile fungal
mitospores, which are produced exogenously from the
92 (d) Agaricus belongs to the class–Basidiomycetes. tips and sides of the hyphae called conidiophores.
Agaricus is a genus of mushrooms containing both
edible and poisonous species. Rest all belong to the 112 (b) Option (b) is the correct match. Rest of incorrect
Phycomycetes. matches can be corrected as
93 (b) The mycelium of the Rhizopus is distinguishable (i) Phytophthora belongs to Phycomycetes (algal
into three types of hyphae namely, rhizoidal hyphae, fungi). They contain either unicellular thallus or
stolons and sporangiophores. The mycelium is aseptate, non-septate coenocytic mycelium.
branched and multinucleate (coenocytic). They are mostly plant damaging oomycetes (water
94 (b) Ascomycetes are commonly known as sac fungi, molds).
due to their sac-like appendage which holds the spores. (iii) Mucor also belong to Phycomycetes. They have
95 (b) Ascomycetes can be unicellular, e.g. yeast or mycelium which is coenocytic (multinucleate)
multicellular, e.g. Penicillium. and profusely branched. They reproduce
vegetatively via conjugation.
96 (d) Members of Ascomycetes are saprophytic,
decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous (growing on (iv) Agaricus belongs to Basidiomycetes (where
dung). karyogamy and meiosis occur). They contain
well-developed filaments, branched and septate
98 (a) Neurospora is widely used in genetics as a model mycelium. They are saprophytic, but not parasitic.
organism because it reproduces quickly, is easy to
culture and can survive on minimal media. 113 (a) Option (a) contains the incorrect match and can be
corrected as
Answers & Explanations

99 (b) Morels and truffles differ widely in their form and

behaviour. The morels resemble mushrooms to the Morels and truffles are belong to class–Ascomycetes.
extent that they have a cap borne upon a central stem, Rest of the matches are correct.
while the truffles form solid, round balls, which grow 114 (b) In plants, nutrition is typically autotrophic. A few
underground. These are the edible Ascomycetes plants, such as Drocera and Nepenthes, are
members. Both morels and truffles, represent some of insectivorous to get additional nitrogen and hence are
the most highly priced edible mushrooms in the world. partially heterotrophic.
102 (b) The class–Basidiomycetes include those members 115 (d) Insectivorous plants can capture and digest live
that produce their basidia and basidiospores on or in a prey, to obtain nitrogen compounds that are lacking in
basidiocarp. In Basidiomycetes, the mycelium is their usual marshy habitat, e.g. bladderwort, Venus
branched and septate. flytrap, Nepenthes.
103 (d) In Basidiomycetes, vegetative reproduction takes 116 (a) Cuscuta is a parasitic plant. It has no chlorophyll
place by fragmentation. It is a form of asexual and cannot make its own food by photosynthesis.
reproduction, where a new organism grows from a Instead, it grows on other plants using their nutrients for
fragment of the parent. its growth.
40 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

117 (c) Plants show alternation of generation, i.e. life cycle proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome and
of plants has two distinct phase, the haploid may have relatively simple or elaborated structure.
gametophytic and diploid sporophytic that alternate 141 (b) Viroids were discovered by TO Diener in 1971 as a
with each other. new infectious agents which were smaller than viruses.
120 (d) The kingdom–Animalia includes sponges, corals, Viroids lack capsid and does not have proteins
worms, insects, snails, starfishes, bony fishes, frogs, associated with them.
lizards, snakes, crocodiles, birds and mammals. 142 (d) Viroids differ from viruses in having RNA
These organisms are heterotrophic, multicellular, molecules without protein coat. Viruses on the other
eukaryotes without chlorophyll. Heterotrophic hand posses DNA or RNA with a protein coat as their
organisms cannot synthesise their own food. genetic material.
121 (a) Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in Viruses can infect a wide range of organisms including
animals and humans. Glycogen is synthesised and plants, animals or bacteria, while viroids infect only
stored mainly in the liver and the muscles in body. plants.
Excess amount of glucose in blood is converted into fat. 143 (b) Lichen is a structurally organised entity consisting
Hence, glycogen is the reserve food material in animals. of a permanent association of a fungus and an alga. The
122 (d) Option (d) is not a feature of the animal kingdom. fungal component of a lichen is called mycobiont and
Kingdom–Animalia consists of achlorophyllous the algal component is called phycobiont.
organisms. Members of kingdom–Plantae are 144 (d) The fungal partner protects the alga by retaining
chlorophyllous. water. It provides a large surface area for the absorption
125 (d) Viruses and viroids are the non-cellular organisms, of mineral nutrients and also helps in anchorage.
which are not characterised or classified under any of 145 (a) The algal or cyanobacterial cells are photosynthetic
the classes described by Whittaker. and possess the green pigment, chlorophyll enabling
126 (c) Viruses are considered as living or alive by some them to use sunlight’s energy to make their own food
biologists because they have the capability to utilise the from water and CO2 through photosynthesis. They also
host cell machinery for multiplying their numbers or provide vitamins to the fungus.
reproducing. In the process, they affect the normal 146 (a) Lichens are useful bioindicators for air pollution,
stable condition of their host (i.e. they cause disease). especially sulphur dioxide pollution, since they derive
127 (b) The tobacco mosaic virus is a long, slender and their water and essential nutrients mainly from the
rod-shaped. It is a complex structure made up of atmosphere rather than from soil.
nucleoprotein (the protein and nucleic acid). The central 147 (d) In primary succession on rocks, lichens secrete
core of ribonucleic acid is surrounded by virus protein. acids to dissolve rock, help in weathering and soil
129 (c) The genetic material of viruses could be either RNA formation. Thus, lichens are pioneer species to colonise
the bare rock.
or DNA (both ds and ss). No virus contains both RNA
and DNA. In general, viruses that infects plants have 148 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
ssRNA and viruses that infect animals have either the correct explanation of Assertion.
single or double-stranded RNA or ds DNA. The two kingdom system of classification was used till
132 (a) Viruses are also known as nucleoprotein particles. very recently. This system did not distinguish between
The nucleic acid of virus is surrounded by a protein the eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and
shell called capsid. multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green
algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms.
133 (d) The latest view for the origin of virus is that many Classification of organisms into plants and animals was
scientists believe that viruses are modified plasmids, easily done and was easy to understand, inspite of the
which are the fragments of the nucleic acids of the host. fact that, a large number of organisms did not fall into
Their genome fractions escaped and got inducted into
Answers & Explanations

either category. Hence, the two kindgom classification,

new host cells. was found to be inadequate.
135 (d) Viruses are known as the connecting link between 149 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can
non-living and living beings. They are thought to be be corrected as
non-living as they do not show any sign of life outside
Five kingdom classification has proposed by RH
the host and are able to get crystallised.
Whittaker. The classification differentiated between the
136 (a) In humans, viruses cause various diseases like heterotrophic group, fungi and the autotrophic green
AIDS (HIV virus), mumps (paramyxovirus), smallpox plants, as they showed a characteristic difference in
(variola virus), herpes (HSVI) and influenza (RNA their wall composition–the fungi had chitin, while the
viruses of the family–Orthomyxoviridae). Thus, option green plants had cellulose in their cell walls. Thus, he
(a) depicts the correct group of viral diseases. placed them in separate kingdoms.
138 (d) Cauliflower mosaic virus is one of only a few 150 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can
double-stranded DNA plant viruses. be corrected as
139 (b) Bacteriophage is a virus that infects and replicates Euglena is a green-coloured, single-celled organism,
within a bacteria. Bacteriophages are composed of which moves like animals . Some taxonomists
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification 41

considered it as a plant and included it in the plant association between archaebacteria and eubacteria, i.e.
kingdom on the basis of the presence of chlorophyll, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia).
while others, included it in the animal kingdom along 159 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect and can be
with the flagellated protozoans because of the corrected as
occurrence of locomotion by flagella. It was classified Chlorella and Chlamydomonas both have cell walls.
as a protist later by RH Whittaker in his five kingdom Rest statements are correct.
classification.
160 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect and can be
151 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false. Reason can be corrected as
corrected as
Bacteria occur almost everywhere. They have a very
Fungi are wide spread in distribution. These may be simple structure, but a very complex behaviour. Rest of
epiphytic, saprophytic, symbiotic and parasitic. Fungi the statements are correct.
lack chlorophyll pigments and hence do not have
162 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect about
autotrophic mode of nutrition. These are heterotrophs.
methanogens and can be corrected as
152 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion. The bacteria, which grow anaerobically, on cellulosic
material and produce large amount of methane along
In fungi, there is gradual and progressive simplification with CO2 and H2 are collectively called as
and ultimate elimination of the sexual apparatus from methanogens. Rest of the statements are correct.
the lower to higher forms of fungi. In case of algae, the
sexual apparatus increases in complexity from simple to 163 (b) The statement in option (b) is correct. All
higher forms. archaebacteria share certain key characteristics like
(i) Their cell wall lacks peptidoglycans (important
153 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
component of cell wall of eubacteria).
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(ii) Archaebacteria have distinct ribosomal RNA
Viruses are active only when they are inside the living
sequence.
host cells as viruses do not possess any replicating
property and require a host to replicate its genetic (iii) Some genes of archaebacteria possess introns,
material. Outside the host, they are as good as chemical unlike other bacteria.
substances. Rest of the statements are incorrect and can be
corrected as
154 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
Archaea neither completely resembles prokarya and
the correct explanation of Assertion.
eukarya nor it completely differs from them.
Polluted water bodies have high abundance of Nostoc
and Oscillatoria. This is because cyanobacteria or 164 (a) The statement in option (a) is incorrect and can be
blue-green bacteria such as Nostoc and Oscillatoria can corrected as
tolerate adverse conditions due to the presence of Binary fission is the common method of bacterial
mucilage covering, resistant proteins and the absence of multiplication under favourable conditions. In this
sap vacoules. method, a mature bacterial cell divides equally form two
daughter cells. They show sexual reproduction also.
155 (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false. Reason can be
Rest of the statements are correct.
corrected as
Slime moulds are called as fungus like animals because 165 (b) The statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be
they possess characters of both the animals and fungi. corrected as
Their spores possess a true cell wall. Eubacteria are also called true bacteria.
156 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is Rest of the statements are correct.
not the correct explanation of Assertion. 166 (a) The statement in option (a) is correct. Rest of the
Kingdom–Plantae consists of autotrophic organisms, i.e. statements are incorrect and can be corrected as
Answers & Explanations
those which are capable of manufacturing their own Influenza and herpes are caused by virus having RNA
food. Thus, all the members contain chlorophyll and are and DNA, respectively.
eukaryotic. Nostoc and Anabaena are examples of free-living
However, certain insectivores additionally depend on nitrogen-fixers.
insect for meeting their nitrogen requirement. Such Methanogens are methane producing bacteria found in
plants are called insectivorous and are partially marshy areas and paddy fields not in wheat crops.
heterotrophic. 167 (b) The statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be
157 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is corrected as
not the correct explanation of Assertion. Fimbriae and pili are fine hair-like appendages used by
Three domain system or six kingdom system of bacteria for attachment rather than motility.
classification is a biological system of classification Rest of the statements are correct.
which divides organisms based on cellular 168 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect about
characteristics. The three domains are, archaea mycoplasma and can be corrected as
(primitive prokaryotes), bacteria and eukarya
They can survive without oxygen.
(eukaryotic organisms originating from endosymbiotic
Rest of the statements are correct.
42 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-I )

169 (a) The statement in option (a) is incorrect and can be and produce chemicals required for their own
corrected as multiplication. Rest of the statements are correct.
Diatoms are single-celled, plant-like protists that 181 (a) The statement in option (a) is incorrect and can be
produce intricately structured cell walls made up of corrected as
silica (SiO2 ). Thus, their walls are indestructible. Viroids were discovered by TO Diener in 1971 as a new
Rest of the statements are correct. infectious agent that was smaller than virus.
170 (a) The statement in option (a) is correct about Rest of the statements are correct.
euglenoid. Rest of the statements are incorrect and can 183 (b) Statements I and III are correct. Statement II is
be corrected as incorrect and can be corrected as
Euglenoids occur in freshwater habitats. Archaebacteria are characterised by the absence of
They contain the photosynthetic pigments, peptidoglycan in their wall. Instead, their cell wall
chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b like plants. contains proteins and non-cellulosic polysaccharides.
Euglena when placed in continuous darkness, behaves, 187 (b) The statements given correspond to slime moulds.
as heterotroph by predating on other smaller organisms Slime moulds are saprophytic protists. In slime moulds,
to survive. spores possess true walls. The spores are dispersed by
171 (d) The statement in option (d) is incorrect and can be air. They are extremely resistant and survive for many
corrected as years even under adverse conditions.
Desmids are mainly found in freshwater and are usually 189 (b) Statements I, II, III and VI are correct. Statements
indication of clean (unpolluted) water. IV and V are incorrect and can be corrected as
Rest of the statements are correct. l
Some unicellular fungi like yeast, are used to make
173 (b) The statement in option (b) is correct. Rest of the bread and beer. Ustilago is responsible for smut
statements are incorrect and can be corrected as disease.
l
Slime moulds are diploid, e.g. Physarum. l
Puccinia graminis tritici is responsible for black rust of
l
Dinoflagellates are motile, e.g. Noctiluca, wheat.
Peridinium, etc. 195 (b) Statements I and III are correct. Statement II is
l
The body of Euglena is covered with pellicle. incorrect and can be corrected as
174 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect and can be Kingdom–Plantae includes algae, bryophytes,
corrected as pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
In Ascomycetes, the mycelium is well-developed and 198 (c) Statement II is correct about virus. Statements I, III
branched. The hyphae are septate and multicellular. and IV are incorrect and can be corrected as
Rest of the statements are correct. Viruses are obligate parasites and cannot be cultured on
175 (c) The statement in option (c) is incorrect and it can be an arificial medium. If a mixture of viruses and bacteria
corrected as is filtered through a bacterial proof filter, the viruses
Yeast is a unicellular sac fungus which lacks will pass through into the filtrate in the flask as they
filamentous structures or hyphae. However, they may are smaller than bacteria. Viruses are made up of
form short temporary filamentous structure called proteins and DNA or RNA.
pseudomycelium. 200 (a) Statement I is true, but II is false and it can be
Rest of the statements are correct. corrected as
176 (a) The statement in option (a) is correct. Bacterial viruses or Bacteriophages have commonly
double-stranded DNA, but all the other genome types
Rest of the statements are incorrect and can be
can also occur in them.
corrected as
217 (b) The statement in option (b) is incorrect and it can be
Answers & Explanations

l
Algal component of lichens is called phycobiont.
corrected as
l
Fungal component of lichens is called mycobiont.
l
Lichens are good pollution indicators. Thus, their The kindgom–Plantae includes eukaryotic, mainly
population reduces in highly polluted area. multicellular photosynthetic organisms.
Rest of the statements are correct.
179 (a) The statement in option (a) is incorrect about plants.
It can be corrected as 218 (b) Protista is the group of containing unicellular
Plants are autotrophic and make their own food through eukaryotic plants and animals. The organisms included
photosynthesis. Rest other statements are correct. in this group are either photoautotrophs, heterotrophs or
parasites.
180 (b) The statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be
corrected as 219 (d) Slime moulds are saprophytic protists, which move
The infective constituent in virus is their genetic along the dead leaves and engulf organic material.
material, i.e. either DNA or RNA and not protein. They These are multinucleated and do not possess cell wall
take over the biosynthetic machinery of the host cell and have naked cytoplasm.
CHAPTER 02 > Biological Classification 43

220 (a) The difference between a virus and a viroid is that a 225 (b) MW Beijerinck proposed contagium vivum fluidum
virus contains DNA or RNA as genetic material and a means contagious living fluid. This phrase was first
protein coat, whereas viroids have no protein coat and used to describe virus, characteristic in escaping from
contain only RNA as their nucleic acid. the finest mesh available.
221 (d) In the five kingdom system of classification of DJ Ivanowsky was a Russian botanist who discovered
Whittaker, non-cellular organisms like viruses and the filterable nature of viruses and one of the founder of
viroids are not mentioned. Viruses did not find a place virology.
in any system of classification since, they are Stanley Miller was a Jewish American chemist
non-cellular and not truly ‘living’. experimented on origin of life.
222 (c) Mycorrhiza is the symbiotic association between a Robert Hooke was the first to study and record cells
fungus and the roots of a higher plants like using his primitive microscope.
gymnosperms and angiosperms. 226 (b) Dikaryon is a cell containing two nucleus. This
Whereas lichens are the symbiotic association between results when two somatic cells fuse, but their nucleus
algae and fungi. Ferns are group of plants, belong to does not fuse immediately. These are found in
pteridophytes like other vascular plants and BGA is Basidiomycetes.
blue-green algae with a prokaryotic cell. 227 (c) Lichens are dual organisms, which has a permanent
223 (a) RH Whittaker (1969) an American taxonomist in symbiotic association of fungus and an alga. The fungal
order to develop phylogenetic classification divided partner is called mycobiont and the algal partner is
organisms into five kingdoms, i.e. called phycobiont.
(i) Monera (ii) Protista Mycorrhiza is association of fungus with roots, but not
(iii) Fungi (iv) Plantae with an algae, while BGA or blue-green alga is a
(v) Animalia member of Monera having a prokaryotic cell.
Thus, RH Whittaker proposed the five kingdom system 228 (c) Plasmogamy means fusion of protoplasm and
of classification. karyogamy means fusion of nucleus. These two events
l
Whereas, C Linnaeus developed two kingdom system of lead to the formation of zygote (2n) which is a diploid
classification, i.e. structure where meiosis takes place. Thus, option (c)
gives the correct sequence of events with respect to
(i) kingdom–Plantae fungal sexual cycle.
(ii) kingdom–Animalia
229 (d) Phycomycetes are the members of fungi that can
l
Virchow is associated with the discovery of cell theory. thrive well on dead and decaying wood as saprophytes.
224 (b) Halophiles are organisms that live in areas of high These prefer to live in moist and damp places and need
concentration of salts. The name halophiles is originated water for the movement of zoospores and sexual
from the greek word that means ‘salt loving’. gametes.
Heliophytes are the plants that grow best in sunlight Few members of Phycomycetes are obligate parasites
and cannot survive in salty conditions. like Phytophthora infestans causing late blight of potato
Methanogens are the bacteria that produces methane as and Peronospora viticola causing downy mildew of
a metabolic byproducts in anaerobic conditions. grapes.
Thermoacidophiles are archaebacteria striving under Thus, Phycomycetes are found in aquatic habitats, on
strong acidic environments and high temperatures, but decaying wood, in moist and damp places and also as
cannot tolerate high salt concentrations around them. obligate parasite, on plants.
Answers & Explanations