Physics 1
Dr. Hany Ibrahim Alnattar
Chapter (2)
Mechanical
Properties of matter
ت ىيَ٘ادٞنّٞنبَٞاىخ٘اص اى
Part 1
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
The mechanical properties of matter determine its behavior
under applying external forces (loads)
. )ت (األحَبهٞ اىخبرجٙ٘ت ىيَبدة ححذد طي٘ك اىَبدة ػْذ حؼزػٖب ىيقٞنّٞنبَٞاىخ٘اص اى
The mechanical properties of materials were determined by
Material testing
𝐹┴ 𝐹┴
𝐹┴ 𝐹┴
Tension test Compression test Shear test Torsion test
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
The mechanical properties of materials such as:
Elasticity, plasticity, Elastic modulus (stiffness), yield Strength, ultimate strength,
fracture strength, ductility, Brittleness, hardness
The importance of The mechanical properties of materials
Choose the appropriate material for a required design , and
designing its manufacture to avoid excessive deformation and
fracture.
ٌ ابؼبدٕب ىخجْب اىخش٘ٓ اىَفزؽَٞ ٗحظ،ٌِٞ ٍؼَٞبر اىَبدة اىَْبطبت ىؼَو ىخظٞ اخخ
.ٌَٞبر اىخظّٖٞ حجْب اٚأٗاىنظز ٗببىخبى
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
For example: in tension test for Aluminum Alloy
Load -Elongation data
Load (F)-Elongation (∆L( data
not only depend on the material
behavior but also depend on the
specimen geometry.
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
To making the data depend only on the material behavior :
The force must be normalized by dividing it by area which arising
a quantity known as stress.
The elongation must be normalized by dividing it by original
length which arising a quantity known as strain.
Stress - Strain data
What ever the specimen geometry,
the same date will be obtained
So, The resulting stress-strain curve gives a direct indication of
the material properties
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
From the view of what is happening within a material
حذد داخو ٍبدةٝ ٍِ ٗجٖت ّظز ٍب
* Stress is the internal distribution of the resistance force (that resist
the deformation ) over a given section within a material.
.ِ داخو اىَبدةٞ قظٌ ٍؼٚ حقبًٗ اىخش٘ٓ) ػيٜ ىق٘ة اىَقبٍٗت (اىخٜغ اىذاخيٝ*االجٖبد ٕ٘ اىخ٘س
For example, a bar loaded in pure tension will essentially have a
uniform tensile stress distribution
AT equilibrium P = Aσx .
The normal stress is therefore σx = P / A .
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
Engineering stress and engineering strain
are computed using the original values of cross sectional area and
gage length.
True stress and true strain
are computed upon instantaneous values of cross sectional area
and gage length.
In this chapter we are dealing with the
Engineering stress and engineering strain
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
(I) Stress and Strain: )(اإلجٖبد ٗاالّفؼبه
Stress: the Force per unit area.
.ْت ححج االخخببرٞ ٗحذة اىَظبحبث ٍِ اىؼٜ اىق٘ة اىَؤثزة ػي:اإلجٖبد
Force 𝑵
S𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 = Units: 𝑺𝑰 = Pa
Area 𝒎𝟐
𝒍𝒃
𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉 = psi
𝒊𝒏𝟐
Strain : a measure of the degree of deformation due to the
force.
.تٞز اىق٘ة اىخبرجٞجت حأثٞز اىحبدد ّخٞ اىخغٛض ٍذٞقٝ :االّفؼبه
deformation
S𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 = or angle Units: 𝑫𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝐬𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔
original
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
(II) Types of Stress and Strain: )(أّ٘اع اإلجٖبد ٗاالّفؼبه
ٌ اىجظٜحذد ّ٘ع االجٖبد ٗاالّفؼبه ٕ٘ احجبة اىق٘ة اىَؤثزة ػيٝ *ٍب
(1) Normal force (tension or compression forces) : )ت(ق٘ة شذ أٗ ق٘ة ػغؾٝق٘ة ػَ٘د
Normal Stress (σ) [Tensile or compressive stress]
F , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝐅 = normal force
σ=
Aᵒ & Aᵒ = original cross sectional area
.)πr2( ٍظبحت ٍقطغ اطط٘اّت ←ٍظبحت دائزة:الحظ
ٕٗنذا.)L2( ٍظبحت ٍقطغ ٍنؼب ← ٍظبحت ٍزبغ
Normal Strain (ε)
Li − Lᵒ ∆L , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 Lᵒ = original length
ε= =
Lᵒ Lᵒ & ∆L = change in length
. ε )+ve( ← ∆L )+ve( ← ٌحذد اطخطبىت ىيجظٝ ← إجٖبد شذ:الحظ
. ε )-ve( ← ∆L )-ve( ← ٌحذد اّنَبع ىيجظٝ ← إجٖبد ػغؾ
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
(2) Parallel force (shear force) : )ت (ق٘ة قضٝق٘ة ٍ٘اس
.ٌل اىظطح اىحز ٍِ اىجظِٝ ← ححزِٞٝ ٍخ٘اسٞٝ٘ ٍظخٜ ق٘حبُ ػنض بؼغ ف-
.ٌ اىجظٜحذد قطغ أٗ قض فٝ ← ِِٞ ٍخَبطٞٝ٘ ٍظخٜ ق٘حبُ ػنض بؼغ ف-
Shear Stress (τ) ∆X
Aᵒ
F
F , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝐅 = parallel force
τ=
Aᵒ & Aᵒ = original tangential area L
Shear Strain (γ) F
∆x
γ=𝜽= L 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 ∆X = linear displacement
&L= height
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
(III) Stress –Strain Diagram:
) اإلجٖبد ٗاالّفؼبهْٜ(ٍخطؾ ىَْح
ٌ اإلجٖبد ٗاالّفؼبهِٞ قٞت بّٞبٞخٌ رطٌ اىؼالقت اىبٝ ُ اىَؼذٜ ػْذ إجزاء االخخببر ػي-
:ٜأخذ اىشنو اىخبىٝ ىَؼظٌ اىَ٘ادْٜ ٗٗجذ أُ ٕذا اىَْح،) أٗ قضٛ(ػَ٘د
stress Plastic region
Elastic region
strain
O
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
:ِٞ ٍْطقخٜ إىٌْٜ اىَْحَٞنِ حقظٝٗ *
Elastic Region Plastic Region
ٍْطقت اىَزّٗت منطقة اللدونة
Nonpermanent deformation Permanent deformation
ٌز دائٞاّفؼبه غ ٌاّفؼبه دائ
)ٜؼ٘د اىجظٌ ىشنئ األطيٝ (بشٗاه اىق٘ة )شٗه بشٗاه اىق٘ة اىَؤثزةٝ (ال
Occurs at relatively low stresses Occurs at relatively high stresses
بٞزة ّظبٞححذد ػْذ اإلجٖبداث اىظغ بٞزة ّظبٞححذد ػْذ اإلجٖبداث اىنب
Stress and Strain are proportional Stress and Strain are not proportional
ب ٍغ االّفؼبهٝخْبطب اإلجٖبد ؽزدٝ ب ٍغ االّفؼبهٝخْبطب اإلجٖبد ؽزدٝ ال
) ٍؼظٌ ٍْطقت اىَزّٗت ٗىَؼظٌ اىَ٘ادٜ(ف
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
(IV) Mechanical properties of matter:
:ت ىيَ٘ادٞنّٞنبَٞاىخ٘اص اى
(1) Modulus of elasticity: ) ٍؼبٍو اىَزّٗت1(
ثببج اىخْبطب ٍؼبٍوَٜظٝٗ ب ٍغ اإلجٖبدٝخْبطب االّفؼبه ؽزدٝ ٍْطقت اىَزّٗتٜ ف
. »اىَزّٗت «قبُّ٘ ٕ٘ك
Hook’s law: In elastic region, stress is proportional with strain
Stress
Modulus of elasticity =
Strain
:أخذ ٍؼبٍو اىَزّٗت اطَب حبؼب ىْ٘ع االجٖبد ٗاالّفؼبهٝٗ
For normal stress:
𝛔
Modulus of elasticity (E) or Young modulus (Y) =
ε
For shear stress:
τ
Shear modulus (G) =
γ
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
stress (الحظ):
) (1فٍْ ٜطقت اىَزّٗت اىؼالقت ب ِٞاإلجٖبد ٗاالّفؼبه
Slope = modulus ػالقت خطٞت ٍٗٞو ٕذا اىخؾ ٕ٘ ٍؼبٍو اىَزّٗت.
of elasticity
strain
(ٗ )2حذاث ٍؼبٍو اىَزّٗت ّٕ ٜفض ٗحذاث اإلجٖبد.
( )3اىَؼْ ٜاىفٞشٝبئ ٜىَؼبٍو اىَزّٗت ٕ٘ ٍذٍ ٛقبٍٗت اىَبدة ىالّفؼبه اىَزُ ٕٗ٘
ٍب ٝؼزف ببىجظبئت ) (stiffnessفنيَب ساد ٍؼبٍو اىَزّٗت ميَب قو االّفؼبه
σ
Steel
اىَزُ أٝ ٛقبه أُ اىَبدة جبطئت ).(stiffer
Copper
σ1
ػي ٜطبٞو اىَثبه ٍِ ،اىشنو اىَقببو :
Steel is more stiffer than copper
εS εC ε
*ػْذ ّفض االجٖبد ٝنُ٘ اّفؼبه اىحذٝذ اىظيب أقو ٍِ اىْحبص
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
(2( Poisson’s ratio )ⱱ): ُ٘) ّظبت ب٘اط2(
* If a tensile stress is applied in z-dir (σz), it will produce:
- elongation in z-dir (εz)
- contraction in x and y-dir (εx & εy)
*In elastic region, It was found that:
εx = εy تٝٗ االّفؼبالث اىَظخؼزػت ٍخظب-
εx εz خْبطب ٍغٝ االّفؼبه اىَظخؼزع-
ٗثببج اىخْبطبٜاالّفؼبه اىط٘ى
.»ⱱ« ُ٘ ّظبت ب٘اطَٜظٝ axial
εx εy lateral
ⱱ=− =− (Dimensionless)
εz εz lateral
* Poisson’s ratio (ⱱ) is the ratio of the lateral and axial strains.
.ِٜ االّفؼبه اىَظخؼزع ٗاالّفؼبه اىط٘ىٞ اىْظبت بٜٕ (ⱱ) ُ٘* ّظبت ب٘اط
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
(الحظ):
)ٗ ، εx & εy )-ve( ، εz )+ve( (1ألُ )ⱱ( خبطٞت البذ أُ حنُ٘ ( )+veحٌ ٗػغ إشبرة
( )-veف ٜاىقبُّ٘ٗ ،حشٞز اىظبىب اٝؼب اى ٜاُ األّفؼبى ِٞاىَظخؼزع ٗاىط٘ى ٜدائَب
ػنض بؼؼَٖب ،بَؼْ ٜػْذٍب ٝحذٗد اطخطبىت فٝ z ٚحذد اّنَبع فٗ x &y ٜببىؼنض.
( )2اىؼالقت اىخ ٜحزبؾ (ⱱ :ٜٕ )E, G,
ⱱ 𝑬 = 𝟐𝑮 𝟏 +
) (3قّ ٌٞظبت ب٘اطُ٘ ىَؼظٌ اىَ٘اد حنُ٘ حقزٝبب ب0.35 ٗ 0.25 ِٞ
) (3( Poisson’s ratio range between 0.25 and 0.35. (0.25 < ⱱ < 0.35
) (4قٍ ٌٞؼبٍو اىقض ىَؼظٌ اىَ٘اد حنُ٘ حقزٝبب )(0.4E
)(4) In most metals G is about 0.4E. (G ≈ 0.4E
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
ٍِّٞيخض اىق٘ا
(1) F ┴ A
F
σ=
Aᵒ
∆L F ∆L
ε= σ= =Eε=E
Lᵒ Aᵒ Lᵒ
𝝈
E= (in Elastic Region)
𝜺
(2( F ⁄⁄A
F
τ=
Aᵒ
∆X F ∆X
γ=𝜽= τ= =Gγ=𝐆𝜽=G
L Aᵒ L
τ
G=
γ (in Elastic Region)
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
ٍِّٞيخض اىق٘ا
εx εy ε𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 ε┴𝑭
(3) ⱱ = − = − (ⱱ= − = − )
εz εz ε𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 ε‖𝑭
𝟒 𝑬 = 𝟐𝑮 𝟏 + ⱱ
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
Example (2-1)
The bar shown in Fig. has a square cross section for which the depth
and thickness are 40mm. If an axial force of 800N is applied along the
centroidal axis of the bar's cross-sectional area, determine normal
stress acting on the bar.
800N 800N
0
Solution:
F 800 N
σ= = = 500 × 103 Pa = 500 Kpa
A° (40 × 10−3 )2
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
Example (2-2)
The wooden strut shown in Fig. is suspended from a 10mm diameter
steel rod, which is fastened to the wall. If the strut supports a vertical
load of 5kN, compute the average shear stress in the rod at the wall.
20mm
40mm
5 KN
Solution:
F 5000 𝑁
τ= = = 63.7 MPa
Aᵒ 𝜋 (5 × 10−3 )2
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
Example (2-3)
A piece of copper originally 305 mm long is pulled in tension with a
stress of 276 MPa. if the deformation is entirely elastic, what will be
the resultant elongation?
Modulus of elasticity of copper is 11 x 104 MPa
Solution:
Lᵒ = 305 mm σ = 276 Mpa (copper) ∆L = ?
σ 276 MPa
𝜀= = 4 = 2.5 × 10−3
𝐸 11×10 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∆𝐿 = 𝜀𝐿° = (2.5 × 10−3 )(305 mm ) = 0.765 mm
F ∆L
Or, σ = =Eε=E
Aᵒ Lᵒ
σL 276 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (305 𝑚𝑚)
∆L = ᵒ = = 0.765 mm
E 11×104 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
Example (2-4)
A telephone wire 120m long and 2.2mm in diameter is stretched by a
force of 380N. What is the longitudinal stress ? if the length after
stretching is 120.10m, what is the longitudinal strain ? Determine
young's modulus for the wire.
Solution:
F F 380 N
σ= = = = 100 × 106 Pa = 100 Mpa
A° πr2 π (1.1 × 10−3 )2
∆L 0.1
ε= = = 8.3 × 10−4
L° 120
100 ×106 Pa
σ 9 Pa = 120 GPa
E= = = 120 × 10
ε8.3 × 10−4
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
Example (2-6)
A steel stud 1 in in diameter projects 1.5 in out from the wall. If the end
of the bolt is subjected to a shearing force of 8000 lb, compute its
downward deflection. Shear modulus of steel is 12 x 106 psi
Solution:
𝐹 𝐹 8000 lb 3 psi
τ= = = = 10.2 × 10
𝐴° 𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋 (0.5 𝑖𝑛) 2
10.2× 103 psi
τ
γ= = = 8.5 × 10−4
𝐺 12 x 106 psi
∆x = γ𝐿 = (8.5 × 10−4 )(1.5 in) = 1.27 × 10−3 in
F ∆x
Or, τ = = Gγ = 𝐆 𝜽 = G
A L
𝑭𝑳 (8000
lb)(1.5 in) −3 in
∆x = = = 1.27 × 10
G A (12 x 106)(𝜋 (0.5 𝑖𝑛)2)
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
Example (2-10)
1- An Aluminum specimen has a diameter of do = 25mm and a gauge
length of Lo =250mm. If a force of 165kN elongates the gauge length
1.2mm, determine the modulus of elasticity. Also, determine by how
much the force causes the diameter of the specimen to contract.
Take Gal = 26 Gpa, y = 440 MPa.
Solution:
𝐹 𝐹 165 × 103𝑁
σ= = = = 3.36 × 108 Pa (σ < y , Elastic region)
𝐴° 𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋 (12.5 × 10−3 )2
∆𝐿 1.2
𝜀= = = 4.8 × 10−3
𝐿° 250
3.36× 108 Pa
σ
𝐸= = −3 = 7 × 1010 Pa = 70 GPa
𝜀 4.8 × 10
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
∆𝑳
ε
axial, axial=
𝐿°
∆𝒅
ε
lateral, lateral=
𝑑°
ε
ⱱ = − ε𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍
𝐸 = 2𝐺 1 + ⱱ
𝐸 7 × 1010 Pa
ⱱ= -1= - 1 = 0.346
2𝐺 (2)(26 × 109 Pa)
𝜀𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 = − ⱱ 𝜀𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 = − (0.346) (4.8 × 10−3 ) = − 1.66 × 10−3
∆𝑑 = 𝜀𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑑° = (− 1.66 × 10−3 )(25 mm) = − 0.04152 mm
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
∆𝑳
ε
axial, axial=
𝐿°
∆𝒅 ∆𝒓
ε
lateral, lateral =
𝑑°
= 𝑟°
ε𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍
Or, ⱱ= −
ε𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍
∆𝒅
εlateral 𝒅𝒐 ∆𝑑 𝐿𝒐
ⱱ=− = − ∆𝑳 = −
εaxial ∆𝐿𝒅𝒐
𝑳𝒐
(1.2 𝑚𝑚)(25 𝑚𝑚)(0.346)
∆𝑑 = − ∆𝐿 𝒅𝒐 ⱱ
𝐿𝒐
= = − 0.04152 mm
250 𝑚𝑚
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
Example (2-7)
A bar made of steel has the dimensions shown in Fig. If an axial force F = 80 kN is
applied to the bar, determine the change in its length and the change in the
dimensions of its cross section after applying the load. The Material behaves
elastically. (Est = 200 Gpa, ⱱ = 0.32).
∆𝑳𝒚
F=80 kN
Y εlateral= εy = 𝐿𝑦
Lx = 100 mm 100mm ∆𝑳𝒙
X εlateral= εx = 𝐿𝑥
Ly = 50 mm 1.5m
Lz = 1.5 m ∆𝑳𝒛
50mm
Z εaxial = εz = 𝐿𝑧
ε ε ε
ⱱ = − ε𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 = − εx = − εy
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 z z
Properties of Matter, CH (2) Mechanical Properties of matter
Solution:
Lx = 100 mm , Ly = 50 mm , Lz = 1.5 m ,Fz = 80 KN , ∆ Lz , ∆ Lx , ∆ Ly = ???
Fz 80×103 N
σz = = = 16 × 106 Pa
A 100 × 50× 10−6 m2
σz 16 × 106
εz = = = 80 × 10−6
E 200 × 109
∆Lz = εz L z = (80 × 10−6 ) (1.5 m) = 1.2 × 10−4 m
εx = εy = − ⱱ εz = − (0.32) (80 × 10−6 ) = −25.6 × 10−6
∆Lx = εx L x = (− 25.6 × 10−6 ) (100 mm) = −25.6 × 10−4 mm
∆Ly = εy L y = (−25.6 × 10−6 ) (50 mm) = − 1.28 × 10−3 mm