Cordova Learning Series

LEARNING SCIENCE
Teacher's Resource Pack

O PY
For Class
E N C LE
7 C IM R SA
E
SP T FO
NO
Micro Schedule ........ Page No. 3 to 14
Solutions To Text Questions ........ Page No. 15 to 92
Solutions To Practice Worksheets ........ Page No.93 to 130
Question Papers (Periodic
Assessments, Half Yearly
And Yearly Examination) ........ Page No.131 to 139
Solutions To Question Papers ........ Page No.140 to 160

Use Cordova Smart Class Software to

• watch the lessons in animation
• perform activities through virtual lab
• do the exercises of the lessons
• get more interactive and animated exercises on the topics
• generate your own Test Paper
Printable Lesson Plans, Worksheets and Question Papers are available at
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 Micro Schedule (Period-wise Division of the Book)
1. Nutrition in Plants
No. of Periods-9
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Introduction, Different modes
of nutrition, Photosynthesis, Importance of chlorophyll
Period 2 Requirements of photosynthesis, Chemical equation of
photosynthesis, Activity 1 on page no. 9, Worksheet page no. 5-6
Period 3 MCQs on page no. 10 in the class, Activity 2 on page no. 10 in lab
(Use Cordova Smart Class Software)
Period 4 Activity 3 on page no. 11 in the lab and file work will be done (Use
Cordova Smart Class Software)
Period 5 Importance of photosynthesis, Introduction of heterotrophic
nutrition
Period 6 MCQs on page no. 13, Worksheet page no. 7
Period 7 Different types of heterotrophic nutrition, Insectivorous plants and
their nutrition, Replenishment of nutrients in the soil
Period 8 Worksheet on page no. 16 in book to be done in the class,
Worksheet page no. 8
Period 9 A quick revision by the Concept Map on page no. 15, Discussion
of exercise questions, Q B and Q C on page no. 16-17 to be done
in the class, HOTS questions to be discussed and to be done in the
class, Long answer and value based questions to be done as home
assignment
2. Nutrition in Animals
No. of Periods-10
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Introduction, Five different
stages of nutrition, Modes of obtaining food in unicellular
organisms and other multicellular organisms, along with examples
Period 2 MCQs on page no. 20, Digestion in humans–oral cavity and
structure of different teeth and their functions
Period 3 Tooth decay and toothache, Tongue, Salivary glands and their
functions
Period 4 Activity 1 on page no. 23 in the lab (Use Cordova Smart Class
Software)
Period 5 Pharynx and oesophagus, Stomach, small intestine and their
functions in the process of digestion, Worksheet page no.9-10

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 3

Period 6 Role of glands (liver and pancreas) and intestinal juices, Worksheet
on page no. 30 in book to be done in class
Period 7 Absorption, Assimilation and egestion, MCQs on page no. 27 as
class work, QA, QB and QC on page no. 31 to be done as home
assignment
Period 8 Nutrition in Amoeba and ruminants, QD on page no. 31 to be done
as class work, Worksheet page no. 11
Period 9 A quick revision by Concept Map on page no. 29, Discussion of the
questions given at the end of the chapter
Period 10 QE and HOTS questions to be discussed in the class and given as
home assignment, Worksheet page no. 12 to be done as class
assignment
3. Fibre to Fabric
No. of Periods-6
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Introduction of fibres and
differences between synthetic and natural fibres, Animal fibres,
Wool, Rearing and breeding of sheep
Period 2 Processing fibres into wool-various steps, MCQs on page no. 35 to
be done as class assignment
Period 3 Worksheet on page no. 39 in the book to be discussed and done
in the class, Silk production
Period 4 MCQs on page no. 37 as class work, Rearing of silkworms, From
cocoon to silk
Period 5 QB and QC on page no. 40 to be done as class assignment,
Worksheet page no. 13-14
Period 6 A quick revision by Concept Map on page no. 38, Discussion of the
questions given at the end of the chapter, QD and HOTS questions
to be done in the class, QE as home work, Worksheet page
no. 15-16 as home assignment

4. Heat and its Effects

No. of Periods-16
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Introduction of heat as a form
of energy, Effects of heat and its measurement in terms of different
units
Period 2 Heat causes expansion, Activity 1 on page no. 43 as lab work (Use
Cordova Smart Class Software)
Period 3 Expansion in liquids, Activity 2 on page no.43 (Use Cordova Smart
Class Software)

4 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 Period 4 Expansion in gases, Activity 3 on page no. 44 as lab work (Use
Cordova Smart Class Software)
Period 5 Application of expansion in daily life, Activity 4 on page no. 45
(Use Cordova Smart Class Software), Worksheet page no. 17
Period 6 Temperature and its unit, Thermometer and its types, Relationship
between Celsius and Fahrenheit, Worksheet page no. 18
Period 7 Activity 5 and 6 on page no. 46-47 (Use Cordova Smart Class
Software), Ways to use clinical thermometer
Period 8 Precautions while using thermometer, MCQs on page no. 48 as
class work, Transfer of heat, Conduction
Period 9 Activity 7 on page no. 49 (Use Cordova Smart Class Software),
Worksheet page no. 19
Period 10 Good and bad conductors of heat, Activity 8 on page no. 50 (Use
Cordova Smart Class Software)
Period 11 Practical applications of heat in daily life, MCQs on page no. 51 as
class work
Period 12 Convection, Activity 9 on page no. 52 (Use Cordova Smart Class
Software), Practical applications of convection, QB and QC on page
no. 58 as class assignment
Period 13 Sea breeze and land breeze, Radiation
Period 14 Activity 11 on page no.54 (Use Cordova Smart Class Software),
Applications of radiation, HOTS questions to be given as home
assignment
Period 15 Working of thermos flask, Worksheet page no. 20
Period 16 A quick revision using Concept Map on page no. 56, Discussion of
exercise questions, Worksheet page no. 57 of the book, QD and
QE on page no. 58 as home assignment

5. Acids, Bases and Salts

No. of Periods-9
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Different types of food items
having different tastes, Introduction, Acids, organic and mineral
acids, Dilute and concentrated acids
Period 2 Bases, Neutral substances, Indicators, Types of indicators, MCQs
on page no. 62
Period 3 Litmus indicator, Activity 1 on page no. 63 (Use Cordova Smart
Class Software), Worksheet page no. 21
Period 4 Turmeric indicator, Activity 2 on page no. 64 (Use Cordova Smart
Class Software), China Rose indicator
Period 5 Worksheet page no. 22, Phenolphthalein and methyl orange as
indicators, MCQs on page no. 66 to be done in the class

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 5

Period 6 Properties of acids and bases, Uses of acids and bases, Differences
between acids and bases, QE of worksheet page no. 22 as home
assignment
Period 7 Neutralisation reaction, Activity 3 on page no. 68 (Use Cordova
Smart Class Software), Salts and their properties, Worksheet page
no. 23-24, QC and QD of book on page no. 72 to be given as home
assignment
Period 8 Applications of neutralisation in daily life, A quick revision of the
chapter by Concept Map on page no. 70, QE of worksheet page no.
24 as home assignment
Period 9 Discussion of the questions given at the end of the chapter,
Worksheet page no. 71 in the book, QE and QF on page no. 72 as
home assignment

6. Physical and Chemical Changes

No. of Periods-9
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Changes around us, Reversible
and irreversible changes, Activity 1 on page no. 74 as home
assignment, Activity 2 on page no. 75 as class assignment
Period 2 Physical changes, Activity 3 on page no. 75 in lab (Use Cordova
Smart Class Software), Characteristics and examples of physical
changes, Worksheet page no. 25
Period 3 Chemical changes, Activity 4 on page no. 75-76 as lab work (Use
Cordova Smart Class Software), Worksheet page no. 26
Period 4 Activity 5 on page no. 76 (Use Cordova Smart Class Software) as lab
work, Different types of chemical reactions
Period 5 Characteristics of chemical changes, MCQs on page no. 80,
Worksheet in book on page no. 83
Period 6 Rusting of iron and its prevention, QB, QC and QD on page no. 84
to be done as class work
Period 7 Crystallisation, Activity 6 on page no. 81 (Use Cordova Smart Class
Software), Worksheet page no. 27
Period 8 A quick revision using Concept Map and discussion of the questions
given at the end of the chapter, Worksheet page no. 28 as home
assignment
Period 9 QE on page no. 84 as home assignment, HOTS on page no. 84 to be
discussed and to be done as class work assignment

6 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 7. Weather, Climate and Adaptations of Animals to Climate
No. of Periods-8
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Introduction, Weather and
weather forecast, Humidity, Temperature
Period 2 Importance of sun, wind and its effects, Elements of weather,
Worksheet page no. 29-30, QD of worksheet on page no. 26 to be
done as home assignment
Period 3 MCQs on page no. 89, Factors determining climate
Period 4 Climate and adaptations, Adaptations in polar bears and penguins
Period 5 Migration, MCQs on page no. 93, Adaptations in camels, Worksheet
page no. 31
Period 6 The tropical regions, Adaptations in elephants, Worksheet page
no. 32
Period 7 Adaptations in big cats, red-eyed frog and other animals, Worksheet
on page no. 97 to be done as class work
Period 8 A quick revision using Concept Map and discussion of the questions
given at the end of the chapter, QC and QD on page no. 98 to
discussed and to be done as class work, QE and HOTS questions to
be discussed and to be done as home assignment

8. Winds, Storms and Cyclones

No. of Periods-8
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Introduction, Atmospheric
pressure, Properties of air, Activity 1 on page no. 100 (Use Cordova
Smart Class Software)
Period 2 Expansion and contraction of air , Activity 2 on page no. 101 (Use
Cordova Smart Class Software)
Period 3 Comparison of warm and cool air, Activity 3 on page no. 102 (Use
Cordova Smart Class Software), MCQs on page no. 103
Period 4 High speed winds are accompanied by reduced air pressure, Activity
4-6 on page no. 103-104 (Use Cordova Smart Class Software)
Period 5 Movement of air, Wind currents, QC on page no. 113 of book to be
done as class assignment, Worksheet page no. 33
Period 6 Thunderstorm and its hazards, Precautions to be taken during
thunderstorm, QD on page no. 113 of book to be done as home
assignment, and QB on page no. 113 of book as class assignment,
Worksheet page no. 34, QD of worksheet on page no. 113 of book
page no. 30 as home assignment

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 7

Period 7 Cyclone and destructions caused by it, MCQs on page no. 109,
Precautions and safety measures taken during and after cyclones,
Advanced technology for cyclone forecasting and warning,
Worksheet page no. 35
Period 8 A quick revision of the chapter using Concept Map on page no. 111,
Worksheet on page no. 112 of book to be done in class, QE and
HOTS questions on page no. 113 of book to be discussed and to be
done as home assignment, Worksheet page no. 36 to be done in
class, QD of worksheet on page no. 32 as home assignment

9. Soil
No. of Periods-7
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Introduction, Formation of soil,
Composition of soil, Activity 1 on page no. 115 (Use Cordova Smart
Class Software)
Period 2 Soil profile, MCQs on page no. 117, Worksheet page no. 37
Period 3 Types of soil, Properties of soil, Activity no. 2 on page no. 119 (Use
Cordova Smart Class Software), Worksheet page no. 38
Period 4 Activity 3 on page no. 119 (Use Cordova Smart Class Software),
Calculation of percolation rate, Activity 4 on page no. 120 (Use
Cordova Smart Class Software)
Period 5 Calculation of water absorption by different soils, Activity 5 on
page no. 120 (Use Cordova Smart Class Software)
Period 6 QB on page no. 125 of book to be done as home assignment,
Worksheet page no. 39-40, MCQs on page no. 122, QC on page no.
125 of book to be discussed as class assignment
Period 7 Soil and crops, Soil erosion and prevention, A quick revision using
Concept Map on page no. 123, QE on page no. 125 of book as class
assignment, QD on page no. 125, HOTS and Worksheet on page no.
124 in the book to be done as home assignment

10. Respiration in Organisms

No. of Periods-8
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Introduction, Breathing and
respiration, Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Period 2 Breathing and breathing rate, Activity 1 on page no. 131, Human
respiratory system
Period 3 MCQs on page no. 132, Activity 2 on page no. 132 as lab work (Use
Cordova Smart Class Software), Worksheet on page no. 140 in the
book to be discussed and to be done as home assignment

8 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 Period 4 Inhalation and exhalation, Worksheet page no. 41-42
Period 5 Activity 3 and 4 on page no. 134 as lab work (Use Cordova Smart
Class Software), Sneezing, QC on page no. 141 of book to be done
as home assignment, Worksheet page no. 43 to be done in class
Period 6 MCQs on page no. 135, Respiration in different animals
Period 7 Respiration in plants, Activity 5 on page no. 137 (Use Cordova
Smart Class Software), QD on page no. 141 to be done as home
assignment
Period 8 Activity 6 on page no. 137 (Use Cordova Smart Class Software), A
quick revision using Concept Map on page no. 139, QE on page
no. 141 to be discussed and to be done as class assignment, HOTS
questions to be done as home assignment, Worksheet page no. 44
to be done as class assignment

11. Transportation in Animals and Plants

No. of Periods-8
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Transport in humans, Blood
and its composition, Blood vessels, Activity 1 on page no. 145 (Use
Cordova Smart Class Software)
Period 2 Heart and its structure, MCQs on page no. 146, Worksheet page
no. 45-46 to be done in class, QD of worksheet on page no. 46 to
be done as home assignment
Period 3 Blood circulation, Heartbeat, Activity 2 on page no. 148 (Use
Cordova Smart Class Software), QB on page no. 156 to be done
as home assignment, Worksheet on page no. 155 in book as class
assignment
Period 4 Excretion in animals and human beings, Excretory system in
humans, Worksheet page no. 47
Period 5 Dialysis and kidney transplant, MCQs on page no. 151, QC on page
no. 156 of book to be discussed as class assignment, Worksheet
page no. 48 to be done as home assignment
Period 6 Transportation in plants, Activity 3 on page no. 152 (Use Cordova
Smart Class Software), QD on page no. 156 of book to be done as
class assignment, Worksheet page no. 49
Period 7 Activity 4 on page no. 152 (Use Cordova Smart Class Software),
Translocation of food, Activity 5 on page no. 153 (Use Cordova
Smart Class Software)
Period 8 A quick revision using Concept Map on page no. 154, QE on page
no. 156 to be discussed and to be done as class assignment, HOTS
to be done as home assignment, Worksheet page no. 50 to be done
as home assignment

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 9

 12. Reproduction in Plants
No. of Periods-9
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Introduction to reproduction,
Parts of a flowering plant, Types of reproduction in plants
Period 2 Asexual reproduction–fragmentation, spore formation and
vegetative reproduction, Worksheet page no. 51
Period 3 Natural methods of vegetative propagation, Worksheet page no. 52
Period 4 Artificial methods of vegetative propagation
Period 5 Activity 1 on page no. 161 (Use Cordova Smart Class Software),
Advantages and disadvantages of vegetative propagation, MCQs
on page no. 163 to be done as class assignment
Period 6 Flower, Types and parts of flower, Pollination and its types,
Worksheet page no. 53-54
Period 7 Agents of pollination, Fertilisation, MCQs on page no. 166, QB
and QC on page no. 171 to be discussed and to be done as class
assignment, Worksheet page no. 55 to be given as home assignment
Period 8 Formation of seeds, Seed dispersal and agents of seed dispersal,
HOTS on page no. 171 to be done as home assignment, Worksheet
on page no. 170 to be done as class assignment
Period 9 Germination of seeds, A quick revision of the chapter using Concept
Map on page no. 169, QD on page no. 171 to be discussed and
to be done as class assignment, QE on page no. 171 to be done
as home assignment, Worksheet page no. 56 to be done as home
assignment

13. Time and Motion

No. of Periods-8
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Introduction, Measurement of
time in ancient times, Simple pendulum and terms related to it
Period 2 Activity 1 on page no. 174 (Use Cordova Smart Class Software),
Numericals based on simple pendulum, Worksheet page no. 57-58
to be done in class, QD of worksheet on page no. 58 to be done as
home assignment
Period 3 Latest trend in time measurement, Unit of time and calculations
based on it, Types of motion
Period 4 Speed and its SI unit, Speedometer and odometer, MCQs on page
no. 177-178
Period 5 Numericals based on speed, QC on page no. 183 to be done as class
assignment, QD and QE (part 1 definitions) on page no. 184 to be
done as home assignment

10 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 Period 6 Uniform and non-uniform motion, MCQs on page no. 179-180,
Worksheet on page no. 183 and HOTS to be discussed and to be
done as class assignment
Period 7 Distance- Time graphs, QE (part 2) to be done as home assignment,
Worksheet page no. 59 to be done in class
Period 8 A quick revision of the chapter using Concept Map on page no.
182, Discussion of exercise questions, Worksheet page no. 60

14. Electric Current and its Effects

No. of Periods-11
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Introduction of electrical
energy, Symbols for electrical components
Period 2 Electric cell, Electric battery, Series and parallel connection,
Worksheet page no. 61
Period 3 Electric circuit, Circuit diagram, Activity 1 on page no. 189 (Use
Cordova Smart Class Software)
Period 4 Resistance, Effects of electric current, Heating effect of electric
current, MCQs on page no. 190 to be done as class assignment,
Worksheet page no. 62
Period 5 Activity 2 page no. 191 (Use Cordova Smart Class Software),
Applications of heating effect of current
Period 6 Electric fuse, Short circuit and overloading. MCQs on page no. 193-
194, Worksheet page no. 63
Period 7 Magnetic effect of electric current, Activity 3 on page no. 194 (Use
Cordova Smart Class Software)
Period 8 Solenoid , Electromagnet, Activity 4 and 5 on page no. 195 (Use
Cordova Smart Class Software), Uses of electromagnets
Period 9 Electric bell, Worksheet on page no. 198 in book to be done as class
assignment
Period 10 QC on page no. 199 of book to be done as home assignment,
Worksheet page no. 64
Period 11 A quick revision of the chapter using Concept Map on page no.
197, QD and QE on page no. 199 of book to be discussed and to
be done as class assignment, HOTS questions to be done as home
assignment, Discussion of exercise questions

15. Light
No. of Periods-15
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Introduction-light as energy,
Properties of light, Activity 1 on page no. 202 (Use Cordova Smart
Class Software)

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 11

Period 2 Virtual and real images, Characteristics of image formed by a plane
mirror, MCQs on page no. 203
Period 3 Spherical mirrors, Activity 2 on page no. 204 (Use Cordova Smart
Class Software)
Period 4 Activity 3 on page no. 204 (Use Cordova Smart Class Software),
Worksheet page no. 65
Period 5 Terms related to spherical mirrors and ray diagrams, Worksheet
page no. 66
Period 6 Image formation in concave and convex mirrors
Period 7 Activity 4 on page no. 205 (Use Cordova Smart Class Software),
Worksheet page no. 67
Period 8 Uses of concave and convex mirrors, MCQs on page no. 208
Period 9 Difference between the types of mirrors, Worksheet page no. 68
Period 10 Spherical lenses and terms related to them, Activity 5 on page no.
209 (Use Cordova Smart Class Software)
Period 11 Formation of images by a convex lens, Activity 6 on page no. 211 (Use
Cordova Smart Class Software), QD on page no. 216 of book as home
assignment
Period 12 Uses of convex and concave lenses, Prism, Activity 7 on page no.
213 (Use Cordova Smart Class Software)
Period 13 QC and QB on page no. 216 of book to be done in class, Activity 8
on page no. 213 (Use Cordova Smart Class Software)
Period 14 A quick revision of the chapter using Concept Map on page no. 214
Period 15 Worksheet in book on page no. 215 and discussion of exercise
questions to be done in class, QE and HOTS questions on page no.
215-216 as home assignment

16. Water: A Precious Natural Resource

No. of Periods-10
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Natural resources, Exhaustible
and inexhaustible resources, Uses of water
Period 2 Availability of water in nature, Forms of water
Period 3 Groundwater, Depletion of water table, Worksheet page no. 69
Period 4 Activity 1 and 2 on page no. 221 (Use Cordova Smart Class
Software), MCQs on page no. 222
Period 5 Water management, Water harvesting
Period 6 Drip irrigation, Construction of dams, Worksheet page no. 70

12 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 Period 7 Effects of water scarcity, Activity 3 on page no. 225 to be given as
home assignment, Worksheet page no. 71
Period 8 A quick revision of the chapter using Concept Map on page no. 226
Period 9 Discussion of exercise questions, QB on page no. 227 to be
discussed and to be done as home assignment
Period 10 HOTS questions and QE on page no. 227-228 to be done in the
class, QC and QD on page no. 227 and worksheet page no. 72 to be
done as home assignment

17. Forests: Our Lifeline

No. of Periods-9
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Introduction , Forests and the
structure of forests, Activity 1 on page no. 230 (Use Cordova Smart
Class Software)
Period 2 Importance of forests, Interdependence of plants and animals in a
forest, Worksheet page no. 73
Period 3 Food chain and flow of energy in a food chain , Food web
Period 4 MCQs on page no. 233 to be done in the class, Worksheet page no. 74
Period 5 Deforestation- causes and effects
Period 6 QB and QC on page no. 236 of book to be discussed as class
assignment, Worksheet page no. 75
Period 7 Conservation of forests, Afforestation, Worksheet page no. 76 as
home assignment
Period 8 Worksheet on page no. 235-236 of book to be done in the class, A
quick revision of the chapter using Concept Map on page no. 235,
QD on page no. 236 to be done as home assignment
Period 9 Discussion of exercise questions, QD to be discussed and to be
done as class work, QE and HOTS questions to be done as home
assignment
18. Wastewater Story
No. of Periods-10
Period 1 Use Cordova Smart Class Software, Introduction-wastewater or
liquid waste, Disposal of these wastes, Management of liquid waste
Period 2 Sewage, Sources of wastewater, Contaminations in sewage,
Worksheet page no. 77
Period 3 Harmful effects of sewage, The sewerage, MCQs on page no. 240-
241 to be done in the class

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 13

Period 4 Wastewater Treatment Plant, Worksheet page no. 78 to be given
as home assignment
Period 5 Better housekeeping practices, MCQs on page no. 243
Period 6 Sanitation and diseases, QA and QB on page no. 247 of book to be
done as home assignment, Worksheet page no. 79 to be done in
class
Period 7 Biogas and Vermi-composting toilets, Sanitation at public places
Period 8 QC on page no. 247 to be done as home assignment, QD on page
no. 247 of book as class work, Worksheet page no. 80 to be done
in class
Period 9 A quick revision of the chapter using Concept Map on page no. 245
and discussion of exercise questions, Worksheet on page no. 246 in
book to be done in the class
Period 10 QE and HOTS questions on page no. 247 of book to be discussed
and done in the class

14 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 Solutions To Text Questions
Chapter 1: Nutrition in Plants
Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 10
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c)
Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 13
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c)
SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. The process by which green plants make their own food (like glucose)
from carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight in the presence of
chlorophyll is called photosynthesis.
2. The leaves contain tiny, green coloured bodies called chloroplasts which
contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, so, they are green in colour.
3. Non-green plants which obtain their nutrients from dead and decaying
organic matter of plants and animals are called saprophytes.
4. Nutrition is the process of taking food by an organism and its digestion,
absorption and utilisation by the body.
5. The mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot make its own food
from the simple substances but obtains ready-made food made by green
plants directly or indirectly is called heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
B. Science Quiz.
1. Chlorophyll 2. Xylem
3. Phloem 4. Charles Reid Barnes
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a)
B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice.
1. Oxygen → It is produced during photosynthesis whereas others are
required in photosynthesis.
2. Cuscuta → It is a parasite whereas others are autotrophs.
3. Lichens → It shows symbiotic association of algae and fungi whereas
others are insectivorous plants.
4. Mistletoe → It is a parasitic plant whereas others are insectivorous plants.
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. nitrogen 2. photosynthesis
3. guard 4. autotrophic
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 15
 SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c)
B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. Cuscuta and coral root/Indian pipe
2. Pitcher plant and venus flytrap/Utricularia/Drosera
3. Stomata 4. Cactus (fleshy stem)
5. Autotrophic and heterotrophic
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. Organisms that cannot make their own food but obtain ready-made
food made by plants directly or indirectly are called heterotrophs.
Animals and non-green plants are heterotrophs.
2. Mistletoe has green leaves which make the food for plant but it receives
water and minerals from the host plant on which it grows to synthesise
its food. Thus, it is called partial parasite.
3. Some plants eat insects for fulfilling their nitrogen requirements for
preparing proteins.
4. The mode of nutrition in which an organism makes its own food from
simple substances like carbon dioxide, water and minerals present in
the surroundings is called autotrophic nutrition.
5. The mode of nutrition in which the non-green plants obtain their
nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter of plants and animals
is called saprotrophic nutrition.
D. Short Answer Type-II Questions.
1. We can decolourise a leaf by boiling it first in water and then in alcohol.
This process is called bleaching.
2. The organisms which obtain the ready-made food from the body
of a plant are called plant parasites. Cuscuta and mistletoe are plant
parasites.
3. When an insect lands on the pitcher of the pitcher plant, the lid gets
closed and the trapped insect gets entangled into the hair. The insect is
digested by the digestive juices secreted by the pitcher.
4. The plants which live in or on the body of other plants and derive ready-
made food from them are called parasitic plants. For example, Cuscuta
and mistletoe.
The plants which feed on insects for fulfilling their nitrogen requirements
are called insectivorous plants. For example, Drosera, Utricularia,
pitcher plant, venus flytrap.
5. (a) Lichens show symbiotic association or symbiosis.
(b) We can learn to help others and to work and live together in
harmony in the society.

16 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

E. Long Answer Questions.
1. To show that sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis
Things needed: A potted plant, a beaker, a Bunsen burner, alcohol,
iodine solution, a dropper, boiling tube, test tube holder, watch glass,
wire gauze and tripod stand
Method :
(i) Take a healthy potted plant and keep it in a dark room for 2-3 days
to destarch the leaves.
(ii) Cover one of its leaves partly with a strip of black paper and put the
plant in sunlight for a few hours.
(iii) Pluck this covered leaf and remove the black strip.
(iv) Remove the chlorophyll from the leaf by boiling it first in water and
then in alcohol. In this way, you get a decolourised leaf. Wash the
leaf with water again.
(v) Add a few drops of iodine solution over the colourless leaf and
observe.
Observation : You see that the part of the leaf covered with black paper
does not turn blue-black on adding iodine solution while the uncovered
parts turn blue-black.
Discussion: The covered part of the leaf could not get sunlight, hence,
no starch is formed in this part.
Conclusion: This shows that sunlight is needed for making starch, i.e.,
sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis.
2. Rhizobium bacteria live in the root nodules of leguminous plants and
provide them nitrogen in a soluble form. In return, the leguminous plants
provide food and shelter to the Rhizobium bacteria. Both organisms
have mutual relationship. Thus, they help each other in survival.
3. To show that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis
Things needed : A wide-mouth glass bottle, a potted plant, potassium
hydroxide solution, alcohol, water, a Bunsen burner, a rubber cork, a
beaker, a dropper and iodine solution
Method :
(i) Take a potted plant having long and narrow leaves and place it in a
completely dark room for 2-3 days to destarch the leaves.
(ii) Take a glass bottle having a wide mouth and put some potassium
hydroxide solution in it. Potassium hydroxide solution absorbs the
carbon dioxide gas present in the glass bottle.
(iii) Take a rubber cork which fits tightly to the mouth of the glass bottle
and cut it into two halves.
(iv) Insert one destarched leaf which is still attached to the plant into
this glass bottle through the split cork. The upper half of the leaf

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 17

 should remain outside the glass bottle whereas the lower half of
the leaf should be inserted in the glass bottle.
(v) Keep the potted plant in the sunlight for 3 to 4 days.
(vi) Pluck the leaf from the plant and take it out from the glass bottle.
(vii) Remove the chlorophyll from the leaf by boiling it first in water and
then in alcohol. In this way, a decolourised leaf is obtained. Wash
the leaf with water again.
(viii) Add a few drops of iodine over the colourless leaf and observe.
Observation : You find that the lower half of the leaf (which was inside
the glass bottle) does not turn blue-black on adding iodine solution. The
upper half of the leaf (which was outside the glass bottle) turns blue-
black.
Discussion : The lower half of the leaf does not turn blue-black on adding
iodine solution because starch is not formed in this part of the leaf. The
lower half of the leaf was inside the glass bottle where there was no
carbon dioxide. The upper half of the leaf turns blue-black on adding
iodine solution because starch is present here, i.e., photosynthesis
occurred here.
Conclusion: This shows that carbon dioxide is necessary for
photosynthesis.
4. The two types of heterotrophic nutrition in plants are saprotrophic
nutrition and parasitic nutrition.
(i) Saprotrophic nutrition: The mode of nutrition in which the non-
green plants obtain their nutrients from dead and decaying organic
matter of plants and animals is called saprotrophic nutrition. Plants
which use saprotrophic mode of nutrition are called saprophytes.
The roots of saprophytes contain organisms called fungi. The fungi
secrete digestive juices on the dead and decaying matter and
convert it into a liquid that is used as a nutrient by the non-green
plants. E.g., fungi and bacteria
(ii) Parasitic nutrition: The mode of nutrition in which some plants
live in or on the body of other living organisms and derive their
ready-made food from them is called parasitic nutrition. The plant
which obtains the ready-made food is called a parasite and the
organism from whose body the food is obtained is called the host.
Eg. Cuscuta.
F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions.
1. If plant leaves are devoid of stomata, then there will be no exchange of
gases in the plants. They will not be able to make their food and give us
oxygen.
2. No, only the green plants are autotrophic in nature. Non-green plants
are heterotrophic in nature.

18 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 3. If all the plants perish from the earth, the life will not exist on the earth.
This is because all the organisms require oxygen for breathing and if
plants will not be there then the process of photosynthesis will not
occur and hence no oxygen will be released for breathing.
4. Photosynthesis maintains the balance between oxygen and carbon
dioxide in atmosphere. During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon
dioxide and release oxygen in the atmosphere. The living organisms
breathe in oxygen from the atmosphere for respiration and release
carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide is again taken by plants for
photosynthesis. So, the process of photosynthesis maintains a balance
between oxygen and carbon dioxide.
G. Application Based Questions.
1. Rohit will not get a positive starch test because keeping the plant in
darkness, i.e., without sunlight, destarches the plant and thus, plant is
unable to make starch.
2. Meeta possibly discovered a parasite and not an insectivorous plant
because insectivorous plants are generally green in colour and can
synthesise their food. On the other hand, parasites are generally non-
green and depend on other green plants for readymade food.
H. Practical Skill Based Question.
We can obtain a decolourised leaf in following way—
Take a leaf and boil it in water. Take out the leaf and boil it in alcohol.
This will remove the chlorophyll from the leaf.
Think And Answer. Page No. 17
Tick () the correct options.
1. (b) 2. (b)

Chapter 2: Nutrition in Animals

Think Page No. 24
The mucus secreted in the stomach protects its inner lining from the corrosive
action of HCl.
Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 20
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a)
Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 27
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b)
SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. The process by which the food is taken inside the body of an organism
is called ingestion of food.

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 19

 2. The process of breakdown of complex, insoluble food substances
into simple, soluble food substances with the help of digestive juices
prepared by the body is called digestion of food.
3. The process in which the simple, soluble digested food substances are
absorbed into the blood is called absorption.
4. The process in which the undigested food is removed from the body is
called egestion.
5. The pushing down of food by the walls of the oesophagus in a wave-like
action is called peristalsis.
B. Science Quiz.
1. Mastication 2. Enamel 3. Amylase 4. Liver
5. Small intestine
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c)
B. Match the following.
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b)
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. stomach 2. villi 3. 7.5 metres 4. egestion
D. State whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).
1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T
SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c)
B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. Bitter, sour, salty and sweet
2. Reticulum, omasum, rumen and abomasum
3. Canines
4. Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. The undigested and unabsorbed food passes from the small intestine
into the large intestine. The large intestine absorbs water and some
salts from the undigested food material, due to this the undigested part
of food becomes dry and almost semi-solid (faeces). It is passed out of
the body through the anus.
2. The effects of tooth decay are as follows:
(i) Holes or cavities in the teeth (ii) Foul smell
(iii) Losing of teeth (iv) Toothache
(v) Stomach disorders

20 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 3. Animals that eat food quickly and later bring it back to their mouth for
chewing are called ruminants. Cows, buffaloes, deer and goats are
ruminants.
4. [Link]. Milk (Temporary) teeth Permanent teeth
(i) T he temporary set of teeth The second set of teeth
that grows when the child is in which grow again, after
the age group of 6 months to 8 the milk teeth fall out are
years are called milk teeth. called permanent teeth.
(ii) These teeth are smaller and These remain till old age
weaker and are 20 in number. and are 32 in number.
(iii) They are replaced by new They cannot be replaced
natural teeth. by new natural teeth
D. Short Answer Type-II Questions.
1. The simple, soluble, absorbed food substances are transported to
different parts of the body where they are utilised by the body for
energy, growth and repair. This process is called assimilation.
2. (a) The carbohydrates breakdown into simple sugars called glucose.
(b) The fats breakdown into fatty acids and glycerol.
(c) The proteins breakdown into amino acids.
3. Teeth are of following four types on the basis of their structure and
functions:
(i) Incisors (cutting teeth): These are four flat and blade-like teeth
present in the front part of each jaw. These teeth are used to bite
and cut the food into small pieces.
(ii) Canines (tearing teeth): These are present on either side of incisors.
These are two in number in each jaw. They are sharp and pointed
which help in tearing the food.
(iii) Premolars (grinding teeth): There are two premolars next to each
canine. They have broad and flat grinding surfaces. They grind food
and break it into small pieces.
(iv) Molars (grinding teeth): There
are three molars present
on either side of premolars.
They also have broad and flat incisor canine premolar molar
grinding surfaces and are used to crush and grind food.
4. (i) Tongue helps in mixing saliva with the food.
(ii) It helps in pushing and swallowing the food into the food pipe.
(iii) It has several taste buds which help in giving different tastes of food
like—sour, salty, bitter, sweet.
(iv) It enables us to speak.
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 21
 5. Oesophagus contracts and expands to push the food down into the
stomach. Digestion of food does not takes place in the oesophagus.

Movement of the food in the oesophagus

6. (a) Teeth are involved in chewing of food.
(b) Hydrochloric acid (HCl) present in the stomach helps in killing of
bacteria.
(c) Small intestine helps in absorption of food.
(d) Large intestine helps in formation of faeces.
E. Long Answer Questions.
1.

Digestion: The enzymes from the surrounding cytoplasm enter the food
vacuole and breakdown the food into simple, soluble substances.
Absorption: The digested food present in the food vacuole is absorbed
directly into the cytoplasm.
2. The food that is swallowed goes into the first and largest chamber, the
rumen. Here, it is partially digested and is called cud. It then goes to
the second chamber or the reticulum from where it is returned to the
mouth for further chewing. After thorough chewing and mixing with
the saliva, the rechewed food is swallowed again. It now, bypasses the
first two chambers and enters the third and the smallest chamber, the
omasum. Here, it breaks down into smaller pieces.

22 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 The food enters the fourth chamber or the abomasum. Here, a kind of
gastric juice is secreted. It contains an enzyme and hydrochloric acid.
The process of digestion completes here. The digested food now passes
into the small intestine. Here, the absorption of the food takes place.
The undigested food passes through the large intestine and is removed
from the body.
3. (a) The various kind of teeth in our mouth and their functions are as
follows:
(i) Incisors (cutting teeth) : These are used to bite and cut the
food into small pieces.
(ii) Canines (tearing teeth) : These teeth help us in tearing the
food.
(iii) Premolars (grinding teeth) : These teeth are used to grind food
and break it into small pieces.
(iv) Molars (grinding teeth) : These teeth are used to crush and
grind the food.
(b) Teamwork
We are inspired to work collectively as a team despite of our
differences.
F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions.
1. The substance ‘X’ is acid and it affects the tooth enamel.
2. Ruminants have compound stomach which enables them to digest
cellulose. It is absent in human beings.
3. When chapati is chewed for some time, it mixes with the saliva which
contains an enzyme, amylase. Amylase breaks down the starch present
in the food into sugar, which makes its taste sweeter.
4. Pseudopodia or false feet are present in Amoeba which can be compared
to the mouth of humans.
5. Yes, food vacuole in Amoeba is similar to the small intestine of human
beings because the ingested food is digested completely and absorbed
in food vacuoles.
6. Renin is an enzyme found in the stomach of infants. It converts soluble
milk protein casein into paracasein. Thus, if an infant child vomits out
milk, it is partially digested form of milk which looks like curd.
G. Application Based Questions.
1. Our alimentary canal is a system in which food is always pushed
down whether we are standing straight or hanging upside down. This
is because the tongue pushes the chewed food in pharynx. It goes in
oesophagus, where the walls of oesophagus start contracting and
expanding to push down the food in stomach. Thus, it does not matter
that in which position we are lying, the food is always pushed down.
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 23
 2. Priya started coughing violently because on eating food hurriedly, the
food particles enter the windpipe instead of entering the oesophagus.
This causes choking of the windpipe that results in coughs or hiccups.

Chapter 3: Fibre to Fabric

Think Page No. 36
Natural silk is costly because it is obtained from silk moth . A small amount of silk
is produced from a large number of cocoons.
Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 35
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c)
Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 37
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b)
SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. Air gets trapped in the spaces between the wool fibres. Since, air is a
bad conductor of heat, it does not allow the body heat to escape and
keeps the body warm during winters.
2. The silky covering spun by the silkworm for its protection is called
cocoon. It is made by silkworm to protect its development as pupa.
3. The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called sericulture.
4. Throwing prevents the silk from splitting into individual fibres.
B. Science Quiz.
1. (a) Animal fibres–wool, silk (b) Plant fibres –cotton, jute
2. Lohi, Marwari, Patanwadi, Nali/Bakharwal/Rampur bushair
3. Shearing
4. Lohi
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c)
B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice.
1. Reeling → Others are processes of obtaining wool whereas reeling is
used in obtaining silk.
2. Tadpole → Others are the stages in life cycle of silkworm whereas
tadpole is a baby frog.
3. Horse → All others give wool or fur, whereas horse does not give
wool or fur.
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. cocoon 2. shearing 3. mountain 4. Wool, silk

24 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

D. State whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).
1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F

SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c)
B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. Sheep → Shearing → Scouring → Sorting → Combing → Dyeing →
Spinning → Wool
2. Silk
3. The quality of wool is judged on the basis of thickness, length, shine,
strength and fineness of fibres.
4. Sericulture
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. Two individuals of desirable characteristics are selected as parents and
then these are crossed (made to reproduce) to obtain new breed of
animals having desirable characteristics of both the parents. This is
called selective breeding.
2. The process of washing the fleece of sheep to remove dust, dirt, sweat,
grease, etc., is called scouring.
3. (i) Wool has a high tensile strength and has high elasticity.
(ii) It is lightweight and considerably resilient.
(iii) It has the ability to retain shape.
(iv) It can absorb large amount of water.
4. Silk is a fine, strong, soft and shining natural fibre obtained from
silkworms. It is separated from the cocoons of silkworms that are reared
on large scale.
5. Cocoons are boiled in hot water or treated in ovens to kill the larvae
inside the cocoon.
6. We do not wait for the silk moth to hatch because if the larvae are
not killed and allowed to grow, they will break the cocoons, thereby
reducing the length of the silk fibres.
7. We need to boil the cocoons for extraction of silk because the hot water
softens the silk gum, sericin so as to allow the unwinding of silk fibre as
a single continuous thread.
D. Short Answer Type-II Questions.
1. Shearing does not hurt the sheep because the uppermost layer of the
skin of sheep is dead. Sheep are sheared in early summers so that they
do not feel the heat. The hair of sheep grow again before the onset of
winters and protect them from the cold weather.

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 25

 2. Wool is obtained from fur (hair) of sheep, goat, yak, etc., while silk is
obtained from the cocoons of silk moth.
3. The fibres of the cocoon are reeled together to yield a stronger thread
called raw silk. The damaged or waste cocoons are used to produce an
inferior quality silk called spun silk.
4. Life cycle of a silkworm

(i) The female silk moth lays pale yellow eggs on the leaves of mulberry
tree.
(ii) The eggs hatch in two weeks to form caterpillars or silkworms. The
silkworms feed on the mulberry leaves and grow bigger in size.
During the larval stage, the silkworms shed their skin four times.
(iii) Now, silkworms enter into pupa stage. Each silkworm begins
spinning a cocoon.
(iv) When the pupa (enclosed in cocoon) develops fully to form an
adult silk moth, then the cocoon splits and a beautiful silk moth
comes out.
5. Sericin is a water-soluble protective gum. The liquid silk secreted by the
silkworm is coated with sericin which solidifies on contact with air and
becomes silk fibre. It is softened by hot water.
E. Long Answer Questions.
1. (a) The process of removing the hair from the body of a sheep is called
shearing.
(b) The process of separating the long fine quality fleece from the
remaining inferior quality or broken pieces is called sorting of wool.
(c) The process of removing the burrs from the fleece is called combing
of wool.
2. The following steps are followed in the production of silk cloth from silk
moth.

From silk moth to silk cloth

26 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 3. Wool is obtained from the sheep by a long process which involves the
following steps:
(i) Shearing: The hair are removed from the body of sheep. It is done
manually with a large razor or with an electrically-driven shearing
machine.
(ii) Scouring: The fleece of sheep is washed to remove dust, dirt, sweat,
grease, etc.
(iii) Sorting: The long fine quality of fleece is separated from the
remaining inferior quality or broken pieces.
(iv) Combing: The burrs are removed from the fleece. In this step, the
fibres are straightened.
(v) Dyeing: After combing, the fibres obtained are dyed in various
colours.
(vi) Spinning: The straightened fibres are spun or twisted together to
make yarn which is either knitted or woven.
4. (a) Shearing is done in early summers so that the hair of sheep grow
again before the onset of winters and protect them from the cold
winters.
(b) Kindness and care for the animals
F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions.
1. Silk fibre on burning gives a smell of burning hair because it is an animal
fibre and is made up of a protein.
2. Animal activists are against the silk production because in the process
of obtaining silk, a large number of cocoons containing silkworms are
boiled in hot water to loosen the silk thread. To obtain a little amount of
silk, a large number of silkworms are killed.
Think And Answer. Page No. 41
Tick () the correct options.
1. (b) 2. (c)

Chapter 4: Heat and its Effects

Think Page No. 44
During summers it is advised not to fill air into the cycle tyres very tightly because
air expands on heating and therefore, the tyres may burst.
Think Page No. 51
Two thin woollen blankets are warmer than a thick blanket because between the
two blankets the air is trapped. It acts as a bad conductor of heat and prevents
the flow of heat from both the sides.
Think Page No. 51
In winter mornings, birds fluff out their feathers to keep their body warm.

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 27

Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 48
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)
Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 51
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b)
SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. The degree of hotness or coldness of an object on some chosen scale is
called its temperature. Thermometer is used to measure temperature.
2. (i) Conduction (ii) Convection (iii) Radiation
3. The materials which do not allow heat to pass through them quickly are
called bad conductors of heat or insulators.
4. The range of Celsius scale is 0 °C – 100 °C.
B. Science Quiz.
1. Radiation 2. Laboratory thermometer
3. Expansion of liquid on heating
4. Radiations of the Sun reaching us in the form of heat
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d)
B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice.
1. Wood → Wood is an insulator whereas others are good
conductors of heat.
2. Iron → Iron is a conductor whereas others are insulators.
3. Bakelite handle → Bakelite is an insulator whereas others involve air
trapped in two layers for insulation.
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. clinical 2. metals 3. convection
4. smooth 5. 0 (zero)
SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b)
B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. – 10°C to 110°C
2. Heat can be conducted from one body to another only when they are
(i) in contact with each other (ii) at different temperatures.
3. Through radiation
4. Heat is measured by thermometer.
28 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. (i) Hold it horizontally so as to keep the level of mercury along the line
of sight.
(ii) Don’t hold the thermometer by the bulb.
(iii) Wash the thermometer before and after use.
2. The flow of heat in a body from the hotter end to the colder end
without any actual movement of the molecules of the materials is called
conduction. For example, when we heat one end of a steel spoon on a
Bunsen burner, the other end also becomes hot after some time.
3. Radiation is the process of transfer of heat from a hot body to a cold
body without affecting the medium. For example, the heat from the Sun
reaches us travelling through vacuum. i.e. the space between the Sun
and the earth.
4. The cool air from the sea blowing towards the land is called sea breeze.
Land absorbs heat faster than the sea. During the daytime, the land
heats up more quickly than the sea water. Thus, the air above the
land surface, being heated, expands and rises up. The cooler air above
the sea surface blows towards the land to take its place. This sets up
convection currents.
5. Mercury is used in thermometers because it is the only metal which is
in liquid state at room temperature. It is shiny, visible and very sensitive
to the slight changes in temperature. It does not stick to the glass.
6. Temperature in degree fahrenheit = 77 °F
We know,
C F – 32
=
5 9
5 × 77 – 160
C=
9
385 – 160
=
9
225
= = 25 °C
9
D. Short Answer Type-II Questions.
1. Similarities between laboratory and clinical thermometer :
(i) Both are used to measure temperature and their constructions are
almost the same.
(ii) Both of them use mercury.
Differences between laboratory and clinical thermometer:
(i) There is a slight bend (kink) in the stem just above the bulb in case
of clinical thermometer, whereas a kink is absent in laboratory
thermometer.
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 29
 (ii) Clinical thermometer is used to measure the temperature of human
body, whereas laboratory thermometer is used for measuring
temperature while performing experiments.
2. The materials which do not allow heat to pass through them quickly are
called bad conductors of heat.
Paper and wood are bad conductors of heat.
3.

4.(i) R
 adiation does not require a medium to travel whereas conduction
and convection require medium to travel.
(ii) Radiation is the faster mode of heat transfer as compared to
conduction and convection.
5. (a) Nitika’s mother used a thermos flask because it keeps the soup hot
for a long time.
(b) Care, concern and love for the neighbours and elders
E. Long Answer Questions.
1. A laboratory thermometer consists of a very
fine capillary tube protected by a thick glass
tube called stem of the thermometer. The lower
end of the capillary tube is converted into a glass
bulb filled with mercury and upper end of this
tube is sealed. The stem is marked in °C or °F.
The commonly used laboratory thermometers
have a range from –10 °C to 110 °C.
The precautions which are to be taken while
reading a laboratory thermometer are–
(i) Hold it horizontally so as to keep the level
of mercury along the line of sight.
(ii) Don’t hold the thermometer by the bulb
while reading it.
2. (a) Metals are good conductors of heat.
(b) Bakelite is an insulator so it does not allow the flow of heat from hot
appliances into our hands, so we can hold it even when it is hot.
30 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7
 (c) Air conditioned buildings have double-walled windows so that the
air trapped between the two walls prevents the transfer of heat
from both sides.
(d) False ceilings keep the room warm during winters because air
trapped between the two ceilings is poor conductor of heat and
does not allow transfer of heat from either sides.
(e) Asbestos sheets are preferred over iron sheets for roofing because
asbestos is a non-conductor of heat.
3.

A thermos flask
(a) Air is removed from the space between the two walls of the
glass bottle to prevent the transfer of heat by conduction and
convection.
(b) The glass bottle is held inside the metal case with the help of cork
because it is a bad conductor of heat. Thus, the transfer of heat into
or out of the closed thermos flask is very less.
F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions.
1. The clinical thermometer has a range of 35°C to 42°C because the
human body temperature never goes beyond it. So, high temperatures
cannot be measured by a clinical thermometer.
2. (a) Black shirt will be more comfortable in winters because dark colour
has a tendency to absorb more heat and it will keep warm in
winters.
(b) White shirt will be more comfortable in summers because light
colours reflect the light radiations absorb less heat and thus, keep
us cool.
3. Mercury is a shiny liquid metal, highly sensitive to temperature. It can
be easily seen in glass thermometers. Water is not easily seen in glass. It
expands at very high temperature and can break the glass. That is why,
water is not used instead of mercury in thermometers.

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 31

 4.
The firefighting suits are always bright and shiny so that they reflect the
heat around. In this way, the firefighter does not absorb heat.
G. Application Based Questions.
1. In refrigerators, the freezers are always located at the top because this
enables better cooling.
2. The rough surface of mud is an absorber of heat but not a good
conductor of heat. Thatched roof being woody in nature is also a bad
conductor of heat. That is why, mud houses with thatched roofs are cool
in summers and warm in winters.

Chapter 5: Acids, Bases and Salts

Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 62, 63
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)
Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 66
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b)

SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. The substances which are sour in taste are called acids. Examples of
acids are hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid.
2. Natural indicators – Litmus, turmeric
Human-made indicators–Phenolphthalein, methyl orange
B. Science Quiz.
1. Formic acid
2. Lactic acid
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (b) 2. (a)
3. (c) 4. (b)
B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice.
1. Amla → Amla is bitter whereas others are sour in taste.
2. Lactic acid → Lactic acid is an organic acid whereas others are
mineral acids.
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. red
2. corrosive
3. synthetic/human-made
4. Basic
32 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7
 SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d)
B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. Acids – Sulphuric acid and nitric acid/hydrochloric acid
Bases – Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide/calcium hydroxide/
magnesium hydroxide
2. • The neutral litmus solution turns red when added to some acidic
solution.
• The neutral litmus solution turns blue when added to some basic
solution.
• The neutral litmus solution does not change its colour when added
to some neutral solution.
3. Hydrochloric acid
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. Curd, lemon juice and tamarind taste sour because they contain acids.
2. When we eat very spicy food, the stomach produces large amount of
hydrochloric acid which leads to acidity in stomach.
3. Antacid tablet contains magnesium hydroxide (weak base) which
neutralises the effect of excess acid produced in the stomach and gives
relief.
D. Short Answer Type-II Questions.
1. (a) Sulphuric acid – used in manufacturing of fertilisers/plastics/
textiles/paper
(b) Hydrochloric acid – used in manufacture of chemicals/dyeing/
tanning of leather
(c) Nitric acid – used in manufacture of fertilisers
2. Factory wastes may contain harmful acids. If these wastes are directly
discharged into water bodies, the acids present in them would kill the
fishes and aquatic organisms. Thus, before discharging the wastes, they
should be neutralised by treatment with basic substances.
3. (a) Annie applied baking soda (a mild base) to neutralise the effect and
give relief from pain caused by the sting.
(b) From Annie we learn to be concerned and helpful.
E. Long Answer Questions.
1. (a) Excessive use of fertilisers makes the soil acidic.
(b) (i) Quicklime or slaked lime should be added to the soil when it is
too acidic.
(ii) Manure or compost should be added to the soil when it is too
basic.
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 33
 2. [Link]. Parameters Acids Bases
(i) Taste Sour Bitter
(ii) Touch Not soapy Soapy or slippery
(iii) Effect on litmus Turn blue litmus Turn red litmus
paper indicator paper red paper blue
(iv) Effect on yellow No effect Turn yellow
turmeric paper turmeric paper
indicator indicator red
(v) Effect on colourless No effect Colourless
phenolphthalein phenolphthalein
indicator indicator turns
pink
(vi) Effect on pink china Pink china rose Pink china rose
rose indicator indicator turns dark indicator turns
pink (magenta) green
(vii) Solubility in water Most of the acids Most of the
are soluble in water. bases are
insoluble in
water.
3. (a) The acids that are found in plants and animals are called organic
acids.
(b) Tartaric acid, acetic acid/citric acid/lactic acid
(c) Mineral acids are prepared from the minerals of the earth whereas
organic acids are found in plants and animals. Mineral acids are also
called human-made acids while organic acids are natural acids.
F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Question.
Acids are helpful in various ways in maintaining good health. HCl produced
in our stomach kills the microorganisms in the food and disinfects it.
Various organic acids found in food items like curd, lemons and amla are
good for our health because they are rich sources of various vitamins and
minerals.
G. Application Based Questions.
1. We can identify them by performing litmus test. Dil. NaOH solution will
change red litmus paper into blue and dil. HCl will turn blue litmus paper
red. Water will not change the colour of any litmus paper showing its
neutral nature.
They can also be checked by a pH paper.
2. ‌ (a) Solution P is strongly acidic and solution R is strongly basic.
(b) Solution P and R will react to show neutralisation reaction.

34 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

H. Practical Skill Based Question.
1. (i) Acidic solutions turn blue litmus paper red.
(ii) Basic solutions turn red litmus paper blue.
(iii) Neutral solutions have no effect on litmus papers.
2. (i) Acidic solutions have no effect on turmeric indicator.
(ii) Basic solutions turn yellow turmeric indicator red.
(iii) Neutral substances have no effect on turmeric indicator.

Chapter 6: Physical and Chemical Changes

Think Page No. 80
People living in Mumbai will experience the problem of rusting more because
Mumbai is a coastal area and its air contains a lot of water vapour (moisture).
Multiple Choice Questions. Page No. 80
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c)
SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. Cutting of paper is a physical change because no new substance is
formed, only physical state, i.e., size of paper is changed.
2. A change in which one or more new substance(s) with entirely different
chemical compositions and properties from the original substances are
formed is called chemical change. For example, burning of fuels/crackers,
cooking and digestion of food, change in the colour of cut fruits, vegetables.
3. (i) Galvanisation (coating iron with other metals)
(ii) Coating the iron surface with paint or grease
(iii) By converting iron into stainless steel or alloying
B. Science Quiz.
1. Physical change
2. Presence of oxygen and water or water vapour (moisture)
3. Iron, carbon, manganese, chromium and nickel are the constituents of
stainless steel.
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b)
B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice.
1. Photosynthesis in plants → Photosynthesis in plants is a chemical change
whereas others are physical changes.
2. Grinding of a substance → Grinding of a substance is a physical change,
whereas others are chemical changes.
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 35
 3. Hammering of metals →H
 ammering of metals is a physical change
wheras others are chemical changes.
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. state 2. evaporation 3. weak 4. physical
SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c)
B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. (i) Stretching of rubber band (ii) Grinding of a substance
(iii) Expansion or contraction of substances on heating and cooling
(iv) Melting of wax (v) Formation of clouds
2. When magnesium oxide is dissolved in water, it forms magnesium
hydroxide [Mg(OH)2].
3. Chemical change
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. Iron objects like iron nails, grills, railings and pipes when kept in moist
air for a few days, get covered with a brown powdery substance called
rust. This process is called rusting of iron.
2. The two conditions necessary for the rusting of iron are–
(i) Presence of air (oxygen)
(ii) Presence of water or water vapour (moisture)
3. Melting of ice does not form any new substance. Ice and water both
have the same chemical composition. Only change in physical state
takes place during the process. Thus, the melting of ice is a physical
change and not a chemical change.
D. Short Answer Type-II Questions.
1. (i) Only physical properties (size, shape, colour and state) change
during a physical change.
(ii) No new substance is formed.
(iii) Generally, a physical change is reversible.
(iv) Generally, no overall energy change takes place.
(v) Chemical composition of a substance remains the same during a
physical change.
2. (i) During a chemical change, one or more new substances are formed.
(ii) Chemical changes are permanent. Thus, a chemical change cannot
be reversed by simple physical methods.
(iii) During a chemical change, net change in energy takes place. A large
amount of energy is either given out or absorbed in the form of
heat or light. For eg. burning of fuel produces large amount of heat.

36 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 (iv) During a chemical change, both the physical and chemical properties
of a substance are changed.
3. Explosion of crackers is a chemical change because during burning of
crackers new substances are formed and heat, light, sound and gases
are produced.
4. Yes, the chemical properties of a substance get changed during a
chemical change. This is because, in a chemical change, entirely new
substance(s) with new chemical composition is/are formed.
5. (a) Burning of crackers is a chemical change.
(b) No, burning crackers is not good for environment as it causes air
pollution.
(c) Friendship, religious harmony, concern and care for friends
E. Long Answer Questions.
1. S. No. Parameters Physical change Chemical change
(i) New No new substance One or more new
substance is formed. substances are
formed.
(ii) Nature of It is a temporary It is a permanent
change change. change.
(iii) Reversibility It is easily It is generally
reversible by irreversible.
simple physical
methods.
(iv) Physical and Only the physical Both the physical and
chemical properties of the chemical properties
properties substance are of the substance are
changed. changed.
(v) Amount of Generally, there is Change in energy
energy (in the no overall change takes place as a very
form of heat in energy. large amount of
or light) energy is absorbed
or given out.
2. To prepare crystals of copper sulphate by the process of crystallisation
Things needed: A beaker, dilute sulphuric acid, a tripod stand, a Bunsen
burner, a china dish, a stirrer, a filter paper and copper sulphate powder
Method: Take about 100 mL of water in a beaker and add a few drops of
dilute sulphuric acid to it. Put the beaker on a tripod stand and heat it with
the help of a Bunsen burner. When it starts boiling, add copper sulphate
powder while stirring continuously. Continue adding copper sulphate
powder till no more powder can be dissolved. Filter the obtained solution
to remove insoluble impurities and collect the filtrate in china dish.
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 37
 Preparing crystals of copper sulphate
Allow the solution of copper sulphate to cool slowly. Leave the apparatus
undisturbed for 24 hours.
Observation: You observe blue crystals of copper sulphate in china dish.
After 24 hours, separate the copper sulphate crystals from the solution
by decantation and dry the crystals by keeping them between the filter
papers.
Conclusion: The pure large crystals of copper sulphate are obtained.
F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions.
1. Burning of candle is a physical as well as a chemical change. The melting
of wax is a physical change because no new substance is formed.
Burning of wax changes carbon into carbon dioxide, thus it is a chemical
change.
2. Rusting of iron objects is faster in coastal areas than in deserts because
the air in coastal areas has lot of moisture or water vapour while the air
of deserts is dry. And, presence of moisture is a necessary conditon for
rusting to occur.
3. The change A and change B, both are chemical changes.
4. The ice cube crushed gently with heavy utensil or hammer will melt
faster because it is broken in small pieces.
G. Application Based Question.
Colour of silver coin changed because silver gets oxidised into silver oxide.
Copper changes its colour because chemical reaction occurs and it changes
to green-coloured copper carbonate. (Copper and silver are highly reactive.)

Chapter 7: Weather, Climate and Adaptations of Animals to Climate

Think Page No. 91
Yes, similar thing can happen to other animals also. To prevent the drastic climatic
changes, we must preserve and protect our environment from the effects such as
global warming, ozone holes, etc.

38 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 89
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (b)
Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 93
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b)
SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. The average weather pattern at a place, taken over a long period of time
is called the climate of that place.
2. The factors which determine the climate of a place are as follows:
(i) Distance from the equator (latitude) (ii) Altitude
(iii) Distance from the sea (iv) Wind
(v) Human activities
3. Polar bears, penguins, seals and reindeers, foxes, musk deer
4. The atmospheric conditions on a particular day, at a place with respect
to temperature, humidity, rainfall, speed and direction of wind, etc., is
called the weather at that place on that day.
B. Science Quiz.
1. Temperature, humidity, rain, snow and wind are the different factors
which determine the weather of a place.
2. Millimetres 3. Rain gauge
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c)
B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice.
1. Electricity → Others are elements of weather.
2. Polar bear → A polar bear is found in polar regions whereas others
are found in tropical regions.
3. Tiger → A tiger lives in tropical regions whereas others live in
polar regions.
4. Temperature → Temperature is a factor that determines weather
whereas others are the factors determining climate.
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. beak 2. hygrometer 3. blubber 4. streamlined
D. State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
1. T 2. T 3. F
SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b)

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 39

B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. Maximum-minimum thermometer
2. Bharatpur in Rajasthan and Sultanpur in Haryana
3. The wild animals such as lions, tigers and leopards are called big cats.
4. A red-eyed frog
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. (a) Very cold climate
(b) Very hot and dry climate
(c) Hot and humid climate
2. Birds migrate to warmer regions when winter sets in. They come back
when winter is over. This is called migration.
3. The favourable characteristics (features and habits) which enable the
living organisms to survive and breed in their surroundings (habitat) is
called adaptation.
4. Elephants have large ears. When the temperature rises, the elephants
flap their large ears and use them as fans to cool themselves in the hot
and humid climate of tropical rainforests.
5. The long colourful beak helps the toucan to reach the fruits on branches
which are too weak to support its weight or weight of any other animal.
6. Red-eyed frog has sticky pads on its feet which help it to climb easily on
the tree trunk on which it lives.
7. Penguin, Seal, Arctic tern and Siberian crane live in polar regions. Lion-
tailed macaque lives in tropical rainforests.
D. Short Answer Type-II Questions.
1. (a) Blubber under the thick skin keeps the body warm in extreme cold
climate.
(b) Streamlined body helps them in swimming.
(c) White-coloured body merges with the surroundings of ice and
snow and black-coloured feathers absorb heat from the sun to keep
their body warm during the day.
2. The daily weather report carries information about temperature,
humidity and rainfall during the past 24 hours. It also gives the timings
of sunrise, sunset, moonrise and moonset and predicts the weather for
the day.
3. Relative humidity is the amount of water vapour present in the air. It
is expressed as a percentage of the maximum amount of water vapour
the air can hold at that temperature. It is measured with the help of
hygrometer.
4. The regions far away from the equator are cooler because these regions
do not get direct sun rays but get slanting sun rays. So, these regions are
cooler than the equator.
40 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7
 5. During summers, afternoons are hotter than mornings because the
movement of the earth is such that the sun rays fall directly during
afternoon whereas in the early morning sun rays are slanting.
E. Long Answer Questions.
1. [Link]. Weather Climate
(i) Weather describes the Climate is the average
atmospheric conditions on a weather pattern of a place
particular day, at a place with taken over a long period of
respect to the temperature, time.
humidity, rainfall, speed and
direction of wind.
(ii) Weather is measured for a Climate is measured for a
smaller region. larger region.
(iii) Weather at a place changes Climatic changes are gradual
suddenly. and not sudden.
2. The big and long pointed teeth of elephants are called tusks. Tusks are
modified teeth of the elephant. Elephants use the tusks to tear off the
bark of trees which they eat as food. They also use the tusks for fighting
with their enemies and protecting themselves.
3. Adaptations in camel to survive in desert region are—
(i) It has a hump where fat is stored. The camel utilises this fat as food
in case of its scarcity.
(ii) A large amount of water gets stored in its stomach.
(iii) It sweats very little and also excretes very little water in urine. This
helps to conserve water.
(iv) It has large soles which help to walk on soft ground.
(v) It has long legs which keep the body away from the heat of sand.
(vi) Long eyelashes protect the eyes from sand.
4. (a) The following adaptations in polar bears help them to adapt in
polar regions:
(i) presence of outer thick layer of fur
(ii) presence of a thick layer of fat blubber under the skin
(iii) white-coloured fur helps them camouflage in snow and protect
them from their enemies.
(iv) short ears and tail prevent loss of body heat
(v) long, curved and sharp claws help them to walk in ice.
(vi) wide and large paws help in moving easily in snow.
(vii) strong sense of smell helps to locate and catch prey.
(b) We should also adapt (adjust) ourselves according to our
circumstances.
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 41
F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions.
1. Small ears and tail are the adaptations of animals of polar regions to
prevent heat loss from their body parts and conserve body heat.
2. Yes, the statement is correct. Expansion of cities and increasing
urbanisation and industrialisation has led to deforestation. Due to this
there is an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide which caused
global warming.

Chapter 8: Winds, Storms and Cyclones

Think Page no. 105
The rotation of earth on its axis makes the trade winds and polar winds to blow
in an easterly direction. If the earth stops rotating, it will change the direction of
winds, ultimately changing the wind, the rainfall pattern and climatic changes on
earth.
Multiple Choice Questions Page no. 103
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c)
Multiple Choice Questions Page no. 109
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c)
SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. (a) The layer of air surrounding the earth is called atmosphere.
(b) The pressure exerted by the air present in the atmosphere is called
atmospheric pressure.
2. Reduced air pressure is accompanied with high speed winds.
3. Cyclones and thunderstorms
4. The air (in a region) becomes warm when heated. It expands and rises
upwards creating a low pressure area behind.
B. Science Quiz.
1. Wind currents are generated due to uneven heating of the earth.
2. Westerlies 3. Trade winds blow in the eastern direction.
4. Wind speed, wind direction, temperature and humidity contribute to
the development of cyclones.
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)
B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice.
1. Cyclone → Cyclone is a natural disaster whereas others are
different types of winds.

42 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 2. Rainfall → Rainfall is a normal phenomenon whereas others
are violent wind currents.
3. Transpiration → Others are the conditions that contribute to the
development of cyclones whereas transpiration
is not.
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. atmosphere 2. lighter 3. high, low
4. trade winds 5. cyclos
SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c)
B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. (i) First stage warning – cyclone alert / cyclone watch
(ii) Second stage warning – cyclone warning
2. (i) unequal heating between the equator and poles of the earth
(ii) unequal heating of land and water of oceans
3. (i) moisture
(ii) an unstable air mass
(iii) a lifting force
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. The density of hot air is less in comparison to the cold air, i.e., the hot air
is lighter, thus it rises upwards.
2. (i) It is difficult to ride a bicycle against the direction of wind.
(ii) Rowing the sail boat in the direction of wind is easy.
(iii) Bursting of bicycle tube by filling too much air.
3. It is difficult to ride a bicycle while moving against the wind because the
blowing wind exerts a pressure in the opposite direction in which the
bicycle is moving.
4. In some parts of India, it rains during winters. In winters, the wind blows
from the land towards the oceans. Thus, during winters land cools down
faster than water in oceans (retaining heat for much longer time). So,
the temperature of water in the sea is higher than that of land. The air
above water heats up and creates a low pressure area. The cooler wind
from land rushes towards the ocean forming winter monsoon.
5. The air expands on heating, then the volume of air increases but the
mass remains the same and the density of air decreases. In other words,
hot air is lighter than cold air so it rises upwards. The region from where
air rises creates low pressure area. Conversely, cold air is heavier than
hot air. So, cold air sinks downwards. The region where the air sinks,
high pressure area is created.
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 43
 6.
When we blow air in the space between the two balloons from our
mouth and the balloons come closer to each other, we conclude that
high speed winds are accompanied by reduced air pressure.
D. Short Answer Type-II Questions.
1. In nature, due to certain situations, warm air rises at a place and air
pressure at that place gets lowered. The cold air from the surrounding
areas rushes in to fill its place. This sets up convection currents in air.
2. The wings of an aeroplane are designed in such a way that the air above
them moves faster than the air below them. When the aeroplane runs
on the runway in order to take off, the air above the wings moves faster,
the air pressure becomes very small as compared to the pressure below.
The resultant upwards push or lift makes the plane fly.
3. The violent stormy winds accompanying a cyclone result in great loss
of property and damage of houses, electric poles, industries, schools,
hospitals, vehicles, crops, etc. The fast-moving flood water of the sea
brought in by cyclone destroys roads, railway tracks and crops, reduces
soil fertility and drowns animals. The continuous heavy rain brought by
cyclones worsens the flood situation, pollutes drinking water thus cause-
water-borne diseases and causes severe breakdown in communication
and transport systems.
4. It is safe to take shelter in a bus during a thunderstorm because if the
lightning strikes the bus, its metal body can conduct lightning to the
earth safely without causing any damage.
5. (a) (i) Communicate rapid warnings to the concerned government
agencies to the ports, ships, to fishermen and general public
living in the coastal areas through radio, T.V., newspapers, etc.
(ii) Make necessary arrangements to shift the essential household
goods, domestic animals, vehicles, etc., to safer places.
(iii) Store enough drinking water, food, clothing, blankets and first-
aid kits.
(iv) Keep the phone numbers of all emergency services like police
and hospital ready.
(b) Cooperating and helping others and becoming a good citizen
E. Long Answer Questions.
1. (a) The pressure exerted by the air present in the atmosphere is called
air or atmospheric pressure.
(b) The hot water present in the closed can forms steam. When cold
water is poured over it, the steam inside it condenses and forms
water. Since, there is no air pressure, the large air pressure outside
the tin can crushes it inside.
2. (a) A cyclone is a huge revolving storm caused by very high speed winds
blowing around a central area of low pressure zone over the ocean.

44 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 (b) The formation of a cyclone is a very complex process. Factors like
wind speed, wind direction, temperature and humidity contribute
to the development of cyclones.
(i) As the sun heats the surface of ocean water, the warm water,
in turn heats the air above it. This causes a low pressure on
a vast area of the ocean. Due to the low pressure, the moist
air from the ocean surface begins to rise rapidly. This creates
strong upward winds that rotate spirally.
(ii) As the warm and moist air rises high up in the atmosphere, it
gets cooled and the water vapour present in it condenses to
form clouds by releasing heat.
(iii) The heat released during condensation warms the air all around
and this warm air rises higher into the atmosphere causing a
low pressure. Therefore, more air rushes to the centre of the
storm and this cycle is repeated.
(iv) Repetition of this cycle ends with the formation of a very low
pressure system with very high speed winds revolving around it.
Thus, a huge revolving storm called cyclone is formed.
3. In summers, land near the equator of earth heats up faster than the
water in the oceans. So most of the time, the temperature of land is
higher than that of water in oceans. The air over the land gets heated
and rises creating a low pressure area. This causes the cooler winds to
blow from the oceans towards the land. The winds blowing from the
oceans towards the land in summers are called summer monsoon winds.
These monsoon winds carry a lot of water (in the form of water vapour)
from the oceans and bring a large amount of rain on land. In India, the
land gets heated much more than the water in the Arabian Sea and
Bay of Bengal during the summers. The monsoon winds blowing from
Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal bring heavy rainfall in most parts of India.
The summer monsoon is very important to the farmers in our country
because most of the annual rainfall occurs at this time that helps in
growing crops.
F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions.
1. The news is incorrect because a cyclone cannot generate on land
(deserts). It needs a constant supply of warm and moist air and this is
possible only over a large ocean floors.
2. A cyclone cannot be observed on land because there is no supply of warm
and moist air on the land as it is present over the large ocean surface.
G. Application Based Questions.
1. On a windy day, the wind blowing in opposite direction opposes the
rickshaw. So, it needs more efforts to pull the rickshaw which shows
that air exerts pressure.
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 45
 2. (a) Bus or car is the best place to take shelter during a thunderstorm
because if the lightning strikes, the car’s metal body can conduct
lightning to earth safely without harming us.
(b) We should not sit under a single big tree during a thunderstorm
because it is likely to be hit by lightning due to its closeness to the
clouds.

Chapter 9: Soil
Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 117
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c)
Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 122
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b)
SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. The topmost layer of the earth’s crust consisting of the mixture of rock
particles and humus is called soil.
2. The process by which huge rocks breakdown into small rock particles by
the action of the sun’s heat, wind, rain, flowing water and other climatic
conditions, is called weathering of rocks.
3. A vertical section through the soil showing its different layers is called
the soil profile.
4. The process in which water passes down slowly through the soil is called
percolation of water.
B. Science Quiz.
1. Sandy soil, loamy soil and clayey soil
2. Weathering
3. A–horizon → topsoil
B–horizon → subsoil
C–horizon → substratum
d–horizon → bedrock or parent rock
4. (a) Clay (b) Gravel
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d)
B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice.
1. Frogs → Frogs live on land and in water whereas others live in soil.
2. Pebble → Pebbles are particles of rock whereas others are types of
soil particles.
46 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. groundwater 2. clayey 3. Clayey 4. Sandy
D. Match the following.
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c)
SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d)
B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. Loamy soil
2. (a) Clayey soil (b) Sandy soil
3. Clayey soil
4. Minerals, agriculture and reservoir of groundwater
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. Humus is formed by the decomposition of dead remains of plants and
animals by bacteria and other microorganisms present in the soil.
2. [Link]. Clayey Soil Sandy Soil
(i) It has very small particles. It has quite large particles.
(ii) It has little air. It is well-aerated.
Its particles are tightly Its particles have large spaces
(iii)
packed and it is less porous. and it is porous.
It has high water-holding It has low water-holding
(iv)
capacity. capacity.
(v) It is heavy. It is light.
(vi) It is very sticky when wet. It is not sticky.
3. The volume of water (in mL) which passes down the soil per minute is
called percolation rate.
4. Percentage of water absorbed by soil:
 mass of water absorbed by the soil 
=  × 100 %
 mass of the soil taken 
 0
100 − 80 
=  × 100  %
 50 
 20 
=  × 100  %
 50 
= 40%
Thus, the percentage of water absorbed by the soil is 40 %.
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 47
D. Short Answer Type-II Questions.
1. Loamy soil is best for growing crops because of the following reasons :
(i) It has adequate air spaces between its particles to hold air needed
by the plant roots.
(ii) It contains sufficient amount of humus to provide necessary
nutrients for the growing plants.
(iii) It can be ploughed easily.
2. The air present in the spaces between the soil particles is absorbed by
the root hair of plants for respiration. Also, it provides oxygen to the
animals living in the soil.
3. The properties of soil are as follows –
(i) It contains air. (ii) It contains water (moisture).
(iii) It allows water to percolate. (iv) It can absorb water.
4. Soil is an important natural resource because–
(i) It supports growth of plants and trees by holding their roots firmly.
(ii) It is a home for many organisms.
(iii) It is essential for agriculture which depends completely on the
fertility of the soil. Agriculture provides us our basic needs, i.e.,
food, shelter and clothing.
(iv) Soil supplies water and mineral nutrients to the plants.
Thus, soil is an inseparable part of our life.
E. Long Answer Questions.
1. A vertical section through the soil showing the different layers of the soil
is called the soil profile. Each layer differs in texture, colour, depth and
chemical composition. These layers are referred to as horizons.

Soil profile

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 2. Clayey soil mainly contains clay. It has very little amount of sand and
silt in it. It is less porous because clay particles being much smaller are
tightly packed together, leaving little space for air. So, clayey soil has
little air.
Being non porous it has a very good water-holding capacity. Clayey soil
gets waterlogged easily during the rainy season.
3. To show that soil contains
water (or moisture)
Things needed: Dry garden
soil, a glass beaker, a watch
glass, a Bunsen burner and a
tripod stand
Method: Take some dry garden
soil in the glass beaker and
cover it with a watch glass. Heat
the beaker by using a Bunsen Experiment to show that soil contains
burner as shown in the Figure. water (or moisture)
Observation and discussion : You observe tiny drops of water on the
inner side of the watch glass. When soil is heated then water present in
it evaporates forming water vapour (or steam). This hot water vapour
rises, gets cooled and condenses on the cold inner surface of the watch
glass to form tiny water droplets.
Conclusion: Soil contains water (or moisture) present as a thin invisible
film around its particles.
4. (a) Clayey-loamy soil has good water-retaining capacity, that is why, it
is preferred for growing wheat.
(b) Honesty, humanity and concern for the fellow human beings.
F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions.
1. No, this cannot be called weathering because weathering is a natural
process which occurs due to the agents like wind, sunlight, water and
pressure of roots. It takes many years and is a gradual process.
2. Sand particles are non-sticky and big in size whereas clay has sticky and
small-sized particles. Due to the sticky nature of clayey soil, it is used to
make pots, toys and statues.
G. Application Based Questions.
1. X—Clayey soil, Y—Sandy soil
2. Loamy soil

Chapter 10: Respiration in Organisms

Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 132
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d)
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 49
Multiple Choice Questions  Page No. 135, 136
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c)
SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. (i) External respiration (breathing)
(ii) Internal respiration (cellular respiration)
2. The taking in of air, rich in oxygen, into the body is called inhalation.
3. The giving out of air, rich in carbon dioxide, outside the body is called
exhalation.
4. (a) During exercise, breathing rate increases.
(b) While sleeping, breathing rate decreases.
B. Science Quiz.
1. Tracheae 2. Spiracles
3. (i) Stomata (ii) Lenticels
4. (a) gills (b) tracheae (c) moist skin
(d) lungs (on land), moist skin (in water)
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (d)
B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice.
1. Stomach → Stomach is a part of digestive system whereas
others are parts of respiratory system.
2. Sulphuric acid →  Sulphuric acid is an acid whereas others are
produced during anaerobic respiration.
3. Earthworm →  Earthworm breathes through its moist skin
whereas others breathe through spiracles.
4. Oesophagus → Oesophagus is the organ of digestive system
whereas others are organs of respiratory system.
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. breathing rate 2. bronchi
3. aerobes 4. upwards, outwards
SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b)
B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. (a) cockroach (b) fish
(c) earthworm/frogs (d) humans/frogs

50 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 2. The number of times a person breathes in a minute is called the
breathing rate. The breathing rate of an adult human being at rest is
15-18 times a minute.
3. Respiration is the process of taking in oxygen, using it for the release
of energy by breakdown of food, and removing the waste products–
carbon dioxide and water.
4. During exhalation, ribs move downwards and inwards while the
diaphragm relaxes and moves upward to its original position.
5. Anaerobic respiration
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. We should breathe only through the nose because the hair and mucus
present on the inner lining of nostrils trap unwanted particles and germs
and prevent their entry into the nasal passage.
2. [Link]. Parameters Breathing Cellular respiration
(i) Process It is a physical process in It is a biochemical
which exchange of gases process in which the
(oxygen and carbon dioxide) breakdown of food
takes place. No chemical takes place.
reaction takes place.
(ii) Energy Energy is not released. Energy is released.
(iii) Occurrence It occurs outside the cells. It occurs inside the
cells.
(iv) Enzymes Enzymes are not involved. Enzymes are involved
at certain stages of
respiration.
3. During inhalation
(i) the ribs are pushed upwards and outwards.
(ii) the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards.
4. The taking in of air, rich in oxygen, into the body is called inhalation.
The giving out of air, rich in carbon dioxide, outside the body is called
exhalation.
5. The breathing becomes faster during exercise because when we do
heavy exercise, we need extra energy. We breathe fast and take deep
breaths. As a result, more oxygen is inhaled and supplied to our cells. It
speeds up the breakdown of food and more energy is released to fulfil
our requirement.
D. Short Answer Type-II Questions.
1. The oxygen of the air diffuses in from the thin walls of alveolus into
blood capillaries. The oxygen combines with haemoglobin in the
blood to form oxyhaemoglobin which is carried to all the cells of the

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 51

 body. Similarly, carbon dioxide produced by breakdown of food during
respiration enters the blood and reaches alveolus in the lungs through
diffusion.
2. [Link]. Parameters Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
(i) Presence of It takes place in the It takes place in the
oxygen presence of oxygen. absence of oxygen.
(ii) Breakdown Complete breakdown Incomplete breakdown
of food of food (glucose) takes of food (glucose) takes
place. place.
(iii) End products The end products are The end products are
carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide and
water. alcohol.
(iv) Amount A large amount of A very small amount
of energy energy is released. of energy is released.
released
(v) Occurrence It takes place in living
It takes place in yeast
organisms. and in some form of
bacteria.
3. The roots of the plants have tiny hair called root hair. The root hair are
in contact with the air present in the soil particles. Oxygen from the air
in soil particles diffuses into root hair and reaches all the cells of the
plant, where it is used for respiration. Carbon dioxide produced during
respiration goes out through the root hair by diffusion.
4. Photosynthesis is the process of synthesising food by utilisation of
carbon dioxide and releasing of oxygen whereas respiration is the
process of taking in oxygen for the breakdown of food and releasing
carbon dioxide and water.
E. Long Answer Questions.
1.

The exchange of gases takes place in alveoli present in the lungs.

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 (a) Insects — Insects breathe through spiracles. From spiracles, oxygen
2.
goes into tracheae, diffuses into the body tissues and reaches every
cell. Oxygen is used for the breakdown of food to produce energy
and carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide from the cells goes into the
tracheae and moves out of the body through spiracles.
(b) Earthworms — Earthworms breathe through their moist skin.
The oxygen enters the body through the skin by diffusion. After
respiration, the carbon dioxide diffuses out through the skin.
(c) Frogs — Frogs live both on land and in water. On land, frogs breathe
through lungs. In water, they breathe through their moist skin.
(d) Fish — The fish breathes by taking water through its mouth and
sending it over to the gills which are found in both sides of its head.
The blood vessels present in the gills absorb the dissolved oxygen
from the water and send it to all parts of the body. The carbon
dioxide from different parts of the body comes back into the gills by
the blood and is then expelled into the surrounding water.
3.

4. (a) Nitika felt pain due to a muscle cramp which happened because of
anaerobic respiration in muscle cells in which lactic acid is formed.
in the muscle cells
Glucose Lactic acid + Energy
(food) anaerobic respiration
(b) Kind, concerned, compassionate and helping nature
5. (a) Figure (a) shows inhalation and figure (b) shows exhalation.
(b) During inhalation, the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs are
pushed upwards and outwards. The diaphragm contracts and moves
downwards. It increases the space in the chest cavity. Thus, the air
rushes into the lungs. The lungs get filled up with air and expand.
During exhalation, the intercostal muscles relax, the ribs move
downwards and inwards. The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward
to its original position. It decreases the space in the chest cavity and
the air rushes out of the lungs. The lungs get emptied and contract.

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 53

F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions.
1. We will not be able to breathe if our diaphragm shows no movement.
2. Frog is an amphibian, i.e., it lives both on land and in water. That is why,
it requires a dual mode of breathing. Therefore, it breathes through
lungs on land and moist skin in water.
3. An athlete breathes faster and deeper than usual after finishing the race
because he needs to inhale more oxygen, which in turn speeds up the
breakdown of food and releases more energy.
4. Sneezing prevents the entry of unwanted foreign particles from inhaled
air and thus, a dust-free clean and germ-free air enters into the body.
G. Application Based Questions.
1. It is not advisable to sleep under the trees at night because during the
night, in plants only respiration takes place and they release CO2 in the
air.
Since, photosynthesis takes place only during the day, the CO2 produced
at night remains unconsumed. This may lead to insufficient oxygen and
suffocation for the person sleeping under the tree.
2. We should breathe only through the nose because the hair and mucus
present on the inner lining of nostrils trap unwanted dust, other particles
and germs and prevent their entry into the nasal passage.

Chapter 11: Transportation in Animals and Plants

Think Page No. 146
It is because our pulse rate increases in case of fever.
Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 146
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)
Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 151
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c)

SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. 72-80 beats/minute
2. Waste materials produced in our body are toxic and may cause health
hazards, thus it is necessary to excrete waste materials from the body.
3. Plants need a transport system to transport water and minerals
absorbed by the roots up to the leaves and food prepared by the leaves
to all parts of the plant.
4. The upward movement of water and minerals in a plant through xylem
is called ascent of sap.

54 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

B. Science Quiz.
1. (a) Amoeba - body surface (b) Earthworm – nephridia
(c) Cockroach – malpighian tubules (d) Vertebrates – kidneys
2. Vascular system 3. Excretion 4. Arteries
WORSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b)
B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice.
1. Capillaries → Capillaries are blood vessels whereas others are
components of blood.
2. Oxygen → Oxygen is a component of fresh air whereas others
are excretory products.
3. Liver → Liver is an organ of digestive system whereas others
are organs of excretory system.
4. Pancreas → Pancreas is a digestive gland whereas others are
organs involved in excretion of wastes.
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. Platelets 2. heart rate 3. stethoscope 4. nephrons
SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b)
B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. Septum prevents the mixing of oxygenated blood with the deoxygenated
blood in heart.
2. (a) undigested food (b) carbon dioxide
(c) excess water, urea, some salts and other metabolic wastes in the
form of sweat.
3. Xylem and phloem
4. Human heart is roughly equal to the size of our fist, about 12 cm in
length and 9 cm in breadth.
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. The heart beats faster during and after a physical exercise so as to supply
more oxygen because at such times the body cells need more oxygen to
release more energy through respiration.
2. The process of removal of waste products produced in the cells of the
living organisms is called excretion.
3. The process of cleaning the blood of a person (with kidney failure)
by separating the toxic waste or excretory products using a dialysis
machine is called dialysis. A person who suffers from kidney failure is
put on dialysis to remove the waste products from the blood.
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 55
 4.
Blood is a red-coloured fluid which flows in the blood vessels to every
part of the body. The components of blood are –
(i) Fluid component – blood plasma
(ii) Solid component – blood cells (WBCs, RBCs and platelets)
5. (a) Left atrium (b) Right ventricle
(c) Left ventricle (d) Right atrium
D. Short Answer Type-II Questions.
1. (a) Arteries have thick and elastic muscular walls because the blood
flow is rapid and at high pressure in the arteries.
(b) Arteries are not easily seen because they lie quite deep under the
skin.
(c) Veins have thin and less elastic muscular walls because the blood
flow is slow and at low pressure in veins.
2. Transpiration helps in transportation of water and minerals by producing
a ‘suction pull’ which pulls the water from roots to great heights in the
tall trees.
3. [Link]. Parameters Arteries Veins
(i) Direction of Carry blood from the Carry blood from
blood flow heart to various body different body parts
parts to the heart
(ii) Nature of Carry oxygen-rich Carry carbon dioxide-
blood blood (except rich blood (except
pulmonary artery) pulmonary vein)
(iii) Flow of Blood flows at a Blood flows at a
blood high speed and high low speed and low
pressure. pressure.
(iv) Walls Walls are thick and Walls are thin and less
elastic. elastic.
(v) Valves Valves are absent. Valves are present.
(vi) Position in Arteries are deeply Veins are not deeply
the body seated. seated.
4.
The functions performed by sweating in human beings are —
(i) Sweating helps in removing excess water, some salts and urea as
liquid waste from the body.
(ii) Sweating helps in keeping the body cool during summers.
E. Long Answer Questions.
1. To show that xylem conducts water in plants
Things needed: A conical flask, red dye (safranin or eosin), a small plant,
a blade and a microscope

56 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 Method: Dissolve a red-coloured dye (either eosin or safranin) in
a conical flask. Put a plant which has a soft stem in the conical flask
containing red-coloured water. Leave the setup for about half an hour.
Now, take out the plant and cut a thin section of its stem. Observe the
section under a low power microscope.
Observation: The portion of the vascular tissue which contains xylem is
stained red.
Conclusion: Xylem conducts water through the stem.
2. To show that phloem transports food prepared by the leaves
Things needed: A potted plant and a razor blade
Method: Take a potted plant with a thick stem. Carefully remove the
bark of the stem with the help of a razor blade. This is known as girdling
of stem. The girdling of stem removes the phloem tissues of the stem.
Leave the plant in sunlight for few days and observe the girdled part
carefully.
Observation: The part of the stem above the girdle shows swelling,
while the lower portion dries up.
Reason: Girdling of stem removes the phloem tissues of the stem. As
a result, the food prepared by the leaves could not be translocated
below the girdled part of the stem. Therefore, the food gets collected
above the girdled part, resulting in swollen stem. The portion below the
girdled stem dries up due to the lack of food.
Conclusion: Phloem transports the food prepared by the leaves to the
different parts of the plant.
3. (a) When both the kidneys of a person stop working, the waste
products start accumulating in the blood and the person may die in
a week or so.
(b) Love, concern and care for parents
F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions.
1. If the blood does not have enough platelets, then blood clotting will get
affected.
2. The heart is divided into two equal halves to segregate the oxygenated
blood from the deoxygenated blood and avoid their mixing.
3. Xylem can only conduct water from the soil and transport it to all parts
of the plant in upward direction. Phloem translocates the food from
leaves to all parts of the plant for utilisation as well as storage. It supplies
food to the aerial parts as well as the roots in both directions.
4. The main function of WBCs is to fight against germs that enter our body
and protect us from diseases. That is why, they are often called soldiers
of the body.

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 57

G. Practical Skill Based Question.
The portion of the plant below the girdled stem dries because phloem
gets removed due to girdling. The lower part of the plant does not get
food prepared by the leaves and thus, dries up. This proves that food is
translocated by the phloem.

Chapter 12: Reproduction in Plants

Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 163
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b)
Multiple Choice Questions  Page No. 166, 167
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)
SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. The production of new individuals from their parents is known as
reproduction.
2. (a) Male gametes → pollen grains (stamens)
(b) Female gametes → ovary (carpel/pistil)
3. Pollen grains
4. The fusion of male and female gametes to produce zygote is called
fertilisation.
B. Science Quiz.
1. Stamen 2. Carpel
3. Dispersal by an explosive mechanism, wind, water and animals
4. Pea, castor/balsam/geranium
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a)
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. asexual 2. sporangiophore 3. wind 4. seed
SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a)
B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. Potato and onion 2. (i) Self-pollination (ii) Cross-pollination
3. Sexual and Asexual reproduction 4. Mustard, tomato
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower is
called pollination.

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 2. (a) Rose, jasmine (b) grass and wheat
(c) Vallisneria and Hydrilla
3. Fruits of coconut, seeds of lotus and water lily are dispersed by water.
4. Pea, balsam
D. Short Answer Type-II Questions.
1. Self pollination Cross pollination
The pollen grains from the anther The pollen grains of a flower of
of a flower are transferred to one plant are transferred to the
the stigma of the same flower or stigma of a flower of another
another flower of the same plant. plant of the same kind.
2. Seed dispersal is essential for plants because it provides following
benefits to the plants:
(i) It prevents overcrowding of plants in an area.
(ii) It prevents the competition for water, minerals and sunlight among
the same kind of plants.
(iii) It helps the plants to grow in new areas or new places.
3. The process in which a seed begins to grow into a seedling (baby plant),
when suitable conditions are available is called germination of seeds.
The conditions necessary for germination of seeds are water, air and
warmth or sunlight.
4. Seeds and fruits dispersed by wind have the following special features:
(i) They are small and lightweight. Thus, they are easily blown away by
the wind.
(ii) They have wings or hair around them.
E. Long Answer Questions.
1. When a pollen grain falls on the stigma of a flower, it grows as a thin
pollen tube which moves downwards. This pollen tube penetrates the
stigma, passes through the style and enters into the ovule. The male
gamete moves down to the ovule through the pollen tube. The tip of
the pollen tube bursts open and male gamete comes out of the pollen
tube. The male gamete fuses with the female gamete present in the
ovule to form a fertilised egg called zygote. This fusion of male gamete
with the female gamete to produce zygote is called fertilisation.

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 59

 Fertilisation in a flower
2. Differences between sexual and asexual reproduction
[Link]. Parameters Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction
(i) Involvement Both parents, the male Only one parent is
of parent and female are involved. involved.
(ii) Involvement Gametes are involved. No gametes are
of gametes involved.
(iii) Production Plants are obtained from Plants are obtained
of seeds existing parents through without the
seeds. production of seeds.
(iv) Similarity to Newborn plants are not Newborn plants
the parent identical to the parent are identical to the
plant plant. parent plant.
Example grass, wheat, corn, apple, Spriogyra, mosses,
pea, Hydrilla fern, potato, onion,
ginger
3. Certain seeds and fruits are dispersed to far off places by certain
animals. They can be carried away by various means. For example,
• Some fruits develop hooks on their surfaces by which they get
attached to the fur of animals and are carried away to distant places
before they get rubbed off from their bodies and fall to the ground.
Eg— The fruits of gokhru, Xanthium and Urena are dispersed by
animals due to their hooked surfaces.
• Sometimes, animals eat seeds along with the fruits. These seeds
remain undigested and pass out with faeces at some other distant
places.
4. (a) The greenish-black patches found on bread are called bread mould.
They reproduce through spores.
(b) Hygiene and kindness
F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions.
1. If all the seeds of a plant fall at same place, below the same plant, there
will be overcrowding of plants. This will cause a struggle for space,
water and nutrients for the seeds to grow into a plant. Thus, probability
of healthy growing plants will be reduced.

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 [Link] are generally colourful and fragrant to attract the pollinators
like insects and other animals. If flowers are not fragrant and colourful,
pollination will probably occur only by wind or water and thus, fruits will
be formed.
3. Insect-pollinated flowers are more attractive than wind-pollinated
flowers because insect-pollinated flowers need to attract insects by
their good fragrance and bright colours. Whereas wind blows itself and
carries mature pollen grains with it.
4. Methods of artificial vegetative reproduction are so commonly used
nowadays because they are simple, less expensive and quick method of
multiplying a plant. Plants grown this way require less time to mature
and bear more fruits than those grown from the seeds.
CROSSWORD PUZZLE
ACROSS DOWN
1. TUBER 3. STAMEN
2. PISTIL 4. RHIZOME
5. BULB

Chapter 13: Time and Motion

Multiple Choice Questions  Page No. 177, 178
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)
Multiple Choice Questions  Page No. 179, 180
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d)
SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. Sunrise and sunset 2. Kilometre/hour
3. Odometer is an instrument which shows the distance travelled by the
vehicle in kilometres.
B. Science Quiz.
1. Straight line
2. A body is said to be in uniform motion when it is moving at a constant
speed along a straight line path.
3. Distance travelled and time taken
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d)
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. time period 2. speed 3. dependent 4. non-uniform

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 SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b)
B. Very Short Answer Questions.
distance travelled
1. Speed = 2. Metre per second (m/s)
time taken
3. Distance-time graph 4. Stopwatch
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. A small metal ball (bob) suspended by a long thread from a rigid
support, such that the bob is free to swing back and forth is called a
simple pendulum.
2. Time taken from extreme to mean position is 0.25s. So, time taken for
1 oscillation will be 1 minute 40 seconds. Time period is the time taken
to complete one oscillation, so time period is 1 minute 60 seconds.
3. (a) Straight line represents uniform motion or constant speed.
(b) Curved line represents non-uniform motion or changing speed.
D. Short Answer Type-II Questions.
1. Here, speed = 3 m/s
time taken = 20 minutes (we know, 1 minute = 60 s)
= 20 × 60 = 1200 seconds
distance travelled
We know, Speed =
time taken
or distance travelled = speed × time taken
= 3 m/s × 1200 s
= 3600 m = 3.6 km (we know, 1 km = 1000 m)
Thus, the distance between Monica’s house and her school is 3.6 km.
2. (i) Here, in the first case
Speed = 20 km/h
Time taken = 15 minutes
15 1
= = h (we know, 1 hour = 60 minutes)
60 4
We know, Speed = distance travelled
time taken
or distance travelled = speed × time taken
1
= 20 km/h × h
4
\ distance travelled = 5 km
(ii) In the second case
Speed = 60 km/h
Time taken = 15 minutes
15 1
= = h (we know, 1 hour = 60 minutes)
60 4
62 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7
 We know, Speed = distance travelled
time taken
\ distance travelled = speed × time taken
1
= 60 km/h × h
4
= 15 km
\ Total distance covered = 5 + 15 km
= 20 km
Thus, the total distance covered by car is 20 km.
3. Distance travelled = 300 km
Time taken = 5 hours
Speed = distance travelled
time taken
300 km
\ Speed of the train = = 60 km/h
5 hour
Thus, the speed of the train is 60 km/h.
4. (a) Principle of periodic motion
(b) We should be punctual in our life because it makes our life more
systematic and comfortable. Punctuality brings discipline in our life
and avoids causing inconvenience to others also.
5. (a) Uniform motion (b) Non-uniform motion (c) No motion
E. Long Answer Questions.
1. (a) The length of the string from the point of suspension to the centre
of the bob is called the length of the pendulum.
(b) The one complete to-and-fro motion of the bob about its mean
position is called an oscillation of the pendulum.
(c) The maximum displacement of the bob from its mean position on
either side is called the amplitude of the pendulum.
(d) The time taken by the bob of a pendulum to complete one
oscillation is called the time period of the pendulum.
2. (a) (b)

Distance-time graph for an object moving Distance-time graph for a stationary
at constant (or uniform) speed object (i.e., when the object is at rest)

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 63

F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions.
1. (a) aeroplane – km/h (b) tortoise – m/s
(c) ant – cm/s (d) horse – km/h
2. Car A moves faster–graph shows car A travels more distance in less time.
G. Application Based Question.
(a)

(b) The distance covered by the car at 6:15 pm is 75 km.

Chapter 14: Electric Current and its Effects

Think Page No. 190
We use copper wires for making connections in a circuit because copper is a good
conductor of electricity.
Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 190
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a)
Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 193, 194
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a)
SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. The path along which the electric current can flow is called an electric circuit.
2. The three effects produced by an electric current are—
(i) Heating effect (ii) Magnetic effect (iii) Chemical effect
3. A fluorescent tube does not generate heat because it does not work on
the principle of heating effect of electric current and have filaments. It
works on the concept of fluorescence.
4. A fuse wire should have a low melting point and low resistivity.
5. The strength of the electromagnet (or solenoid) increases with increase
in the number of turns.
B. Science Quiz.
1. The current flows from positive terminal to negative terminal in a closed
circuit.

64 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 2. Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish scientist.
3. Electric bell, mixer grinder/fans/washing machines/cranes
4. Nichrome wire (an alloy of iron, nickel, chromium and magnesium).
5. Tungsten
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c)
B. Match the following.
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (e) 4. (a) 5. (c)
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. open 2. short circuit 3. electromagnet
SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a)
B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. Wood, plastic, wool and rubber
2. (a) Tungsten metal (b) Nichrome alloy
3. Electric room heater, electric iron, electric toaster and electric oven/
electric kettle/water heater (geyser)/immersion rod
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. The property of a material by virtue of which it opposes the flow of an
electric current through it is called its resistance.
2. A magnet produced by passing an electric current through a coil of
insulated wire wound around soft iron rod is called electromagnet.
3. Greater the magnitude of electric current passed through a given wire,
greater will be the heat produced in it.
D. Short Answer Type-II Questions.
1. (a) Resistance –
(b) Electric cell –
(c) Battery –
(d) Electric bulb – (on), (off)
(e) Switch in ‘ON’ position –
(f) Wire –
2. A sudden flow of very large current due to direct contact of a live and
a neutral wire is called short-circuit. Short-circuit is caused due to
defective or damaged wiring.
3. Electromagnets are used in—
(i) motors that drive fans, mixers, washing machines, etc.
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 65
 (ii) cranes to lift heavy loads like big machines, steel girders and scrap
iron objects for loading and unloading purposes.
(iii) electric bells, telegraphs, telephone instruments, loudspeakers, etc.
(iv) used by doctors to remove tiny iron particles from the eyes of a
person
4. (a) Overloading of the electric circuit
(b) We learn to be alert all the time and doing right thing at the right
time and showing the presence of mind and reacting quickly.
E. Long Answer Questions.
1. The cylindrical coil of wire is called a
solenoid.
The strength of a solenoid can be
increased by
(i) increasing the number of turns of
the wire.
(ii) increasing the magnitude of the
electric current passing through the coil.
2. (a) Advantages of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet are –
(i) The magnetism of an electromagnet can be switched ‘ON’ or
‘OFF’ as desired. This is not possible with a permanent magnet.
(ii) The strength of an electromagnet can be increased as required.
Electromagnet can be made very strong by increasing the number
of turns and the amount of current passing through the coil. On
the other hand, a permanent magnet cannot be made so strong.
An electromagnet is used in an electric bell as it works on the
magnetic effect of current.
(b)

An electric bell
66 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7
 3. The overheating of electrical wiring in any circuit due to the flow of large
current through it is called overloading of the electrical circuit. Fuse wire
is necessary in a circuit because in case of overheating or overloading,
current stops flowing in the circuit and it remains safe.
An electric fuse has a low melting point so when the current exceeds
in the circuit, the fuse wire gets heated, melts and breaks the circuit
immediately, keeping the devices safe.
F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions.
1. Copper wire cannot be used for making an electric fuse because it does
not have a low melting point which is an essential requirement for
making a fuse.
2. A freely suspended coil will act as a magnet when a current is passed
through it. It will deflect responding towards the earth’s magnetic field
and align itself in north-south direction.
G. Application Based Question.
The bulb in the given circuit will not glow because both the wires are
connected to the negative terminal and the current flows from positive to
the negative terminal. The circuit with the required change is given below–

H. Practical Skill Based Question.

1. Fig. (i) is a stronger magnet because the number of turns of the coil are
more around the iron rod.
2. Iron is a stronger magnetic substance than the steel.

Chapter 15: Light

Multiple Choice Questions  Page No. 203
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c)
Multiple Choice Questions  Page No. 208
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b)
SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. Light coming from the Sun and the light coming from a torch
2. Concave mirror and convex mirror

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 3. Lens
4. The image which cannot be obtained on a screen is called a virtual image.
B. Science Quiz.
1. Concave mirror 2. Red 3. Real image
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a)
B. State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
1. F 2. T 3. F
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. Convex 2. focal length 3. spectrum 4. dispersion
SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c)
B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. An image of a boy in the plane mirror
2. Concave mirrors are used
(i) as shaving mirrors.
(ii) as reflectors in torches and headlights of vehicles, such as cars,
buses, etc.
(iii) by dentists to see an enlarged image of teeth.
(iv) by doctors to examine body parts such as eyes, ears, nose and throat.
3. The band of seven colours formed on a white screen when white light
passes through a prism (or any transparent medium) is called spectrum
of white light.
4. Bulging surface of a spoon always forms an erect image of the face.
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. [Link]. Parameters Convex lens Concave lens
(i) Structure A convex lens is A concave lens is
thicker in the middle thinner in the middle
and thinner at the and thicker at the
edges. edges.
(ii) Action It is a converging lens. It is a diverging lens.
(iii) Focus It has a real focus. It has a virtual focus.
(iv) Image The image formed The image formed is
may be real/virtual, always virtual, erect
enlarged/small/equal and smaller than the
to size of the object. size of the object.

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 2. [Link]. Convex mirror Concave mirror
(i) A spherical mirror whose A spherical mirror whose
reflecting surface is curved reflecting surface is curved
outwards. inwards.
(ii) Reflection of light takes Reflection of light takes place
place at bulging out surface. at bent-in-surface.
(iii) Principal focus is virtual and Principal focus is real and lies
lies behind the mirror. in front of the mirror.
(iv) It always forms a virtual, It always forms a real, inverted
erect and diminished image. and highly diminished image.
3. The principal focus (F) of a concave lens is the point on the principal
axis at which parallel rays of light after passing through the lens meet or
appear to meet.
4. (a) Convex lens (b) Concave lens
D. Short Answer Type-II Questions.
1. The image formed by a plane mirror is
(i) of the same size and shape as the object.
(ii) virtual and erect.
(iii) laterally inverted with respect to the object.
(iv) at the same distance from the mirror as the object.
2. Light enables us to see the objects around us. When light after reflection
enters our eyes, we are able to see the objects. When light falls on the
surface of an object, the object sends the light back. This process of
sending back of light rays which fall on the surface of an object is called
reflection of light.
3. The image which can be obtained on a screen is called a real image. A
real image is always inverted. It is formed on the same side of the mirror
where the object is placed.
The image which cannot be obtained on a screen is called a virtual image.
It is always erect or upright. It is always formed behind the mirror.
4. Newton with the help of Newton’s disc demonstrated that all seven
colours combine together to make white light.
5. (a) Concave lens (b) Love and concern for the grandparents
E. Long Answer Questions.
1.

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 69

 (a) F and F′ are the principal focus of convex lens.
(b) O is the optical centre of the convex lens.
(c) Distance between O and F or the distance between O and F′ is the
focal length of convex lens.
2. (a) The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its component
colours on passing through a transparent medium like glass prism
is called dispersion of light.
(b)

A glass prism splits the white light into seven colours.

(c) Rainbow formation after the rain
3.
We can distinguish between a plane mirror, a concave mirror and a
convex mirror by looking at the images formed by them.
(i) When the image is erect, of the same size as that of an object and it
does not change its size and nature on moving the mirror closer or
away from the face, the mirror is a plane mirror.
(ii) When the image is erect, magnified and becomes inverted on
moving the mirror away from the face, the mirror is a concave
mirror.
(iii) When the image is erect, diminished and it remains erect on moving
the mirror away from the face, the mirror is a convex mirror.
F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions.
1. The rear-view mirrors have a warning because the image in the rear-
view mirror is smaller than the object so as to cover a larger area in view
and thus, appears closer. Actually the images formed are closer than
what they appear. Convex mirrors are used in rear-view mirrors.
2. Distance between person and plane mirror = 3m
Distance between plane mirror and person’s image = 3m
∴ Distance between person and person’s image = 3 + 3 = 6m
3. Convex lens
4. A, O, T, V, W, X are the alphabets which form their similar images in a
plane mirror. This is because these are symmetrical alphabets and the
formed image does not appear to be laterally inverted.

70 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 Chapter 16: Water : A Precious Natural Resource
Think! Page No. 224
By preventing water pollution we are actually conserving it because only a
fraction of fresh water is available for use by human beings and animals. It is an
important natural resource. To increase its availability and overcome its shortage
it is essential to save, conserve and prevent it from pollution.
Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 222
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a)
SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. The earth appears blue from space because 71% of the earth’s surface
is covered with water.
2. About 97.5% of water available on the earth surface is present in the
seas and oceans. This water is salty or saline and therefore, is unfit for
human consumption.
3. World Water Day is celebrated on 22nd March. It is celebrated all over
the world to attract everyone’s attention towards the importance of
conserving water.
B. Science Quiz.
1. The rainfall recharges the water table and raises it.
2. Drip irrigation is a modern method of irrigation which can help in
conservation of water.
3. Infiltration
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c)
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. solid 2. infiltration 3. deforestation 4. Bawri

SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (d)
B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. (a) Ice/snow
(b) Steam/water vapour
2. The upper limit of groundwater is called water table.
3. The minimum amount of water recommended by the United Nations
for various basic needs is 50 litres per person per day.

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 71

C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. (a) During heavy rainfall, water table rises.
(b) During drought, water table falls.
2. The process of collecting rainwater from roofs and street corners and
storing it for later use is called rainwater harvesting.
3. Drip irrigation is a technique of watering plants by making use of a
system of narrow pipes or tubes with small holes which deliver water
drop by drop directly around the roots avoiding the wastage of water.
D. Short Answer Type–II Questions.
1. The natural sources of water contain many impurities. Following steps
are involved to remove these impurities to make it suitable for drinking—
(i) sedimentation (ii) filtration
(iii) aeration (iv) chlorination
2. Wastage of water at home can be minimised in the following ways:
(i) Avoid brushing teeth, washing hands or cleaning utensils with
running water tap.
(ii) Collect rainwater in drums and use it to water plants.
(iii) Use a bucket and mug instead of using shower for a bath.
(iv) Get leaking pipelines and leaking water taps repaired.
(v) Mop the floor instead of washing with running water.
(vi) Clean your vehicle with wet cloth instead of washing with running
water.
(vii) Do not throw the unused water left in the bottles, use it for watering
plants or cleaning vehicles.
3. Various ways for proper management of water are:
(i) Rainwater harvesting (ii) Prevention of wastage of water
(iii) Reuse of water (iv) Revival of bawris
(v) Drip irrigation (vi) Construction of dams
4. (a) Saving water is important for us because the supply of clean and
fresh water is depleting at an alarming rate in some regions and we
may suffer from moderate to severe water crisis in the coming years.
(b) We should be aware of the problems caused by the scarcity of water.
We should be concerned for the society and needs of people. We
should also understand the importance of conservation of water
and minimise its wastage.
E. Long Answer Questions.
1. Following are the factors which deplete water table at a place—
(i) Increase in population: Human population is increasing day by
day. To meet the needs of an ever-increasing population, more
houses, offices, schools, shops and roads are being built. These

72 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

 construction activities require huge supply of water. Borings made
at the construction sites withdraw more and more groundwater
which leads to the depletion of water table.
(ii) Increase in industries: The number of industries is also increasing
continuously so more water is used by industries leading to
depletion of water table.
(iii) Increase in agricultural activities: The demand for agricultural
food crops has also increased due to increase in the population.
A majority of farmers depend on rainwater to grow crops. But due
to unpredictable rainfall, they depend on irrigation methods. At
many places, the canal system may suffer from the lack of water
due to erratic rainfall. Nowadays, farmers use large quantities of
groundwater by digging deep tube wells to cultivate crops. This
results in depletion of water table.
(iv) Deforestation: Cutting down a large number of trees at a place is
called deforestation. This leads to failure of soil to hold moisture.
The water just runs off on the ground surface.
(v) Decrease the effective area for seepage of water — Increasing
population has caused high demand for construction. This has
decreased the open areas like parks, playgrounds and other open
spaces. The cemented floor does not allow the water to seep in the
ground easily. This results in depletion of the water table.
(vi) Scanty rainfall — Insufficient rainfall is called scanty rainfall , due to
which less water seeps into the ground. This results in the depletion
of water table.
2. Many times, we knowingly or unknowingly contribute in wastage of
water by various activities at individual level—
(i) Running water is used for cleaning courtyard and vehicles.
(ii) Taking bath under shower
(iii) Shaving and brushing teeth with running tap
(iv) Throwing away the water left in the water bottles
(v) Not repairing leaking taps and pipelines
(vi) Avoiding the collection of rainwater
(vii) Washing the floor with running water rather than mopping.
F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions.
1. Making of tube wells in the residential areas reduces the water table
due to which people do not get sufficient water. This happens because
a lot of water is pulled out by the tube wells.
2. India is a vast country and rainfall is not same everywhere. Some
regions have excessive rains while some regions have very little rainfall.
So, there is uneven distribution of water in our country.

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 73

 3. Cutting down a large number of trees at a place is called deforestation.
The soil cannot hold moisture. The water just runs off on the ground
surface. This leads to low rainfall and less seepage of rainwater under
the soil. Hence, deforestation can lead to depletion of groundwater.

Chapter 17: Forests : Our Lifeline

Multiple Choice Questions Page No. 233
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a)
SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. Forests are large areas of land covered thickly with different kinds of
trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, creepers and climbers.
2. One-third of the earth’s total land surface is covered with forests.
3. Rosewood, Teak, sheesham
4. The layer of vegetation in a forest just below the canopy is called
understorey.
B. Science Quiz.
1. Canopy layer, understorey layer and forest floor
2. Hawk/snake/tiger
3. (a) Plants – Mosses and lichens
(b) Animals – Insects, millipedes, tigers, lions, bears, deer, etc.
4. Insects, birds, snakes, lizards, jaguars, pythons and leopards
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a)
B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice.
1. Frog → It is a carnivore whereas others are herbivores.
2. Rabbit → It is a herbivore, whereas others are carnivores.
3. Wax → It is obtained from bees, whereas others are obtained
from plants.
4. Bacteria → These are decomposers, whereas others are parts of a
food chain.
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. cleaning 2. food web 3. green 4. afforestation
SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d)

74 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7

B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. The uppermost branches and leaves of tall trees which act like a roof or
umbrella over the smaller trees in a forest is called canopy.
2. Food web 3. Canopy
4. The cutting down of trees on a large scale is known as deforestation.
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. A series of organisms linked together by the process of eating and being
eaten for food is called food chain.
For example, grass → grasshopper → frog → snake
2. Several food chains of a region interconnect to form a food web. A food
web is a complex feeding system.
3. Forests have tall, evergreen trees with large and green leaves. The
branches overlap each other forming a continuous cover of dense leaves.
This layer is so dense that very little sunlight penetrates through it to
reach the lower layers of the forest. So, there is darkness inside the forest.
4. Decomposers are those organisms which feed upon the dead plant and
animal tissues and convert them into a dark-coloured substance called
humus.
D. Short Answer Type-II Questions.
1. Plants are beneficial to animals in the following ways:
(i) Plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis which is taken up by
animals for respiration.
(ii) Animals directly or indirectly depend on plants for food.
(iii) Tall trees give shelter to various animals. Most birds make their
nests on branches of the trees. Animals like monkeys and apes live
on trees.
2. Causes of deforestation—
(i) Forest fires: Once the forest fire starts, it does not stop easily and
many trees are burnt causing deforestation.
(ii) Increase in population: With increasing population, more land is
required for housing, educational institutes, offices, etc. Forest area
is cleared to obtain this land.
(iii) Construction of dams: A large forest area has to be cleared to
construct a dam.
(iv) Wood for industries: Due to increase of population and better
standard of living the demand of wood products, is increased
leading to the depletion of forests.
3. Forests are important source of wood, variety of products, maintain
balance of gases, maintain water cycle in nature, prevent soil erosion,
floods and replenish groundwater, provide food and shelter to wildlife,
reduce pollution and are also a mode for recreation.

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 4.
Different ways to conserve forests are as follows:
(i) Excessive cutting down of forest trees should not be allowed by the
government.
(ii) Paper products should be recycled so that minimum cutting down
of trees takes place.
(iii) Usage of wood as a fuel should be discouraged.
(iv) Any breakout of fire in forests should be fought quickly using
modern methods.
(v) Forests must be protected from insects, pests and infections by
treating them with insecticides and pesticides.
(vi) ‘Tree for a tree’ principle should be adopted. For every tree that has
fallen, a new tree should be planted.
5. Decomposers like bacteria and fungi breakdown the organic wastes into
simpler substances and add nutrients to the soil. This helps in recycling
of nutrients in the soil. These nutrients are useful for the plants growing
in the forest.
6. There is no waste in the forests because even the dead organic matter
is decomposed to form nutrients like humus which is required and used
by the plants as manure.
E. Long Answer Questions.
1. Harmful effects of deforestation are as follows:
(i) Deforestation causes soil erosion, leading to loss of soil fertility.
(ii) It causes change in the rainfall pattern and results in drought.
(iii) Burning of wood, obtained from deforestation, causes increase in
the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Excess of
carbon dioxide causes air pollution. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse
gas and causes global warming (increase in the earth’s temperature).
(iv) In the absence of trees of the forest, the rainwater flows faster
causing flood conditions.
(v) By deforestation, climate becomes warmer and drier in the absence
of humidity in the deforested area.
(vi) In the absence of trees and plants, the animals do not get food and
shelter.
2. Forests are useful to us in many ways:
(i) Forests are a good source of wood like teak, sheesham, rosewood
and sal which are used in making furniture, boats, sports goods,
houses, etc.
(ii) Several plants that grow in forests are used in the preparation of
medicines. The bark of Cinchona tree is a source of a medicine
called quinine, which is used for treatment of malaria.

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 (iii) Forests maintain balance of gases in nature, maintain water cycle
and prevent soil erosion.
(iv) Forests prevent floods, replenish groundwater, provide food and
shelter to wildlife.
(v) Forests help in reducing pollution.
(vi) Forests have been developed as recreational parks. People can
enjoy camping, hiking, trekking, etc.
(vii) Forests give us paper, rubber, gum, oils like eucalyptus and
sandalwood.
3. (a) Tiger, lion, giraffe, jaguar, chimpanzee, etc.
(b) Forests serve as an important resource to our every requirement
and also teach us that everything can be utilised in some or the
other way. We learn the judicious utilisation of resources and
importance of giving, sharing and maintaining the environmental
balance.
F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) Questions.
1. Recycling of paper helps in the conservation of forests because paper
is made from wood which is obtained from forests. We need to cut
trees for it. If paper is recycled, cutting down more trees will not be
required.
2. Forests are called ‘green lungs’ because the forests help the atmosphere
in the same way as lungs in our body. Forests help in exchange of gases,
taking in carbon dioxide and giving out oxygen whereas lungs also
take the oxygen from the atmosphere, provide it to body parts, collect
carbon dioxide and pass it out.
G. Application Based Questions.
1. In a food web, if any one member is affected, the food web gets
disturbed. If number of carnivores, such as lions, becomes more than
the herbivores, the population of herbivores (such as deer) would
decrease. If there will be too less herbivores, the number of plants will
increase rapidly. In other words, both herbivores and producers will be
affected, if number of carnivores becomes more.
2. Yes, the occurrence of landslides is due to uncontrolled cutting of forest
trees in the area. This is because the roots of trees bind the soil and save
it from being washed away by water or the other weathering agents.

Chapter 18: Wastewater Story

Multiple Choice Questions  Page No. 240, 241
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b)
Multiple Choice Questions  Page No. 243
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a)

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 SECTION A
CLASS RESPONSE
A. Oral Questions.
1. Sewage is the wastewater which is carried away in sewers.
2. An underground water pipe which carries away dirty wastewater (or
sewage) is called a sewer.
3. Sewage treatment is the process of removing pollutants or contaminants
from the sewage to make it harmless, so that it may be disposed of
safely in the water bodies.
4. A manhole is a covered vertical hole in the ground, pavement or road
above the underground sewer pipeline.
B. Science Quiz.
1. Diarrhoea, cholera, jaundice/dysentery
2. Human faeces and animal wastes/fruit and vegetable wastes/pesticides/
herbicides
3. Cooking oil and fats, chemicals, tea leaves, cotton and solid food
remains, motor oils and medicines.
4. Primary treatment, secondary treatment and tertiary treatment
WORKSHEET
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b)
B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice:
1. Composting pits → These are used to make compost, whereas others
are used as sewage disposal system.
2. Polio → It is not a water-borne disease, whereas others are
water-borne diseases.
3. Absorption tank → It is not involved in wastewater treatment, whereas
others are part of waste water treatment plant.
4. Human faeces → It is an organic waste, whereas others are inorganic
wastes.
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. water pollution 2. manhole 3. Stagnant 4. crops
SECTION B
A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Scientific/Practical skills.
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c)
B. Very Short Answer Questions.
1. The process of nutrient enrichment of water bodies that stimulates
the growth of aquatic plants like algae that may result in depletion of
oxygen is called eutrophication.

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 2. The harmful effects of sewage are–
(i) Spreading of diseases (ii) Water pollution
(iii) Eutrophication
3. (i) Septic tanks/Biogas plant
(ii) Vermicomposting-toilets
4. Human faeces, animal wastes, oil, urea, pesticides, herbicides, nitrates,
phosphates, fruits and vegetables wastes, disease-causing bacteria and
fungi, etc.
C. Short Answer Type-I Questions.
1. The treated clarified water is taken into secondary sedimentation tank
and allowed to stand there. After several hours, the aerobic bacteria
settle down at the bottom of the tank as ‘activated sludge’.
2. Clarified water is the cleared water obtained after the removal of sludge
and floating impurities.
3. The place where the process of sewage treatment is conducted is called
sewage treatment plant or wastewater treatment plant.
4. The suspended and dissolved impurities of sewage are called
contaminants. Eg., organic and inorganic impurities, microbes, etc.
D. Short Answer Type–II Questions.
1. The speed of the incoming wastewater slows down in grit and sand
removal tank so as to allow the sand, grit and pebbles to settle down.
2. The suspended solids settle down at the sloping bottom of the primary
sedimentation tank in the form of primary sludge. It is removed from
the bottom of the primary sedimentation tank with a scraper and
shifted into a large closed tank called digester tank. The organic matter
in the sludge is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria to produce biogas.
The leftover sludge after the removal of biogas is taken out, dried and
used as manure whereas the floating impurities such as grease and oils
are removed by a skimmer.
3. (a) Organic impurities – Human faeces, pesticides, animals,
fruits and vegetable wastes
(b) Inorganic impurities – Nitrates, phosphates, metals
(c) Nutrients – Nitrogen, phosphorus
(d) Microbes – Bacteria, fungi
4. Following practices should be followed at public places to maintain
sanitation:
(i) We should not scatter rubbish such as food wastes, empty plastic
bottles at public places.
(ii) We should never urinate on the roadside.
(iii) We should cover the open drains.

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E. Long Answer Questions.
1. Many villages in our country are still not connected to a common sewage
treatment plant. In such places, a septic tank is used to treat household
sewage. Septic tank is a large concrete tank built under the ground with
inlet and outlet pipes attached to it to treat household sewage.
The inlet pipe present in septic tank carries the household sewage to
the tank. The solid matter from the sewage settles at the bottom of the
tank. The anaerobic bacteria present in the tank decompose most of the
solid organic matter present in the sewage and the excess water flows
out of the tank through the outlet pipe into the soil.

inspection inspection
opening opening
opening
ground level
scum tertiary tank

inlet pipe
household
outlet pipe
sewage

Septic tank
2. Sewage treatment consists of three stages–
(i) Primary treatment: It consists of following steps —
(a) Screening: The sewage entering the sewage treatment plant is
first passed through bar screens. The bar screens remove the
large objects like rags, sticks, cans and plastic packets from the
sewage. The solid wastes collected are later disposed in the
landfill or are incinerated.
(b) Grit removal: The sewage after passing through the bar screen
is made to flow through a grit and sand removal tank. The
speed of incoming wastewater is slowed down to allow sand,
grit and pebbles to settle down.
(c) Primary sedimentation: The sewage is then passed in primary
sedimentation tank and allowed to stand for 10-12 hours.
(ii) Secondary treatment: It is designed to degrade the biological
contents of the sewage in the form of human wastes, food wastes,
soaps, detergents, etc. It consists of aeration and secondary
sedimentation.
(iii) Tertiary treatment: Water is disinfected with chemicals like
chlorine and ozone before it is discharged into a sea, river or into
the ground.

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 3. (a) Manholes are provided at every 50 metres to 60 metres distance in
the sewerage, at the junction of two or more sewers and at points
where there is a change in the direction of sewer line.
(b) Alertness of mind and a quick reaction.
F. HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) questions.
1. Oils and fats should not be thrown down the drains because they can
harden and block the pipes. In open drains, the fats block the soil pores
reducing its effectiveness in filtering water.
2. The untreated sewage should not be discharged into water bodies
because they can cause water pollution.
3. Excessive water pollution causes eutrophication. Eutrophication is the
process of depletion of dissolved oxygen from the water bodies due
to excessive growth of algae. Due to decrease in amount of dissolved
oxygen in water bodies aquatic animals like fishes die.
Periodic Assessment-1
(Based on Chapters 1 to 4)
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c)
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. villi 2. cocoon
C. Very short answer questions.
1. Pitcher plant and venus flytrap/Utricularia/Drosera
2. The usual temperature range of a laboratory thermometer is –10 °C to
110 °C.
D. Short answer questions.
1. Ruminants digest their food in two steps, i.e. they chew the food rapidly,
mixed it with saliva and swallow it hurriedly. As they have to save
themselves from being caught by predators and move to a safer place
where they bring the food back into their mouth to chew and digest it
later.
2. Rearing of sheep means to look after the sheep by providing them food,
shelter and health care.
Periodic Assessment-2
(Based on Chapters 10 to 13)
A. Tick (3) the correct options.
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d)
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. downwards and inwards
2. transpiration

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C. Very short answer questions.
1. A small metal ball (bob) suspended by a long thread from a rigid
support, such that the bob is free to swing back and forth is called a
simple pendulum.
2. The function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen from the lungs to
all the cells of the body and also carry carbon dioxide produced by cells
to the lungs.
D. Short answer questions.
1. (a) Yeast (b) Spirogyra
2. The taking in of air, rich in oxygen, into the body is called inhalation.
The giving out of air, rich in carbon dioxide, outside the body is called
exhalation.
Half Yearly Examination
(Based on Chapters 1 to 9)
A. Very short answer questions.
1. Leaves are green in colour due to the presence of chlorophyll.
2. Liver is the largest gland in the body.
3. Two breeds of sheep found in India are – Lohi and Marwari.
4. The heat from the Sun reaches the earth through radiation.
5. Two natural indicators are turmeric and litmus.
6. Melting of wax is a physical change.
7. Many birds and some other animals migrate to warmer regions when
winter sets in. They come back after the winter is over. This is called
migration.
8. Westerlies and polar winds
9. (a) Clayey soil (b) Sandy soil
10. Nutrition is the process of taking food by an organism and its digestion,
absorption and utilisation by the body.
11. Salivary amylase.
B. Short answer type-I questions.
1. Pitcher plant eats insects to fulfill its nitrogen requirement.
2. The utilisation of absorbed food (in the blood) to build complex
substances such as the proteins, required by the body for growth and
repair of body tissues is called assimilation of food.
3. Two precautions to be taken while reading a clinical thermometer are–
(i) Read the thermometer while holding it horizontally so as to keep
the level of mercury along the line of sight.
(ii) Do not hold the thermometer by the bulb while reading it.
4. When we suffer from acidity, we take antacid tablet to neutralise the
effect of excessive acid as antacids contain weak bases.

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 5. The Toucan bird has a long beak that helps it to reach the fruits on such
branches that are too weak to support its weight.
C. Short answer type-II questions.
1. Features of loamy soil–
(i) It has the right water-holding capacity necessary for the growth of
plants.
(ii) It has adequate air spaces between its particles to hold sufficient
air needed by the roots of plants.
(iii) It contains sufficient amount of humus to provide necessary
nutrients for the growing plants.
2. We should take the following precautions after the cyclone hits an area–
(i) We should not drink water as it could be contaminated by floods.
(ii) We should not spread rumours.
(iii) We should not touch wet electric switches and fallen electric power
lines.
3. The association in which different types of organisms live and work
together for their mutual benefit is called symbiosis.
The root nodules of leguminous plants provide shelter to the Rhizobium
bacteria. In turn, Rhizobium bacteria provide nitrogen to the leguminous
plants. In this way, Rhizobium bacteria and leguminous plants benefit
each other.
4. We can prevent tooth decay by following the given ways–
(i) We should avoid eating too many sweets, ice creams and chocolates.
(ii) We should brush our teeth at least twice a day.
(iii) We should floss our teeth every day.
5. Conduction is the process of transfer of heat in a body from the hotter
end to the colder end without any actual movement of the molecules of
the material.
The conduction of heat occurs from one body to another only when
they are –
(i) in contact with each other (ii) at different temperatures
6. [Link]. Indicator Acids Bases
(i) Methyl orange Orange coloured Orange coloured
indicator methyl orange methyl orange
indicator turns red indicator turns
yellow
(ii) Phenolphthalein No effect on Turn colourless
indicator colourless phenolphthalein
phenolphthalein indicator pink
indicator

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 (iii) Pink China rose Pink China rose Pink China rose
indicator indicator turns deep indicator turns
pink (magenta) green
7. A vertical section through the soil showing the different layers of the soil
is called soil profile.

8. Three applications of radiation are–

(i) The containers of solar cooker are painted black to absorb more
heat from the Sun.
(ii) The bottom of the cooking utensils is painted black so that they
absorb more heat from the bottom.
(iii) The houses in hot countries are usually painted white or light
coloured. This is done so that the houses absorb less heat from the
Sun.
9. We should take following precautions during a thunderstorm–
(i) Avoid contact with water and metallic objects.
(ii) Do not take shelter under an umbrella with a metallic end.
(iii) Do not take shelter in a high rise building as they are likely to be
struck by lightning.
10. The layer of air surrounding the earth is called atmosphere. The two
important properties of air are as follows–
(i) Air exerts pressure.
(ii) Air expands on heating and contracts on cooling.
D. Long answer questions
1. Sea breeze: Land absorbs heat faster than the sea. During the daytime,
the land heats up more quickly than the sea water. Thus, the air above
the land surface heats up, expands and rises up. The cooler air above
the sea surface blows towards the land to take its place. This sets up

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 convection currents. The cool air from the sea blowing towards the land
is called sea breeze.

Land breeze: Land loses heat faster than the sea. At night, the land
cools more quickly than the sea water. Thus, the air above the sea being
warmer, rises up and cooler air from above the land surface blows
towards the sea to take its place. This sets up the convection current. The
cool air from the land moves towards the sea. This is called land breeze.

2. A change in which one or more new substances with entirely different

chemical composition and properties from the original substances are
formed is called a chemical change.
The characteristics of chemical changes (chemical reaction) are –
(i) Change in the physical state of the substances undergoing chemical
changes may occur.
(ii) Evolution of a gas may occur during a chemical reaction.
(iii) Change in colour and smell of a substance may take place during
some chemical changes.
(iv) Formation of a precipitate may occur during a chemical reaction.
(v) Change in energy takes place during all chemical changes.

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 3. Following adaptations help penguins to survive in Antarctic region–
(i) They are white in colour that merges well with the white surrounding
of ice and snow.
(ii) They have black-coloured feathers on their back that absorb heat
from the Sun and help them keep warm during the day.
(iii) They have thick skin and a layer of fat below their skin which keeps
them warm in extreme cold climate.
(iv) They huddle together in groups to keep them warm.
(v) They have streamlined bodies, flipper-like wings and webbed feet
that help them swim.
4. (a) The process by which green plants make their own food (glucose)
from carbon dioxide and water by using solar energy in the presence
of chlorophyll is called photosynthesis.
sunlight
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon water chlorophyll Glucose Oxygen
(b) Importance of photosynthesis–
(i) It enables green plants to make their own food. In the absence
of photosynthesis there would be no plants.
(ii) The survival of all animals in the world directly or indirectly
depends upon the food made by the plants.
(iii) Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis that is essential for
survival of all living organisms. Carbon dioxide is utilised during
photosynthesis. Thus, photosynthesis maintains balance
between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
5. (a) Ingestion: Amoeba eats tiny microscopic plants and animals as food,
which float on water in which it lives. When an Amoeba encounters
a suitable organism, it pushes out two pseudopodia around the
organism. Gradually, the tips of the pseudopodia fuse with each
other. As a result, the food is engulfed with a little surrounding
water to form a food vacuole inside it.
(b) Digestion: The enzymes from the surrounding cytoplasm enter
the food vacuole and break down the food into simple, soluble
substances.
(c) Absorption: The digested food present in the food vacuole is
absorbed directly into the cytoplasm.
(d) Assimilation: The digested food absorbed by the cytoplasm is
stored or utilised for its growth, development, multiplication and
release of energy.
(e) Egestion: The undigested food gets collected inside the vacuole. The
cell membrane suddenly ruptures at any place and the undigested
food is thrown outside the body by the vacuole.

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E. Practical Skill based questions.
1. We can obtain a decolourised leaf in following way—
Take a leaf and boil it in water. Take out the leaf and boil it in alcohol.
This will remove the chlorophyll from the leaf.
2. (i) Acidic solutions turn blue litmus paper red.
(ii) Basic solutions turn red litmus paper blue.
(iii) Neutral solutions have no effect on litmus papers.
Yearly Examination
(Based on Chapters 2, 5, 10-18)
A. Very short answer questions.
1. The exchange of gases takes place in alveolus during respiration in
humans.
2. Organs in the human excretory system are – kidneys, ureters, urethra
and urinary bladder.
3. The fusion of male gamete with the female gamete to produce zygote is
called fertilisation.
4. The standard unit of speed is metre per second (m/s).
5. Excessive flow of current occurs in household circuits due to
(i) short circuit (ii) overloading
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 87
 6.(a) Image will be formed beyond C.
(b) Image will be formed between P and F, behind the mirror.
7. A series of organisms linked together by the process of eating and being
eaten for food is called a food chain.
8. The four chambers in the stomach of ruminants are rumen, reticulum,
omasum and abomasum.
9. The acidic solution which has a small quantity of water and a large
quantity of acid is called concentrated acid.
10. When few drops of sodium hydroxide are added to the phenolphthalein
indicator (colourless), it turns pink.
11. The process of breakdown of complex, insoluble, food substances into
soluble food substances with the help of digestive juices prepared by
the body is called digestion.
B. Short answer type-I questions.
1. When the pollen grains from the anther of a flower of one plant are
transferred to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same kind,
it is called cross-pollination.
2. Time taken from extreme to mean position is 0.25s. So, time taken for
1 oscillation will be 1 minute 40 seconds. Time period is the time taken
to complete one oscillation, so time period is 1 minute 60 seconds.
3. The causes of deforestation are –
(i) increase in population
(ii) wood for industries
(iii) construction of dams
(iv) forest fires
4. Tooth decay causes the following –
(i) Holes or cavities in the teeth
(ii) Foul smell
(iii) Toothache
(iv) Loss of teeth
(v) Stomach disorders
5. [Link]. Organic acid Mineral acid
(i) The acid that are found in The acids prepared from the
plants and animals are called minerals of the earth are
organic acids. called mineral acids.
(ii) These are natural acids. These are human-made acids.
Also called laboratory acids.

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C. Short answer type-II questions.
1. [Link]. Inhalation Exhalation
(i) Ribs move upwards and Ribs move downwards and
outwards. inwards.
(ii) Diaphragm contracts and Diaphragm relaxes and moves
moves downwards upwards.
2. Following changes occur in a flower after fertilisation –
(i) The ovary of the flower swells and develops to form the fruit.
(ii) The ovules present in the ovary grow to become seeds.
(iii) The other parts of the flower like stamens, style and stigma, dry
and fall off.
3. A magnet produced by passing an electric current through a coil of
insulated wire wound around a soft iron rod is called an electromagnet.
The strength of an electromagnet can be increased by–
(i) increasing the number of turns in the coil.
(ii) increasing the current passing through the coil (solenoid)
4. The characteristics of an image formed in a plane mirror are–
(i) The image is of the same size and shape as the object.
(ii) The image is virtual and erect.
(iii) Laterally inverted with respect to the object.
5. Advantages of rainwater harvesting are–
(i) It increases the water table.
(ii) It reduces flood and topsoil erosion.
(iii) It increases the availability of clean water.
6. We can conserve forest in following ways–
(i) Excessive cutting down of forest trees should not be allowed by the
government.
(ii) For every tree that has been fallen, a new tree should be planted.
(iii) Paper products like old newspapers, magazines and notebooks
should be recycled.
(iv) Use of wood as a fuel should be discouraged.
7. Importance of transpiration in plants–
(i) It helps in the upward movement of water and minerals from roots
to the leaves by generating a suction pull.
(ii) Transpiration produces cooling effect which protects the delicate
cells of the plant from the heat of the sunlight.
(iii) When there is more transpiration, rate of absorption of water
increases.
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 89
 intestinal
8. (a) carbohydrates  →
juice
Glucose
(partially digested)
intestinal
(b) Fats → Fatty acid + Glycerol
juice
intestinal
(c) Proteins → Amino acid
juice
[Link] of bases are –
(i) They have bitter taste.
(ii) They are soapy to touch.
(iii) They turn red litmus blue.
(iv) They are corrosive in nature.
(v) They conduct electricity.
(vi) They react with acid to form salt and water.
10. Functions of tongue are –
(i) It helps in mixing saliva with food.
(ii) It helps in swallowing the food into food pipe.
(iii) It helps in getting different tastes of food.
(iv) It enables us to speak.
D. Long answer questions
1. [Link]. Parameter Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
(i) Presence of It takes place in the It takes place in the
oxygen presence of oxygen. absence of oxygen.
(ii) Breakdown Complete breakdown Incomplete breakdown
of food of food (glucose) of food (glucose) takes
takes place. place.
(iii) End products The end products are The end products are
carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide and
water. alcohol.
(iv) Amount A large amount of A very small amount of
of energy energy is released. energy is released.
released

2. Heart is enclosed in double layered membranous sac called pericardium.

The heart has four chambers. The upper two chambers of the heart are
called atria and the lower two chambers are called ventricles.
The left side of the heart is completely separated from its right side
by a partition wall called septum. A tricuspid valve is present between
right atrium and right ventricle. A bicuspid valve is present between left
atrium and left ventricle.

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 (a) Focus: The focus/principal focus of a
3.
lens is the point on the principal axis at
which parallel rays of light after passing
through a lens meet or appear to meet.
‘F’ is the principal focus.
(b) Optical Centre: The centre of the lens
is called optical centre. ‘O’ is the optical
centre.
(c) Focal length: The distance between the optical centre (O) and focus
of the lens is called focal length (f).
4. Where there is no proper sewerage system, low cost onsite sewage
disposal systems are used. Septic tanks, biogas plant and vermicomposting
toilets are examples of low cost onsite sewage disposal system.
(i) Septic Tank: A large concrete tank is built under the ground. The
inlet pipe carries the household sewage to the tank. The solid matter
of sewage settles at the bottom of the tank and is decomposed by
the anaerobic bacteria in the tank.
(ii) Biogas plant: The excreta from the toilets flows through covered
drains into a biogas plant. The biogas so produced is used as a fuel.
(iii) Vermi-composting toilet: In this toilet, the human excreta is treated
by earthworms. It uses less water and its operation is simple and
hygienic.
5. An electric bell has a U-shaped electromagnet. A small iron bar, called
armature, is held in front of the poles. The lower end of the armature is
attached to a flat spring and the spring is itself fixed to a metal bracket.
The upper end of the armature has a hammer attached to it. There is a
contact screw which just touches the armature at point E. A metal gong
is fixed near the hammer. The electromagnet is connected to a battery,
a push button switch and the armature in a circuit.
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 91
E. Practical Skill based questions.
1. After girdling of the stem, the portion of the plant below the girdled
stem dries because phloem gets removed due to girdling. The lower
part of the plant does not get food prepared by the leaves and thus
dries up. This proves that food is translocated by phloem.
2. (i) Fig. (i) is a stronger magnet because the number of turns of the coil
are more around the iron rod.
(ii) Iron is a stronger magnetic substance than the steel.

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 Solutions To Practice Worksheets
Nutrition in Plants
A. Look at the process and answer the following questions:
1. The aim of the experiment is to show that chlorophyll is necessary for
photosynthesis.
2. Croton leaf is taken for the experiment because it is partly green and
partly white (variegated leaf).
3. The green parts of the leaf turn blue-black due to the presence of starch.
4. This is because extra glucose (formed during photosynthesis) is changed
into starch, a complex carbohydrate and gets stored in the leaves and
other parts of the plant.
B. Tick (3) the correct options:
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a)
C. Think and Answer:
1. Leaves are arranged in different ways in different plants so as to trap the
maximum sunlight.
2. The carbon dioxide gas needed for photosynthesis enters the leaves of
the plant through stomata.
3. Yes, photosynthesis takes place in Coleus leaves.

Nutrition in Plants
A. Crossword Puzzle:
Across (→) Down (↓)
1. MISTLETOE 5. SAPROPHYTES
2. RHIZOBIUM 6. CUSCUTA
3. LICHEN
4. HOST
B. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. Rewrite the false statements
correctly:
1. T
2. F; Correct statement: Fungi and bacteria are saprotrophs.
3. F; Correct statement: Mistletoe plant has green leaves.
4. T
C. Complete the following with the help of picture clues:
1. Indian pipe; dead; decaying; plants; animals; a saprophyte
2. Cuscuta; total; host’s; haustoria
3. lichen; algae; fungi; algae; fungi; algae; water; minerals; algae
4. pitcher plant; insectivorous; insects; nitrogen; pitcher-like lid
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 93
D. Answer the following questions:
1. The roots of coral root plant contain fungi, which secrete digestive juices
on the dead and decaying matter and convert it into a liquid that is used
as nutrient by the plant.
This mode of nutrition is called saprophytic nutrition.
2. Haustoria are special structures in Cuscuta which pierce into the plant’s
body on which it climbs for absorption of ready-made food.
3. Rhizobium bacteria, living in the root nodules of leguminous plants
is the natural way of replenishing the soil with nutrients. They take
atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into water soluble nitrogen and
release it into soil.

Nutrition in Animals
A. Define the following terms:
1. Assimilation: The process of transportation of simple, soluble absorbed
food substances to different parts of the body where they are utilised
for energy, growth and repair is called assimilation.
2. Digestion: The process of breakdown of complex, insoluble food
substances into simple, soluble food substances with the help of
digestive juices prepared by the body is called digestion.
B. Tick (3) the correct options:
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b)

Nutrition in Animals
A. Label the following diagram correctly:
salivary glands

pharynx
oral cavity tongue

oesophagus
stomach
liver
gall bladder pancreas

large
intestine
common
bile duct
small
intestine

rectum anus
Human digestive system

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B. Complete the following:
[Link]. Organs Enzymes Functions
1. Salivary Amylase Breaks down starch present in food into
gland sugars.
2. Stomach Pepsin Breaks down proteins into peptones.
3. Liver Bile juice Helps in the digestion of fats.
4. Pancreas Pancreatic Break down carbohydrates and proteins
enzymes into simpler forms.
5. Small Intestinal Act upon partially digested food and
intestine enzymes convert carbohydrates, proteins and
fats into simple soluble forms.
C. Answer the following questions:
1. Stomach is the widest part of the human alimentary canal.
2. The different types of teeth are incisors, canines, premolars and molars.
The teeth break the food into small pieces, chew and grind it.
3. The pushing down of food by the walls of oesophagus in a wave-like
action is called peristalsis.
4. The mucus protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of
enzymes and acid.
5. The undigested food gets egested from the body.
6. Digested food is absorbed in the small intestine.

Nutrition in Animals
A. Name the following:
1. Pseudopodia 2. Cud
3. Compound stomach 4. Omasum
B. Answer the following questions:
1. In herbivores, the swallowed food is brought back into the mouth in
small lumps and is then chewed. This process of chewing food is called
rumination.
2.
enzymes digested food
entering the diffuses out undigested food
pseudopodia food vacuole of vacuole thrown out
food
Amoeba
vacuole
cell membrane
nucleus
(a) ingestion (b) digestion (c) absorption (d) assimilation (e) egestion

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 Fibre to Fabric
A. Complete the flow chart to understand the story of wool from sheep to
making of woollen clothes:
shearing scouring sorting combing

spinning yarn spinning dyeing

B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice:
1. breeding
Reason: Breeding means to rear animals with desired characteristics
whereas others are steps of obtaining wool from the sheep.
2. Gujarati
Reason: Gujarati is a language, whereas Lohi, Nali, Patanwadi and
Marwari are the names of Indian breeds of sheep.
3. tiger
Reason: Tiger does not provide wool whereas others provide wool.
C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements:
1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T
D. Categorise the following fibres into natural and synthetic:
Natural fibres Synthetic fibres
Jute, silk, Nylon, rayon,
cotton, wool polyester, terylene
E. Think and Answer:
1. In animals, breeding is done to obtain animals with desired
characteristics. The two individuals of desirable characteristics are
selected as parents.
2. With the help of sorting, good quality material is obtained.
3. Woollen clothes keep us warm in winters as air gets trapped in the
spaces between the wool fibres. As air is a bad conductor of heat, it
does not allow the body heat to escape and keeps the body warm.

Fibre to Fabric
A. Label the life cycle of silkworm and answer the following questions:

eggs of silk moth

on mulberry
leaves
1. Adult stage of life cycle of silkworm is the most active.
2. We obtain the silk from cocoon.
3. Silkworm larvae feed upon mulberry leaves.

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B. Tick (3) the correct options:
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b)
5. (a) 6. (c)
C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. Rewrite the false statements
correctly:
1. T 2. T
3. F; Correct statement: The silky covering spun by silkworm for its
protection is called cocoon.
4. F; Correct statement: The raw silk is twisted to produce thrown silk.
5. F; Correct statement: The larva of a silk moth which produces silk is
called caterpillar or silkworm.
D. Crossword Puzzle :
Across (→) Down (↓)
1. INCUBATOR 5. THROWING
2. SERICIN
3. RAW SILK
4. CHINA

Heat and its Effects

A. Tick (3) the correct options :
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)
B. Numericals :
1. C F – 32
=
5 9
2. We know that

C. Look at the given picture and answer the following questions :
1. The aim of the experiment is to show the thermal expansion in gases.
2. The gases inside the balloon expand on heating, which inflate the balloon.
3. Heat will be transferred from water bath to cold water. The temperature
of cold water will slightly increase and the temperature of water bath
will slightly decrease. After some time, both will acquire the same
temperature.

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D. Think and Answer:
1. The space between the gas molecules is large and force of attraction
between the molecules is almost negligible as compared to solids and
liquids. That is why, gases expand more than solids and liquids.
2. Reasons for using mercury in thermometers:
(i) It is easily available in pure state. (ii) It is opaque and shiny.
(iii) It does not stick to the walls of the glass tube.
(iv) It exerts low vapour pressure.
(v) It has a high boiling point of 357 °C and low melting point of –39 °C.
Therefore, it can record a wide range of temperature changes.
3. Railway tracks consist of many sections of steel joined together. Each
section is called rail. When two rails are joined, a small gap is left in
between them. During summers, rails expand and fill the gap. If no
gap is left between the rails, the rails may bend due to expansion in
summers and, train may gets derailed.
4. A laboratory thermometer is not used to measure human body
temperature because when the bulb of laboratory thermometer is taken
out of the mouth, the level of mercury starts falling due to its contact
with air. Thus, it can provide the wrong reading of body temperature.

Heat and its Effects

A. Tick (3) the correct options :
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c)
7. (a) 8. (b)
B. Name the following:
1. Thermos flask 2. Radiation 3. Sea breeze
4. Convection 5. Insulators 6. Conductors
C. Give reasons for the following:
1. It is comfortable to wear light-coloured clothes in summers because
light or white-coloured clothes absorb less heat and keep us cool.
2. Cooking utensils are made of metals because metals are good conductors
of heat.
3. There is a layer of air in between the two thin blankets which acts as
an insulator. It prevents the flow of heat from our body to the cool
surroundings. Hence, our body remains warm by two layers of thin
blankets instead of a thick blanket.
D. Draw a labelled diagram of thermos flask in the given space and answer
the following questions:
1. Glass is chosen to make thermos flask because it is a bad conductor of
heat.

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 2. The surface of glass is silvered to reduce the transfer of heat by radiation.
This is because shiny surfaces are bad absorbers and also bad emitters
of heat.

Acids, Bases and Salts

A. Match the following:
1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b)
B. Riddles:
1. China rose indicator 2. phenolphthalein
3. turmeric 4. methyl orange
C. Fill in the blanks:
1. organic 2. Malic 3. Mineral 4. neutral
5. lichens 6. mauve (purple) 7. Acids, bases
D. Answer the following questions:
1. The acids prepared from the minerals of the earth are called human-
made or mineral or laboratory acids.
For example, sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3)
2. Dilute acid : The acidic solution which has a large quantity of water and
a small quantity of acid is called dilute acid.
Concentrated acid : The acidic solution which has a small quantity of
water and a large quantity of acid is called concentrated acid.
3. The special substances which are used to test whether a substance is
acidic or basic in nature are called indicators. Indicators have different
colours in acidic and basic mediums. Phenolphthalein and methyl
orange are two human-made indicators.
4. (a) No colour change is observed.
(b) When a drop of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to China rose
indicator, the pink China rose indicator turns to dark pink (magenta)
in colour.
(c) No change in colour is observed.

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E. Research time:
We have three test tubes as T1, T2 and T3.
(i) If blue litmus paper is dipped in test tube T1, no change in colour is
observed in the litmus paper. The given content in the test tube T1 is
distilled water or basic solution.
(ii) If the blue litmus paper is dipped in the test tube T2, a change in colour
appears in blue litmus paper. It turns red. It indicates that test tube T2
contains acidic solution.
(iii) If the blue litmus paper is dipped in the test tube T3, no change in colour
appeared. Test tube T3 contains either basic solution or distilled water.

Acids, Bases and Salts

A. Match the following:
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (e) 4. (a) 5. (c)
B. Complete the table :
Parameters Acids Bases
Taste Sour Bitter
Touch Not soapy Soapy
Solubility in water Most of the acids Most of the bases are
are soluble in water. insoluble in water.
Effect on blue litmus paper Turns to red No change in colour
Effect on yellow turmeric No change in colour Turns to red
paper indicator
Effect on pink china rose Turns to dark pink Turns to green
indicator (magenta)
C. Give reasons for the following:
1. Ant’s sting contains formic acid which causes pain. The effect of stings
can be neutralised by rubbing moist baking soda (base) on the affected
area of skin to get relief.
2. ‘Milk of Magnesia’ contains magnesium hydroxide (a weak base). It
helps to neutralise the effect of excessive acid in the stomach and gives
relief to the person suffering from indigestion.
3. The waste substances discharged by many factories contain acids. If
these untreated wastes are directly discharged into the water bodies
then the acid present in wastes kills the fishes and other aquatic
organisms present in water bodies.
4. Neutralisation reaction is an exothermic reaction, i.e., heat is evolved
during the reaction. This evolved heat raises the temperature due to
which the reaction mixture becomes hot and test tube is found to be hot.
5. Acids are corrosive in nature. They can destroy paper, cloth, metal, etc.
Thus, acids are stored in glass containers instead of metal containers.
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D. Give two main uses of each:
1. (i) White washing of buildings
(ii) Manufacturing of bleaching powder
(iii) Neutralisation of acidity of soil
2. (i) Manufacturing of fertilisers/automobiles’ batteries
(ii) Used in leather industries
3. (i) Manufacturing of fertilisers
(ii) Manufacturing of ink remover and window cleaners
4. (i) Manufacturing of fertilisers
(ii) Extraction and purification of metals
5. (i) Manufacturing of soaps/paper/textiles
(ii) Manufacturing of medicines/in industrial chemicals.
E. Answer the following questions:
1. Most of the acids react with metals to form hydrogen gas and their
respective salts. Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to form its
salt and hydrogen gas.

2. When an acid reacts with a base, salt and water are formed, with the
liberation of heat. This reaction is known as neutralisation reaction. For
example,

Physical and Chemical Changes

A. Look at the pictures and identify the changes as physical/chemical:

Physical change Chemical change

Chemical change Physical and chemical change Physical change

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 Physical change    Chemical change    Physical change
B. List the characteristics of physical change:
1. During a physical change, shape, size, colour and state changes.
2. No new substance is formed.
3. It is a reversible change.
4. No change in energy takes place.
5. Chemical composition of a substance remains the same.
C. Name the following:
1. Physical change 2. Products
3. Reactants 4. Precipitate
5. Chemical change
D. Give a chemical reaction for each of the following characteristics:
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

E. Define the following. Give one example also:

1. A reaction in which energy is released in the form of heat is called
exothermic reaction. For example, when water is added to quicklime
(calcium oxide), heat is evolved and solution becomes very hot.

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 2. A reaction in which energy is absorbed in the form of heat is called
endothermic reaction. For example, when nitrogen and oxygen are
heated at high temperature, they form nitric oxide.

Physical and Chemical Changes

A. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. Rewrite the false statements
correctly:
1. T
2. F; Correct statement: Stainless steel does not rust in the moist air.
3. F; Correct statement: Rusting of iron is a chemical change.
4. T
5. T
B. Identify what kind of reaction each of the following is. Also, define the
reaction:
1. Combination reaction
Definition: The chemical reaction in which two or more substances
combine to form a single product is known as combination reaction.
2. Decomposition reaction
Definition: The chemical reaction in which one substance decomposes
(breaks up) into two or more simpler substances is known as
decomposition reaction.
3. Displacement reaction
Definition: The chemical reaction in which a more reactive element
displaces a less reactive element from its compound is known as
displacement reaction.
4. Double displacement reaction
Definition: The chemical reaction in which solutions of two compounds
react by exchanging their radicals is known as double displacement
reaction.
C. Answer the following questions:
1. Galvanised water pipes are used in our homes to prevent them from
rusting.
2. The examples of chemical changes are as follows:
(i) Rusting of iron
(ii) Bursting of crackers
(iii) Digestion of food
(iv) Change in colour of cut fruits and vegetables on keeping in air

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 3. (a) The process in which a reddish-brown powdery substance forms a
cover on the iron objects like nails and pipes when kept in the moist
air for a few days is called rusting of iron.
(b)

moist air
where, x = number of water molecules
(c) Rusting of iron can be prevented by:
(i) Coating the iron surface with paint or grease
(ii) Galvanisation
(iii) Converting the iron into stainless steel or alloying
4. (i) During a chemical change, new substance(s) is/are formed.
(ii) Chemical changes are permanent.
(iii) Net change in energy takes place.
(iv) Both the physical or chemical properties of a substance are
changed.
(v) Chemical changes are generally irreversible
5. Crystallisation is the process of obtaining pure solid crystals having
definite geometrical shape. It is a physical change.

Weather, Climate and Adaptations of Animals to Climate

A. Crossword Puzzle:
Across (→) Down (↓)
1. WEATHER 5. THERMOMETER
2. HYGROMETER 6. RAIN GAUGE
3. SUN
4. METEOROLOGIST
B. Tick (3) the correct options:
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a)
C. Fill in the blanks:
1. afternoon 2. Rain guage 3. snow 4. Humidity
5. Relative 6. maximum and minimum thermometer
D. Think and Answer:
1. The wet clothes dry faster in dry weather because the rate of evaporation
increases in dry weather.
2. During the day, the sun rays heat up the atmosphere. Therefore, nights
are cooler than the day.
3. The different elements of weather such as temperature, humidity
and rain change the weather. These changes are caused by the Sun.
Therefore, the weather changes frequently.

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 Weather, Climate and Adaptations of Animals to Climate
A. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice:
1. deforestation
Reason: Altitude, wind and latitude are natural factors determining
climate.
2. tiger
Reason: Camel, fennec fox and kangaroo rat are animals that live in
deserts.
3. frog
Reason: Elephant, lion and tiger are tropical rainforest mammals.
B. Give reasons for the following:
1. In Siberia, it gets extremely cold during winters and in order to survive,
Siberian cranes come to warmer places in India.
2. Elephants have flap-like big ears to hear the lowest sounds made by
their predators and to sense the danger to run away for safety. They also
act as fans for cooling in hot and humid climate of the rainforest.
3. Monkeys have opposable thumbs to grasp small things.
C. Fill in the blanks and complete the passage:
1. fur; blubber; white; smell; prey; ears; tail; claws; swimmers
2. flightless; white; black; feathers; heat; warm; blubber; groups;
swimmers; streamlined; flipper; webbed
3. deserts; hump; sweats; urine; water; sole; legs; eyelashes
4. tropical; trunk; big; long; tusks; ears; fans; cool

Winds, Storms and Cyclones

A. Tick (3) the correct options:
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a)
B. Unscramble the words and complete the sentences:
1. TRADE WINDS 2. POLAR WINDS
3. MONSOON WINDS 4. WESTERLIES
C. Answer the following questions:
1. It is easier to ride a bicycle in the direction of blowing wind because the
wind exerts pressure on us in the same direction in which our bicycle is
moving. This makes our bicycle move faster.
2. When we blow air over the surface of a paper strip, the fast moving
air creates a region of low air pressure above the paper strip. The air
pressure below the paper strip being higher, pushes the paper strip
upwards and lifts it up.

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 3. When the wind speed is very high, the tin sheet roofs of the houses are
blown off. This is because when the high speed winds blow over the
roofs, the air pressure above the roofs is reduced. Thus, the higher air
pressure below the roof exerts a large force to lift up the tin roof which
can be blown away by the fast winds.
D. Think and Answer:
1. (a) In winter season, winds blow from land towards ocean.
(b) In summer season, winds blow from ocean towards land.
2. Hot air is lighter, so it rises upwards.
3. If the direction of the earth’s rotation changes from east to west instead
of west to east then the sun would rise in the west and set in the east.
There will be a change in the weather pattern as the changes in weather
are caused by the sun. The direction of wind and ocean current will also
be reversed.

Winds, Storms and Cyclones

A. Tick (3) the correct options:
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c)
B. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. Rewrite the false statements
correctly :
1. T
2. F; Correct statement: A violent tornado can travel at a speed of about
300 km/h.
3. T
4. T
C. Answer the following questions :
1. Wind speed, wind direction, temperature and humidity are the factors
which contribute to the development of cyclones.
2. (a) Hurricanes (b) Typhoons
3. Pune and Chandigarh are unlikely to be affected by cyclone as they
are the plains. India has large coastline which makes it vulnerable to
cyclones both in terms of intensity and frequency. The east coast of
India, especially coasts of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are
more vulnerable to cyclones. Mumbai lies on the west coast.
D. Identify the natural disasters shown in the pictures given below. List three
precautions we should take before or during these natural disasters:
1. Thunderstorm (i) Avoid contact with water and metallic objects,
such as umbrella with metallic end.
(ii) Take shelter in open garages or storage sheds with
metallic roof or in a ditch, trench or low ground.

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 (iii) Do not take shelter in a high rise building as they
are likely to be struck by lightning.
2. Tornado (i) Take shelter in a room situated deep inside or
underground having no windows.
(ii) Shut the windows and take shelter under a table
where debris cannot reach.
(iii) Bow down on knees protecting head and neck
using arms.
3. Cyclone (i) An efficient cyclone forecast and warning service
must be established.
(ii) Rapid communication of warnings to the
concerned government agencies, the ports,
fishermen, ships and to the general public living
in the coastal areas through radio, television,
newspapers and other means.
(iii) Government vehicles should be kept ready to
evacuate people likely to be affected by cyclone
and should be moved to a safer place.

Soil
A. Look at the picture given below. Label it and answer the following questions:
(a) A- horizon (topsoil)
(b) B-horizon (subsoil)
(c) C-horizon (substratum)
(d) D- horizon (bedrock or parent rock)
1. Soil profile
2. Topsoil or A- horizon contains essential nutrients for plants.
The characteristics of this layer are as follows:
(i) It provides shelter for many living organisms like worms, rodents,
moles and beetles.
(ii) It is darkest in colour as it is rich in humus and minerals.
(iii) The roots of most of the small plants grow here, as it is soft, porous
and can retain more water.
3. The layer of soil which is just below the topsoil is called subsoil or
B-horizon. The subsoil shows the following features:
(i) This layer is harder and more compact than topsoil.
(ii) This layer is rich in soluble minerals and iron oxides.
(iii) It has very little humus and roots of trees reach upto this level.
4. Substratum or C-horizon lacks humus and is infertile.
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B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice:
1. silt
Reason: It is not the part of soil profile whereas others are layers of soil
profile.
2. groundwater
Reason: It is not solid whereas others are soil particles.
3. glass
Reason: Soil does not contain glass whereas others are present in soil.
C. Tick (3) the correct options:
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c)
D. Define the following:
1. The process by which huge rocks breakdown into small rock particles by
the action of sun’s heat, wind, rain, flowing water, climatic conditions is
called weathering.
2. A vertical section showing different layers of soil is called soil profile.
E. Think and Answer:
1. Topsoil is soft, porous, retains more water and provides shelter for many
living organisms. These living organisms die and decay to form humus.
So, the topsoil contains more humus than the subsoil.
2. Water left in the cracks and crevices of rocks expands on freezing and this
expansion pushes and develops cracks in the rocks and breaks them. In
this way, expansion of water helps in the formation of soil.
3. Microorganisms that live in the soil need water and air to convert dead
and decaying matter into humus. This humus provides fertility to the
soil and prevents minerals to be washed away from the soil. Soil binds
the trees and plants by holding their roots firmly. These trees and
plants give us oxygen to survive. Soil is home for many organisms and
microorganisms. So, we can say that the soil is an important natural
resource.

Soil
A. Experiment Time :
Read the text and answer the questions that follow:
1. Radhika observes bubbles coming out of the soil.
2. These bubbles are of the air which is present in the spaces between the
soil particles.
1. Radhika observes tiny water drops on the inner side of the watch glass.
2. These tiny water drops are due to the presence of water or moisture
present in the soil that evaporate to form vapour (steam). The hot water
vapour rises, cools and condenses on the cold inner surface of the watch
glass.

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B. Riddles :
1. topsoil 2. sandy
3. loamy 4. clayey
C. Numericals :
1. Weight of soil taken = 100 g
Volume of water poured in the funnel = 100 mL
Volume of water collected in the cylinder = 60 mL
∴ Volume of water absorbed by the soil = 100 mL – 60 mL = 40 mL
∴ Weight of water absorbed by the soil = 40 g  [ 1 mL = 1 g]
Percentage of water absorbed by the soil

Thus, the percentage of water absorbed by this soil is 40%.
2. Volume of water percolated = 200 mL
Time taken for percolation = 40 minutes
Percolation rate of water in the soil

D. Think and Answer :
1. Soil ‘Y’ which has low percolation rate of water is suitable for growing
rice crop. It is because the soil ‘Y’ is quite compact soil which can hold
water for longer time.
2. Loamy soil is best for agriculture because of the following reasons:
(i) It has right water-holding capacity necessary for plant growth.
(ii) It has adequate air spaces between its particles to hold sufficient
air needed by the roots of plants.
(iii) It contains sufficient amount of humus to provide necessary
nutrients for the growth of plants.
(iv) It can be ploughed easily in the crop fields.
3. Sandy soil is quite loose, which cannot store water for longer time and
due to this reason sandy soil has the highest rate of percolation.

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 Respiration in Organisms
A. Write the movement and position of the diaphragm, ribs and intercostal
muscles during breathing:
1. INHALATION
Diaphragm: contracts and moves downwards
Ribs: move upwards and outwards
Intercostal muscles: contract
2. EXHALATION
Diaphragm: relaxes and moves upwards
Ribs: move downwards and inwards
Intercostal muscles: relax
B. Experiment Time:
1. Lime water is taken in the bottle.
2. The boy is exhaling air through the straw into the bottle.
3. We observe that lime water in the bottle turns milky. This is because
exhaled air contains carbon dioxide.
C. Tick (3) the correct options:
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a)
7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a)

Respiration in Organisms
A. Look at the following set up and answer the following questions:
1. Potassium hydroxide is taken in test tube A to absorb carbon dioxide
from the air that passes through test tube A.
2. Lime water turns milky due to the presence of carbon dioxide which is
released during respiration by germinating seeds.
3. If we take dry seeds in the experiment then there will be no release of
carbon dioxide and the lime water in test tube C will not turn milky.
B. Name the respiratory organs of the following organisms:
1. Cell membrane 2. Lungs and skin 3. Gills
4. Skin 5. Spiracles
C. Name the following:
1. Glucose 2. Lenticels
3. Root hair 4. Stomata
D. Answer the following questions:
1. We should not overwater a potted plant because too much water expels
all air from the soil particles. Due to this, oxygen will not be available to
the roots for respiration and the plant will die.

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 2. Plants respire for their survival and to get energy to carry out different
life processes.
3. A fish respires through gills. It takes in water through the mouth and
sends it over to the gills. Gills are supplied with blood vessels and they
extract dissolved oxygen from water and send it to all parts of the body.
Carbon dioxide is brought back by the blood into the gills and is expelled
into the surrounding water.
4. Frogs are amphibians. Frogs breathe through lungs on land and through
moist skin in water.
E. Draw labelled diagrams to show open and closed stomata in the space
given below:

Transportation in Animals and Plants

A. Label the diagram showing internal structure of heart:

Now, complete the following sentences:

1. pericardium 2. septum
3. aorta 4. tricuspid valve
5. bicuspid valve 6. pulmonary vein
B. Give one word for the following:
1. Heart rate 2. Capillaries
3. Haemoglobin 4. Heartbeat
5. Stethoscope
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C. Give reasons for the following:
1. Arteries are thick-walled because the blood flowing in them is rapid and
at high pressure.
2. Blood pressure in arteries is higher than in veins because the arteries
are thick-walled and have narrow lumen.
3. If a person donates blood, he recovers the amount quickly because
RBCs are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of our bones
at a very fast rate.
4. The rate of heartbeat increases during running because the body cells
need more oxygen to release more energy through respiration and to
supply more oxygen, the blood flows faster.
D. Explain blood circulation in humans with the help of schematic diagram in
the space given below:

Transportation in Animals and Plants

A. Look at the given picture and label it correctly. Write the function of each
organ:
(a) kidney (b) ureter (c) urinary bladder (d) urethra
Functions:
(a) It removes harmful substances (urea, waste salts, etc.) from the blood.
(b) It carries urine formed in kidney to urinary bladder.
(c) It stores urine temporarily.
(d) Urine is passed out of the body at regular intervals through it.

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B. Match the following:
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c)
C. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice:
1. septum
Reason: It separates the auricles and ventricles in the heart whereas
others are parts of excretory system of humans.
2. liver
Reason: It does not take part in excretion whereas others are excretory
organs in different animals.
3. diffusion
Reason: It is a cellular process whereas others are organs for the removal
of wastes.
D. Answer the following questions:
1. (i) Large intestine: It removes undigested food which is expelled out of
the body through anus.
(ii) Lungs: They remove carbon dioxide from the body through
exhalation.
(iii) Skin: Skin helps in eliminating excess water, urea, some salts and
other metabolic wastes in the form of sweat.
2. The process of cleaning the blood of a person (with kidney failure) by
separating the toxic waste products, using a dialysis machine is called
dialysis.
3. The process of removal of waste products generated in the cells of the
living organisms is called excretion.
Excretion is important because the waste products generated are toxic
and if they accumulate in the cells, will affect our health adversely.
4. When the kidney of a person stops working due to infection, the waste
products start accumulating in the blood and the person may die in a
week or so.
5. Malfunctioning of kidneys and diabetes are the two diseases which are
detected by urine test.

Transportation in Animals and Plants

A. Tick (3) the correct options:
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b)
B. Match the following:
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (e) 5. (a)
C. Look at the given set up and answer the following questions:
1. The polythenes are tied tightly with the thread so as to prevent any
water vapour from outside to enter the polythene bags.

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 [Link] drops appear in the polythene bag having twig with leaves
because water evaporates mainly from the leaves during transpiration.
3. The loss of water through the stomata present on the leaves is called
transpiration.
D. Answer the following questions:
1. Importance of transpiration:
(a) It helps in the upward movement of water and minerals from roots
to the leaves by generating transpiration or suction pull.
(b) It produces cooling effect and protects the delicate parts of the
plant from the heat of the sunlight.
(c) More/Increased transpiration leads to the increase in the rate of
water absorption.
2. Plants need transport system
(a) to transport water and minerals absorbed by the roots up to the
leaves.
(b) to transport the food prepared by the leaves to all parts of the
plant.
3. Root hair present in roots increase the surface area and absorb water
and minerals. These water and minerals from the soil move from cell to
cell in root by osmosis and ultimately enter the xylem vessel located at
the centre of the root.

Reproduction in Plants
A. Tick (3) the correct options:
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a)
7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (d)
B. Define the following:
1. Asexual reproduction: The production of new plants from a single parent
without the involvement of gametes is called asexual reproduction.
2. Sexual reproduction: The production of new plants from the existing
parents by the fusion of their gametes is called sexual reproduction.
3. Vegetative propagation: It is a type of asexual reproduction in which
new plants are produced from vegetative parts of the plant like roots,
stems, leaves and buds.
4. Grafting: It is a type of vegetative propagation in which the stem (scion)
of one plant is stump to the other plant with the rooted stem (stock). Eg.
mango, rose, lemon.
C. Answer the following questions:
1. Advantages:
(i) It is a quick method of multiplying a plant.

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 (ii) Plants require less time to mature and bear more fruits.
(iii) It produces identical copies of the present plant with desired qualities.
(iv) Need less attention than plants grown from seeds.
Disadvantages:
(i) Vegetative propagules cannot be stored for a long time like seeds.
(ii) It causes overcrowding which increases competition.
(iii) The vegetatively propagated plants are unable to adapt in changing
environment.
(iv) Diseases present in parent spread to the daughter plants.
2. (a) Cutting (b) Layering (c) Grafting (d) Tissue culture

Reproduction in Plants
A. Draw a labelled diagram of flower in the space given below. Name the
reproductive parts of flower and write their functions:

Reproductive parts: Stamen and pistil/carpel

Functions: Stamen is the male reproductive part which produces male
gametes and pistil is the female reproductive part which produces female
gametes.
B. Name the following:
1. Anther 2. Unisexual flower 3. Pollination
4. Wheat 5. Artificial pollination
C. Identify the pictures given below and define the processes:
(a) Self-pollination
Definition: When the pollen grains from the anther of a flower are
transferred to the stigma of the same flower (or another flower on the
same plant), it is called self-pollination.
(b) Cross-pollination
Definition: When the pollen grains from the anther of a flower of one
plant are transferred to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the
same kind, it is called cross-pollination.

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D. Answer the following questions:
1. Pollination is important for fertilisation and sexual reproduction to
occur in plants.
2. Insect-pollinated flowers are attractive as they have bright-coloured and
sweet-scented flowers. This attracts insects to facilitate pollination.
3. (i) Papaya and watermelon/cucumber/pumpkin
(ii) Insects, birds (iii) Wheat and corn (iv) Rose and mustard
4. Artificial pollination is a technique widely used to improve quality and
quantity of crops. It involves the following steps:
(i) Selection (ii) Removal of stamens (emasculation)
(iii) Pollination (iv) Rebagging
(v) Production of seeds

Reproduction in Plants
A. Picture talk:
1. Fertilisation in plants
The fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete to produce zygote is
called fertilisation.
2. After fertilisation, ovary develops into fruit, ovules into seeds and other
parts like stamens, style and stigma, dry and fall off.
B. Identify the seeds and mention their modes of dispersal. Also, write two
characteristics that help in their dispersal:
1. Mode of dispersal: Wind
Characteristics: Winged and lightweight seeds

Drumstick seed

2. Mode of dispersal: Water

Characteristics: Thick, fibrous outercoat
having floating ability

Lotus seeds
3. Mode of dispersal: Animals
Characteristics: Hooks on their surface

Xanthium
4. Mode of dispersal: Explosive mechanism
Characteristics: Burst with sudden jerks on drying
Pea
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C. Answer the following questions:
1. The process in which a seed begins to grow into a baby plant when
suitable conditions are available is called germination of seed.
green leaves develop

seed coat splits

root shoot
appears and roots
develop
Seeds germinate under suitable
conditions to produce new plants.
2. Water, suitable temperature or sunlight, moist soil and oxygen are the
conditions essential for germination.
3. (a) Fleshy fruits: Apple, mango and orange
(b) Dry fruits: Almonds, walnut and cashewnut
4. Dispersal of seeds is necessary —
• to prevent overcrowding of plants in an area.
• to prevent competition for water, minerals and sunlight among the
same kind of plants.
• to grow plants at new places or new areas.

Time and Motion

A. Identify the type of motion in the following:

Rotatory motion Rectilinear motion

Periodic motion Rotatory motion

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B. Observe the figure given alongside and answer the following:
1. (a) Mean position: O
(b) Extreme position: A and B
2. (a) The maximum displacement of the
bob from its mean position on either
side is called the amplitude of the
pendulum. A B
O
(b) The one complete to-and-fro motion
of the bob about its mean position is called an oscillation of the
pendulum.
(c) The number of oscillations made by a pendulum in one second is
called its frequency.
3. 10 oscillations = 16 seconds
16
1 oscillation = seconds
10
1 oscillation = 1.6 seconds
Thus, the time period of the pendulum will be 1.6 seconds.
4. • increases
• decreases
C. Name the following:
1. 24 hours
2. Periodic motion
3. Mean position
4. Stopwatch
5. Rest
D. Answer the following questions:
1. An object is said to be in motion when it changes its position with time
or with respect to its surroundings.
2. Standard unit of measuring the time is ‘second’.
3. The different objects used for measuring time are:
(i) Stopwatch
(ii) Digital quartz watch
(iii) Non-digital quartz watch
(iv) Optical lattice clock
4. Quartz has a unique property of oscillating when subjected to a small
amount of electric current. That is why, it is used in clocks and watches.
5. A timer is a special type of clock used to control the sequence of an
event. It is used in microwaves, washing machines, traffic signals, air
conditioners, etc.

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 Time and Motion
A. State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). Rewrite
the false statements correctly:
1. T
2. F; Correct statement: An object moving along a straight line is said to
have uniform motion, if its speed remains constant.
3. T 4. T
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. metre, metre per second (m/s)
2. kilometre per hour (km/h)
3. independent variable
4. distance covered
C. Read and Answer:
1. (a) Odometer indicates the distance travelled by the vehicle in
kilometres.
(b) Speedometer indicates the speed of vehicle in kilometre per hour
(km/h).
2. (a) uniform (b) non-uniform
D. Identify the type of motion shown in the following graphical representation:
8
(m)

6
Distance (m)

10 20 30 40 50
(s) Time (s)

non-uniform motion uniform motion

...................................... ......................................
E. Numericals:
1. Initial reading of odometer = 100 km
Final reading of odometer = 384 km
∴ Distance travelled by Mr Sharma = 384 km – 100 km = 284 km
  Time taken = 6 hours
We know,

\             speed = 47.34 km/h

Thus, the speed will be 47.34 km/h.

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 2. Time taken by Radhika = 20 minutes
= 20 × 60 s  [ 1 min = 60 s]
= 1200 s
Speed of cycle = 4 m/s
Distance = Speed × Time
= 4 m/s × 1200 s
= 4800 m
∴ The distance of the school from Radhika’s house is 4800 m. or 4.8 km.
3. Speed of bike = 60 km/h
  Distance to be travelled = 240 km
Distance
Time =
Speed
240 km
=
  60 km/h
 Time = 4 h
∴ Mohit will take 4 hours to cover the distance of 240 km.

Electric Current and its Effects

A. Match the given words with their definitions:
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c)
B. Draw the symbols for the following components of electric circuit :

C. Tick (3) the correct options:

1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b)
D. State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). Rewrite
the false statements correctly:
1. F; Correct statement: Bulb does not glow when there is a gap or a break
in the circuit.
2. T
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 3.F; Correct statement: Electric current flows from positive terminal to
the negative terminal of the battery.
4. T
E. Answer the following questions :
1. The storage cells are special type of cells which can be recharged. They
are joined together to form a storage battery used in cars, buses, trucks,
tractors and inverters.
2. The direction of flow of electric current is from positive terminal to the
negative terminal of a cell or battery.
3. The property of a material by virtue of which it opposes the flow of
electric current through it, is called resistance.
4. Conductors are those materials which have very low resistance and
conduct electricity. Eg. copper, iron. On the other hand, insulators have
very high resistance and do not conduct electricity. Eg. wood, plastic,
rubber.

Electric Current and its Effects

A. Tick (3) the correct options :
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c)
4. (b) 5. (a)
B. Look at the given picture and answer the following questions :
1. Electric fuse
2. To prevent the damage to various electrical appliances from high voltage
3. Miniature Circuit Breaker
4. MCB automatically turns ‘OFF’ when the current in the circuit exceeds
the safe limit. When the fault in the circuit has been set right, MCB can
be re-set in the ‘ON’ position and circuit is once again completed.
C. Define the following terms:
1. The over-heating of electrical wiring in any circuit due to the flow of
large current through it is called overloading of the electric circuit.
2. A sudden flow of very large current due to direct contact of a live and a
neutral wire is called short circuit.
D. Answer the following questions:
1. (a) Electromagnets are used in motors to drive the fans, mixers and
washing machines.
(b) Electromagnets are used to separate magnetic materials like iron
and steel objects from the heap of junk metal scrap.
2. The strength of an electromagnet can be increased by
(a) increasing the number of turns in the coil.
(b) increasing the amount of current passing through the coil.
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 3. The filament of a bulb is made of tungsten because the tungsten metal
has high melting point and high resistance.
4. Electric bulb works on the principle of heating effect of electric current.
5. (a) Electric Room heater/Electric iron/Electric toaster
(b) Electric Water heater/Electric kettle/Electric immersion rod
6. The bulb in the given circuit does not glow because the positive
terminals of both the cells are connected together. The correct circuit
diagram is as follows—

Light
A. Define the following terms and label them in the given figures of concave
and convex mirrors:

[Link] imaginary line passing through the centre of curvature (C) and the
pole (P) of a spherical mirror is called principal axis.
2. The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is called its pole.
3. The centre of the sphere of which the spherical mirror is a part is called
the centre of curvature.
4. The distance between pole (P) and principal focus (F) is called focal
length.
5. The principal focus of a spherical mirror is the point on the principal axis
at which parallel rays of light after getting reflected by a mirror meet or
appear to meet.
B. Answer the following questions :
1. The characteristics of an image formed by a plane mirror are—
(i) object size is equal to the image size

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 (ii) virtual and erect
(iii) laterally inverted
(iv) image distance from the mirror is equal, to the object distance
2. Angle of incidence (i) : The angle between the incident ray and normal
is called angle of incidence. i.e. < i.
Angle of reflection (r) : The angle between the reflected ray and normal
is called angle of reflection. i.e. < r.

C. What type of image will be formed?

1. (a) Virtual and erect
(b) Real, inverted and diminished
2. (a) Virtual, erect and diminished
(b) Virtual, erect and highly diminished

Light
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. Concave 2. Convex
3. plane 4. convex
5. concave 6. Convex lens
7. Concave
B. Identify the nature and size of image in following cases and complete the
table:
1. S. Position of Position of Nature of the Size of the image
No. the object the image image
(i) At infinity At F Real and Highly
inverted diminished
(ii) Beyond C Between Real and Smaller than the
F and C inverted object

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 (iii) At C At C Real and Same or equal size as
inverted that of the object
(iv) Between Beyond C Real and Magnified or larger
F and C inverted than the object
(v) At F At infinity Real and Highly magnified
inverted
(vi) Between Behind Virtual Magnified
P and F the mirror and erect

2. S. Position of Position of Nature of Size of the image

No. the object the image the image
(i) At infinity At F Virtual and Highly diminished
erect
(ii) Anywhere Between P Virtual and Diminished
Between and F behind erect
infinity and P the mirror

3. S. Position of Position of the Nature of Size of the image

No. the object image the image
(i) At infinity At F2 Real and Highly diminished
inverted and point sized
(ii) Beyond Between F2 and Real and Smaller than the
2F1 2F2 inverted object
(iii) At 2F1 At 2 F2 Real and Same size as that
inverted of the object
(iv) Between Beyond 2 F2 Real and Magnified or
F1 and 2F1 inverted larger than the
object
(v) At F1 At infinity Real and Highly magnified
inverted
(vi) Between On the same side Virtual Magnified
O and F1 as the object and erect
C. Answer the following questions :
1. The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its constituent colours
on passing through a transparent medium like a glass prism, is called
dispersion of light.
2. Uses of convex lens
(i) It is used as magnifying glass.
(ii) It is used for making spectacles, cameras, microscopes, telescopes,
etc.
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 Uses of concave lens
(i) It is used for making spectacles for people who cannot see distant
objects clearly.
(ii) It is used in Galilean telescopes.
D. Table of Differences:
Parameter Convex lens Concave lens
Structure It is thicker in the middle It is thinner in the middle
and thinner at the edges. and thicker at the edges.
Action It is a converging lens. It is a diverging lens.
Focus It has a real focus. It has a virtual focus.
Image The image formed may be The image formed is always
real/virtual, enlarged/small/ virtual and erect and smaller
equal to size of the object. than the size of the object.

Water: A Precious Natural Resource

A. Tick (3) the correct options :
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a)
B. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice:
1. forest
Reason : It is because forest is an exhaustible natural resource whereas
others are inexhaustible natural resources.
2. irrigation
Reason : It is a process to provide water to crops whereas others are
different forms of water.
3. rain
Reason : It is a natural source of water whereas other three are the
sources to obtain the underground water.
C. Give reasons for the following :
1. Earth is called a ‘Blue Planet’ because about 71% of earth’s surface is
covered with water which is available in seas and oceans. So, the earth
appears blue when seen from the space.
2. Our earth’s surface is covered by 71% water which makes it an
inexhaustible natural resource. But the major quantity of water is saline
or salty i.e., of the seas and oceans which cannot be used in our daily
life. Only 0.8% water is available in the form of fresh water. Injudicious
use of this water makes it an exhaustible natural resource.
3. This is because the rainwater and water from other sources such as
rivers, lakes and ponds seep through the soil and fill the empty spaces
and cracks below the ground.

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D. Name the following:
1. Water cycle
2. Water table
3. Aquifers
4. Renewable natural resources
5. Inexhaustible natural resources
6. Groundwater

Water: A Precious Natural Resource

A. Crossword Puzzle :
Across (→) Down (↓)
1. DEFORESTATION 4. GROUNDWATER
2. RAIN 5. BAWRI
3. DEPLETION 6. EROSION
B. Name the following :
1. Dams
2. Drip irrigation
3. Rainwater harvesting
C. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. Rewrite the false statements
correctly:
1. T 2. T
3. F; Correct statement: Rainwater harvesting increases the underground
water table.
4. T 5. T
D. Think and Answer:
1. I agree, that deforestation is a cause of depletion of water table. It is
because big trees bind the soil particles through the roots. As a result,
they help in reducing the water flow and help in seepage of rainwater
through the soil. Deforestion results in reduction in forest area which
allows the rainwater to flow rapidly into large water bodies.
2. Rainwater harvesting is the most promising method in raising the water
table in our city.
3. We need to conserve water because it is an exhaustible natural resource.
Most of our basic needs are fulfilled by the water and it is really very
difficult for the living beings and plants to survive without this precious
natural resource.

Forests : Our Lifeline

A. Tick (3) the correct options:
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b)

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B. Match the following:
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (e) 5. (c)
C. Name the following:
1. Canopy
2. Understorey
3. Forest floor
4. Soil erosion
5. Transpiration
D. Think and Answer:
1. The roots of trees bind the soil (fertile soil) and save it from being
washed away by water or rain or blown away by wind. In this way, they
help to maintain the fertility of soil.
2. As the forest’s top layer consists of branches and leaves of tall trees, the
branches overlap each other forming a canopy. The layer is so dense
that very little sunlight reaches there. That is why, it is dark in a forest.
3. Forests act as a big check dam in a region. They slow down the flow of
rainwater, reduce its force and help control floods.
4. The trees in the forest allow rain water to percolate into the ground.
This helps in replenishing the groundwater.

Forests : Our Lifeline

A. Tick (3) the correct options:
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a)
B. Give reasons for the following:
1. Deforestation causes soil erosion because cutting of trees removes the
topmost layer of soil by wind, water, etc.
2. Forests maintain the natural balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in
the atmosphere by using up carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen during
photosynthesis. Thus, they are called ‘lungs of the earth’.
3. There is nothing that goes waste in forests because useful things are
being used and consumed and waste generated is decomposed and is
used as compost.
C. Look at the given picture and answer the questions that follow:
1. Food web
Food web is defined as a complex feeding system in which several food
chains of a region are inter-connected.
2. (i) Grass → Grasshopper → Robin → Hawk
(ii) Grass → Deer → Tiger
(iii) Grass → Caterpillar → Robin → Hawk

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 3. If there is scarcity of plants, there will not be sufficient food for
herbivores. Some of them will starve and die. Similarly, less food will be
available for carnivores. As a result, all the members of the food chain
will be affected.
4. Decomposers are called cleansing agents of the environment because
they decompose dead and decaying organic matter and convert it into
humus that acts as manure, which is useful for plants and trees.

Wastewater Story
A. Circle the odd ones. Give reasons for your choice:
1. aeration
Reason: Others are steps of primary treatment, whereas aeration is a
step of secondary treatment.
2. cancer
Reason: Others are water-borne communicable diseases, whereas
cancer is a non-communicable disease.
3. sewage
Reason: Others are water treatment tanks.
B. Name the following:
1. Human faeces, animal wastes
2. Nitrates, phosphates
3. Nitrogen, phosphorus
4. Chlorine, ozone
5. Manure, biogas
6. Diarrhoea/cholera
C. Define the following:
1. Sewage: Sewage is the wastewater which is carried away in sewers.
2. Eutrophication: The process of nutrient-enrichment of water bodies
that stimulates the growth of aquatic plants like algae that may result in
depletion of dissolved oxygen is called eutrophication.
D. Answer the following questions:
1. It is necessary to treat sewage before disposing it in a water body to
prevent water pollution.
2. Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment are the stages of sewage
treatment.
Treatment steps:
[Link]. Primary Secondary Tertiary
treatment steps treatment steps treatment step
(i) Screening Aeration Disinfection

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 (ii)  rit and sand
G Secondary
removal sedimentation
(iii) Primary
sedimentation
3. If there is any leakage or blockage in the underground sewer pipeline,
then the manholes help sanitary workers for cleaning or repairing the
sewer pipeline.
4. Improper drainage spreads a number of diseases such as cholera and
jaundice that are harmful to humankind, pollutes the water bodies and
causes eutrophication.
E. Situation-based:
1. No, it is not right to throw garbage into the drain.
2. Throwing garbage into the drains will pollute our surroundings and act
as a breeding site for various flies, mosquitoes and insects. As a result,
it will cause infectious diseases such as cholera and jaundice.
3. Rachita should make people realise their responsibilities and also
influence others to keep the surroundings clean and healthy.

Wastewater Story
A. Tick (3) the correct options:
1. (c) 2. (a)
3. (c) 4. (d)
B. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. Rewrite the false statements
correctly:
1. T
2. T
3. F; Correct statement: The anaerobic bacteria present in septic tank
decompose most of the organic matter.
4. T
C. Label the diagram showing the structure of a septic tank correctly:

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D. Think and Answer:
1. Untreated human excreta contains disease-causing microorganisms
and is a breeding site for various flies, mosquitoes and insects causing
several infectious diseases. In this way, it is a health hazard.
2. Chemicals should not be thrown in the drain because these may kill
the useful microbes that help to decompose the wastes present in the
sewage and purify water.
3. Vermi-composting toilets are needed for the safe processing of human
wastes. They are very simple and hygiene and human waste is converted
to vermi cakes which acts as a resource for soil.
E. As an individual how will you maintain the sanitation at public places. Give
five ways:
1. We should not scatter rubbish and should throw them in dustbin.
2. We should never urinate on the roadside.
3. We should cover the open drains.
4. We should influence others to keep the surroundings clean and healthy.
5. If we see our surroundings dirty, we should immediately inform the
municipality sanitation department.
6. We should keep the water bodies clean and healthy by not throwing the
water in them.

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 Question Papers
Periodic Assessment-1 ‘A’
(Based on Chapters 1 to 4)
Time: 30 Minutes M. Marks = 10
A. Tick (3) the correct answers.  (2 marks)
1. Which of the following is/are called nutrient(s)?
(a) proteins (b) fats
(c) vitamins (d) all of these
2. Incisors are also called ____________ teeth.
(a) grinding (b) tearing
(c) cutting (d) milk
3. ____________ leads the world in silk production.
(a) China (b) Japan
(c) India (d) Bangladesh
4. The mode of heat transfer that does not require a medium is
(a) conduction (b) convection
(c) radiation (d) reflection
B. Fill in the blanks.  (2 marks)
1. The largest gland in our body is ____________ .
2. Stomata are surrounded by ____________ cells.
C. Very short answer questions.  (2 marks)
1. What is shearing?
2. What is the range of Celsius scale?
D. Short answer questions.  (4 marks)
1. What are insectivorous plants? Name two insectivorous plants.
2. Define temperature. Name the device which is used to measure
temperature.

Periodic Assessment-1 ‘B’

(Based on Chapters 1 to 4)
Time: 30 Minutes M. Marks = 10
A. Tick (3) the correct answers.  (2 marks)
1. The digestive tract and the associated glands together constitute the
______________ system.
(a) respiratory (b) digestive
(c) excretory (d) muscular

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 2. The ______________ silk is twisted to produce thrown silk.
(a) spun (b) eri
(c) raw (d) mooga
3. Temperature of an object is measured with a/an
(a) barometer (b) lactometer
(c) thermometer (d) electrometer
4. Rhizobium bacteria live in the root nodules of ______________ plants.
(a) wheat (b) rice
(c) barley (d) pea
B. Fill in the blanks.  (2 marks)
1. Stainless steel is a _______________ conductor of heat.
2. Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the _______________.
C. Very short answer questions.  (2 marks)
1. What are insulators?
2. Name the process in which the small pieces of food get mixed with
saliva by chewing.
D. Short answer questions.  (4 marks)
1. What is photosynthesis? What are the materials required for
photosynthesis?
2. What is meant by sericulture? What is a cocoon?

Periodic Assessment-2 ‘A’

(Based on Chapters 10 to 13)
Time: 30 Minutes M. Marks = 10
A. Tick (3) the correct answers.  (2 marks)
1. The partial breakdown of glucose produces ______________ acid.
(a) tartaric (b) lactic
(c) acetic (d) oxalic
2. The ovary develops to form the ______________.
(a) fruit (b) seed
(c) flower (d) embryo
3. A doctor uses a ______________ to measure the heartbeat.
(a) thermometer (b) stethoscope
(c) hygroscope (d) chest piece
4. An instrument which shows the distance travelled by a vehicle is called
______________.
(a) speedometer (b) odometer
(c) galvanometer (d) barometer

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B. Fill in the blanks.  (2 marks)
1. The time taken by the bob of a pendulum to complete one oscillation is
called _______________.
2. Breakdown of food into carbon dioxide and water to release energy
using oxygen is called _______________ respiration.
C. Very short answer questions.  (2 marks)
1. Name the fluid component of blood.
2. What is pollination?
D. Short answer questions.  (4 marks)
1. What is a simple pendulum? What is time period of a pendulum?
2. What is pollination? Name two types of pollination.
Periodic Assessment-2 ‘B’
(Based on Chapters 10 to 13)
Time: 30 Minutes M. Marks = 10
A. Tick (3) the correct answers.  (2 marks)
1. An average adult person has _______________ litre of blood.
(a) 5-6 (b) 10-12 (c) 2-4 (d) 5-10
2. _______________ is the male reproductive organ of the plant.
(a) Pistil (b) Ovary
(c) Stamen (d) Stigma
3. When the distance-time graph is a straight line it indicates that object is
(a) at rest (b) in uniform motion
(c) in non-uniform motion (d) stationary
4. Alcohol is formed in _______________ respiration.
(a) aerobic (b) anaerobic
(c) cellular (d) none of these
B. Fill in the blanks  (2 marks)
1. The ovule after fertilisation grows to become a _______________.
2. The number of heartbeat per minute is called the _______________.
C. Very short answer questions.  (2 marks)
1. What is inhalation?
2. What is periodic motion?
D. Short answer questions.  (4 marks)
1. What is respiration? Name two types of respiration based on the
presence of oxygen.
2. In a distance time graph.
(a) What type of motion does a straight line represent?
(b) What type of motion does a curved line represent?
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 Half Yearly Examination (Set-1)
(Based on Chapters 1 to 9)
Time: 2½ hours  M. Marks : 80
A. Very short answer questions  (11 × 1 = 11 marks)
1. Name the food factories of plants.
2. Name the finger-like projections present in the inner walls of the small
intestine.
3. Define sericulture.
4. Name the two types of thermometers.
5. Define neutralisation.
6. What is galvanisation?
7. Name two elements of weather.
8. How are wind currents generated?
9. Name the most commonly used natural indicator.
10. Name any two heterotrophs.
11. Name the process by which soil is formed from rocks.
B. Short answer type-I questions  (10 marks)
1. What is autotrophic nutrition?
2. What do you understand by the term assimilation?
3. What are organic acids? Name any two organic acids.
4. Why is it difficult to ride a bicycle while moving against the wind?
5. Define radiation. Give one example to show heat transfer by radiation.
C. Short answer type-II questions  (30 marks)
1. What is the sea breeze? How is it set up?
2. (a) How does the soil become too acidic in nature?
(b) What should be added in the soil when it is (i) too acidic (ii) too basic.
3. Does the change in chemical properties take place during a chemical
change? Why?
4. (a) Why the regions far away from the equator cooler?
(b) Why is it safer to take shelter in a bus during a thunderstorm?
5. What are conductors and insulators? Give two examples of each.
6. What are the properties of soil?
7. What is parasitic mode of nutrition? Name two parasitic plants.
8. What are the differences between temporary teeth and permanent
teeth?
9. What are the similarities and differences between laboratory and
clinical thermometer.
10. What is the importance of photosynthesis?

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D. Long answer questions  (25 marks)
1. What are the properties of clayey soil? Why is loamy soil best for
growing crops?
2. What are the precautions to be taken after cyclone hits an area?
3. What are the differences between physical and chemical changes?
4. What are the adaptations of a camel to survive in a desert?
5. Describe the process of wool production.
E. Practical skill based questions  (2 × 2 = 4 marks)
1. How can we obtain a decolourised leaf?
2. How will you test whether a given solution is acidic, basic or neutral
with a turmeric indicator?

Half Yearly Examination (Set-2)

(Based on Chapters 1 to 9)
Time: 2½ hours  M. Marks : 80
A. Very short answer questions  (11 × 1 = 11 marks)
1. What is meant by percolation of water?
2. Name the wind blowing 60°N and 60°S latitude.
3. Where is the bile juice stored?
4. What type of change is melting of wax?
5. Which acid is produced in our stomach?
6. Name the thermometer used to measure the temperature of boiling
water.
7. Which is the strongest natural fibre?
8. Name the largest gland in the body.
9. Name an enzyme which breaks down the starch present in the food into
sugars.
10. Name the scientist who coined the term photosynthesis.
11. What is meant by scouring?
B. Short answer type-I questions  (10 marks)
1. What are indicators? Why are they used?
2. Mention any two functions of the tongue in human body.
3. What is a tornado?
4. Differentiate between parasitic and insectivorous plants.
5. What is meant by bad conductors of heat? Give two examples of bad
conductors of heat.
C. Short answer type-II questions  (30 marks)
1. Why is loamy soil the best for growing crops?
Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 135
 2. Explain how the wings of an aeroplane are designed to help the aircraft
to take off.
3. What is the difference between weather and climate?
4. What are the adaptations in monkeys?
5. What is rusting of iron? Rusting of iron objects is faster in coastal areas
than in deserts. Why?
6. Why should factory wastes be neutralised before discharging them into
water bodies? Explain.
7. What are the properties of acids? Write any six properties.
8. Why is water not used instead of mercury in thermometers when it is
easily available to us?
9. Name the various types of teeth in our jaw and also write their functions.
10. How can you say photosynthesis maintains the balance between oxygen
and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
D. Long answer questions. (25 marks)
1. Describe the process of digestion in ruminants.
2. (a) What is a cyclone? (b) Describe the formation of a cyclone.
3. Mention any five differences between acids and bases.
4. What are the different types of chemical reactions? Explain any three in
brief.
5. How are polar bears adapted to survive in polar regions?
E. Practical skill based questions.  (2 × 2 = 4 marks)
1. How can we obtain a decolourised leaf?
2. How will you test whether a given solution is acidic, basic or neutral
with a turmeric indicator?

Yearly Examination (Set-1)

(Based on Chapters 10 to 18)
Time: 2½ hours M. Marks = 80
A. Very short answer questions.  (11 × 1 = 11 marks)
1. What is aerobic respiration?
2. What is the normal pulse rate of a resting person?
3. Name two plants whose seeds are dispersed by the explosion of their
fruits.
4. What is the standard unit of speed?
5. What is an electric circuit?
6. Give one example of virtual image.
7. When is the ‘World Water Day’ celebrated?
8. What is meant by ‘canopy’ in a forest?
136 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7
 9. Define pollination.
10. What is meant by translocation?
11. Name two plants that propagate by leaves.
B. Short answer type-I questions. (10 marks)
1. What is anaerobic respiration? How it can represented by a equation?
2. What are unisexual flowers? Give two examples.
3. The speed of a moving car is 36 km/hr. Calculate its speed in m/s.
4. Give two uses of concave mirrors.
5. What is short circuit? What it may lead to?
C. Short answer type-II questions.  (30 marks)
1. Write the differences between breathing and cellular respiration.
2. What is ascent of sap? How does transpiration help in the transport of
water and minerals?
3. Differentiate between self-pollination and cross-pollination.
4. The distance between two stations is 300 km. A train takes 5 hours to
cover this distance. Calculate the speed of the train.
5. What are the advantages of electromagnets over permanent magnets?
6. What are causes of deforestation?
7. What is meant by sewage treatment? Name the steps involved in
primary treatment of sewage.
8. List three advantages of rain water harvesting.
9. Give three uses of electromagnets.
10. A car moves at a speed of 40 km/h for 15 minutes and then at a speed
of 60 km/h for the next 15 minutes. Calculate the total distance covered
by the car.
D. Long answer questions.  (25 marks)
1. What are the ways to conserve forests?
2. Briefly describe the structure of heart with the help of labelled diagram.
3. Define the following terms related to a simple pendulum:
(a) length of the pendulum
(b) oscillation of the pendulum
(c) amplitude of the pendulum
(d) time period of the pendulum
4. How do animals help in the dispersal of seeds and fruits?
5. Write the differences between arteries and veins.
E. Practical skill based questions
1. What happens when we pass exhaled air in limewater? Why?
2. How can we increase the strength of an electromagnet?

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 Yearly Examination (Set-2)
(Based on Chapters 10 to 18)
Time: 2½ hours M. Marks = 80
A. Very short answer questions  (11 × 1 = 11 marks)
1. Name the product obtained due to partial breakdown of glucose.
2. What is soil erosion?
3. Why is earth called a ‘watery planet’?
4. What is reflection of light?
5. Name the scientist who discovered the magnetic effect of electric
current.
6. What type of graph is obtained when you plot distance vs time for
uniform motion.
7. Name the female reproductive organ of the plant.
8. What is meant by ascent of sap?
9. Name the respiratory organ in insects.
10. Name the excretory organ in earthworms.
11. What is meant by resistance?
B. Short answer type-I questions.  (10 marks)
1. What is a food chain? Give one example.
2. What is water cycle?
3. What is a lens? Mention its types.
4. What is eutrophication?
5. What is short circuit? What are the causes of short circuit?
C. Short answer type-II questions.  (30 marks)
1. Write the main differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
2. List three advantages of rainwater harvesting.
3. Why is dispersal of seeds essential for plants?
4. Monica takes 20 minutes from her house to reach her school on a bicycle.
If the bicycle has a speed of 3 m/s, calculate the distance between her
house and the school in kilometres.
5. What is an electromagnet? Give two uses of electromagnets.
6. What are the characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror?
7. What are the steps involved in the purification of water of natural
source for drinking purpose?
8. Write three better housekeeping practices.
9. How are animals dependent on plants?
10. What is fertilisation? Draw labelled diagram to show fertilisation in
flower.

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D. Long answer questions  (25 marks)
1. What are the causes of deforestation?
2. What are the uses of concave mirrors?
3. What are the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction?
4. What is overloading? Why is a fuse wire necessary in a circuit? How
does it work?
5. Explain the process of absorption of water and minerals by root hair in
plants.
E. Practical skill based questions  (2 × 2 = 4 marks)
1. What happens when we pass exhaled air in limewater? Why?
2. How can we increase the strength of an electromagnet?

Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7 139

 Solution To Question Papers
Periodic Assessment-1 ‘A’
(Based on Chapters 1 to 4)
A. Tick (3) the correct answers.
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c)
B. Fill in the blanks
1. liver
2. guard
C. Very short answer questions.
1. The process of removing hair from the body of a sheep is called shearing.
2. The range of Celsius scale is 0°C-100°C.
D. Short answer questions.
1. A few plants feed on insects for fulfilling their nitrogen requirement.
Such insect-eating plants are called insectivorous plants.
Two insectivorous plants are pitcher plant and Utricularia.
2. The degree of hotness or coldness of an object on some chosen scale is
called its temperature.
A device used to measure temperature is a thermometer.
Periodic Assessment-1 ‘B’
(Based on Chapters 1 to 4)
A. Tick (3) the correct answers
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d)
B. Fill in the blanks
1. good
2. stomach
C. Very short answer questions.
1. The materials which do not allow heat to pass through them are called
insulators.
2. Mastication
D. Short answer questions.
1. The process by which green plants make their own food (like glucose)
from carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight in the presence
of chlorophyll is called photosynthesis. Materials required for
photosynthesis are water, minerals, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll and
sunlight.
2. The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called sericulture.
The silky covering spun by the silkworm for its protection is called
cocoon.
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 Periodic Assessment-2 ‘A’
(Based on Chapters 1 to 3)
A. Tick (3) the correct answers.
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b)
B. Fill in the blanks
1. time period
2. aerobic
C. Very short answer questions.
1. Blood plasma
2. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower is
called pollination.
D. Short answer questions.
1. A small metal ball (bob) suspended by a long thread from a rigid
support, such that the bob is free to swing back and forth is called a
simple pendulum.
The time taken by the bob of a pendulum to complete one oscillation is
called the time period of the pendulum.
2. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower is
called pollination.
Two types of pollination are— self-pollination and cross-pollination.

Periodic Assessment-2 ‘B’

(Based on Chapters 1 to 3)
A. Tick (3) the correct answers.
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b)
B. Fill in the blanks
1. seed
2. heart rate
C. Very short answer questions.
1. The taking in of air, rich in oxygen, into the body is called inhalation.
2. A motion which repeats itself at regular intervals of time is called
periodic motion.
D. Short answer questions.
1. Respiration is the process of taking in oxygen, using it for the release of
energy by the breakdown of food and eliminating the waste products
carbon dioxide and water.
It is of two types—
(i) Aerobic respiration
(ii) Anaerobic respiration

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 2. (a) Straight line represents uniform motion.
(b) Curved line represents non-uniform motion.
Half Yearly Examination (Set-1)
(Based on Chapters 1 to 9)
A. Very short answer questions
1. Leaves
2. Villi
3. The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called sericulture.
4. Laboratory and clinical thermometer
5. The reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water is called
neutralisation.
6. The process of depositing a thin layer or a coating of zinc metal on iron
objects is called galvanisation.
7. Temperature and humidity/rain/snow/wind
8. Winds are generated due to the uneven heating of the earth.
9. Litmus
10. Cuscuta and coral root
11. Weathering
B. Short answer type I questions
1. The mode of nutrition in which an organism makes its own food from
simple substances like carbon dioxide, water and minerals present in
the surroundings is called autotrophic nutrition.
2. The utilisation of simple, soluble, absorbed food substances in different
parts of the body for growth and repair is called assimilation.
3. The acids which are found in plants and animals are called organic acids.
Example, citric acid and ascorbic acid.
4. It is difficult to ride a bicycle while moving against the wind because
the blowing wind exerts pressure in the opposite direction in which the
bicycle is moving.
5. Radiation is the process of transfer of heat from a hot body to a cold
body without affecting the medium. For example the heat from the Sun
reaches us travelling through vacuum, i.e., the space between the Sun
and the earth.
C. Short answer type II questions
1. The cool air from the sea blowing towards the land is called sea breeze.
Land absorbs heat faster than the sea. During the daytime, the land
heats up more quickly than the sea water. Thus, the air above the land
surface, being heated expands and rises up. The cooler air above the sea
surface blows towards the land to take its place. This sets up convection
current.
142 Teacher’s Resource Pack SCIENCE-7
 2. (a) Excessive use of fertilisers makes the soil acidic.
(b) (i) Quicklime or slaked lime should be added in the soil when it is
too acidic.
(ii) Manure or compost should be added in the soil when it is too
basic.
3. Yes, the chemical properties of a substance get changed during a
chemical change. This is because, in a chemical change, entirely new
substance(s) with new chemical composition is/are formed.
4. (a) The regions far away from the equator are cooler because these
regions do not get direct sun rays but get slanting sun rays.
(b) It is safe to take shelter in a bus during a thunderstorm because if
the lightning strikes the bus, its metal body can conduct lightning to
the earth safely without causing any damage.
5. The materials that allow heat to pass through them quickly are called
good conductors of heat, for example, silver and copper. The materials
that do not allow heat to pass through them are called bad conductors
of heat or insulators, for example, paper and wood.
6. The properties of soil are as follows—
(i) It contains air.
(ii) It contains water (moisture).
(iii) It allows water to percolate.
7. The mode of nutrition in which some plants live in or on the body of
other living organisms and derive their ready-made food from them is
called parasitic nutrition. The plant which gets the ready made food is
called a parasite and the organism from whose body the food is obtained
is called the host, Eg. Cuscuta and Mistletoe.
8. [Link]. Temporary teeth Permanent teeth
(i) The temporary set of teeth The second set of teeth
that grow when the child is in which grow again, after the
the age group of 6 months to temporary teeth fall out are
8 years are called milk teeth. called permanent teeth.
(ii) These teeth are smaller, These remain till old age
weaker and are 20 in number. and are 32 in number.
(iii) They are replaced by new They are not replaced by
natural teeth. new natural teeth.
9. Similarities between laboratory and clinical thermometer:
(i) Both are used to measure temperature and their constructions are
almost the same.
(ii) Both of them use mercury.

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 Differences between laboratory and clinical thermometer.
(i) There is slight bend (kink) in the stem just above the bulb in case
of clinical thermometer, whereas a kink is absent in laboratory
thermometer.
(ii) Clinical thermometer is used to measure the temperature of human
body, whereas laboratory thermometer is used for measuring
temperature while performing experiments.
10. (i) Photosynthesis enables the green plants to make their own food. In
the absence of photosynthesis, their would not be any food.
(ii) The survival of all animals in the world directly or indirectly depends
upon the food made by the plants.
(iii) Oxygen which is essential for survival of all living organisms is
produced during photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is used by plants
during photosynthesis. So, we can say that photosynthesis maintains
the balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
In the absence of photosynthesis, life on the earth would not be
possible.
D. Short answer questions.
1. Properties of clayey soil are —
(i) It has very small particles.
(ii) It has little air.
(iii) Its particles are tightly packed and less porous.
(iv) It has high water-holding capacity.
(v) It is heavy.
(vi) It is very sticky when wet.
Loamy soil is best for growing crops because of the following reasons—
(i) It has adequate air spaces between its particles to hold air needed
by the plant roots.
(ii) It contains sufficient amount of humus to provide necessary
nutrients for the growing plants.
(iii) It can be ploughed easily.
2. Precautions to be taken after the cyclone hits an area —
(i) Do not drink water as it could be contaminated by floods (to avoid
water-borne diseases). Drink only clean water which has been
stored for emergencies.
(ii) Do not touch wet electric and fallen electric power lines. Do not use
electrical appliances, if wet.
(iii) Do not go out just for the sake of fun keep watching local television
and listening to local radio for advice. Go out only when it is safe to
do so.

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 (iv) Do not pressurise the rescue force by making unnecessary demands.
(v) Cooperate and help your neighbours and friends.
(vi) Do not spread remours.
3. Differences between physical and chemical changes.
[Link]. Parameters Physical change Chemical change
(i) New No new substance is One or more new
substance formed. substances are formed.
(ii) Nature of It is a temporary change. It is a permanent change.
change
(iii) Reversibility It is easily reversible by It is generally irreversible.
simple physical methods.
(iv) Physical and Only the physical Both the physical and
chemical properties of the chemical properties of the
properties substance are changed. substance are changed.
(v) Amount of Generally, there is no Change in energy takes
energy (in overall change in energy. place as a very large
the form of amount of energy is
heat or light) absorbed or given out.
4. Adaptations in camel to survive in desert are—
(i) It has a hump where fat is stored. The camel utilises this fat as food
in case of its scarcity.
(ii) A large amount of water gets stored in its stomach.
(iii) It sweats very little and also excretes very little water in urine. This
helps to conserve water.
(iv) It has large soles which help to walk on the soft sand.
(v) It has long legs which keep the body away from the heat of sand.
(vi) Long eyelashes protect the eyes from sand.
5. Wool is obtained from the sheep by a long process which involves the
following steps.
(i) Shearing— The hair are removed from the body of sheep manually
with a large razor or with an electrically-driven shearing machine.
(ii) Scouring— The fleece of the sheep is washed to remove dust, dirt,
sweat and grease.
(iii) Sorting— The long fine quality of fleece is separated from the
remaining inferior quality or broken piece.
(iv) Combing— The burrs are removed from the fleece and the fibres
are straightened.
(v) Dyeing— After combing, the fibres are dyed in various colours.

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 (vi) S pinning— The straightened fibres are spun or twisted together to
make yarn.
E. Practical skill based questions
1. We can obtain decolourised leaf in following way—
Take a leaf and boil it in water. Take out the leaf and boil it in alcohol.
This will remove the chlorophyll from the leaf.
2. (i) Acidic solutions have no effect on turmeric indicator.
(ii) Basic solutions turn yellow turmeric indicator red.
(iii) Neutral substances have no effect on turmeric indicator.

Half Yearly Examination (Set-2)

(Based on Chapters 1 to 9)
A. Very short answer questions
1. The process in which water passes down slowly through the soil is called
percolation of water.
2. Westerlies
3. Bile juice is stored in the gall bladder
4. Physical change
5. Hydrochloric acid
6. Laboratory thermometer
7. Silk
8. Liver
9. Amylase
10. Charles Reid Barnes
11. The process of washing the fleece of sheep to remove dust, dirt, sweat,
grease, etc., is called scouring.
B. Short answer type-I questions
1. Indicators are special substances which have different colours in acidic
and basic mediums. They are used to test whether a substance is acidic
or basic in nature.
2. Two functions of the tongue in human body are—
(i) It helps in mixing saliva with food.
(ii) It helps in pushing and thus, swallowing the food into the food pipe.
3. A tornado is a violent, dangerous, rotating column of winds having
appearance of a dark, funnel-shaped cloud extending from the sky to
the ground.
4. The plants which live in or on the body of other plants and derive ready
made food from them are called parasitic plants. For example, Cuscuta
and mistletoe.

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 The plants which feed on insects for fulfilling their nitrogen requirement
are called insectivorous plants. For example, Drosera, Utricularia,
pitcher plant, venus flytrap, etc.
5. The materials which do not allow heat to pass through them quickly are
called bad conductors of heat. Paper and wood are bad conductors of
heat.
C. Short answer type-II questions.
1. Loamy soil is best for growing crops because of the following reasons—
(i) It has adequate spaces between its particles to hold air needed by
the plant roots.
(ii) It contains sufficient amount of humus to provide necessary
nutrients for the growing plants.
(iii) It can be ploughed easily.
2. The wings of an aeroplane are designed in such a way that the air above
them moves faster than the air below them. When the aeroplane runs
on the runway in order to take off, the air above the wings moves faster,
the air pressure becomes very small as compared to the pressure below.
The resultant upward push or lift makes the plane fly.
3. [Link]. Weather Climate
(i) Weather describes the Climate is the average
atmospheric conditions on a weather pattern of a place
particular day, at a place with taken over a long period of
respect to the temperature, time.
humidity, rainfall, speed and
direction of wind.
(ii) Weather is measured for a Climate is measured for a
smaller region. larger region.
(iii) Weather at a place changes Climatic changes are gradual
suddenly. and not sudden.
4. Monkeys are well-adapted to live on trees in tropical rain forests. They
have long tails for grasping branches. Their hands and feet are such
that they can easily hold on to the branches of the trees. They have
opposable thumbs which allow them to grasp small things.
5. Iron objects like iron nails, iron pipes, iron grills and iron railings, when
kept in moist air for a few days, get covered with brown powdery
substance called rust. This process is called rusting of iron.
Rusting of iron objects is faster in coastal areas than in deserts because
the air in coastal areas has lot of moisture or water vapour while the air
of deserts is dry. The presence of moisture is a necessary condition for
rusting to occur.

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 6. Factory wastes may contain harmful acids. If these wastes are directly
discharged into water bodies, the acids present in them would kill the
fishes and aquatic organisms. Thus, before discharging the wastes, they
should be neutralised by treatment with basic substances.
7. (i) Acids are sour in taste. (ii) Acids are soluble in water.
(iii) All acidic solutions conducts electricity.
(iv) Acids turn blue litmus red. (v) Acids are corrosive in nature.
(vi) Most of the acids react with metals to form hydrogen gas and their
respective salts.
8. Mercury is a shiny liquid metal, highly sensitive to temperature. It can
be easily seen in glass thermometers. Water is not easily seen in glass. It
expands at very high temperature and can break the glass. That is why,
water is not used instead of mercury in thermometers.
9. The various kinds of teeth and their functions are as follows—
(i)  Incisors (cutting teeth): These are used to bite and cut the food
into small pieces.
(ii)  Canines (tearing teeth): These teeth help us in tearing the food.
(iii)  Premolars (grinding teeth): These teeth are used to grind food and
break it into small pieces.
(iv)  Molars (grinding teeth): These teeth are used to crush and grind
the food.
10. Photosynthesis maintains the balance between oxygen and carbon
dioxide in atmosphere. During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon
dioxide and release oxygen in the atmosphere. The living organisms
breathe in oxygen from the atmosphere for respiration and release
carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide is again taken by plants for
photosynthesis. So, the process of photosynthesis maintains a balance
between oxygen and carbon dioxide.
D. Long answer type questions.
1. The food that is swallowed goes into the first and largest chamber, the
rumen. Here, it is partially digested and is called cud. It then goes to
the second chamber or the reticulum from where it is returned to the
mouth for further chewing. After thorough chewing and mixing with
the saliva, the rechewed food is swallowed again. It now, bypasses the
first two chambers and enters the third and the smallest chamber, the
omasum. Here, it breaks down into smaller pieces.
The food enters the fourth chamber or the abomasum. Here, a kind of
gastric juice is secreted. It contains an enzyme and hydrochloric acid.
The process of digestion completes here. The digested food now passes
into the small intestine. Here, the absorption of the food takes place.
The undigested food passes through the large intestine and is removed
from the body.
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 2. (a) A cyclone is a huge revolving storm caused by very high speed winds
blowing around a central area of low pressure zone over the ocean.
(b) The formation of a cyclone is a very complex process. Factors like
wind speed, wind direction, temperature and humidity contribute
to the development of cyclones.
(i) As the sun heats the surface of ocean water, the warm water
in turn heats the air above it. This causes a low pressure on
a vast area of the ocean. Due to the low pressure, the moist
air from the ocean surface begins to rise rapidly. This creates
strong upward winds that rotate spirally.
(ii) As the warm and moist air rises up in the atmosphere, it gets
cooled and the water vapour present in it condenses to form
clouds by releasing heat.
(iii) The heat released during condensation warms the air all around
and this warm air rises higher into the atmosphere causing a
low pressure. Therefore, more air rushes to the centre of the
storm and this cycle is repeated.
(iv) Repetition of this cycle ends with the formation of a very low
pressure system with very high speed winds revolving around it.
Thus, a huge revolving storm called cyclone is formed.
3. [Link]. Parameters Acids Bases
(i) Taste Sour Bitter
(ii) Touch Not soapy Soapy
(iii) Effect on litmus Turn blue litmus Turn red litmus
paper indicator paper red. paper blue.
(iv) Effect on yellow No effect Turns yellow
turmeric paper turmeric paper
indicator indicator red
(v) Effect on colourless No effect Turns colourless
phenolphthalein phenolphthalein
indicator indicator pink
(vi) Effect on pink china Pink china rose Pink china rose
rose indicator indicator turns dark indicator turns
pink (magenta) green.
(vii) Solubility in water Most of the acids Most of the bases
are soluble in water are insoluble in
water.
4. Different types of chemical reactions are–
(a) Combination reaction (b) Decomposition reaction
(c) Displacement reaction (d) Double Displacement reaction
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 Some of them are—
(a) Combination reaction: The chemical reaction in which two or
more substances combine to form a single product is known as
combination reaction.
For example during burning, carbon combines with oxygen of air to
form carbon dioxide.
C + O2   →   CO2
carbon    oxygen     carbon dioxide
(b) Decomposition reaction: The chemical reaction in which one
substance breaks down into two or more simpler substance is
known as decomposition reaction.
For example, baking soda on heating decomposes into sodium
carbonate, water vapour and carbon dioxide.
2NaHCO3 →   Na2CO3    + H2O +   CO2
baking soda     sodium carbonate water    carbon dioxide
(c) Displacement reaction: The chemical reaction in which a more
reactive element displaces less reactive element from its compound
is called displacement reaction.
For example, when a copper wire is placed in silver nitrate solution,
the colour of solution changes to bluish due to formation of copper
nitrate and silver gets deposited on copper wire.
2AgNO3 + Cu →  Cu(NO3) + 2Ag
  silver nitrate copper    copper nitrate silver
5. Polar bears are perfectly adapted to live in the ice-cold enviornment of
the arctic polar region.
They have the following adaptations—
(i) They have two thick layers of fur on their body. The outer thick
layer of fur is made of hollow hair. The hollow hair trap air (a bad
conductor of heat) and keep the body warm.
(ii) They have a thick layer of fat called blubber under the skin that
keeps the body warm in extremely cold climate.
(iii) They have white coloured fur, so that they are not visible in the
snowy white background. It protects them against their predators.
(iv) They have strong sense of smell to locate and catch their prey.
(v) They have short ears and tail.
(vi) They have long, curved and sharp claws.
E. Practical skill based questions
1. We can a obtain decolourised leaf in following way—
Take a leaf and boil it in water. Take out the leaf and boil it in alcohol.
This will remove the chlorophyll from the leaf.

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 2. (i) Acidic solutions have no effect on turmeric indicator.
(ii) Basic solutions turn yellow turmeric indicator red.
(iii) Neutral substances have no effect on turmeric indicator.
Yearly Examination (Set-1)
(Based on Chapters 10 to 18)
A. Very short answer questions.
1. Breakdown of food (glucose) into carbon dioxide and water to release
energy using oxygen is called aerobic respiration.
2. A resting person, usually has a pulse rate between 72 and 80 beats per
minute.
3. Pea and geranium
4. The standard unit of speed is meter per second (m/s).
5. The path along which the electric current can flow is called an electric
circuit.
6. Our image in a plane mirror is an example of a virtual image.
7. 22nd March is celebrated as the World Water Day.
8. The uppermost branches and leaves of tall trees which act like a roof or
umbrella over the smaller trees in a forest is called canopy.
9. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower is
called pollination.
10. The transportation of food from the leaves to other parts of the plant is
called translocation.
11. Bryophyllum and Begonia
B. Short answer type-I questions
1. Breakdown of food (glucose) into alcohol and carbon dioxide to release
energy in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. It can be
represented by the following equation.
anaerobic
C6H12O6 → 2C2H2OH + 2CO2 + Energy
respiration
glucose  ethyl   carbon
(food) alcohol   dioxide
2. The flowers which contain only one organ for reproduction either the
pistil or the stamens are called unisexual flowers. Example, papaya and
watermelon.
3. Here, speed of the car = 36 km/h
   We know, 1 km = 1000 m
  1 hr = 60 × 60s = 3600s
36 × 1000 m
      So, speed =
3600s
    = 10 m/s

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 4. Two uses of concave mirror are—
(i) It is used as shaving mirror.
(ii) It is used as reflector in torch and headlights of vehicles.
5. A sudden flow of very large current due to direct contact of a live and a
neutral wire is called short-circuit. It may lead to fire.
C. Short answer type-II questions.
1. Differences between breathing and cellular respiration
[Link]. Parameters Breathing Cellular Respiration
(i) Process It is a physical process It is a biochemical
in which exchange process in which the
of gases (oxygen and breakdown of food
carbon dioxide) takes takes place.
place. No chemical
reaction takes place.
(ii) Energy Energy is not released. Energy is released.
(iii) Occurrence It occurs outside the It occurs inside the
cells. cells.
(iv) Enzymes Enzymes are not Enzymes are involved
involved. at certain stages of
respiration.
2.
The upward movement of water and mineral in a plant through xylem
is called ascent of sap. Transpiration helps in transport of water and
minerals by producing a ‘suction pull’ which pulls the water from roots
upwards to great heights in the tall trees.
3. In self-pollination, the pollen grains from the anther of a flower are
transferred to the stigma of the same flower or another flower of the
same plant.
In cross-pollination, the pollen grains of a flower of one plant are
transferred to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same kind.
4. Distance travelled = 300 km
Time taken = 5 hours
distance travelled
Speed =
time taken
300 km
\ Speed of the train =
5 hour
= 60 km/h
Thus, the speed of the train is 60 km/h.
5. Advantages of electromagnets over permanent magnets are—
(i) The magnetism of an electromagnet can be ‘switched on’ or
‘switched off’ as desired. This is not possible with a permanent
magnet.

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 (ii) An electromagnet can be made very strong by increasing the number
of turns and the amount of current passing through the coil. On the
other hand, a permanent magnet cannot be made so strong.
6. Causes of deforestation are—
(i) Increase in population
(ii) Wood for industries
(iii) Construction of dams
(iv) Forest fires
7. Sewage treatment is the process of removing pollutants or contaminants
from the sewage to make it harmless, so that it may be disposed of
safely in the water bodies.
Primary treatment of sewage consists of the following steps—
(a) Screening
(b) Grit removal
(c) Primary sedimentation
8. Advantages of rain water harvesting are—
(i) It raises the water table.
(ii) It reduces floods and top soil erosion.
(iii) It increases the availability of clean water.
9. (i) They are used in motors that drive fans and mixers.
(ii) Cranes with electromagnets are used to lift heavy loads like big
machines.
(iii) They are used to separate magnetic materials like iron and steel
objects from a heap of junk metal scrap.
10. In the first case:
Speed = 40 km/h
Time taken = 15 minutes
15 1
  = h = h
60 4
Distance travelled
We know,    Speed =
Time taken
or,    Distance travelled = Speed × Time taken
1
    = 40 km/h × h
4
\    Distance travelled = 10 km
In the second case :
Speed = 60 km/h
Time taken = 15 minutes
15 1
  = h = h
60 4

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 \     Distance travelled = Speed × Time taken
1
    = 60 km/h × h
4
= 15 km
  Total distance travelled = 10 km + 15 km
= 25 km
Thus, the total distance covered by the car is 25 km.
D. Long answer questions.
1. Different ways to conserve forests are as follows:
(i) Excessive cutting down of forest trees should not be allowed by the
government.
(ii) Paper products should be recycled so that minimum cutting down
of trees takes place.
(iii) Usage of wood as a fuel should be discouraged.
(iv) Any breakout of fire in forests should be fought quickly using
modern methods.
(v) Forests must be protected from insects, pests and infections by
treating them with insecticides and pesticides.
(vi) ‘Tree for a tree’ principle should be adopted. For every tree that has
fallen, a new tree should be planted.
2. Heart is enclosed in double layered membranous sac called pericardium.
The heart has four chambers. The upper two chambers of the heart are
called atria and the lower two chambers are called ventricles.
The left side of the heart is completely separated from its right side
by a partition wall called septum. A tricuspid valve is present between
right atrium and right ventricle. A bicuspid valve is present between left
atrium and left ventricle.

3. (a) The length of the string from the point of suspension to the centre
of the bob, is called the length of the pendulum.

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 (b) The one complete to-and-fro motion of the bob about its mean
position is called an oscillation of the pendulum.
(c) The maximum displacement of the bob from its mean position on
either side is called the amplitude of the pendulum.
(d) The time taken by the bob of a pendulum to complete one
oscillation is called the time period of the pendulum.
4. Certain seeds and fruits are dispersed to far off places by certain
animals. They can be carried away by various means. For example,
• Some fruits develops hooks on their surfaces by which they get
attached to the fur of animals and are carried away to distant
places before they get rubbed off from their bodies and fall to the
ground.
Example, the fruits of gokhru, Xanthium and Urena are dispersed
by animals due to their hooked surfaces.
• Sometimes, animals eat seeds along with the fruits. These seeds
remain undigested and pass out with faeces at some other distant
places.
5. Differences between arteries and veins.
[Link]. Parameters Arteries Veins
(i) Direction of Carry blood from the Carry blood from
blood flow heart to various body different body parts to
parts. the heart.
(ii) Nature of Carry oxygen-rich blood Carry carbon dioxide-
blood (except pulmonary rich blood (except
artery) pulmonary vein)
(iii) Flow of Blood flows at a high Blood flows at a low
blood speed and high pressure. speed and low pressure.
(iv) Walls Walls are thick and Walls are thin and less
elastic. elastic.
(v) Valves Valves are absent. Valves are present.
(vi) Position in Arteries are deeply Veins are not deeply
the body seated. seated.
[Link] skill based questions
1. When we pass exhaled air in limewater, the limewater turns milky. This
happens because exhaled air contains carbon dioxide gas and carbon
dioxide gas turns lime water milky.
2. We can increase the strength by—
(i) increasing the number of turns in the coil.
(ii) increasing the current passing through the coil.

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 Yearly Examination (Set-2)
(Based on Chapters 10 to 18)
A. Very short answer questions
1. Lactic acid.
2. The removal of top fertile soil from a region by wind, rain or running
water is called soil erosion.
3. 71% of the earth’s surface is covered with water. That’s why earth is
called a watery planet.
4. The process of sending back the light rays which fall on the surface of an
object is called reflection of light.
5. Scientist who discovered the magnetic effect of electric current was
Hans Christian Oersted.
6. Straight line
7. Pistil is the female reproductive organ of the plant.
8. The upward movement of water and minerals in a plant through xylem
is called ascent of sap.
9. Spiracles
10. Nephridia
11. The property of a material by virtue of which it opposes the flow of
electric current through it, is called its resistance.
B. Short answer type-I questions
1. A series of organisms linked together by the process of eating and
being eaten for food is called a food chain. For example, grass is eaten
by a grasshopper (insect), which in turn, is eaten by a frog (primary
carnivore). The frog is eaten by a snake (secondary carnivore). The
snake is eaten by an eagle (top carnivore). This forms a food chain.
2. The continuous circulation of water from the earth’s surface and water
bodies as water vapour to the atmosphere and from the atmosphere
back to the earth’s surface as rain, hail and snow is called the water
cycle.
3. A lens is a piece of any transparent material (glass or transparent
plastic) bound by two curved surfaces or by one curved and one plane
surface.
Lenses are of two types—
(i) Convex lens (or Converging lens)
(ii) Concave lens (or Diverging lens)
4. The process of nutrient enrichment of water bodies that stimulates
the growth of aquatic plants like algae that may result in depletion of
dissolved oxygen is called eutrophication.

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 5. A sudden flow of very large current due to direct contact of a live and
neutral wire is called short circuit. Short circuit is caused due to defective
or damaged wiring.
C. Short answer type-II questions
1. Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
[Link]. Parameters Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
(i) Presence of It takes place in the It takes place in the
oxygen presence of oxygen. absence of oxygen.
(ii) Breakdown Complete breakdown Incomplete breakdown
of food of food (glucose) of food (glucose) takes
takes place. place.
(iii) End The end products are The end products are
products carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide and
water. alcohol.
(iv) Amount A large amount of A very small amount of
of energy energy is released. energy is released.
released
2. Advantages of rainwater harvesting are—
(i) It raises the water table.
(ii) It reduces floods and top soil erosion.
(iii) It increases the availability of clean water.
3. Seed dispersal is essential for plants because it provides following
benefits to the plants—
(i) It prevents overcrowding of plants in an area.
(ii) It prevents the competition for water, minerals and sunlight among
the same kind of plants.
(iii) It helps the plants to grow in new areas or new places.
4. Here, speed = 3 m/s.
Time taken = 20 minutes (we know 1 minute = 60s)
  = 20 × 60
      = 1200 seconds
distance travelled
We know,    speed =
time taken
or distance travelled = speed × time taken
  = 3 m/s × 1200 s
  = 3600 m
  = 3.6 km (we know, 1 km = 1000 m)
Thus, the distance between Monica’s house and her school is 3.6 km.

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 5.(i) They are used in motors that drive fans and mixers.
(ii) Cranes with electromagnets are used to lift heavy loads like big
machines.
(iii) They are used to separate magnetic materials like iron and steel
objects from a heap of junk metal scrap.
6. The image formed by a plane mirror is
(i) of the same size and shape as the object.
(ii) virtual and erect.
(iii) laterally inverted with respect to the object.
(iv) at the same distance from the mirror as the object.
7. The natural sources of water contain many impurities. Following steps
are involved to remove these impurities to make it suitable for drinking.
(i) Sedimentation
(ii) filtration
(iii) aeration
(iv) chlorination
8. (i) Cooking oil and fats should not be thrown down the drain.
(ii) Chemicals like paints, solvents, insecticides, motor oil and medicines
should not be thrown down the drain.
(iii) Used tea leaves, solid food remains, cotton, etc., should not be
thrown into the drain.
9. (i) Animals get food from plants directly or indirectly.
(ii) Animals like monkeys live on trees. Birds make their nest on trees.
(iii) Animals use oxygen produced by plants during photosynthesis, for
respiration.
10. The fusion of male gamete with the female gamete to produce zygote is
called fertilisation.

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D. Long answer questions
1. (i) Increase in population: With increasing population and
technological advancements more and more land is required for
housing colonies, industries, educational institutions, offices, etc.
Forest area is cleared to obtain this land.
(ii) Wood for industries: With the increase of population and better
standards of living, the demand for the wood in the industries has
increased many times for making various wood products, leading to
the depletion of forests.
(iii) Construction of dams: A large forest area has to be cleared to
construct a dam and this causes deforestation.
(iv) Forest fires: Once the forest fire starts, it does not stop easily and
many trees are burnt causing deforestation.
2. Concave mirrors are used for many purposes. Some of the important
uses are:
(i) Concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors by men to see the
enlarged images of face.
Women also use concave mirrors as ‘make up’ mirrors to see
enlarged image of face.
(ii) Concave mirrors are used as reflectors in torches, headlights of
vehicles (such as cars, scooters, buses, trucks and train engines) to
get a strong straight beam of light.
(iii) Concave mirrors are used by dentists to see an enlarged image of
teeth.
(iv) Doctors use concave mirrors to produce a parallel beam of light for
examining body parts such as eyes, ears, nose and throat.
3. Differences between asexual and sexual reproduction.
[Link]. Parameters Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
(i) Involvement Only one parent is Both parents, the male
of parent involved. and female are involved.
(ii) Involvement No gametes are Gametes are involved.
of gametes involved.
(iii) Production of Plants are obtained Plants are obtained
seeds without the from existing parents
production of seeds. through seeds.
(iv) Similarity to New born plants are New born plants are not
the parent identical to the parent identical to the parent
plant plant. plant.

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 4. The overheating of electrical wiring in any circuit due to the flow of
large current through it is called overloading of the electric circuit.
Fuse wire overheating or overloading breaks the circuit and thus the
devices in the circuit prevents remain safe.
An electric fuse has a low melting point so when the current exceeds
in the circuit, the fuse wire gets heated, melts and breaks the circuit
immediately, keeping the devices safe.
5. The roots have large number of root hair. The root hair are in contact
with the water and minerals present between the soil particles. The
water and minerals (dissolved in water) are absorbed by the root hair.
The large number of fine root hair increase the surface area of the roots
in contact with the soil water due to which, more water and minerals
(dissolved in water) can be absorbed by the roots at a rapid rate. Water
and minerals absorbed by the root hair from the soil move from cell to
cell in the roots by the process called osmosis and ultimately enter the
xylem vessels which are located in the centre of the roots. Osmosis is
the process of passage of water across a semi-permeable membrane
(membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by
diffusion) from a region where its concentration is higher to a region
where its concentration is lower.
E. Practical skill based questions
1. When we pass exhaled air in limewater, the limewater turns milky. This
happens because exhaled air contains carbon dioxide gas and carbon
dioxide gas turns limewater milky.
2. We can increase the strength of an electromagnet by—
(i) increasing the number of turns in the coil
(ii) increasing the current passing through the coil

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