Heat and Thermodynamics
Heat is a form of energy called thermal energy which produces the sensation
of hotness or coldness of a body
• When two objects of different
temperatures are connected by a
conductor, heat flows from the objects at
higher temperature to the objects at
lower temperature.
• The thermal state or condition of a body
which determines whether a body can
give out heat to or receive heat from
another body placed in contact with it No net heat flow
called Temperature. Two bodies, in
contact, are said to be in thermal
equilibrium if they have the same
temperature.
• So, Heat is the cause and temperature is
the effect.
Types of System Interactions
Open Exchange matter and energy with the surroundings
Exchange only energy (and not matter) with the
Closed
surroundings
Thermally insulated
Isolated
No communication of heat or work with the surroundings
Types of System
Thermodynamic Variables
Thermodynamic state of a system is determined
completely by the three variables:
Pressure (P), Temperature (T) and Volume (V)
Thermodynamic Changes Interactions
Isothermal Change of pressure and volume at constant temperature
Change of pressure and volume by neither receiving nor
Adiabatic
rejecting heat i.e., keeping total heat content fixed
Change at constant volume, No external work done
Isochoric
Increase in internal energy=Heat absorbed by system
Change at constant pressure
Isobaric
H (Enthalpy)=U (Internal Energy)+PV (Pressure*Volume)
System is restored to the initial state at the end of cycle
Cyclic
No work is obtained if no heat is supplied
Graphical Representation of Thermodynamic changes
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If bodies A and B are each separately in
thermal equilibrium with a third body T,
then A and B are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
Fig. The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics
If the work is converted into heat or heat is converted into work, then
work is proportional to heat. It is a concept of Joule.
W∞Q
W=jQ
According to Clausius, when heat is supplied to a system, then some
portion of heat is used to raise the internal energy or to increase
temperature of the system and rest portion of heat is used to do the
external work.
dQ=dU+dW
Efficiency of Heat Engine