Course: Problems in circuit design

Lecturer: Prof. Sam Ben-Yaakov

Student: Alex Kushnerov
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev 2006
Content
Motivation for boost-buck converter topology
uk uk converter in Continuous Conduction Mode operation converter in Continuous Conduction Mode operation
Critical inductors for uk converter in Border Current Mode
uk uk converter in CCM with coupled inductors converter in CCM with coupled inductors
Zero-ripple technique for both input and output currents
uk uk converter in CCM with discrete transformer converter in CCM with discrete transformer
Leakage reducing in the isolating transformer
Multi Multi- -output zero output zero- -ripple isolated ripple isolated uk uk converter converter
Single magnetic realization of multi-output uk converter
Augment of the leakage inductance in transformer Augment of the leakage inductance in transformer
uk converter in Discontinuous Conduction Mode operation
Three switched networks and inductor currents in DCM Three switched networks and inductor currents in DCM
Derivation of the Voltage Transfer Function in DCM
Equivalent inductance required for DCM Equivalent inductance required for DCM
Lossless resistor emulated by uk DCM converter
The design of the intermediate capacitor The design of the intermediate capacitor
Using of non-linear intermediate capacitor
Hybrid switched capacitor Hybrid switched capacitor uk uk converter converter
Soft-switching technique applying to the converter
Motivation for Boost Motivation for Boost- -Buck converter topology Buck converter topology
A capacitor instead of an inductor is
used for storing and transferring energy
from input to the output.
Energy transfer occurs during both
on and off gated switch intervals.
Operation is performed at almost zero
ripple current at both the input and output.
These characteristics make the uk
converter the closest to an ideal DC power
supply of any topology
uk uk converter in Continuous Conduction Mode operation converter in Continuous Conduction Mode operation

: broken is
: shorted is

: Buck
1
: Boost
off
on
in
out
off in c
on out c
off
on
in
out
on
c
out
off in
c
D
D
V
V
T V V Q
T V V Q
D
D
V
V
D
V
V
D V
V
=
)
`

=
=
=

=
=
Critical inductors for Critical inductors for uk uk converter in Border Current Mode converter in Border Current Mode
0
2
0
2

efficiency 100% For

2
min
1
1 min
1
= =
= =
= =
=
on
cr
in
out
out
on
cr
in
L
in
off
on
out in L
in
on
off
out
T
L
V
I I
T
L
V
I I
D
D
I I I
I
D
D
I
( )
f I
D V
L
f I
D V
L
out
on in
cr
out
on in
cr


=


=
2
2
1
2
1
uk uk converter in CCM with coupled inductors converter in CCM with coupled inductors
2
1
2 1
2 1
2 1
1
2
1
2
1 2
2 2
2 1
1 1
: core al For toroid
;


m
m
m m
L
L
L
L
L n k L
n
k
M
L L
L L
k
L
L
w
w
n
dt
di
M
dt
di
L V
dt
di
M
dt
di
L V
= = =

= =

+ =
+ =
k n
dt
di
k
n
dt
di
= =
= =
0 : output
1
0 : input
at current ripple - Zero
2
1
k
n L
n k
k
L L
k n L
n
k
k
L L
eq eq
eq eq
1
if 0 ;
1
1
if 0 ;
1
1
condition inductance Negative
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
> <

=
< <

=
Zero Zero- -ripple technique for both input and output currents ripple technique for both input and output currents
2 2
1
1
;
1

ratio perfomed be must
core double of case In the
k n
k
n = =
2
2
2 2
2
1
2
1 1
1
8
8
: mode CCM For
n f C L
D V
U
n f C L
D V
U
m
on in
C
m
on in
C


=


=
uk uk converter in CCM with discrete transformer converter in CCM with discrete transformer
Capacitors C1 and C2 ensure that no DC voltage is
applied to transformer primary or secondary windings
Transformer functions in conventional manner, with
small magnetizing current and negligible energy
storage within the magnetizing inductance
Reflection of the parameters
to primary or secondary
windings :
n
n k
k
L L
n
n k
k
L L
w
w
n
L
L
n
eq eq

=
= =
1
1
;
1
1
: inductors and ;
2
2 2
2
1 1
1
2
1
2
1 1
2 2
1 : output
1 : input
at current ripple - Zero
L L
n
n k
L L
n
n k
eq
eq
= =

= =

Both sides zero-ripple converter

1
2
1
2
2
2
; Z n Z
n
Z
Z =

In the case of ready transformer an additional

inductors should be included series to improve
the compensation effect
Leakage reducing in the isolating transformer Leakage reducing in the isolating transformer

1



1
1


1
1


: inductance leakage - Zero
2
2
k
n
k n
n k
k
L
n
k
k
L
L
eq
=
=

=
Multi Multi- -output zero output zero- -ripple isolated ripple isolated uk converter uk converter
Single magnetic realization of multi Single magnetic realization of multi- -output zero output zero- -ripple ripple
isolated isolated uk uk converter converter
Augment of the leakage inductance in transformer Augment of the leakage inductance in transformer
by collinear windings by collinear windings
E storing energy
I current in entire turn
N=2 number of turns
l = D turn length
4 . 7
leg Same
legs Spread
=
L
L
N I
l E
L
s

=
2
2
Advantages Advantages
Input current follows the input voltage (no current loop is needed)
Ripple is defined by the correct choice of magnetic components
Zero-Current turn-on in the switch and ZC turn-off in the diode in the diode
Start-up and output short circuit currents are reduced
Input-output galvanic isolation is easily obtained
Theoretical power factor is unity
Disadvantages Disadvantages
High RMS current and voltage, which limits application range
Inherent problems caused by an isolation transformer
uk converter in Discontinuous Conduction Mode operation uk converter in Discontinuous Conduction Mode operation
Three switched networks and inductor currents in DCM Three switched networks and inductor currents in DCM
Derivation of the Voltage Transfer Function in DCM Derivation of the Voltage Transfer Function in DCM
( ) | | ;
2
; 0
2 1 2
1
1 3
2 1 3 2 1
L L L T
I
T T I S
S T I S S S S S Q
e
pk
b
t b
= + =
= = + =

Charge balance of the intermediate capacitor

;
2
T R
L
K
e
e

= ; 1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
|
|

\
|

=
L
L
V
V
T
T
L
V
I
b
e
K
D
V
V
1
1
2
=
( ) ( )
1

;
3 2 1 2 3 2 1
S S S
T
I T T I S S S
b t
= =
Average current in the secondary inductor
1
2
1
2
22 21 2
T
V
V
T
S S S
=
+ =
b
I
T
T
V
V
L
V
R
V
I
|
|

\
|
+

= =
2
1
2
1
2
1 2
2
1
2

=
DCM for ;
CCM for ;
1


e
on
in
o
on
on
in
o
K
D
V
V
D
D
V
V
Equivalent inductance required for DCM Equivalent inductance required for DCM
( )
( )
( )
on on
on on
on e
D D
D D
M
D K

+
= +
<
1
1
1
1
1
: that noticed be should It
1 : condition DCM
equations both from result As
max
2
max
( )
( )
( )

T R
L
K
M
K
e
e
e

=
+
<
min
max
2
max
max
2
: is parameter conduction then
place have load maximum a If
1
1
input minimum at occurs
AC, arbitrary of case in the or
age input volt DC changing For
max
M
( )
2
max
min
(min)
1 2 M
T R
L
e
+

<
Lossless resistor emulated by Lossless resistor emulated by uk uk DCM converter DCM converter
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1
1
2 1 1
1
2 1
2 1 1
2
1
2
2 1 1
1
1
1

efficiency 100% For
2

2

I
D
D
I
D D T D
L
V
I I
I D D T D
L
V
I
I D D T D
L
V
I
e
b
b
=
+

= +

=
+ +

=
Input current waveforms for uk converter
Input current waveforms for Flyback
( )
( )
f
D
L
t i
t v
R
on
e
em

= =
2
1
1
2

: is result surprising A
f
D
R
on
em

=
2
L 2

converter Flyback For
The design of the intermediate capacitor The design of the intermediate capacitor
When uk converter operates as a PFC, the capacitor voltage should be:
Nearly constant value on a switching period
Following the input alternating voltage profile
The usual approach to practical design The usual approach to practical design
Assume that switching voltage ripple on the C is about 20% of output voltage
With this capacitance of the C is very much smaller than output capacitor Co
The resonant frequency approach The resonant frequency approach
It is remarkable result by using the conventional formula:
For isolated converter it is necessary to reflect one of the inductors to second
Short circuit and in-rush currents during start-up are reduced about 30 times
The transformer magnetizing inductance causes for additional resonance
( )
eq sw
L f
C

=
2
2
1

Using of non Using of non- -linear intermediate capacitor linear intermediate capacitor
The capacitance varies between C/2 and 2C by changing of the current direction.
During T(off) the capacitors are connected in series.
Thus, each capacitor is charged to the half of the applied voltage.
During T(on) the energy that stored in the capacitors releases in parallel.
In this way load voltage becomes half of the conventional circuit output.
Hybrid switched capacitor Hybrid switched capacitor uk converter uk converter
( )
( ) ( )
off c out on out c
off in c on in
D V V D V V
D V V D V
=
=
2
: balance voltage a using By
off
on
in
out
D
D
V
V +
=
1
During T(off) the capacitors are connected in parallel.
During T(on) the capacitors are discharged in series with load.
Soft Soft- -switching technique applying to the converter switching technique applying to the converter
Passive Lossless Soft-Switching Class D Zero-Voltage Transition
ZVS Active-Clamping
ZVS in automatic current shaper with fast
output regulation. The converter works in
two completely new and decoupled DCM.
Simplest visual simulation with discrete inductors Simplest visual simulation with discrete inductors
Comparative simulation for discrete and coupled inductors Comparative simulation for discrete and coupled inductors
Comparative simulation for isolated converter Comparative simulation for isolated converter
Comparative simulation for non Comparative simulation for non- -linear capacitance linear capacitance
Polikarpov A., Sergienko E.,
Single-Ended Voltage Converters in Power Supplies (in Russian)
Moscow: Radio and Communication, 1989. - 160 p.
Erickson R. W., Maksimovic D.,
Fundamentals of Power Electronics New-York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001. - 912 p.
[Link]
Bryant B., Kazimierczuk M., Derivation of the uk PWM DC-DC converter circuit topology
uk S., A New Zero-Ripple Switching DC-to-DC Converter and Integrated Magnetics
Patent US4327348 Hirayama H., Variable leakage transformer
Patent SU1277315 Polikarpov A., Sergienko E., Transformer for voltage converters
Brkovic M., uk S., Input current shaper using uk converter
Patent US5442539 uk S., Brkovic M.,
uk DC-to-DC switching converter with input current shaping for unity power factor operation
Takahashi I., Sato T., Takeda M.,
Applications of Nonlinear Impedance Circuit Composed of Diodes and Capacitors or Inductors
Axelrod B., Berkovich Y., Ioinovici A.,
Hybrid Switched - Capacitor uk / ZETA / SEPIC Converters in Step-Up Mode
IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, (ISCAS) 2005, Vol. 2, pp.1310 - 1313
Brkovic M., uk S., Automatic current shaper with fast output regulation and soft switching
Smith K.M., Smedley K., Properties and Synthesis of Passive Lossless Soft-Switching PWM Converters
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 14, No5, Sep. 1999
Costa D., Duarte C., The ZVS-PWM Active-Clamping CUK Converter
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 51, No1, Feb. 2004
REFERENCES: REFERENCES: