Ch 14 Human Evolution
❏ It is a common misconception that humans
evolved from apes(monkeys). Actually
humans are very closely related to apes
but they aren’t evolved from apes!!!!!!
Common theories of evolution: -
➔ Theory of special creation
➔ Theory of autogenesis
➔ Cosmozoic or big bang theory
But soon all the above theories were disapproved!!!!
The theory which we believe today about evolution
is OPARIN AND HALDANE THEORY.
Speciation:
multiple
SINGLE variations
CELL SPECIES
Evolution Definition:
➔ It is a slow and continuous
process whereby complex forms
of life have emerged from
simpler forms for SURVIVAL or
DEVELOPMENT.
➔ Evolution involves SPECIATION.
Lamarck’s
Theory(1744-1829)
Use and Inheritance
disuse of acquired
characters
Use and disuse of Body parts:
● Body parts used more, develop but the organs which
aren’t of any use don’t develop and deteriorate.
Vestigial Organs:
● Organs which were used by our ancestors but
now are non-functional and still exist.
● There are totally 180 vestigial organs(only 4 to
be learnt ) in our human body. (may come in
objectives)
● Examples include:
● Pinna: Movable in other mammals for gathering
sound waves but null use in humans.
Tailbone: -
Vermiform appendix: -
Wisdom teeth: -
Inheritance of acquired characters: -
➔ It stated that an organism could pass its variation
to its offsprings.
➔ It was later disapproved.
➔ (imp) It only applied if that variation info was
passed on to the genes.
➔ t(short) mutation T(tall)
➔ or crossing over
Inheritance of acquired characters stated ….
Tall Mother Tall Father Tall offspring
CHARLES DARWIN proposed
the theory of natural
selection . HE IS CALLED
THE FATHER OF EVOLUTION
!
Darwinism/ theory of natural selection: -
➔ It stated that all species of organisms arise
and develop through the natural selection of
small, inherited variations that increase the
individual's ability to compete, survive, and
reproduce.
● Overproduction: -
● Struggle for existence(food and space):
● Variation due to mutation or crossing
over or inter caste breeding, etc.
● Survival of the fittest(imp): -
HUNGRY
EAGLE !!!!!!
Which two
pairs of
rats can
the eagle
eat?
Industrial melanism: -
➔ Industrial melanism refers to the evolutionary effect
seen in several animal species that live in habitat
darkened by industrial pollution like sulphur dioxide gas
and dark soot deposits. In these species, dark
pigmentation (melanism) has evolved in order to hide
from predators by blending in with their backgrounds.
➔ It is shown by Peppered Moth(Biston Betularia).
Lichen Covered tree Soot covered tree
STAGES OF HUMAN EVOLUTION: -
Which is the earliest known ancestor of man?
a) Homo Habilis
B)Homo Erectus
C)Dryopithecus
D)Australopithecus
IMP TERMS : -
➔ Bipedalism: - Bipedalism is a process of
terrestrial locomotion in which an organism uses
its two rear limbs or legs to travel.
➔ Brow Ridges: - The brow ridge is a nodule or
crest of bone situated on the frontal bone of
the skull.
➔ Cranial capacity means volume of cranium/skull.
● AUSTRALOPITHECUS: -
● Bipedalism: - Nearly straight locomotion.
● Cranial capacity: - 450-600 cubic cm.
● Canines : - Didn’t project outside.
● Forehead and brow ridges: - lower forehead than
ramapithecus and brow ridges projected over
eyes.
● Chin: - protruding face and no chin.
● Body hair : - less than ramapithecus.
● Height: - 3.5-4 feet
● Posture: - more upright than ramapithecus.
Homo Habilis : - First human like ancestor and
started making TOOLS
● Bipedalism: - more erect than australopithecus.
● Cranial capacity: - 680-735 cubic cm.
● Canines : - smaller than australopithecus.
● Forehead and brow ridges: - lower forehead than
australopithecus and brow ridges projected less
than australopithecus over eyes.
● Chin: - less protruding face and no chin.
● Body hair : - less than australopithecus.
● Height: - 4.5-5 feet
● Posture: - bent knee posture
● Homo Erectus: - Use of fire ! lived in caves
➔ Bipedalism: - walked fully erect.
➔ Cranial capacity: - 800-1125 cubic cm.
➔ Canines : - of lower jaw are larger
➔ Forehead and brow ridges: - lower forehead than
homo habilis and brow ridges projected less than
homo habilis over eyes.
➔ Chin: - lesser protruding face and no chin.
➔ Body hair : - less than homo habilis.
➔ Height: - 5-5.5 feet
➔ Posture: - Upright posture
Neanderthal: -
➔ Bipedalism: - absolute
➔ Cranial capacity: - 1450 cubic cm.
➔ Canines : - smaller and had wisdom teeth
➔ Forehead and brow ridges: - lower forehead than homo
erectus and brow ridges projected less than homo erectus
over eyes.
➔ Chin: - lesser protruding face and no chin.
➔ Body hair : - less than homo erectus.
➔ Height: - 5.5 feet
➔ Posture: - semi-Upright posture
● Cro magnon: -
➔ Bipedalism: - absolute
➔ Cranial capacity: - 1450-1600 cubic cm.
➔ Canines : - smaller and had wisdom teeth; teeth is closer.
➔ Forehead and brow ridges: - broad forehead and brow ridges
projected less than neanderthal over eyes.
➔ Chin: - well developed chin.
➔ Body hair : - less than neanderthal.
➔ Height: - 5.5-6 feet
➔ Posture: - fully Upright posture
Homo Sapiens: - Modern man
➔ Bipedalism: - absolute
➔ Cranial capacity: - 1450-1600 cubic cm.
➔ Canines : - smaller and had wisdom teeth; teeth is
closer.
➔ Forehead and brow ridges: - steep forehead and brow
ridges projected less than cro magnon over eyes.
➔ Chin: - well developed chin but no snout.
➔ Body hair : - less than cro magnon.
➔ Height: - upto 6 feet
➔ Posture: - fully Upright posture
Snout means long projecting nose: -