Code: 670

Course Coordinator
Asheema Singh

National Institute of Open Schooling

(An Autonomous Institution Under MHRD, Govt of India)
ISO 9001 : 2008 Certified
A-24/25, Sector 62, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh- 201309
Design Development

August 2017

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Published by : National Institute of Open Schooling

A-24/25, Sector 62, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh- 201309

Designed by : Multi Graphics, 8A/101 WEA Karol Bagh, New Delhi -110005

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 Hello Friends
Greetings, I am your course coordinator!
Many of you may be drawing as a hobby or may want to
learn how to draw. Some of you may like to turn this
hobby in to your profession. I welcome all of you to the
course on Design Development. I hope that you will
enjoy this course, as much as we have enjoyed
developing it for you. Together we shall go into the
magical world of colours and designs.
During this journey you will be doing a number of
practical and portfolio activities. Remember, not only
will they help you perfect your art but they will also be
part of your final assessment.
Do not hesitate to write to me in case you face any
problem. I would be happy to help you.
Good luck for your learning and Good luck for your
future.

Asheema Singh
Project Co-ordinator (AEP)
Academic Department
 Acknowledgement
Advisory Committee
Prof. C. B. Sharma Dr. Rajesh Kumar
Chairman Director (Academic and Vocational Education)
National Institute of Open Schooling, NOIDA, National Institute of Open Schooling, NOIDA,
Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh
Course Curriculum Committee
Dr. Swapna Mishra Ms. Jyotsna Kapur Prof. Promil Pande Mr. Vikash Kumar
Director, Sector Skill Secretary, All India, Prof. and Dean, School of Assistant Director
Council, Textiles, Women’s Educational Fashion and Design, GD Weaver Service Centre,
New Delhi Fund Association Goenka University New Delhi
(AIWEFA), New Delhi
Dr. Swarnima Singh Ms. Navya Agarwal Dr. Bhupinder Kaur Ms. Vandana Jaglan
Lecturer, Satyam Entrepreneur, Product Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor,
Fashion Institute, and Graphic Designer, Institute of Home Satyam Fashion Institute,
NOIDA Sitapur Uttar Pradesh Economics, NOIDA
University of Delhi
Dr. Amita Walia Dr. Simmi Bhagat
Associate Professor& HOD, Department of Fabric & Associate Professor, Department of Fabric and
Apparel Science, Institute of Home Economics, Apparel Science Lady Irwin College,
University of Delhi University of Delhi
Dr. Mamta Srivastava Dr. Sandhya Kumar Ms. Anitha Nair
Dy. Director Dy. Director Dy. Director
(Vocational Education), NIOS (Academic Department), NIOS (Vocational Education), NIOS
Dr. Praveen Chauhan Ms. Asheema Singh
Academic Officer, Home Science Project Coordinator
(Vocational Education), NIOS AEP, UNFPA, NIOS
Lesson Writers
Prof. Promil Pande Dr. Swarnima Singh
Prof. and Dean Asst. Professor
School of Fashion and Design, Satyam Fashion Institute, NOIDA
GD Goenka University, Gurugram
Ms. Navya Agarwal Ms. Jyotsna Kapur
Entrepreneur Secretary
Product and Graphic Designer, All India Women’s Educational Fund Association
Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh (AIWEFA), New Delhi
Ms. Saloni Mahour
Photography and Graphic Artist
New Delhi
Language Editor
Ms. Sonali Mathur
Freelance Editor
NOIDA, UP
Visual Artist
Mr. Aman Anand Ms. Saloni Mahour
Freelance Artist Freelance Graphic Artist
New Delhi New Delhi
Course Coordinator
Ms. Asheema Singh
Project Coordinator (AEP)
National Institute of Open Schooling, NOIDA, UP
Typesetting and Cover Design
Multi Graphics
 Contents
Subject Name Page. No

Lesson - 1 The Tools to make a Design 1

Lesson - 2 Tools for Drawing and Sketching 9

Lesson - 3 Playing with Elements of Design 21

Lesson - 4 Nature of Colour 37

Lesson - 5 Exploring Colours 51

Lesson - 6 Observational Drawing 65

Lesson - 7 Principles of Design 81

Lesson - 8 Click and Write 91

Lesson - 9 Let's Get Digital 101

Lesson - 10 Working with Software 109

Lesson - 11 Trends and Forecasting 113

Design Development

1.1 Elements of Design

Now that you have enrolled in the course on Design Development, you will be reading a
lot of new words. Let us try to define some of these words so that you know what they
mean.

A. Dot : The dot is a point which is used to mark a

location in space. A point that extends in one direction
becomes a one-dimensional line. In nature, it is the
most common formation.

Figure 1.1: Types of dots

B. Line: A line is a moving dot that has both a position and a direction in space, having only
one dimension, which is "length". The quality of lines depends on its size, weight, shape,
position, movement and direction, number, pattern, colour, shading, interval and density.
What is important to understand is that dots create lines and lines create shapes, planes
and volume.

Figure 1.2: Types of lines

C. Shape: Any closed two-dimensional area which defines the outline of an object, form,
etc., is called a shape. Shape is of two types: geometric and organic.

Figure 1.3 (a): Geometric shape Figure 1.3 (b) : Organic shape

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 The Tools to Make Design

D. Texture: Texture is usually associated with the sense of touch. It refers to the surface
quality of an object. Qualities like smoothness and roughness are used to describe texture.

Figure 1.4: Different types of textures

E. Form: Form is the complete design in which all of the elements of a design combine.
Three-dimensional objects have height, width and depth.

Figure 1.5: Form

F. Size: Size is a relative term used for comparing figures.
The relative terms of "larger" and "smaller" than another
are used in describing size.

Figure 1.6: Size

G. Space: Space is an empty place or surface in or

around a work of art. Space can be described as
positive or negative, filled or empty.

Figure 1.7: Space

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Design Development

Know your Progress 1.1

1. Match the following. Each question carries 2 marks.

Select the best word from Column II to match with the definitions in Column I. Strike
the correct letter on your answer sheet.

Column I Column I
i. A mark with length and direction, created by A. Dot
a point that moves across a surface.
ii. The empty or open area between, around, B. Texture
above, below and within objects.
iii. The element of art that refers to the surface C. Space
quality or feel of an object.
iv. A flat figure created when actual or implied D. Line
lines surround a space - can be geometric
or organic.
v. A point which is used to mark a location in space. E. Shape

2. Select the best answer from the choices given to fill in the blanks in the following
statements. You may also repeat words. Each question carries 2 marks.

i. The art element that refers to the sense of touch is___________ .

A. Form B. Pattern C. Texture D. Shape
ii. The element that refers to the tactile qualities is ____________.
A. Space B. Pattern C. Texture D. Shape
iii. ___________may be geometric or organic.
A. Form B. Space C. Texture D. Shape
iv. Rough is an example of _________.
A. Line B. Space C. Texture D. Shape
v. The line which is rounded is called____________.
A. Straight Line B. Curved Line C. Zig - Zag lines D. Tapered Lines

Fill your score: ___________/20

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 The Tools to Make Design

1.2 Textile Design

While textile is defined as any type of cloth or woven fabric, design is the process of creating
compositions for woven, knitted, printed fabrics or surface-ornamented fabrics. Let us learn
some of the common terms used in textile design.
A. Motif-One (or many) distinctive and recurring element, form, shape or figure that make
up a design is called a motif.

Figure: 1.8 Motif design

B. Pattern- A design for decorating a surface composed

of a number of motifs arranged in a regular or formal
manner is called a pattern. When the same pattern is
repeated often on the surface of a fabric it is called a
"repeat pattern". The repeat pattern can be made on
the border or on the body of a fabric.

Figure: 1.9 Patterns

C. Border Design- A pattern designed to run lengthwise along the edge of the fabric is called
border design. Sarees also have pallu designs to complement the border.

Figure: 1.10 Border designs Figure: 1.11 Body

D. Body-The entire space of the fabric is called body. It may or may not be enclosed within
borders.

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Design Development

E. Warp and weft placement-In weaving, the lengthwise yarns that are held in tension on
a frame or loom to create cloth is called warp. The weft is the yarn that is inserted over-
and-under the warp yarns and drawn through to form the fabric. Warp is the lengthwise
or longitudinal thread in a roll, while weft is the transverse thread. Let us learn about
some common terms used in developing woven designs.

Weft

Warp

Pick

End

Figure: 1.12 Warp and Weft

i. End and pick- While a single thread of the weft, crossing the warp, is called a pick,
each individual warp thread in a fabric is called a warp end or end.
ii. Along the grain and selvage-The straight grain is parallel to the warp threads and
the selvedge. A selvedge is a self-finished edge of a fabric. Selvages keep the fabric
from unravelling or fraying. The straight grain has less stretch than the cross grain
since the warp threads are pulled tighter than the weft during weaving.
iii. Across the grain-Crosswise grain are the threads that run perpendicular to the
selvage of the fabric or the cut edge of the fabric as it comes off the bolt. Across the
grain or crosswise grain has more stretch than the straight grain.
iv. Supplementary weft- Sometimes an extra set of threads is woven into the weft
between two regular weft threads to create an ornamental pattern. This weft is in
addition to the ground weave. Belt loom textiles are an example of supplementary
weaving of the weft in which thicker threads are used to form the pattern.

Figure: 1.13 Supplementary weft

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 The Tools to Make Design

v. Supplementary warp- An additional set of threads is incorporated in the warp to

create the design.

Figure 1.14 Supplementary warp

Portfolio Activity 1.1

Try to find the local names for each of these terms and write them in the box given below:

(i) Dots:
(ii) Lines:
(iii) Shapes:
(iv) Textures:
(v) Form:
(vi) Size:
(vii) Shape:
(viii) Warp
(ix) Weft

Know your Progress 1.2

1. Label the weft and warp threads and the pick. 3 Marks

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Design Development

2. Label the border and body in the following figure. 2 marks

Fill your score: ___________/05

1.3 This is What You Have Learnt

Let us Practice
1. Give one similarity and one difference between a dot and a line.
2. Explain shape in about 30 words.
3. How does selvage indicate that the pattern is along the grain or across the grain?

Answers to Know your Progress

1.1 1. (1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-E, 5-A)
2. (1-C, 2- C, 3-D, 4-C, 5-B)
1.2 Correct labelling
Your total score for this lesson is: ____________/25

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Design Development

2.1 Tools to draw the design

You know that drawing is a form of visual art which requires different tools and instruments
for drawing. These drawing tools include graphite pencil, eraser, sketch book, ruler, pencil
sharpener, tracing paper and set squares. Let us get introduced to various tools of design.
A. Graphite Pencil -Pencil is the basic tool for drawing. Various types of pencils are available
that range from 9H (hardest) to 9B (Softest).The hardest pencils create lighter, thinner
lines, while the softest pencils create darker and thicker lines.

Figure 2.1: Grading of pencils

H pencils are hard and they leave less graphite on the paper. This
means that they are lighter. B pencils are softer and leave more H is for Hardness
graphite on the paper, meaning they are darker. An HB pencil is
B is for Blackness
kind of in the middle. One can use HB to 2B for drawing. F pencils
are fine point pencils and are lighter in shade. As HB and F falls
adjacent to each other on the degree scale, there are few
differences between F and HB pencils. The HB has less clay and more graphite giving darker
shade than F pencils which havemore clay and less graphite and is lighter in shade. Figure 2.2
clearly shows the effects of pencils of various numbers. HB has a soft lead and F has hard lead.
Let us see the kind of effects that can be created with graphite pencils using different drawing
techniques.

Figure 2.2 Swatches of pencil shade

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 Tools for Drawing and Sketching

i. Hatching - When you draw closed parallel lines, it is called hatching. The effect can be
clearly seen in figure 2.3.

Figure 2.3: Hatching and Cross Hatching

ii. Cross Hatching - If the parallel lines are drawn in opposite direction of hatching, it is
called cross hatching. Double lines create dark shades as can be seen in figure 2.3.
iii. Stippling - Sometimes small dots are used to do the shading. This is called stippling and
its effect can be seen in figure 2.4.
iv. Scribbling - As seen in figure 2.4, multidirectional drawing also leads to shading effects.
It is called scribbling shading.

Stippling Scribbling

Figure 2.4: Stippling and scribbling

B. Eraser-Erasers are a very important tool for drawing. There

are various types of erasers available in the market. Rubber
erasers are good for erasing graphite from the paper. A well
maintained eraser doesn't leave any marks behind.

Figure 2.5: Eraser

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Design Development

C. Sketch or Drawing Book - It is very important to have the right kind of sketch book for
drawing. It is available in various sizes such as A4, A3and A2 both in landscape and portrait
[Link] paper is presented with the shorter side at the top it is referred to as Portrait
and when it has the longer side at the topit is referred to as Landscape.
Sketch book (figure 2.6) contains normal paper, cartridge paper and water colour paper
which is coated with gelatin. Normal paper and cartridge are good for drawing.
Hardbound sketch books help in protecting your work.

Sketch book Tooth (surface) of the paper

Figure 2.6: Tooth of paper
All papers have a surface texture and that surface texture is called the tooth of the paper.
Generally, the more tooth a paper has, the rougher it feels. Smoother the surface, lesser is the
tooth of the paper. For drawing with pencil, smooth texture and acid free paper should be
used. Rough surface paper is used for water colours and oil pastels. Medium tooth paper is
suited for drawing with a variety of drawing media including graphite, charcoal and coloured
pencils. Figure 2.7 indicates the appropriate paper for different type of media.

Paper Tooth & Media

Figure 2.7: Paper tooth for different types of media

[Link]
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 Tools for Drawing and Sketching

Portfolio Activity 2.1

Create a swatch in your sketch file by using different pencils and techniques of shading
such as stippling, hatching, crosshatching and scribbling in boxes of size 1"/1". Example
has been given in figure 2.8.
Note : Swatches of pencil drawing - (Swatch is a sample of fabric, colour or any material
preserved in a file or sketch book)

Figure 2.8: Shading techniques

D. Ruler - A ruler is used for drawing lines. It is made up of plastic, metal and wood. It is
graduated in inches, centimetres and millimetres. Rulers are available in 6", 12", 18", 24"
and 36". It may also be called a scale.

Figure 2.9: Ruler

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Design Development

Portfolio Activity 2.2

Time for a field trip! Go to a local store that sells school supplies. Check out the selection of
pencils available. How many different types of pencils can you find? Does the store sell any
pencils specifically for artists? Please mention the types of pencils available with the prices.

Sr No. Type of Pencil Brand Price

E. Pencil Sharpener - Sharpening a pencil is an art. Perfectly sharpened pencil enhances

the quality of your art work. A good pencil sharpener is a must in every drawing kit.

Figure 2.10: Pencil with sharpener

F. Knife - Now let us know one more pencil cutting tool. It is a knife which is the most
versatile method of sharpening a pencil. It is also referred to as a cutter or blade. It can
take a little practice but it is a very useful skill to master. Make sure you cut away from
yourself and preferably over a bin. With softer leads try cutting smaller bits at a time to
prevent breaking. After cutting it is sharpened with sand paper to make the tip pointed.

Figure 2.11: Knife , 2.12:Pencil sharpened with knife 2.13: Sharpening with sand paper

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 Tools for Drawing and Sketching

Most of the designers prefer paper cutter and sand paper for sharpening the pencil
because pencils sharpened with sharpener get blunt easily. It is also easy to shape the
pencil suitable to your grip.
G. Set Squares and French curve and Compass - How will you draw lines on different
angles or curved lines? There are certain tools that help you do just that. These are set
squares (figure 2.14) which are used to draw lines at angles of 30°, 45° and 60° at both
vertical and horizontal sides. They are triangular in shape with one side being a right-
angled triangle. French curve (figure 2.15) is a tool which is used to draw curves in drawing.
They are made of plastic, metal and wood. Compass is used for drawing circles and arcs of
circles. The compass (figure 2.16) has two legs hinged at one end. One of the legs has a
pointed needle fitted at the lower end whereas the other end has provision for inserting
pencil lead.

Figure 2.14: Set Squares Figure 2.15: French curve

Figure 2.16: Compass

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Design Development

Portfolio Activity 2.3

Create a design using compass, set squares and French curve. First create a circle with a
compass, then draw a line using set squares and join these lines using French curve. Few
examples are given below in figure 2.17.

Figure 2.17: Designs using set squares, French curve and compass.
[Link]

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 Tools for Drawing and Sketching

Know your Progress 2.1

Fill in the blanks with appropriate word. Each question carries 2 marks.
i. What H is to Hardness; B is to _______.
ii. What 9H is to lightness; 9B is to __________________.
iii. What rulers are to straight lines; Set squares are to__________.
iv. What rough is to charcoal pastel; smooth is to____________.
v. What French curves is to curved lines; compass is to___________.
Fill your score: ______/ 10

H. Ink Pen – Ink pen is used to draw fine lines in technical drawing. It is used on paper and
butter paper for designing motifs. It leaves very fine and clean lines while designing.

Figure 2.18: Ink pen

I. Colour Pencils - These are dry medium and are relatively cheap. It is an art medium
constructed of a narrow pigment core encased in a wooden covering.

Figure 2.19: Colour Pencils

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Design Development

J. Oil Pastels - It is also a drawing medium and they spread on paper easily. They are also
known as wax oil crayons and are made up of pigment mixed with a non-drying oil and
wax binder. Oil pastels are available in scholastic, student or professional grade.

Figure 2.20: Oil Pastels

K. Poster Colour Set - This are used with water medium and gives a smooth finish on paper.
They are easy to mix and use. They also dry easily. These are colour tools which will be
dealt in next lesson in detail.

Figure 2.21: Poster colours and motif created with it

L. Brushes for Painting- The paint brush is an excellent

tool for painting on paper or canvas. There are many
varieties of brushes available in the market. The paint
brushes come in various sizes and shapes. Mainly
paint brushes are of two types-round and flat with
size ranging from 0 to 24 or even higher. The higher
the number, the bigger the brush and the smaller the
number the finer the brush. Round brush is good for
outlining, sketching and filling small motifs and
designs. Flat brushes are used for painting large areas
and bold strokes. These brushes are made of synthetic
Figure 2.23:Brushes
material as nylon and polyester.

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 Tools for Drawing and Sketching

Portfolio Activity 2.4

Using compass and pencil as a medium, create two mandala designs on your sketch book
and colour with colour pencils or oil pastels. A mandala is usually a circular design with a
centrepoint, from which emanates a number of symbols, shapes and forms. Mandala can
contain both geometric and organic forms.

Figure 2.24: Mandala design

2.2 Maintenance of tools and equipment

Drawing tools are delicate and need to be taken care of and maintained properly, for continuous
working. Therefore, there are certain points you must keep in mind for organizing and storing
these drawing tools.
• Keep the tool in proper place only.
• Use only those tools which are intended for that purpose.
• Clean tools immediately after use.
• Sharp pointed tools should be kept covered.
• Ensure that tools are in good working condition before using.
• Erasers are cleaned by washing them with soapy solution or wiping with cotton cloth.
• While using paint, keep the paints away from eyes, mouth anduse hands immediately
after using.

Portfolio Activity 2.5

Market Survey
Go to the market and explore various types, brands and materials of drawing tools used for
drawing. Make a drawing kit for yourself at minimum cost.

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Design Development

2.3 This is What You Have Learnt

Let us Practice
1. Why does HB pencil give darker shades than F pencil?
2. Which tool will you use for drawing arcs and circles in sketching?
3. Which pencil will you prefer for drawing fine-lined motifs and for shading it? Explain by
making suitable figure.
4. What type of tooth of the paper is suitable for most mediums?
5. In squares of 1"/1" show the following effects and mention the pencil number used:
i. Dark shading
ii. Light stippling
iii. Medium crosshatching
6. On which tooth of paper do ink pens give the best result?
7. Why is it important to take proper care and maintenance of the drawing tools?

Answer to Know your Progress

2.1 i) Blackness ii) Darkness iii) angles iv) pen v) circle

Your total score for the lesson is _______________________ /10

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Design Development

3.1 Playing with Elements of Designs (EOD)

You have learnt about elements of design in lesson 1 and tools for designing in lesson 2. You will
be using both the design elements and tools to create beautiful designs. You may recall that the
elements of design are dots, line, shape, texture, forms, size and space. We will be working on
each one by one.
A. Dots - We know that dot is the smallest unit of design and is used to mark a location in
space. Some examples of making designs using dots can be seen in figure 3.2 Let us carry
out some practical work on dots.

Figure 3.1: Dots

Portfolio Activity 3.1

In a box of size 6" by 6", design and develop a floral motif for dress material showing
gradation of dots in various sizes of pencils or ink pen in your sketch file. The example is
given below in figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2:Dots Design

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 Playing with Elements of Design

Portfolio Activity 3.2

Polka dots are the dots that are repeated multiple times to form a pattern. Create a design
for photo frame size 5" by 7" using polka dots. The picture of the frame is given in figure 3.3
for your reference.

Figure 3.3: Polka Dots Frame

Portfolio Activity 3.3

Cut circles of different shapes and sizes from colourful origami paper. Stick the circles of
different sizes to compose a design on a chart paper as given in figure 3.4. Place the design
in your portfolio.

Figure 3.4:Composition using dots

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Design Development

B. Line- Line is the fundamental element of design. A line is made up of many dots. It can
also be called a moving dot as it has both a position and a direction in space. However, it
has only one dimension. Figure 3.5helps us to remember the types of lines and how
they look.

Figure 3.5:Types of Lines

Portfolio Activity 3.4

In square boxes 4"by 4" draw each of the following lines on cartridge sheet.
1. Straight vertical 2. Straight horizontal
3. Diagonal 4. Diagonal crossed
5. Wavy - regular 6. Wavy - irregular
7. Thick / thin 8. Zig zag - regular
9. Zig zag - irregular 10. Spiral

Portfolio Activity 3.5

Often curved lines are used to create visual movements. Figure 3.6 is a good example of
visual movement. Create a composition showing visual movements through lines in a box
6" by 4".

Figure 3.6:Movement in lines

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 Playing with Elements of Design

Portfolio Activity 3.6

Beautiful designs are created when a single line is repeated many times. The lines may be
straight or curved. Example of line repetition design can be seen in figure 3.7. In a size 10"
by 10" cartridge sheet creates a design using line repetition style. You can add dots and
shapes to create interest. Save your work in the portfolio.

Figure 3.7: Line designs

C. Shape- You may recall that any closed two-dimensional area which defines the outline
of an object, form, etc. is called a shape. Given in figure 3.8 you can see some examples
of shapes. With a view to understand the elements properly let us work on various
shapes.

Figure 3.8: Various shapes and their composition

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Design Development

Portfolio Activity 3.7

In A-4 sized cartridge sheet each, draw following categories of shapes:
1. Geometric Shapes - Circles, squares, rectangles and triangles. We see them in
compositions.
2. Organic Shapes - Leaves, sea shells and flowers are organic shapes. We see them in
nature and they have free flowing, informal and irregular characteristics.
3. Positive Shapes - In a drawing, positive shapes are the solid forms (positive space)
in a design such as a bowl of fruit. Colour the positive shape.
4. Negative Shapes - In a drawing, the space around the positive shape is negative
space. Negative space can form a shape when it meets a positive shape. Negative
space can include the sky or spaces between objects. To show negative space colour it.

Portfolio Activity 3.8

Draw and label geometric shape and organic shapes. Observe the objects around your area
and draw five shapes each in a sketch file. The shapes can be drawn in a box of 5"X 5".

D. Textures: Take a leaf or a comb. Pick it in your hand. Now close your eyes. Feel its weight
on your palm. Now gently rub your thumb over its surface. Feel its texture. Texture refers
to the surface quality or the feel of the surface. Every object has texture. Texture can be
smooth, rough, silky, shiny, fuzzy etc. As shown in figure 3.9, texture can be taken by
gently rubbing pencil on a paper kept over the object.
Textures can be used to create focal point in design, to create contrast and to visually
balance a design. Let's do some activity to learn more about textures. You will really enjoy
working with various textures. For your understanding, some images are given in fig. 3.9.

Figure 3.9:Types of Textures

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 Playing with Elements of Design

Portfolio Activity 3.9

Let's do some hands-on textures. Given below is a box with some names. Create textures
utilizing this medium and observe different textures. You can add more textures to this list.
Write their procedure too.
Smoke Bark Spray Leaf Wax ladyfinger
Procedure: Procedure: Procedure: Procedure: Procedure: Procedure:
Light a candle. Take a Prepare a Pick a leaf Take a Take a lady
Place paper plain paper colour in a from your lighted finger cut it
above the and put the colour surrounding candle. Now into pieces.
candle so as to paper on a palette. Dip which has apply the Let it dry
capture smoke bark and tooth brush some texture. melted wax for some
on it. Move apply a in the colour. Apply colour on the time, after
paper to make pencil or Remove on the leaf paper in dot that apply
smoky designs wax colour excess colour with brush. form or any poster
over the and then Paste the leaf design. colour with
paper as spray slowly colour side After drying brush on
shown in on the paper. down on apply the ladyfinger
picture paper. The poster and create
below. impression of colour on textures on
the leaf will the paper paper.
appear on
paper. See the
picture given
below.

Portfolio Activity 3.10

Let us go on a texture walk and collect as many different textures as you can find. You can
also take quick sketches of what you see on sketching file. Observe the texture surrounding
your environment, feel the texture through finger tips by closing your eyes. This can help
you to not only notice textures but give you ideas for textures that you can incorporate into
your sketch book. Figure 3.10 gives more examples of textures for you.

Figure 3.10: Textures

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Design Development

Portfolio Activity 3.11

Wow! Fabrics have amazing textures, so you will actually visualize various textures by
observing and touching different types of fabrics. Collect samples of fabrics with different
textures. Make a collage and paste on the file. Fabric should be evenly finished. In the figure
3.11 some fabrics are shown for reference.

Figure 3.11: Cotton fabric texture

E. Forms: Form is a three-dimensional geometrical figure that can be measured in length,

width and height. Form can be geometric and natural or organic. As shown in figure 3.12
various objects in geometric and natural forms can be seen.

Geometric Forms

Natural or Organic Forms

Figure 3.12: Forms

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 Playing with Elements of Design

Portfolio Activity 3.12

Memory drawing using basic forms: Design is a creative process that involves recollection
and imagination. Drawing from memory deals with the recollection of images and
rearranging them to make a new composition. This activity will help you to visualize new
designs and transfer them on paper.

Figure 3.13: Basic Forms

Portfolio Activity 3.13

Draw and shade correctly the four basic forms in your file. You can use hatching and cross
hatching techniques for shading. For inspiration see figure 3.14.

Figure 3.14:Basic form with and without shading

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Design Development

F. Size: You have learnt that size is a relative term used for comparing figures from larger
to smaller.

Figure 3.15: Size

Portfolio Activity 3.14

Here is an interesting activity to understand "size" as a design element. Cut lines of various
widths on a black chart paper and stick on white background, to show the gradation of
size. See figure 3.16 to get an idea of how to do this activity. In this way, you can show the
variation in sizes of any object. You can use other shapes to show the gradation in size.

Figure 3.16: Variation of Size

30
 Playing with Elements of Design

G. Space - Space is the area around, above and within an object. Space can be positive or
negative. Positive space is the area filled with objects or elements in the design. Negative
space is the empty space or the space between design elements and objects in design
such as background as shown in figure 3.17.

Figure 3.17: Positive and negative space, white or black

Portfolio Activity 3.15

Let's do an activity on positive and negative shapes. Use black and white chart paper to
create interesting shape from basic geometric shapes as circle, rectangle, triangle etc. Cut
the shapes and create positive and negative shapes on the file and label them positive
and negative. An example can be seen in figure 3.18.

Figure 3.18: Positive and negative space

31
Design Development

H. Colour: Colour is what we see when an object reflects light. It is one of the most powerful
elements of design which will be dealt separately in detail in the lesson on colours.

Figure 3.19: Colour Chart

Know your Progress 3.1

Q.1 All statements are partially correct. Rewrite the statements with the correct
information. Each statement carries 5 marks. There will be two or more correct
answers. An example has been done for your reference.
All forms in nature are free flowing geometric figures.
Some/many forms in nature are free flowing while others are geometric. / Some forms
in nature are free flowing and organic but not geometric. /Some forms in nature are
geometric and not free flowing.
1. Line is the smallest unit of design and is created with a number of dots.
2. Curved line is a shape that can measured with a scale.
3. Texture an important part of design is closely associated with the sense organ of
smelling.
4. Form is a two-dimensional figure.
5. A design is a negative space which can be defined as empty space in the pattern.
Fill you score ______/ 25

3.2 Transferring the Designs

Let us now understans how these designs can be transferred to the fabric.
We will now discuss various methods of transfering the [Link] are -
A. Tracing paper
B. Direct drawing method

32
 Playing with Elements of Design

C. Carbon paper method

D. Light method
E. Prick method
F. Tracing wheel method
G. Template method

A. Tracing Paper - It is a semi-transparent thin paper (figure 3.20) used for drawing and
transferring the design. Soft pencil (B and 2B) is used for transferring adesign.

Figure 3.20:Tracing Paper

B. Direct Drawing Method - This method requires skill and practice. One should have the
flare for drawing free hand. The design is directly drawn on the paper or fabric with
pencil or pen.

Figure 3.21: Direct Drawing

33
Design Development

C. Carbon Paper Method - This is a suitable method for

transferring even complex designs. Carbon paper in
various colours such as red, green, blue, white and
yellow are available. Light-coloured carbon paper is
used on dark background and dark colour is used on
light background. The marks disappear after wash.
Place the carbon paper with the carbon side on fabric.
Now place the design on the carbon paper. Fix the
carbon paper fabric and the design with the pin so that
it does not shift while tracing. Now trace the design by
drawing the design with the pencil. It is important to Figure 3.22: Carbon Paper
maintain even pressure while tracing. Too light a method
pressure and the fine lines will not get transferred. Too
much pressure will result in smudging.

D. Light Table Method -It is a simplest method to transfer

the design in which the fabric and design is kept on
transparent glass against the bright light. The design is
easily transferred as it is clearly shown through the
lightbeing passed through the glass. The light table
consists of a glass on the top and light source in the
box. Put the paper with design on the top over the glass.
Due to the reflection of the light below the box the
design is clearly visible and you can trace the design
easily.
Figure 3.23: Light Table

E. Prick Method - This method is used to transfer the design repeatedly and used on a
commercial level also. Butter paper is used for this purpose. First the design is transferred
on the butter paper. The lines of the design are pricked with a needle. Keep a soft pad
underneath and prick along each line using a fine pin or needle. Hold the tracing paper to
the light to check if each line has been pricked properly.
Depending on the colour of the fabric, the design is transferred using kerosene oil with
using talcum or charcoal powder. The design can be preserved for future use if kept
properly in a file.

Figure 3.24: Prick Method

34
 Playing with Elements of Design

F. Tracing Wheel Method: Tracing wheel contains a

pointed tooth wheel fixed on a handle. The design is kept
on the fabric with a carbon paper in between. All the
three are secured with pins and tracing wheel is run over
the design. The tooth of the tracing wheel makes a fine
dotted line on the fabric which can be drawn with the
pencil. It is basically used to trace curved lines such as
the neckline.
Figure 3.25: Tracing wheel
method, tracing wheel

G. Template Method - This is another method in which

hard paper or cardboard is used as a template of design.
Once made it can be used many times for transferring
the designs. It can be preserved for a long time. A design
is traced on the cardboard and the shapes are cut out.
This design can be used for tracing the design on the
fabric. This design template can be preserved for long
use if kept properly in a file and can be reused
repeatedly. Figure3.26: Template Method

Now let's do an activity based on these methods. This would help us learn and practice these
methods.

Portfolio Activity 3.16

Transferring the designs using various methods.
1. Select the design given in figure 3.27 and transfer those
designs using four different methods on paper size 10" by
10".
2. Create one permanent transfer and keep it in the file.
3. Transfer the design on fabric size 10" by 10" using the
permanent transfer.
Figure 3.27: Motifs for tracing
4. Stick the samples in your file.
5. Write the steps of transferring the designs for each of the method?

Answer the following questions.

1. Which method of transferring the designs was most time consuming? Give reasons.
2. Which method did you find most suitable for curved designs? Why?
3. Which of the methods did you find most suitable to your style of working?

35
Design Development

3.4 This is What You Have Learnt

Let us Practice
1. Define line and explain different types of lines through illustrations.
2. Differentiate between form and shape.
3. Show the difference between geometric and organic shapes using a diagram.
4. Explain the prick method and tracing wheel method of transfer of design. Give one similarity
and one difference between the two.
5. Explain the two ways of making a permanent transfer.

Answers to Know your Progress

1. Line is created with a number of dots which are the smallest units of design. / Dots are the
smallest units of design and a number of dots help create a line.
2. Shape is an enclosed space and cannot be measured with a scale. /Curved line is not a
shape; hence it can be measured with a scale.
3. Texture an important part of design is closely associated with the sense organ of touch.
4. Form is a three-dimensional figure. / Shape is a two-dimensional figure
5. Area around a design is a negative space which can be defined as empty space in the
pattern. / A design is a positive space which can be defined as pattern in the empty space.
Your total score for the lesson is ______/ 25

36
Design Development

4.1 How we see colour

Have you ever wondered why the colours that we see in the daylight don't look the same after
sunset? Why do colourful flowers appear as grey shadows and silhouettes at night?This is
because light is needed for colour to become visible. The level of illumination ranging from no
light to full illumination determines how well you see colour.
We have all seen a rainbow when the sun shines on a rainy day. The English physicist and
mathematician Sir Isaac Newton explained this by analysing white light or day light (sun light).
He passed a beam of light through a triangular prism resulting in the emergence of a spectrum
of seven individually coloured 'rays' of light namely, Red, Orange,Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo
and Violet. We see rainbows in the same way when white light passes through the raindrops
refracting light to create a spectrum.

Figure 4.1:Rainbow
Source:[Link]

Figure 4.2: Spectrum from a beam of white light

Source: [Link]

Colour is the limited range of light that we humans can see. Light is classified on the basis of
wave length. The human eye can see only the visible light spectrum which ranges from violet

38
 The Nature of Colour

light of about 400 nanometers to red light with a longer wave length of about 650-700
nanometers. The purple rays are known as shortwave (ultra violet) while the red rays are long
waves (infra red).

Figure 4.3: Visible spectrum

Source: [Link]

You may wonder how different objects, appear differently coloured, when the light source
remains the same? Colour is not a physical property of an object but is the result of the object’s
ability to absorb and reflect light rays. Let us see how this happens.

There are three ways in which objects interact with light as follows:

1. Absorb some of the coloured rays of white light and reflect others; for example in a ripe
tomato, all except the red rays is absorbed. The red rays are reflected and that is how we
see the red tomato.

2. Absorb all the rays. When they are all absorbed the object appears black.
3. Reflect all the [Link] all the light rays are reflected, the object appears white.

Figure 4.4:Red colour reflected while all others absorbed

39
Design Development

Portfolio Activity 4.1

Relationship between light and colour
Cover a table with a white table cloth. Place a collection of coloured objects on it. Place the
table in white light/daylight. Take photographs at different time periods maintaining the
same angle and distance. Do not use any artificial light or flash of the camera/mobile.
Photo 1: 6.00am Photo 2: 8.00am
Photo 3: 10.00 am Photo 4: 12.00 noon
Photo 5: 2.00 pm Photo 6: 4.00 pm
Photo 7: 6.00pm Photo 8: 8.00pm
Photo 10: 10pm
Notice:
i) When are the colours brightest?
ii) When do the colours look grey?
iii) When do you see black silhouettes?
Save the pictures in your portfolio. Document your observations against the pictures.

4.2 Types of colors

While designing you will be mixing and applying colour both in the form of light colours and
pigment [Link], it is important to understand that when you mix colours from a
light spectrum the resultant colours are different from when you mix pigment colours. Even
the primary colours in both light and pigment colours are different.
A. Light Colours:
When you select and mix colours on the computer you will be using the additive colour
mixing process. It is a method used to produce specific colours by mixing together of
coloured light. Green, red and blue primaries are those relating to coloured light. Let us
understand the primary colours of light and the basic principles of additive colour mixing.
The additive primary colours are - Green, Blue and Red. These are also known as light
primaries.

Figure 4.5: Light Primaries

Mixing the light primaries result in the following secondary colours, also known as light
secondaries.

40
 The Nature of Colour

Figure 4.6: Light primaries and resultant secondaries

B. Pigment Colours
Mixing together of pigment (paint) to produce colour is called subtractive colour mixing. The
primary colours relating to pigment (paint) are Red, yellow and blue and are called
[Link] subtractive primaries are- yellow, blue and red.

Figure 4.7: Pigment Primaries

Mixing the pigment primaries result in the following secondaries.

Figure 4.8: Pigment Primaries and resultant Secondarys

The pigment primaries are called Subtractive, when mixed together they create black.
The light primaries are called Additive, when mixed together create white.

Portfolio Activities 4.2

1. Recreate figure 4.6 on your computer screen using suitable software that you are
familiar with. You may refer to lesson 'Let's Get Digital'. Take a printout and add to
your portfolio. What did you observe and learn while mixing colors?
2. Recreate figure 4.8 using poster paints. Add the completed work to your portfolio.
What did you observe and learn while mixing colors?

41
Design Development

Know your progress 4.1

Each question carries 2 marks
1. Identify the colours in the visible light spectrum?
2. What is the difference between the subtractive color and additive color primaries?
3. List the secondary colours obtained while mixing the
subtractive color primaries.
4. List the secondary colours obtained while mixing additive
color primaries
5. Look at the given image and explain why different colours
are visible on the finger nails
Fill your score: ______/ 10

4.3 Characteristics of Colour

Every colour has three characteristics, namely, hue, value and intensity (chroma/saturation).
A. Hue: Hue is the name of the colour and can be described as any colour of the spectrum or
colour wheel. For example: yellow, blue, scarlet etc.

Figure 4.9: Hue

B. Value: Value can be described as the relative lightness or darkness of a colour in the form
of tint, tone or shade. You may refer to the grey scale studied in earlier lessons.
i. Tint: A hue + white added.

ii. Tone: A hue + grey added

iii. Shade: A hue + black added.

Figure 4.10: Value

42
 The Nature of Colour

C. Intensity (Chroma/Saturation):The purity of a colour which determines its relative

brightness or dullness is called intensity. It is also referred to as chroma or saturation.
Colours can be of the same hue and have varying degrees of saturation.

Figure 4.11 Chroma

4.4 Classification of Colour

Colours can be classified in the following manner:
A. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
i. Primary hues are pure hues. All other hues are created by mixing primary hues in
varying proportions. Yellow, Blue and Red are the pigment primary hues.
ii. Secondary hues are created by mixing two primary hues.
• Yellow+ Blue= Green;
• Blue+ Red= Violet;
• Red+Yellow= Orange.
iii. Tertiary hues are created by mixing a primary and a secondary hue.
• Yellow (Y)+ Green (G)= Yellow Green (YG);
• Blue(B)+ Green(G)= Blue Green(BG);
• Blue(B)+ Violet(V) = Blue Violet(BV);
• Red(R)+Violet(V)= Red Violet(RV);
• Red(R)+ Orange(O) = Red Orange(RO);
• Yellow(Y)+ Orange(O)= Yellow Orange(YO).

Figure 4.12: Twelve hued Colour Wheel

43
Design Development

B. Warm and Cool colours

If we divide the colour wheel by drawing a line through the middle- yellow to violet, the colours
on the left side are classified as warm as they represent fire and heat. The colours on the right
are classified as cool colours as they represent water and calmness. Warm colours are also
called advancing colours as they appear to advance or come closer. Cool colours appear to
recede or move away and thus are called receding colours.

Figure 4.13: Advancing and receding colours

4.5 Colour Schemes

The beauty of a design can be enhanced by selecting colours that are pleasing to the eye
and create harmony. This can be done by developing schemes based on systematic colour
relationships. Colour relationships or schemes may be created using 2, 3, 4 or more hues
in different values and intensities. So let us take a look at some of the most used schemes.
For ease of understanding refer to the twelve hued colour wheel figure 4.12.

A. Primary Colour Scheme: Schemes

created by using red, yellow and
blue hues.

Picture source: [Link]

decorating-designing-and-cool-ideas/

Figure 4.14: Primary colour scheme

B. Secondary Colour Scheme:

Schemes using green, orange and
violet; hues that are mixed by
combining two primary colours.
Picture source: [Link]

257197828691725688/

Figure 4.15: Primary colour scheme

44
 The Nature of Colour

C. Tertiary Colour Schemes: Schemes

using colours created by mixing a
secondary colour and a primary colour
such as blue green, red orange, red
violet, etc.
Picture source:[Link]
organizing/g142/feng-shui-vastu-shastra-sans-the-spiritual-
stuff-55999/?slide=7

Figure 4.16: Tertiary colour scheme

D. Monochromatic Colour Scheme:

Composition using tints and shades of
one hue only.

Picture source:[Link]
114349278011770991/

Figure 4.17: Monochromatic colour

scheme

E. Dyads or Complementary Colour

Scheme: Colours that are placed
opposite on a 12 hue colour wheel.

Picture source: [Link]

[Link]

Figure 4.18 Dyads or Complementary

colour scheme

F. Analogous Colour Scheme: Colours

that lie adjacent to each other on the
colour wheel such as red, red orange
and yellow.

Picture source://[Link]/2015/
04/analougous_red_orange_yellow.jpg
Figure 4.19: Analogous Colour
Scheme colour scheme

45
Design Development

G. Split Complementary Colour

Scheme: Colour scheme using a hue
and the two colours that lie on either
side of its compliment on the colour
wheel.
Picture source: [Link]
356839970446376584/

Figure 4.20: Split Complementary

colour scheme

H. Triad colour scheme: It uses three

colours equally spaced around the
colour wheel.
Picture source: [Link]
field_trips_in_fiber/2012/09/colour-theory-16-triadic-colour-
[Link]

Figure 4.21: Triad colour scheme

I. Achromatic Colour Scheme: This is

an all neutral scheme that includes
black, greys and white. It may also
include browns and tans.

Picture source: [Link]

571464640190869283/

Figure 4.22: Achromatic colour scheme

J. Double Complementary Colour Scheme: It utilizes four colours arranged into two
complementary colour pairs. It is also known as Tetradic colour scheme.

46
 The Nature of Colour

Portfolio Activities 4.3

1. Take 5 pictures of a variety of warm hues in your home.
Select a warm hue of your choice from the pictures taken and explore its value. What
did you observe and learn?
2. Take 5 pictures of a variety of cool hues in your home.
Select a cool hue of your choice from the pictures taken and explore its value. What
did you observe and learn?
3. Photograph compositions of 5 different colour schemes of your choice. Add the
completed work to your portfolio.

4.6 Colour Psychology

Colours can have an emotional and psychological effect on us. Colours also have the ability to
impact us and our moods in a variety of ways. However, you will notice that different people
and different cultures react differently to the same colour. Take a look at the following wheel
and analyse the significance of colours in different cultures and what it means.

Figure 4.23: Colours in cultures

47
Design Development

Know Your Progress 4.2

Each question carries 2 marks
1 What is value?
2 How can you make tints, tones and shades of the same colour?
3 Which colours are said to be advancing colours?
4 What is the difference between monochromatic and achromatic colour schemes?
5 List the names of colours that can create a tetradic colour scheme.
Fill your score: ______/ 10

Portfolio Activities 4.4

Do colours in your community have significance? Are certain colours considered
auspicious while some others not so? Identify the colours used for the below listed
occasions in your community.
1. Wedding- Groom, Bride, other family members.
2. Birth of a child- girl, boy, child's mother.
3. Festival - Deepawali, Eid, Christmas, Gurupurab, Baiasakhi, Poongal, Onam, Bihu, Durga
Puja any other.
4. Harvest
5. Important functions- please specify.
6. Grief
Take photographs and document for portfolio.

4.7 This is What You Have Learnt

48
 The Nature of Colour

Let us Practice
1. What is a 12 Hue colour wheel and how does it help in identifying warm colours and
cool colours?
2. What are the characteristics of colour?
3. In how many categories can colours be classified? Explain giving examples.
4. In what way do colour schemes help in improving the design quality? Explain giving
examples.
5. Giving examples differentiate between complementary and split complementary colour
schemes.

Glossary of New Terms:

Illumination -The action of supplying or brightening with light.(Source:https://
[Link]/dictionary/english/)
Refracting-Deflection from a straight path undergone by a light ray or energy wave in
passing obliquely from one medium (such as air) into another (such as glass) in which
its velocity is different. (Source:[Link]
Silhouettes- The dark shape and outline of someone or something visible in restricted
light against a brighter background.(Source:[Link]
dictionary/english/)
Spectrum -Aband of colours, as seen in a rainbow, produced by separation of the
components of light by their different degrees of refraction according to wavelength.
(Source:[Link]

Answers to Know Your Progress

4.1
1. Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red
2. Additive colour mixing process is a method used to produce specific colours by mixing
together of coloured light. Green, red and blue primaries are those relating to coloured
light. The additive primary colours are- Green, Blue and Red. These are also known as
light primaries. Mixing together of pigment (paint) to produce colour is called subtractive
colour mixing. The primary colours relating to pigment (paint) are Red, yellow and blue
and are called subtractive. The subtractive primaries are- Yellow, Blue and Red.
3. Green, Violet and Orange are the secondary colours obtained while mixing the subtractive
colour.
4. Cyan, Magenta and yellow are the secondary colours obtained by mixing additive colour
primaries.
5. Different colours reflect different hues. That is why different colours are visible on the
finger nails.

49
Design Development

4. 2
1. Value is the lightness or darkness of a colour
2. Tints are made by adding white to a hue, tones are made by adding grey to a hue and
shades are made by adding black to a hue.
3. Warm colours are said to be advancing colours.
4. Monochromatic is a colour scheme using a single colour. Achromatic colourschemes use
tints and tones of white and black.
5. A tetradic colour scheme can use orange, blue, reddish violet and yellowish green.
Your total score f or this lesson is: ______/ 20

50
Design Development

5.1 Colouring tools

As this lesson will focus on colour mixing and application of your understanding of colour, you
will need some equipment that will be referred to as colouring tools to execute all the exercises.
You may buy them from any stationary store or order online. You will find a large variety to
choose from to suit your requirement and budget. It is recommended that you buy the best
quality of brushes and colours to suit your budget.. This does not mean the most expensive,
just quality that will enable you to work well without compromising on the output of your
work.
A. Palettes: A palette is the surface upon which an artist or designer squeezes out and
mixes paint. Traditionally, a wooden board with a hole for the thumb, for ease of holding
while painting was used. It is now availablein different sizes, shapes and materials.

Acrylic palette Wooden palette

Figure 5.1: Palettes
[Link] : [Link]

B. Brushes:Like most art material selection, paint brushes are a personal preference
depending on the purpose, techniques and mediums you use. Brushes for water colours
come in a variety of shapes, sizes and hair types. As you paint you will find the most
comfortable fit for yourself.
i. Shapes: Paintbrushes are available in round and flat shapes. The round brushes
are most suited for water colour painting as it holds paint and water well. Round
brushes are also the most versatile and can be used for detailed fine work as well as
broad strokes and washes. Flat brushes are useful for washes and linear strokes.

Figure9 5.2: Brushes

Source:[Link]

52
 Exploring Colour

ii. Sizes: Brushes come in a variety of sizes ranging from 000 to 50. The sizes may also vary
from manufacturer to manufacturer. If you are a beginner you may buy an assortment of
sizes depending on the purpose of your work and gradually keep adding to your collection.
For the assignments on colour it is advisable to buy the following brushes to get started.
• fine brush size 00 (round)
• small size 2/3(round)
• medium size 5/6(round)
• medium size 8(round)
• large size12/14(round)
• size 10 (flat)
• size 16 (flat)

Figure 5.3: Brushes

Source: [Link] [Link]
1731/4056_ecsetlapos.jpg

iii. Hair: The quality of hair of the brush determines its performance and output of the
work. Paint brushes are made from sable, squirrel, ox, goat, camel, synthetic and
combination of hair varieties. Sable is considered the best quality as it holds paint and
water well, and after repeated use holds its shape well. A good brush will not part in
the middle. Always store your brushes flat when not in use. While in use never keep it
in the water jar on its tip.

Figure 5.4:Brush hair

Source: [Link]

C. Pigment paints: When looking for paints you will discover there is a variety available.
Watercolour or aquarelle (French) is a painting method which refers to both the medium

53
Design Development

as well as the resultant art work. The colours are made of pigments suspended in a water-
based solution. They are available in tubes and cakes/pans. You will also find other water-
based mediums like poster paints available in bottles or jars, gouache and acrylic available
in tubes, water soluble pencils and pens. It will be advisable to explore a variety of mediums
to observe the effect and result on your work. Try to explore each colour assignment in
at least three different [Link] will find water colours can be transparent, while
gouache and acrylic are more opaque. Colour pencils and pens are easier to carry around.
Document your observations from personal experience.

Water colour cakes/pans Water colour tubes

Figure 5.5: Water colours
Source: [Link]

Water Soluble colour pencils Water soluble markers

Figure 5. 6: Water soluble pencils and markers
Source: [Link]

D. Drawing board: Is a wooden board that works like a portable table where you can pin
your sheet for drawing and painting purposes.

Figure 5. 7: Drawing Boards

Source: [Link]

54
 Exploring Colour

E. Rag/Sponge: For maintaining your equipment, protecting your brushes and keeping
your workspace clean, a clean cotton rag is essential for wiping brushes, hands and paint.

Figure 5. 8: Rag/sponge
A) Source: [Link]
B) Source: [Link]

F. Jars: For painting you will need at least 3 jars/tumblers for water. One for washing your
brush after using it in colour. The second for further rinsing out your brush before using
it in a different colour and the third jar for holding clean water to use for mixing with
your paints. Always use clean water for colour mixing to get the best results. You may
use tap water for your assignments. As a professional artist you may want to try using
boiled, filtered or distilled water.
G. Paper: There are numerous types and varieties of water colour papers available. They
are sold in single sheets, pads of twenty sheets etc. Some papers are thin while some are
thick. Paper is usually recognized by their "weight".It is advisable to experiment with
various papers to find the one that will best suit your purpose.
H. Pencils: You will need a good drawing pencil for your assignments. Avoid using a very
hard tip as it will leave marks on the paper. Apply soft pressure on your pencil while
drawing to prevent dark pencil lines on your work.
I. Compass: Compass is a tool that enables drawing a circle and dividing it into equal
segments. This will be useful for drawing and dividing the colour wheel.
J. Ruler: Rulers are available in a variety of materials, e.g. wood, aluminium and acrylic. For
precise measurement purposes it is advised to buy a ruler in acrylic. It's transparency
enables you to see through while making markings.

Figure 5. 9 Acrylic ruler

55
Design Development

5.2 Colour Wheel

A colour wheel is a circle used to illustrate the primary hues and all the hues created as a
result of mixing the primary hues. The colour wheel or colour circle as it is also called, is used
by artists and designers for easy identification of hues, value and intensity. The term colour
wheel will be used. In this lesson three hue, six hue and twelve hue colour wheels will be
illustrated.
A. A three hue colour wheel illustrates the three primary hues.

Figure 5.10: A three hue colour wheel

B. A-six-hue colour wheel illustrates the three primary hues and the three secondary hues
created by mixing two primary hues.

Primary 1 Primary 2 Resultant Secondary

Yellow + Blue = Green

Blue + Red = Violet

Red + Yellow = Orange

Figure 5.11: A six hue colour wheel

56
 Exploring Colour

C. A twelve-hue colour wheel illustrates the primaries, secondaries and resultant tertiaries.
Tertiary hues are created by mixing a primary and a secondary hue.

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Yellow(Y) + Green (G)= Yellow Green (YG)

Blue(B)+ Green(G)= Blue Green(BG)

Blue(B)+ Violet(V) = Blue Violet(BV)

Red(R)+ Violet(V)= Red Violet (RV)

Red(R)+ Orange(O) = Red Orange (RO)

Yellow(Y)+ Orange(O)= Yellow Orange (YO)

5.3 Colour Notation

The colour wheels above, however, do not represent all the hues you see around you. You may
wonder how more colours can be represented. Just giving the hues a name is not enough.
After all not all yellows look like the yellow on the colour wheel and similarly not all reds look
like the one you see on the colour wheel. To address this problem colour notation was a system
devised to accurately identify colours. Though there are many systems in use, the most used
system by artists and designers is that of Albert H. Munsell, the American colourist. He wanted
to create a "rational way to describe colour" while teaching his students about colour. Starting
his work on this system in 1898 he published it as A Colour Notation in 1905. Based on
Prof. Munsell's system of numerical notation let us make a hue chart for the hues, yellow-
orange to yellow-green. Following Munsell's theory we will divide each hue into 10 segments,
the pure hue will be denoted by the numerical 5. A value scale for each of these hues can be
created similar to the blue one in image 5.15

Figure 5.12: Colour notation

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Design Development

Figure 5.13: 12 Hue Colour Wheel

5.4 Colour Value

Colour value helps artists and designers to determine the lightness and darkness of a hue.
Value adds depth to a visual and enables representation in 3D form.
A. Achromatic value scale is a graded value representation from black to white only, without
the use of any colour. Black is represented by a lower number and white is represented
by a higher number.

Figure 5.14: Achromatic value scale

B. Monochromatic value scale is a graded value representation of tints (by adding white)
and shades (by adding black) of a single hue.
Blue value scale. The pure hue is represented at 5 on the value scale.

Figure 5.15: Monochromatic value scale

58
 Exploring Colour

Practical 5.1
1. Using a compass draw a circle of radius 3 inches on an
A4 sheet of cartridge paper/ A4 sheet of your sketch
book.
Divide the circle into 6 equal segments. Use this for
creating a 6 Hue colour wheel using primary colours.
Mark the primary and secondary colours with
abbreviations. Add this to your portfolio.
2. In the given 12 hue colour wheel name the hue and fill
the tint value 9 and shade value 2 of each hue.
Figure 5.16: 12 Hue colour wheel

5.5 Specification of Colour

A colour can be identified by specifying hue, value and chroma in that order for any colour.
Prof. Munsell's theory of colour notation enables numerically denoting colour.
In number 5VB 7/ 8 for instance, 5 denotes the pure hue, VB denotes the hue violet-blue, 7
denotes the value-lightness of violet-blue closer to white and 8 denotes a saturated hue
(Chroma).

Figure 5.7 Colour specification Source: reference [Link]

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Design Development

Practical 5.2
Draw and paint a chroma/intensity chart for any two hues of your choice from the colour
wheel.
Select 6 hues from the color wheel and identify their significance in your region and
community. Support with photographs of how the colour is used.

5.6 Colour Schemes

For enhancing the beauty of a design let us now use and explore colours in a variety of ways
and apply them in compositions created by using the elements of design you have studied. To
get started you may use the given template of the vase of Rubin. The Rubin vase illusion was
developed and introduced by psychologist Edgar Rubin in [Link] at the image. What do
you see?
The illusion presents the viewer with a choice of two interpretations
i. two black faces in the foreground with a white background,
ii. a white vase in the foreground with a black background.
(source:[Link]

Practical 5.3
Recreate image of Rubin's vasein your sketch book and represent it in the following
schemes.
1. Explore using various characteristics of colour.
2. Explore using different mediums: paints and colour pencils etc.

A. Primary Colours: Schemes

created by using Red,
yellow and blue the hues
when mixed produce all
other hues.

Figure 5.18: The Rubin Vase and primary colours

60
 Exploring Colour

B. Secondary Colours: Schemes

using green, orange and
violet; hues that are mixed by
combining two primary
colours.

Figure 5.19: The Rubin Vase and secondary colours

C. Tertiary Colours: Schemes

using colours created by
mixing a secondary colour
and a primary colour such as
blue green, red orange, red
violet, etc.

Figure 5.20: The Rubin Vase and tertiary colours

D. Monochromatic:
Composition using tints and
shades of one/mono hue only.

Figure 5.21: The Rubin Vase and monochromatic

colour scheme

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Design Development

E. Dyads or Complementary
Colours: Colours that are
placed opposite on a 12 hue
colour wheel.

Figure 5.22: The Rubin Vase and complementary

colour scheme

F. Analogous Colours: Colours

that lie in adjacent to each
other on the colour wheel, such
as red, red orange and yellow.

Figure 5.23: The Rubin Vase and

complementary colour scheme

G. Split Complementary: Colour

scheme using a hue and the
two colours that lie on either
side of its compliment on the
colour wheel.

Figure 5.24: The Rubin Vase and split

complementary colour scheme

62
 Exploring Colour

H. Triad colour scheme: It uses

three colours equally spaced
around the colour wheel.

Figure 5.25: The Rubin Vase and triad

colour scheme

I. Tetradic (Double
Complementary): It utilizes
four colours arranged into
two complementary colour
pairs.

Figure 5.26: The Rubin Vase and double

complementary colour scheme

J. Achromatic: Is an all neutral

scheme that includes black,
greys and white. It may also
include browns and tans.

Figure 5.27: The Rubin Vase and achromatic

colour scheme

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Design Development

5.7 This is What You Have Learnt

Let us Practice
1. Explain the difference between colour value and colour notation.
2. Create a monochromatic value scale for the following hues:
5 GY
5 BV
5R

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Design Development

Drawing is the art of representation through observation, memory or imagination using lines
and other marks. It has been practiced throughout art history and is an element in all pictorial
art. A drawing may be a preliminary stage in the creation of a work of art and design or a
complete work of art in itself. To enable this expression, artists and designers use a combination
of suitable drawing tools and techniques to create their work.
A. Drawing medium/tools
There are a variety of drawing media/tools available. Traditional drawing media/tools
include pencil, charcoal, pen and ink, chalk and pastels. Modern materials include coloured
pencils, Conté crayons, wax crayons, felt-tip pens and markers. Painting is drawing, but
with a brush. As each medium has a distinctive quality and impact, the choice of medium
would depend on the effect the designer would wish to create. It is advisable to explore
various media to understand and observe the effects that can be achieved.
i. Pencil: Pencil is a stick of graphite encased in wood or a holder and was developed
in England in the 16th century. You have already been introduced to the variety of
graded pencils on an H and B system, which defines the hardness and softness of
the graphite rod. Hard pencils range from 9H (the hardest) to H, and soft pencils
range from 8B (the softest) to B. HB pencils lie between the two ranges, and are the
most commonly used. Each pencil type will carry with it its own unique
characteristics. Types of pencil include mechanical pencils, which provide a
permanently sharp point; carpenters pencils, with flat rectangular heads; and
graphite sticks, used for making broad, dark andthick marks. Coloured pencils are
a more modern invention, and contain a rod made of clay, pigment and wax. They
are blendable and have a wide range of uses.

Figure 6.1: Swatches of Pencil Tone effects

Source: [Link]

Sketching Pencils

66
 Observational Drawing

Clutch pencils

Colour Pencils

Figure 6.2: Tone effects of different types of pencils

Source: [Link] [Link] [Link]
en/listing/223088669/pentel-multi-8-mechanical-color-pencil?ref=landingpage_similar_listing_bot-2

ii. Charcoal: Charcoal is the oldest drawing medium. Modern charcoal is made from
vine and willow twigs and comes in stick, compressed and pencil form. It also comes
in various sizes. The twigs are heated in the absence of air, causing them to blacken.
The resultant charred twig is stick charcoal and is very fragile. Compressed charcoal
is powdered charcoal, compressed and stuck together with a binding agent while
charcoal pencils contain a rod of compressed charcoal. While exploring with charcoal
you will discover it smudges easily, so finished work needs to be preserved with a
fixative spray.

Figure 6.3: Charcoal sticks and chalk

Source: [Link]

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Design Development

Figure 6.4: Still life of fruits in charcoal

Source: [Link]

iii. Pen and ink: Pen and ink is a traditional drawing technique where Black India ink
was used as the medium, however now a huge range of coloured inks are also
available. Inks are available as: water-soluble and waterproof. Water-soluble inks
can be blended, smudged or diluted with water to form a wash; waterproof ink,
once dry, cannot be changed with water. Traditionally ink was applied with various
types of pens, like quills and reeds, dip pens and fountain pens. Nowadays you will
also find felt-tip pens or markers, modern forms of pen and ink. Felt-tips come in a
wide variety of colours, thickness and shapes making it convenient to use for both
amateur and commercial artists.

Figure 6.5: Micron Pens

68
 Observational Drawing

Figure 6.6: Dual tip pens: Brush and Fine tip

Source:[Link]

Figure 6.7: Still life rendered in pen and ink using a variety of mark making techniques

iv. Chalks and pastels: Chalks were first used by prehistoric artists, who drew with
clay sticks coloured with natural pigments. Modern coloured chalk is made from
ground pigment, chalk and a binding gum. Chalk comes in a variety of colours. Pastels
are ground pigments combined with gum and come in both chalk and oil form.
Chalk pastels may be hard or soft, depending on the proportion of pigment to gum;
hard pastels contain a greater amount of binder, while soft pastels have more pigment.
As both give a powdery surface the artwork needs to be preserved with a fixative.

69
Design Development

Figure 6.8: Chalks and Pigments

Source: [Link]

Figure 6.9: Mushroom rendered in chalk Figure 6.10:Still life of fruits in oil pastels
Source: [Link] Source: [Link]

B. Drawing techniques: Drawing techniques include an awareness and representation of

the proportion of the various aspects of a subject, its relation to other objects and the
shape of the "negative space", the area between objects. A range of marks and lines using
a variety of medium are used to express liveliness and depth to bring the drawing to life.
i. Contour Drawing: 'Contour' is outline in French. As the name suggests it is a line
drawing technique that shows the outlines of the subject. It emphases 3-
dimentionality of mass and volume using thick and thin lines omitting fine details
of texture, colour and tone. This is a technique popularly used by designers for motif
and design development.

Figure 6.11: Contour drawings of shoe;

Source: Igor stravinsky,1920 by Pablo Picasso

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 Observational Drawing

Figure 6.12: Contour motifs for pattern development

Image: textile print patternsSource: [Link]
[Link]/pin/174303448048539332/

ii. Hatching and Cross Hatching: 'Hachure' is a French term for a drawing technique
used to create tonal or shading effects by creating closely spaced parallel lines. When
lines are placed at an angle to one another, it is called cross-hatching.

Hatching

Cross Hatching

Figure 6.13: Hatching and Cross Hatching

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Design Development

iii. Stippling: Stippling is a drawing technique where tone and texture are applied
through small dots. The depth of tone can be adjusted by the varying density and
distribution of dots.

Figure 6.14: Stippling technique applied to a sphere; flower and pattern.

Source:[Link] [Link]

iv. Scribbling: Scribbling is another drawing technique used for creating shading
effects by multidirectional markings to create depth and emphasize volume.

Figure 6.15: Scribbled rendering in pencil of a rams head

Fun Activity 6.1

1. Create a catalogue of 50swatches (4X4 inches) with
diverse markings using a variety of drawing tools.
2. Look at the following sketch 'Cottages with a woman
working in the Foreground' by Vincent Van Gogh, a
Dutch artist who produced over a thousand
drawings. In this pen and pencil drawing can you
identify the variety of mark making techniques used
by the artist.

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 Observational Drawing

C. Drawing Shapes and Form:

Shape is an element of art, which is a two-dimensional area defined by a clear border or
outline. Shapes have only two dimensions- length and breadth. A three-dimensional
representation of shape is a form. Hence forms have three dimensions- length, breadth
and height. Shape and form thus define objects in a space.
Shape and form can be categorised as geometric, organic, rectilinear and curvilinear.
i. Geometric shapes are regular, precise edged and correspond to specifically
defined names such as circles, spheres, squares, rectangles, cubes, cones etc. They
are usually constructed or made.
Let us take a look at some shapes and their corresponding forms

Tringle Circle squares

Tetrahydron Sphere Cube

(Triangular Pyramid)

Figure 6.16 Shapes and forms

You will notice however that for the following shapes our perception of form is affected by
our position or viewpoint from which we see an object, therefore affecting the impression it
makes.

Figure 6.17 Visual perception

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Design Development

Representation of forms is enhanced by an understanding of perspective drawing and its visual

principles which is explained later in this lesson.

Fun activity 6.2

Take a cylindrical object and view it from the front, the
top and below. The object should look similar to the image
here. When you view it from different positions what are
the shapes you can see.

Portfolio activity 6.1

Can you identify the shapes you can see in the given cone? Try looking
at it from different positions.
Look for objects that are similar to cones and cylinders and try drawing
them from observation using different media.

ii. Organic shapes: Organic shapes are usually irregular, assymetrical, fluidic, free
flowing and thought to be occurring naturally in animals, plants etc.

Figure 6.18: Organic shapes

Image Source: [Link]

74
 Observational Drawing

iii. Rectilinear shapes: Rectilinear shapes are identified by their straight lines.

Figure 6.19: Composition by Dutch artist Piet Mondriaan

Image Source: [Link]

iv. Curvilinear shapes: Curvilinear shapes are identified by their curved lines.

Figure 6.20: Curvilinear Shapes

Image Source:[Link]

Portfolio Activity 6.2

Collect an assortment of leaves, flowers and twigs. Look at them and study them. Then
draw them in the following manner
i From observation
ii From memory
iii Try using a variety of media and techniques to create a variety of effects.
iv Is there any difference in the represented drawings. Document your observations.
v Add your sketches to your portfolio.

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Design Development

D. Drawing using the basic shapes

While drawing two-dimensional images of your subject, start by identifying shapes that will
enable simplifying the object/ subject of your drawing. Simplified silhouettes are created by
combining variations of the three basic shapes of the circle, square and triangle. You may use
variations such as ovals and rectangles also.
Let us observe the image and see how it can be simplified using basic shapes.

Figure 6.21 Drawing the basic shapes

Source: [Link]

E. Perspective Drawing
In linear perspective it is important to understand the concept of the picture plane and the
horizon line. The picture plane is the surface where the image is drawn and is in front of the
subject being [Link] horizon level is the eye [Link] is important for artists and designers
to have an understanding of perspective drawing as it enables them to represent a sense of
space,depth and the third dimension of what they see within the limits of the flat drawing
surface as artists do not want to limit their drawings to 2 D shapes only.

Figure 6.22: Picture Plane

Image Source: [Link]

76
 Observational Drawing

Figure 6.23: Horizon line

Source: [Link]

While drawing looking up, the horizon line is placed low on the page and while drawing looking
down the horizon line is placed high on the page.

Horizon line

Horizon line

Figure 6.24: Viewing the cube from the top and below
The visual principles that enable representation of perspective are diminution, foreshortening,
convergence and shade and shadow.
Let us understand perspective drawing with the cube, as mentioned earlier. While drawing
from observation it is helpful to simplify objects into basic geometric shapes.
The most common and often used perspectives are one point and two point perspective. In
the image that follows look at the railway track. It appears to be narrowing towards the further
end till it almost vanishes the point where the track converges on the horizon line is called the
vanishing point. Converging at one point is called a one point perspective.

Figure 6.25: One point perspective

Source: [Link]

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Design Development

Portfolio Activity 6.3

Draw a box in one point perspective
i) In your sketch book draw the horizon line on the upper half of
your sheet

ii) Mark a point as your vanishing point

iii) Draw a square shape under the horizon line

iv) From the corners draw extension lines converging at the

vanishing point.

v) Draw a parrallel line to the upper edge and lower edge of the
square.

vi) Complete your form by joining the above drawn parrallel lines
with another set of parallel lines

78
 Observational Drawing

Portfolio Activity 6.4

Draw a box in two point perspective
i) In your sketch book draw the horizon line on the upper half of
your sheet

ii) Mark two points as your vanishing points

iii) Draw a vertical line under the horizon line

iv) From the top and bottom points draw extension lines converging
at the vanishing point.

v) Draw a parrallel lines on either side of the vertical line touching

the extension lines.

vi) Draw extension lines connecting these new parallel linesto the
other vanishing point such that the extension lines intersect.

vii) Complete your drawing by creating the lower base edges and
connecting the two intersecting points

vii) Now repeat the activity of one point perspective and two point perspective with the
horizon line on the lower half of the drawing sheet.
viii) Observe the result of your representation. Do you see a difference? Are you looking
down at the cube or are you looking up at it?

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Design Development

6.6 This is What You Have Learnt

Let us Practice
Q1. Define drawing. List the suitable tools that can be used to draw.
Q,2 Explain at least two drawing techniques that you have used in your assignments? What
were the tools you used?
Q.3 In what way is shape different from form? Explain givingexamples.
Q.4 In how many categories can shape and form be classified? Explain giving examples.
Q.5 Why is perspective drawing important for artists and designers? How will you
differentiate between one point perspective and two point perspective?
Q.6 Assemble a minimum of three objects that resemble a box or a cube of varying [Link]
them on a table and create a [Link] facing the table.
a) Draw the composition of these objects in your sketch book by observation using
one point and two point perspectives.
b) Select and use appropriate drawing tools of your choice to achieve the best effects.

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Design Development

7.1 Principles of Design

Principles of design are a set of guidelines using which all elements of design are combined
and presented in a unified form. The appeal of a design multiplies when these design principles
are applied. It is the prime responsibility of the designer to place all objects in such a way that
the composition looks harmonies. In this lesson, you will be learning the basic principles of
design which will help you as a designer to explore your own artistic abilities.
The various principles of design are proportion, balance, harmony, rhythm, and emphasis.
A. Proportion - Proportion refers to the relationship of one
object to another in a design to the part or a whole. It means
the correct distribution of design elements in terms of size,
scale, colour, shape, pattern etc. Proportion can be equal or
unequal. However, unequal proportions are always more
interesting in a design, although they are difficult to achieve.
Proportion should be achieved by placing elements together
which have some common feature.
Figure 7.1: The famous Da Vinci s
equal and unequal proportions
[Link]

B. Balance - When objects are of equal weight, they would be in perfect balance. In design,
the weight is often visual. When all elements are placed in a way that gives a sense of
equilibrium then the design is said to be in balance. In other words, the distribution of
colours, textures, space and object is balanced. Such designs are pleasing to the eye. Balance
is of two types' symmetrical balance and asymmetrical balance.
Symmetrical balance is also called formal balance. It is
achieved when the elements are of equal weight. It is a
mirror image balance as shown in figure 7.2 (a).
Asymmetrical balance is also called informal balance. It is
formed by placing one large image on one side and
balancing it by placing several small elements on the other
Figure 7.2 (a)
side. See figure 7.2 (b).
The designer has to be careful while designing
asymmetrical balance. If not done properly it can create
confusion. It requires more skill to design asymmetrical
balance. You must practice a lot to achieve perfect
asymmetrical balance.
Figure 7.2 (b)
Figure: 7.2 Symmetrical andAsymmetric balance
C. Harmony - Harmony is defined as a pleasing agreement of all the elements of design.
Harmony is created when all the elements complement each other and give a feeling of

82
 Principles of Design

unity. It provides a sense of calmness and comfort in the

design. Harmony in a design is created using various elements
of design such as line, colour, and shape. In Figure 7.3 harmony
has been created by using adjacent colours on the colour
wheel. However, care must be taken as too much repetition
can sometimes lead to monotony.

Figure 7.3: Harmony in adjacent colours

D. Rhythm - When the objects or patterns are regularly

repeated with variation, then designs are called to be in
[Link] way to create rhythm is through repetition.
It creates a sense of movement in design. Repetitive use of
shapes, lines, colours gives movement and direction to the
design. Look at figure 7.4 and observe a sense of movement
or rhythm visible in the design. Motifs or elements when
repeated, alternated, or arranged, create rhythm and a sense
of movement.

Figure 7.4: Rhythm through repetition

E. Emphasis - Emphasis is defined as an area or object within the artwork that draws
attention towards itself. It becomes a focal point and the center of interest. It must have
an eye-catching quality over and above the other design elements. See figure 7.6 where
harmony has been created by repetitive use of polka dots. However, as studied earlier it
can become a little boring. Now look at figure 7.5. one can easily observe the difference
between emphasis and harmony. As soon a dot is painted red a centre of interest is created
(emphasis). The most important point to remember is that there should be only one
center of interest.

Figure 7.5: Center of Interest/Emphasis Figure 7.6: Harmony through dots

[Link]

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Design Development

Know your progress 7.1

Q 1. Select the correct option. Each question carries 1 mark.
i) Center of Interest is also known as:
A. weight B. emphasis
C. dominance D. supremacy
ii) Formal balance is another word for:
A. asymmetrical B. axisymmetrical
C. symmetrical D. vertical
iii) A sense of movement is created by:
A. frequency B. radial
C. rhythm D. recurrence
iv) Designers develop visual weight through
A. balance B. proportion
C. unity D. repetition
v) The harmony of all the visual elements in a composition is known as:
A. design B. unity
C. rhythm D. pattern
Q2. See the image of the landscape given in figure 7.7 and answer the following questions.
Each question carries 1 mark.

Figure 7.7:Vincent Willem van Gogh painting

[Link]

84
 Principles of Design

i) What is the point of emphasis in this picture?

__________________________________________________________________
ii) Which part of the painting shows formal balance and which part shows informal
balance?
__________________________________________________________________
iii) How has the artist created rhythm in this painting?
__________________________________________________________________
iv) Pick two ways by which harmony has been created.
__________________________________________________________________
v) Write two elements through which the artist has created overall proportion in this
painting.
__________________________________________________________________
Fill your score ____/10.

Practical Exercises 7.2

All practical exercises should be saved in the portfolio for final evaluation.
A. Let's be creative with lines and make a composition. For this activity you need to
draw parallel lines on white paper. Cut simple shapes from it and glue the shapes on
another line drawn paper and stick it by changing the position. See the example in
figure 7.8 Change the color for variation.

Figure 7.8: Line Composition

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Design Development

B. Draw a composition in size A 3 ivory sheet using three geometric forms and one
organic form. The composition should reflect that the elements of design are
composed in harmony with principles of design. Before making this composition, do
revisit earlier lessons on these topics.
C. Draw a composition in size A 3 ivory sheet in achromatic colour scheme utilizing
oval and triangle geometric forms in multiple sizes. The negative space should be
larger than the positive space. The principles of design should be kept in mind.
D. Create a calm and serene seascape with clouds and light house as a point of emphasis.
Make it on A3 ivory sheet using at least four different textures. The seascape should
adhere to the principles of design. An example for the same can be seen in figure 7.9.

Figure.7.9: Seascape with light house

[Link]

86
 Principles of Design

Know your progress 7.2

1. Let's do some word search based on knowledge. Find and mark the 12 words hidden
in given alphabets. The answers could be from right to left, left to right, diagonal or in
reverse. Each correct answer will earn you 1 mark.

1. Element Q W J P L I N E H F P T W Z G S Y

2. Line M E B U M P C Q Y P Q V M T H A M

O T M O V E M E N T B A Z V R C V
3. Value
T W Q K D C Z L R Z P G X R Q Y N
4. Principle M L G A T C Q M C T F O H N R Y
I
5. Rhythm F A B X T W B Y S E D M C Y E T P

6. Movement G V U F C A K X U T L V G T Q X I

F S T N E M E L E R V A T H N U P
7. Proportion
V Q T F B R A Q X H P A Y M V Q R
8. Composition
T Z L E C V K Q Z B P J V R Y V O
9. Inspiration S P E X L G T C N R K S V P A C P

10. Pattern L H G J N P A Z O E N X Y S G L O

N O I T A R I P S N I E H Q X M R
11. Motif
S L Z G E Y A C P F E B K S R Z T
12. Asymmetric
B T G U S J Z V N K Y S V O L C I

A A S S Y M E T R I C O S F L A O

K F Q Q G S G P N E R B X R S X N

J C K V N O I T I S O P M O C P E

Figure .7.10: Word Search Puzzle

Practical Exercises 7.2

A. Collect black and white and coloured images from magazines and newspapers. Create
a composition on an A3 ivory sheet. The composition should show balance, proportion
and rhythm.

B. i) Look at figure 7.12 for inspiration on colours

and positive space.
ii) Develop a textured design for handbag on A 3
ivory sheet.

Figure 7.12: Peacock Feather:

[Link] Inspiration

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Design Development

Know your progress 7.3

1. Solve the cross word puzzle from the clues given below.

4 6 9
8
1 10

5 11
7 13

2
12

Figure.7.11 Crossword Puzzle.

Each correct response will give you 1 mark.
Across
1. It gives a sense of equilibrium
2. Motifs when repeated suggest movement in design
3. The relationship of one object to another in design
7. It is called a moving dot
8. Smallest unit of design
11. Quality or feel of a surface
12. An area within and around an object
Down
4. A beautiful relationship between all elements and principles of design
5. Center of interest in any design
6. Another name for a decorative pattern
9. Closed area which defines outlines of an object
10. Three dimensional natural and geometric figure
13. We see when light is reflected on objects
Score yourself ________/25

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 Principles of Design

7.3 This is What You Have Learnt

Let us Practice
Q1. How is proportion maintained in a design?
Q 2. Write a short note on balance and its types.
Q 3. Differentiate between harmony and rhythm.
Q 4. Explain how emphasis can help break monotony. Support your answer with relevant
graphic.

Answers to Know Your Progress

Q7.1
1. i) Emphasis; ii) symmetrical; iii) rhythm; iv) balance; v) unity.
2. i) The bridge is the emphasis point in the picture.
ii) The bridge part shows the formal balance and the two banks of river, one on which
people are standing on the bank and the bank on opposite side show informal
balance.
iii) Rhythm has been created by the movement of water.
iv) Harmony has been created by colours.
v) The proportion is created by bridge and the side rocks. Both the positive and the
negative space are proportionate.

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Design Development

7.2 i) Answer of word search

Q W J P L I N E H F P T W Z G S Y
M E B U M P C Q Y P Q V M T H A M
O T M O V E M E N T B A Z V R C V
T W Q K D C Z L R Z P G X R Q Y N
I M L G A T C Q M C T F O H N R Y
F A B X T W B Y S E D M C Y E T P
G V U F C A K X U T L V G T Q X I
F S T N E M E L E R V A T H N U P
V Q T F B R A Q X H P A Y M V Q R
T Z L E C V K Q Z B P J V R Y V O
S P E X L G T C N R K S V P A C P
L H G J N P A Z O E N X Y S G L O
N O I T A R I P S N I E H Q X M R
S L Z G E Y A C P F E B K S R Z T
B T G U S J Z V N K Y S V O L C I
A A S S Y M E T R I C O S F L A O
K F Q Q G S G P N E R B X R S X N
J C K V N O I T I S O P M O C P E

ii) Answer of crossword puzzle

Across Down
1. Balance 4. Harmony
2. Rhythm 5. Emphasis
3. Proportion 6. Design
7. Line 9. Shape
8. Dots [Link]
11. Texture [Link]
12. Space

Your Score for this lesson is _____________________ / 25

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8.1 Camera
Let us try to know about a camera. The human eye and a camera work in a similar manner.
Can you see without light? No, without light the human eye cannot see anything. In the same
way camera cannot create any picture without light. Light is the medium to click a picture.
Photography is a process to create picture with the help of light. Light or other electromagnetic
radiations are recorded on a sensitive surface / optical lens / film.
Consider your camera as a brush, colour as light and painting as a photograph. Just like we
need brush or finger or any other object to paint, colour and create a painting in a similar
manner, a camera is needed to capture an image with light.
A. Types of camera:
1. Action camera
2. Animation camera
3. Camera phone
4. Compact camera
5. Digital camera
6. Disposable camera
7. Helmet camera
8. Pinhole camera
9. Traffic camera and many more

Figure 8.1 : Types of camera

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B. Parts of camera:
Most of the cameras will have similar parts. Although in some cameras these can be set
manually, while in others it cannot be. In this lesson we will discuss about the parts of Digital
single-Lens camera (DSLR) and camera phone.
i) Parts of Digital single-lens camera (DSLR):
Digital single -lens camera is a combination of two different parts body and [Link] body
of a camera has the following basic parts:
1 Power button: It switches the camera on/off.
2 Shutter button: It releases the shutter to allow the light to enter.
3 Viewfinder eyepiece: Viewfinder eyepiece is to view the frame of the image that
you want to capture.
4 LCD monitor: It displays the text information such as menu, settings, date etc. The
captured image is also displayed here.
5 Menu button: Themenu button helps you to change the camera functions and
settings.
6 Lens mount: Connects the camera body to the lens.
7 Lens release button: It detaches the lens from camera.
8 Mirror: It reflects the light entering through the lens to the viewfinder.
9 Battery compartment and Memory card slot: It connects the battery to the camera
and holds the memory card.
10 Tripod socket: Attaches the camera to a tripod also called camera stand.

3 1

8
9
6 7
10
5
Figure 8.2: Parts of a DSLR camera

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ii) Camera Phone:

Many of you would have taken pictures using camera phone. It is easy to use as it has
auto features to adjust the shutter speed, ISO and [Link] has fixed focus lenses and
smaller sensor. We do not need to adjust the setting manually. You will be learning about
these terms later in the lesson.

Figure 8.3: Phone camera

Know your Progress 8.1

Q. 1 Fill in the blanks. Each answer carries 1 mark.
i. If photo means "light",graphe means ________ .
ii. Without __________ both camera and human eye cannot create an image.
iii. If power button switches the camera on, then the shutter button________ the
shutter to allow the light in.
iv. Information obtained by pressing menu button can be seen on _____________.
v. When aperture, shutter speed and ISO is not required to be set manually it is
called ________.
Q 2. Match the following. Each answer carries 1 mark.

i. DSLR a. Connects the two parts of camera

ii. Shutter button b. Frame of the image is seen
iii. Lens Mount c. Digital Camera
iv. Shutter Speed d. duration of opening to let the light in
v. Viewfinder e. Release the shutter to allow light to enter

Fill your score _____/ 10

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8.2 The Exposure Triangle:

The exposure triangle is a connection between three different features of a camera that
determine the exposure of a photograph. These are:
A. Aperture
B. Shutter speed
C. ISO
If we change any one setting (aperture/shutter speed/ISO), it will impact the others. This
means to get a perfect picture we always need to have balance in all three.
A. Aperture: It is the opening in the lens through which light passes. The size of the aperture
can be changed to determine the amount of light allowed to fall on sensor. A sensor is a
device in the camera that converts the image that you are trying to capture to an electric
signal.

Figure 8.4: Aperture Range

B. Shutter Speed: It is the duration of time for which the shutter remains open. The longer
shutter remains open; more light will fall on the sensor to record the image. Slow shutter
speed is when the shutter opens for a longer duration up to nearly 30 seconds. This is
helpful in recording the moving object in blur depending on the speed of subject,for
example, some pictures have a trail of light left by fast-moving cars. Fast shutter speed
means that shutter is open for very little time, almost 1/4000th second, for example,
sharp picture of a ball being caught in cricket. It helps to freeze fast action of moving
object clearly. Figure 8.5 will help you better understand this.

Figure 8.5: Shutter Speed

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C. ISO: ISOis the sensitivity of the sensor in your camera. It is expressed as ISO speed. This
increases the camera sensor's sensitivity to light. It is helpful in taking good pictures
without flash when the light is not
ideal. However, it increases the
amount of digital noise leading to
grainy pictures. The visual
distortion like grains or splotches
of discoloration in digital
photographs is called digital noise.
It becomes worse as the light
becomes low while shooting.
Figure 8.6: ISO

Let us try to understand the exposure triangle and how it works. Imagine yow are in a
dark room with a small window that lets the
sunlight in. Size of the window can be
equated to the aperture. If it's bigger, more
light gets through and the room looks
brighter. Just like the shutter speed the
duration of keeping the window open or
closed will determine the amount of light
inside the room. These form the two angles
of a triangle. Now let us try to understand
the role ISO as the third angle in this
triangle. Suppose you are sitting naked eye
inside the room while your friend wears
sunglasses. Both of you will see the same
objects in the room differently. That is how
ISO plays with sensors and changes the
exposure of image. The vision with naked
eyes has more exposure as compared to Figure 8.7: Exposure triangle
wearing sunglasses.
We played with the sensitivity of eyes just like
sensitivity of sensor or optical lens. The close
relationship between aperture, shutter speed and
ISO can be seen in figure 8.7.

Just like in drawing, painting and digital drawing

elements of design like line, shape or form, space,
value, texture and colour are very important in
photography also.

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Know Your Progress 8.2

Q.1 Rewrite the incorrect statements. Each answer carries 1 mark
i. Large aperture is required to take a picture in sunlight.
ii. To capture a galloping horse the shutter speed of 1/8 seconds will give best
results.
iii. When ISO is set at 1600 to 6400 the quality of the image is sharp.
iv. Low ISO with high shutter speed is best for shooting on cloudy days.
v. When aperture is changed, both ISO and shutter speed need not be adjusted.
Fill your score ______/5

Portfolio Activity 8.1

A. Product photography on the whitebackground with phone camera
- Select a flower vase of height not less than 1' for
photographing. Set it on a table. Cover the table with a
white sheet. Create a white background. You can use
white paper or sheet.
- Make an imagery baseline of 180 degrees. Place a product
on mid of the line. The camera person must stand in front
of the product at 90 degrees angle to the base line.
- Set two lights at 60 degree from the object. One light
should be on the left of the photographer and the other
one on the right as shown on figure 8.8.
B. Taking pictures
Step 1. Click one picture of the front view of your product from a distance of 5ft.
Step 2. Click one from the top view from the same distance.
Step 3. Click one from the side view from the same distance.
Step 4. Now change your distance from the object and take one picture of front
view from the distance of 3ft of the object.
Step 6. Now, move backwards and take one
picture of the front view from the distance
of 8ft.
Step 7. Write if you faced any difficulty during DIY
set up.
Step 8. Save the pictures in your digital portfolio
using appropriate file name. You will be
working on these images in the lesson
"Let's go Digital". Figure 8.8 DIY Set up

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8.3 Let's Describe our Products

Content writing is the ability to write product description in words that easily explains
the product to the buyer.
If we use the right words to describe our product online, it makes it easier for search
engines such as Google, Yahoo and Bing to trace our products when a customer searches
for similar products. This is also called search engine optimization.
A good product description should:
• have a clear and simple product name;
• clearly mention the material the product is made from;
• specify the use of the product in simple terms;
• say a little about the story of the product and its making process, especially if the
product is handmade;
• have the product dimensions.

Example:
Product - A wooden pen stand
Product Name - Cube motivational wooden pen stand
Dimensions - 3in X 3in X 3in
Material - Poplar wood
Description - A smart minimal wooden pen stand to help you organize your desk. It has
compartments of various sizes to best accommodate all types of stationary items.
Each piece is carefully crafted by our artisans to ensure proper finishing and quality. The
screen print is done by the artisans of Uttar Pradesh.

The words highlighted in bold, are the common words which will help a customer to understand
and easily search for your product.

Portfolio Activity 8.2

• Visit a nearby shop; carry a notebook, ruler and pen with you.
• Request the owner to allow you to sit there, and work on your assignment.
• Choose any three products of different categories.
• Carefully describe each of these along with dimensions, material and an appropriate
title.
• Also take a white background picture of each of the above products.
• Now save the image with the description in your e-portfolio.

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8.4 This is What You Have Learnt

Let us Practice
1. Describe the role of light in photography.
2. Explain how the three settings control the exposure of an image.
3. Give three differences between a DSLR and phone camera.
4. Label the following diagram -

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5. Write product description of the following item for uploading on the net.

Answers to Know your Progress

8.1
Q.1 i. Draw ii. Light iii. Releases iv. LCD monitor v. Auto feature
Q.2 i. c ii. e iii. a iv. d v. b

8.2
i. Small aperture is required to take a picture in sunlight.
ii. To capture a galloping horse the shutter speed of 1/500 seconds will give best
results.
iii. When ISO is set at 1600 to 6400 the quality of the image is grainy.
iv. Normal ISO with slow shutter speed is best for shooting on cloudy days.
v. When aperture is changed both ISO and shutter speed need to be adjusted.

Your score for this lesson is __________/ 15.

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9.1 Components of Workspace

Figure 9.1: Component of Work space

Following are the components of a workspace.
A. Menu Bar- Menu bar is the topmost bar in the workspace. It is the main bar to perform
any function on the file.
B. Tool Bar - Tool bar has all the basic designing and editing tools for the software.
C. Options Bar - Options bar has all the functions that can be performed with the selected
tool.
D. Palettes - Palettes will help you decide the task that you want the tool to perform.

9.2 Basic Tools

Let us first learn the basic tools that will help us perform various functions on our image. Most
of these tools are commonly used in both Illustrator and Photoshop, and other digital imaging
and editing software. They are as follows:

A. Brush tool works as a paintbrush on your workspace. It helps you freely paint
with a variety of brush types and sizes.

B. Type tool is used to write content on your vector/image. Various properties

within this tool let you type horizontally/vertically and in a wide variety of fonts.

C. Pen tool is used to create vector graphics using anchor points, which help to
create curves and straight lines.

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D. Eye dropper tool is used to sample any colour from the workspace and use it to
fill parts of your vector.

E. Zoom tool is used to enlarge (zoom in) and reduce (zoom out) the canvas.

F. Paint bucket tool is used to fill a selected area on the canvas with the selected
colour.

G. Eraser tool erases the area of the canvas where it is dragged.

H. Hand tool is used to click and drag your canvas within the workspace.

I. Vector canbe defined as any design which is graphically created using lines, points
and shapes
J. Anchor points are the dots that start and end any line/curve.

9.3 Photoshop Basics

Now you will learn a little about Adobe Photoshop. Adobe Photoshop is mostly used for editing
images and creating effects on them.
A. Additional Tools
Here are a few more tools added to the common tools that are available on Photoshop for
editing images.
i. Crop tool is used to cut an image to the exact size and proportion you like.

ii. Move tool is used to move objects within the canvas.

iii. Healing tool is used to sample a part of the image and paste it on another
part of the image. Spot healing brush tool is used to remove small unwanted
spots and marks.
iv. Lasso tool is used to select parts of the image using a free hand. The Magnetic
lasso tool automatically detects edges and snaps to them.
v. Magic wand is used to select all areas with the similar colour. This tool is
usually used to remove single colour background from images.

vi. Colour selection tool shows the current selection of foreground and
background colour. Foreground colour (top) is the colour of your brush and
background colour(bottom)is the default colour of the background.

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B. Layers
Layers are an important part of Photoshop.

Figure 9.2: Component of Layer Panel

i. Layers are like tracing paper sheets stacked on top of each other.
ii. Opacity of layers can be changed, which will affect how much of the lower layer is
visible.
iii. A layer can be turned on or off, to see the effect on the image with or without the
layer.
iv. Each layer can be given different blend modes, which are a great tool for giving
special effects to [Link] are over 25 blend modes by default in Photoshop;
blend modes change how the selected layer and the layer underneath it react.
v. Adding a new layer for all important changes to the image is a good working style,
as it gives maximum flexibility to
change content at a later stage.
C. Image adjustments
Adjustments are a quick way to edit any
picture by changing its properties.
Explained below are a few basic types
of Image adjustments:

9.1 Fun Activity

Take an Image and play around with
the various Image adjustments.
Make notes of the effect each
adjustemnt has on your image

Figure 9.3: Component of

Adjustment panel
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 Let's Get Digital

Figure 9.4: Image adjustment

Know Your Progress 9.1

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word, from the given options. Each question
carries 2 marks.
i. The top icon in the colour selection tool represents the ____________ colour.
(Foreground/ background)
ii. _________ tool is used to remove spots from an image. (Healing tool/ magic wand tool)
iii. Eye dropper tool is used to ________ colour. (sample/ paint)
iv. Pen tool uses ____________ to create vectors. (anchor points/colour)
v. Detecting and snapping to the edges is done by _____________. (magic wand/ lasso tool)

Fill your score: ___________/10

9.4 Illustrator Basics

Following are some basic Illustrator tools.
A. PEN TOOL
The pen tool is used to create graphics using anchor points. On clicking on the canvas after
selection of the tool, the first anchor point will be visible. On further clicking at other points on
the screen, an object will be formed using the anchor points and connecting them by straight
lines.

Figure 9.5: Use of Pen Tool

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To create curves, hold the mouse button and drag, this will make the handles visible. By
dragging the points of the handle up and down, a curve can be created between two anchor
points.

Figure 9.6: Creating curves with Pen Tool

B. TRACING SKETCHES AND IMAGES

To trace a sketch in illustrator:
i. Scan the sketch to your computer.
ii. Open the scanned image in Illustrator.
iii. Select the image; a tracing bar will appear as shown below.
iv. Click on Live trace.
v. A rough trace of the sketch will automatically be done, now change the properties
in the tracing bar to get a better trace.
vi. One you are satisfied with the output click [Link] then converts your
sketch into a vector with anchor points, lines and curves. You can now change and
modify the anchor points to tweak your sketch. You can also use the paint bucket
tool to fill colour in the various parts of your sketch.

Figure 9.7: Tracing sketches and images

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C. LIVE PAINT BUCKET TOOL

To use the paint bucket tool, select any closed path and click on it. A closed path is formed
when there are no openings in a vector, for the colour to escape out. The path will be filled by
the top colour in the colour selection tool.

Figure 9.8: Paint Bucket Tool

Portfolio Activity 9.1

Please follow the instructions below in the given order.
i. Visit a nearby handloom and take permission from the owner to spend a few hours
there.
ii. Draw a sketch of the handloom.
iii. Take a picture of the sketch with your phone.
iv. Transfer the picture on a computer.
v. Open the picture in Photoshop and change use the image adjustments to make the
sketch clearer.
vi. Save the Photoshop file as a jpeg file, by clicking on save as under the File menu.
vii. Open the saved image in Illustrator and trace it.
viii. Change the trace properties to achieve the closest trace to your sketch.
ix. Now try changing at least 3 elements (lines/anchor points) of the sketch, and save
each variations.
x. Add colour to one of the variation.
xi. Name the file appropriately and save in your e-portfolio.
xii. Take a colour print out of your work and save it to your physical portfolio.

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9.5 This is What You Have Learnt

Let us Practice
1. The white background image that you took of your product has some gray areas.
i. Which software will you use to make the background whiter?
ii. Which tool will you use to remove a red spot from the image?
iii. Which tool will you use to write a title on the image?
2. You have sketched a motif and you want to try filling different colours in it.
i. Which software will you use?
ii. Which button will you click on for default tracing?
iii. Which tool will you use to fill colours to various paths?

Answers to Know Your Progress

Know Your Progress 9.1
i. Foreground ii. Healing tool iii. Sample
iv. Anchor points v. Lasso Tool

Your score for this lesson is _________________ /10

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Practical 10.1 Change the background colour (Photoshop)

1. Take a picture of any drawing tool like pencil or sharpener on a white background. Refer
to the lesson "Click and Write" for taking a good picture.
2. Transfer the file to a computer and open it in Adobe Photoshop.
3. Change the image adjustments, so that the background is white and the design is sharp
and clear. (Hint : Play with contrast and level)
4. Use the magic wand tool to select the white area, with the contiguous option selected.
5. Repeat the above with the contiguous option deselected, observe the difference and note
it in your practical record.
6. Now change the foreground colour (top colour) in the colour selection tool, to any primary
colour of your choice.
7. Now create a new layer
i. Go to Layers -> New -> Layers, in the Menu bar. (Alternatively you can use the
shortcut ctrl + shift + n).
ii. Now click OK in the box that appears.
iii. You will see a new layer has been created in the Layer panel.
8. Now fill the foreground colour to the selected area.
i. Go to Edit -> Fill in the Menu bar
ii. Select foreground colour, under the use option in the box that appears.
iii. You can alternatively use the shortcut Alt + Backspace.
9. Save the file as jpeg with an appropriate name, for your portfolio.
10. Repeat the above exercise with the complementary colour to the above selected colour
and save it in your e-portfolio.

Practical 10.2 Adding text (Photoshop)

1. Open the file created in Practical 10.1.
2. Add your name to the design.
i. Select the type tool and click on the canvas, a new text layer will be formed.
ii. Type your name.
3. Select the move tool and move the text to the centre of the design.
4. Go to layer options and change the opacity to 50%.
5. Save the file as jpeg with an appropriate name, for your portfolio.

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Practical 10.3 Creating shapes (Illustrator)

1. Open a new file with one Artboard in A4 size in Illustrator.
2. Use the pen tool and create the shape shown in figure 10.1
3. The shape has only straight lines, so press and release the mouse button without dragging
it. Now add elements to the above as shown in figure 10.2
4. The shape has a few curves, which can be created by holding the mouse and dragging it,
while adding every anchor point.
5. Select the main shape and change both the colours in the colour selection tool to two
different primary colours.
6. Export the file as jpeg with an appropriate name, for your portfolio.

Figure 10.1 Figure 10.2

Practical 10.4 Tracing and colouring (Illustrator)

1. Sketch any 5 basic shapes on a single plain white paper.
i. Make sure the drawings are clear and bold.
ii. There should be no open edges in your drawings.
2. Scan the above sheet and open the file in Illustrator.
3. Select the image and click on live trace in the options tool bar.
4. Adjust the threshold and minimum area value to achieve the best tracing results.
5. Use any two default presets and observe the difference in your practical record.
6. After achieving the desired result, click on expand.
7. Now right click on the selected object and click ungroup, so that we can easily work with
each object individually.
8. Now select any one object, and change its colour to a primary colour and its outline to
another colour of your choice.
9. Repeat step 7 for four shapes, with different outline colour and thickness.
10. Use the gradient tool to fill the fifth shape. Change the gradient colours to white and
black.

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11. Export the file as jpeg with an appropriate name, for your e-portfolio.

Practical 10.5 Create screens for screen printing (Illustrator)

1. Open a new file with three Artboard in A4 size in Adobe illustrator.
2. Create a basic flower shape using the pen tool on the first Artboard.
3. Fill the petals with two different colours of your choice.
4. Now prepare screen for screen printing your above design.
i. Now select the magic wand tool and click on any one colour
ii. All portions of that colour are selected, now copy (ctrl + c) these and paste on the
same place(ctrl + shift + v) to the new Artboard.
iii. Repeat steps 4(i) and 4(ii)for the other colour.
5. Now change the colour of the files on Artboard 2 and 3 to black.
6. Export the file as jpeg, select the use artboards option while saving.
7. Save all the three exported files in your e - portfolio.

10.6 This is What You Have Learnt

Let us Practice
1. What happens when you do the following:
i. Use shortcut ctrl + shift + n?
ii. Use the shortcut Alt + Backspace?
iii. Use the shortcut ctrl + c??
iv. Use the shortcut ctrl + shift + v?
2. Write the steps of saving a file with an appropriate name.
3. Explain the use of Artboard option for creating screens for screen printing.

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11.1 Forecasting Trends

What makes a product fashionable? What makes the merchandise new and exciting or old and
out of style? Who decides what will be in "in Fashion and Trends" in the next season?Well the
answer lies in the term "forecasting" and "trends". Let us learn more about the popular terms
used in forecasting.
A. Fashion - Fashion is a particular style popular at a given time. It is usually a set of trends
that have been accepted by masses.
B. Forecasting-Forecasting is the practice of predicting upcoming trends.
C. Trends - Trends are directions towards which design preferences are moving. It is the
interpretation and analysis of the style-related information.
Since fashion is constantly changing and evolving, forecasting future trends plays an important
role in the design [Link] is a complex process that involves fusion of many [Link] trend
identification for the apparel including cosmetics,interiors and home textiles industry is done
by trend forecasters who will require the following skills:
i). Being alert to new sociocultural influences and technologies across the globe, also known
as trend chasing and trend spotting.
ii). Locating trends through primary research by visiting related fairs and secondary research
with the help of web, print, audio and visual sources.
iii). Identifying new research and developments in fibres, yarn, fabric, finishes and colour.
iv). Recognizing signals of future trends by studying shifting behaviour patterns, fashion and
lifestyle preferences of consumers.
v). Analysing the information and identifying emerging patterns.
The findings of trend forecasters are compiled by forecasting agencies and published as forecast
trend books/ websites/ blogs/papers etc. These are also exhibited and presented in trend
forecast seminars/fairs/exhibitions where future trends are predicted about eighteen months
in advance. These forecast books and periodicals include colour palettes, fabric swatches,
photographs, fashion sketches and specification [Link] trendbooks are also a reference
point for the next season and are awaited with anticipation by the design industry professionals,
buyers and [Link] like [Link] can give you a greater insight
into forecasting. You may like to browse for more such sites.
Producers and retailers have to work ahead of the selling season. They need advanced
information so that their merchandise fits into the projected consumer preferences, trends
and forecasting helps them to do this. Trend forecasting is an overall process that focuses on
apparel and home furnishings. Trends are constantly changing as consumers re-evaluate their
ideas about style and taste.

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Portfolio Activity 11.1

To find out if there is a design and colour trend in your area, the following must be kept in
mind:
1. Visit your local market and locate a shop which sells fabrics.
2. Observe the fabric, colour and designs being sold in five shops in your area.
3. Study variety of fabrics, colours and designs in accordance to the season.
4. Record your observations and analyse if there is a design and colour trend in your
area.
5. Save your observations in portfolio.

11.2 Forecasting Terms

Let us get introduced to some of the popular terms used in forecasting.
A. Fad - A fashion which comes for a very short term and becomes very popular with the
masses. It is accepted by the people or group of people for brief periods and disappears
from the market.

Figure 11.1: Bellbottom pant, a fashion fad

B. Classics - Long-term fashion. A classic fashion is a style that lasts for several seasons,
sometimes even years, and is accepted by a wide range of people. Classics are those styles
that you don't even have to think about. You just know they will be acceptable from one
year to the next.

Figure 11.2: Kanjeevaram sari, a classic

[Link]

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C. Fashion Cycles - A fashion cycle describes how the process of fashion goes through.
Fashion first gains mass acceptance and popularity from the consumers, after some time
the tastes and preferences of the consumers decline due to which fashion loses its
acceptance and popularity. For example crop top, shoulder pad, long sleeve sari blouse,
anarkali suit which were in trend in the 1960s is in fashion again. It is important for
professionals working in the design industry to keep abreast of the fashion cycle to stay
ahead in the market. It helps them calculate when and how much to produce to get
maximum profit. For example, there are fair chances of making profit at the peak of
popularity when per unit price reduces due to high sales.

Figure 13.3: Fashion cycle

Figure 11.4: Trend cycle

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11.3 Inspiration
Inspiration is a very important element in forecasting. Fashion always needs new ideas to
inspire designersso they can come up with something new for the consumers. For this the
forecasters travel to various places for inspiration. Designers visit exhibitions, art galleries,
shows, magazines, architecture, museum, etc., to see what new things are happening in the
market. They gather various images and organize them into themes, which have all elements
as shapes, colour, feel, etc. This helps them understand trends.

Textile SS 17 trend (Inspiration)

Figure 11.5: Trend inspiration board
[Link]

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11.4 Colour Forecasting

Designers consider colour forecasting as a major element to every season and they start
working on colour first to determining the trend. For colour trend or forecast they select
particular hues that are put together to form a colour trend. The colour story is developed
from the information gained through research.

Figure 11.6: Trend colour board

11.5 Fabric Forecasting

After colour analysis, fabric research is [Link] fashion forecasters visit various fabric and
yarn trade fairs for fabric information. Colours and fabrics are displayed 18 months in advance
of the season. Premeire Vision is one of the best exhibitions for fabric forecast organized in
Paris; Heimtextil is for home furnishing. You can learn more about these fairs by visiting the
websites at [Link]/en/[Link]/.

Figure 11.7:Trend fabric board

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Know Your Progress 11.1

Tick the right option. Each question carries 2 marks
1. Predicting fashion trends is known as ___________.
A. Producing C. Forecasting
B. Merchandising D. Retailing
2. A long-lasting fashion is called ___________.
A. Classic C. Trend
B. Fad D. Interrupted fashion
3. The best way to predict international fashion is through ___________.
A. Movies C. Fashion cycle
B. Market research D. Digital media
4. The best time to make profit is during ___________.
A. Rising phase C. Peak phase
B. Introduction phase D. Declining phase
5. Which of the following is not covered in the Inspiration Board?
A. Feelings C. Properties
B. Colours D. Shape
Fill your score: ______/ 10

Portfolio Activity 11.2

To find out about the fairs and exhibitions held every year in India.
1. Search the internet and list at least two fairs held every year in India.
2. Mention its dates and venue for this year and give detailed information about the
products displayed.
3. Find out about a local fair or exhibition held in your area.

[Link] Name of the Fair Dates Venue Product Information

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11.6 Trend Board

Trend board is a visual display of upcoming images, colours, textures, themes,shapes, materials,
silhouettes and moods. It helps a company to present their ideas internally and to others to
get their feedback. These could be physical or in digital format. These are also known as Mood
Boards.
A. Compiling a Trend Board - Various researches are compiled in a form of collage which
represents a trend board. Collage is a piece of art made by sticking photographs, pieces
of paper or fabric on a [Link] consists of colour, fabric,inspiration which gives a sense
of visual communication. Here designers analyse a visual statement and explore their
own interpretation for designs.
B. Presenting the trend information - The final trend report or "Fashion look"is presented
in the form of a collage which contains all the information about colour, fabrics and prints.
These trend reports are presented in two ways-on digital platform on the internet and in
the traditional form such as publication, swatches, yarn samples and trims.
Examples of Trend Boards of SS 18

Figure 11.8: Theme - Sporty activist

Figure 11.9: Theme- Gypset swim

Source -[Link]

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11.7 Fashion Forecasting Agencies

Fashion forecasting is a serious business. There are various fashion forecasting agencies. Their
job is to give the trend information on colours and fabrics to companies, merchandisers and
designers. They are a team of experts who scientifically study the global market, conduct
consumer research, market survey, consumer survey, etc., and prepare the forecast. It helps
the companies and designers to make informed business-related decisions. Although there
are many global agencies, most well-known are as follows:
A. Promostyl - It is one of the global trends and forecasting agency based in Paris providing
global view of trends, fashion and [Link] also provides information about lifestyle trends,
colours, silhouettes, etc. Visit [Link] for more information.
B. WGSN - It is an online service provider for trend forecast. It is based in the UK. It has
worldwide users as clients. Log on to [Link] find out more about
this organization.

Portfolio Activity11.3
To study the online forecasting agencies.
1. Browse the sites of the forecasting agencies given above. Go through them thoroughly.
2. Study forecast of colour and fabric for the coming season.
3. Study and find out which site has given the most innovative ideas in their blog.
4. What kind of services do both organizations provide?
5. Study the coming season forecast of both these agencies. Use this forecast as an
inspiration and create your own forecast on an A3 paper and put in portfolio.

11.8 Why is Forecasting important?

Fashion forecasting informs firms and individuals working in the field of fashion and textiles
about the upcoming trends in fashion. . Production of textiles and garments/ home furnishing
is an expensive and time-consuming work. All successful companies want their products to
sell. Fashion forecasting helps the companies to produce merchandise or products according
to the forecast, thus minimizing losses. Fashion forecasting trends also help people to understand
the basics of fashion trends, colour and fabrics. This increases the awareness of consumers
and helps them in informed buying.
As a professional engaged in developing designs for the home and fashion industry, it would be
a great idea that you remain alert to the new and emerging designs, styles and colours. That
way your product will have greater market acceptance and you will be able to command your
price. You will also be respected for your work.

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11.8 This is What You Have Learnt

Let us Practice
1. Which four areas would you study to pick the signals of future trends?
2. Differentiate between fashion fad and classics by giving one example each.
3. Explain fashion cycle with the help of a diagram.
4. How does a forecasting agency work?
5. How does forecasting support the work of a designer?
6. Why is trend forecasting important?

Answers to Know your Progress11.1

1. C 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. C

Your total score for this lesson is: ______/ 10

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