Logic Concepts
Dr. Tarek A. Tutunji
Philadelphia University, Jordan
Binary Concept
► In digital systems, two-state conditions can be thought of as signals
that are present (activated, ON) or not present (not activated, OFF)
► This two-state concept can be the basis for making decisions; and
since it is very adaptable to the binary number system, it is a
fundamental building block for programmable controllers and digital
computers.
► Binary 1 represents the presence of a signal (or the occurrence of
some event), while binary 0 represents the absence of the signal (or
the nonoccurrence of the event).
► In digital systems, these two states are actually represented by two
distinct voltage levels, +V and 0V.
► Positive logic vs. negative logic.
Binary Concept
Logic Functions
► Operationsperformed by digital equipment, such
as programmable controllers, are based on three
fundamental logic functions—AND, OR, and NOT.
AND Gate
OR Gate
NOT Gate
Logic Functions Example
► Show the logic gate,
truth table, and circuit
representation for a
solenoid valve (V1)
that will be open (ON)
if selector switch S1 is
ON and if level switch
L1 is NOT ON (liquid
has not reached level).
Logic Functions Example
Logic Functions Example
NAND / NOR Gates
Principles of
Boolean Algebra and Logic
Combined Gates
Boolean Algebra Rules
PLC Circuits
► Hardwired logic refers to
logic control functions
(timing, sequencing, and
control) that are
determined by the way
devices are
interconnected.
► Hardwired logic is fixed
and can be changed only
by altering the way
devices are physically
connected.
PLC Circuits
► A prime function of a PLC is to replace existing hardwired
control logic and to implement “programmable” control
functions for new systems.
► How these instructions are implemented to convey
commands to the PLC is called the language.
► The most conventional of the control languages is ladder
diagram.
► Ladder diagrams are also called contact symbology,
since their instructions are relay-equivalent contact
symbols.
PLC Circuits
► The complete ladder circuit can be thought of
individual circuits, each circuit having one output.
► Eachof these circuits is known as a rung (or
network); therefore, a rung is the contact
symbology required to control an output in the
PLC.
► Some controllers allow a rung to have multiple
outputs, but one output per rung is the
convention.
PLC Circuits
PLC Circuits
PLC Circuits and Contact Logic
► Note that the PLC diagram includes all of the field input
and output devices connected to the interfaces that are
used in the rung.
► A complete PLC ladder diagram program, then, consists of
several rungs.
Each rung controls an output interface that is connected to an
output device.
Each rung is a combination of input conditions (symbols) connected
from left to right between two vertical lines, with the symbol that
represents the output at the far right.
PLC Addressing
► Each symbol on a rung will have a reference
number, which is the address in memory
where the current status (1 or 0) for the
referenced input/output is stored.
► When a field signal is connected to an input
or an output interface, its address will be
related to the terminal where the signal wire
is connected.
PLC Addressing
► Consider a simple circuit.
► Each “real” field device (e.g.,
push buttons PB1 and PB2, limit
switch LS1, and pilot light PL1)
is connected to the PLC’s input
and output modules which have
a reference number—the
address.
► To turn PL1 ON, one of the
following conditions must occur
PB1 must be pressed and LS1
must be closed (or)
PB2 must be pressed and LS1
must be closed.
PLC Addressing
► In the PLC control program,
power must flow through either
addresses 30 (PB1) and 32
(LS1) or through addresses 31
(PB2) and 32 (LS1) to turn ON
output 40.
► Output 40, in turn, energizes
the light PL1 that is connected
to the interface with address 40.
► In order to provide power to
addresses 30, 31, or 32, the
devices connected to the input
interfaces addresses must be
turned ON
Contact Symbols used in PLC
► Consider a relay A with
two sets of contacts:
one normally open
contact (A-1).
one normally closed
contact (A-2).
Contact Symbols used in PLC
► If relay coil A is not energized
(i.e., it is OFF), contact A-1 will
remain open and contact A-2
will remain closed.
► Conversely, if coil A is
energized, or turned ON,
contact A-1 will close and
contact A-2 will open
► The blue lines highlighting the
coil and contacts denote an ON,
or closed, condition.
Contact Symbols used in PLC
► Each set of available coils and
its respective contacts in the
PLC have a unique reference
address by which they are
identified.
► For instance, coil 10 will have
normally open and normally
closed contacts with the same
address (10) as the coil.
► Note that a PLC can have as
many normally open and
normally closed contacts as
desired.
Contact Symbols used in PLC
► A programmable controller also
allows the multiple use of an
input device reference.
► An example in which limit switch
LS1 is connected to reference
input module connection 20.
► Note that the PLC control
program can have as many
normally open and normally
closed reference 20 contacts in
as many rungs as needed.
Contact Symbols used in PLC
► Normally open contact.
When evaluated by the program, this symbol is examined for a 1 to
close the contact; therefore, the signal referenced by the symbol
must be ON, CLOSED, activated, etc.
► Normally closed contact.
When evaluated by the program, this symbol is examined for a 0 to
keep the contact closed; thus, the signal referenced by the symbol
must be OFF, OPEN, deactivated, etc.
► Output.
An output on a given rung will be energized if any left-to-right path
has all contacts closed. An output can control either a connected
device or an internal output used exclusively within the program.
Reference: Programmable Controllers: Theory and
Implementation by Bryan and Bryan