Chapter 8
The wave Nature of Particles
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8.1 The De - Broglie
Wave length
• a particle ever act like a wave?
• This question was given by Louis de Broglie:
who proposed that an electron has both a
wave and a particle nature.
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• He ( de – Broglie ) regarded the electron as a
standing wave around the circumference of an
orbit ( Bohr orbit ) as:
• Bild.
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• It requires that :
• nλ = 2π r … (1)
• Where λ is the wave length associated with
the electron in the n-th orbit and
• r is the radius of the orbit.
• Combine eq. ( 1 ) with the quantization of the
angular momentum given by Bohr:
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• mvr = n ћ … (2)
• nλ = 2π r … (1)
• r = n ћ/mv … (2)
• r = nλ/2π … (1)
• → nλ/2π = n ћ/mv
• λ = 2πћ/mv
• λ = h/P … (3)
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• λ = h/P … (3)
• This Wave length is called:
• de-Broglie wavelength.
• Equation ( 3 ) states that a material particle
having a momentum P is associated by a
wavelength equals to λ = h/P .
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8.2 The Diffraction of Waves
from Crystals.
• *** From the study of light waves, sound
waves, and water waves we know that:
• For wavelengths that are much smaller than
the dimensions of apertures and obstacles,
diffraction and other wave effects are not
observed. In such cases we can assume
rectilinear propagation, and problems can be
treated by means of ray diagrams.
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• →→ Thus , we do not expect to see around doors,
trees in our daily lives because the dimensions of
such objects are about 106 or 107 times as large
as the wavelength of visible light.
• On the other hand, for wavelengths, which are in
the order of the dimensions of objects, diffraction
effects become quite important.
• For example, our speech produces wavelengths of
the order of meters and diffraction of these waves
around obstacles such as doors, trees can be
observed.
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X-Ray Diffraction
from Crystals.
• Bragg developed the method for X- Ray
diffraction from crystals.
• The results are analyzed By:
• 1) First assuming that each plane of atoms (in
the crystal) acts like a mirror. →→
the angle of reflection equals to the angle of
incidence.
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• 2) Next, the reflected waves from successive
layers of atoms are allowed to interfere. →→
• If the reflected waves from adjacent planes are
in phase, the interference will be constructive
and the reflection will be intense.
• On the other hand, reflections that are out of
phase will tend to cancel each other.
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• THEN: If the Path difference is an integer
number of wavelengths, the rays are in phase.
• *** →→ Constructive Interference.
• Γ = nλ n=1,2,3,…
• Path diff. = n * wavelength
n = 1 first order max.
n = 2 second order max.
n = 3 third order max.
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• If the Path Difference is an odd number of half
wavelengths, the rays are out of phase, →→
• → distractive interference. ( weak reflection)
• Γ = 1 * λ/2
• = 3 * λ/2
• = 5 * λ/2
• .
• .
• .
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• Bild
d = the interplanar distance
= the distance between adjacent reflecting planes.
a = atomic spacing
= lattice constant of the crystal
= interatomic spacing
φ = incident angle
scattering angle = 2φ = the angular separation
between the incident and reflected beams
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• Bild
• sin φ = d/a →→ d = a sinφ
• ***The Bragg condition for strong reflection is:
• Γ = 2d sinΘ
• nλ = 2d sinΘ
• nλ = 2 a sinφ cos φ
• nλ = a sin2φ 14
• Home work: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ,
6,7,8,9
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