Determinants and Matrices 805

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Determinants and Matrices

Determinants Solution (a) By expanding, we get
(1 + x) [(1 + y) (1 + z) − 1] − 1(z) + 1 (−y)
Definition
Let us consider three homogeneous linear equations  1 1 1
= xyz  1 + + +  .
a 1 x + b1 y + c 1 z = 0 , a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z = 0  x y z

and a 3 x + b 3 y + c 3 z = 0 Trick: Put x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3 , then

Eliminating x, y, z from above three equations, we obtain 2 1 1

a1 (b2c 3 − b3 c 2 ) − b1 (a 2c 3 − a3 c 2 ) + c1 (a2b3 − a3b2 ) = 0 …..(i) 1 3 1 = 2(11) − 1(3) + 1(1 − 3) = 17
1 1 4
a1 b1 c1
 1 1 1
The L.H.S. of (i) is represented by a 2 b2 c2 Option (a) gives, 1 × 2 × 3 1 + + +  = 17 .
a3 b3 c3  1 2 3
1 k 3
b2 c2 a c2 a b2
= a1 − b1 2 + c1 2 ILLUSTRATION-2 If 3 k − 2 = 0 ,then the value of k is
b3 c3 a3 c3 a 3 b3
2 3 −1
It contains three rows and three columns, it is called a [IIT 1979]
determinant of third order.
(a) – 1 (b) 0
The number of elements in a second order is 2 2 = 4 and the (c) 1 (d) None of these
number of elements in a third order determinant is 3 2 = 9 . 1 k 3
33
Rows and columns of a determinant : In a determinant Solution (d) 3 k − 2 = 0 ⇒ k = .
horizontal lines counting from top 1st, 2nd, 3rd,….. respectively 8
2 3 −1
known as rows and are denoted by R1, R2 , R3 , ...... and vertical
−x 1 0
lines counting left to right, 1st, 2nd, 3rd,….. respectively known as
ILLUSTRATION-3 The value of x, if 1 − x 1 = 0 is
columns and are denoted by C1 , C2 , C3 ,.....
0 1 −x
1+ x 1 1 equal to [Pb. CET 2002]
ILLUSTRATION-1 1 1+ y 1 =
(a) ± 6 (b) ± 2
1 1 1+ z
(c) ± 3 (d) 2, 3
[RPET 1992, 2000; Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
−x 1 0
 1 1 1
(a) xyz  1 + + +  (b) xyz Solution (b) We have ∆ = 1 −x 1
 x y z
0 1 −x
1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) 1 + + + (d) + +
x y z x y z ⇒ ∆ = − x( x 2 − 1) − 1(− x − 0) = 0 ⇒ x = ± 2 .
 806 Determinants and Matrices

p 15 8 P-3 : If a determinant has two rows (or columns) identical,

ILLUSTRATION-4 If D p = p 2
35 9 , then then its value is zero.
P-4 : If all the elements of any row (or column) be multiplied
p3 25 10
by the same number, then the value of determinant is multiplied by
D1 + D 2 + D 3 + D 4 + D5 = [Kurukshetra CEE 1998] that number.
(a) 0 (b) 25 P-5 : If each element of any row (or column) can be
expressed as a sum of two terms, then the determinant can be
(c) 625 (d) None of these
expressed as the sum of the determinants.
1 15 8 2 15 8
a1 + x b1 + y c1 + z a1 b1 c1 x y z
Solution (d) D1 = 1 35 9 , D2 = 4 35 9
e.g., a2 b2 c2 = a2 b2 c 2 + a2 b2 c2
1 25 10 8 25 10
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
3 15 8 4 15 8 5 15 8 P-6 : The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to
D3 = 9 35 9 , D 4 = 16 35 9 and D5 = 25 35 9 the elements of any row (or column) the same multiples of the
27 25 10 64 25 10 125 25 10 corresponding elements of any other row (or column)
a1 b1 c1
15 15 8
e.g., D = a2 b2 c2
⇒ D1 + D 2 + D3 + D4 + D5 = 55 35 9
a3 b3 c3
225 25 10
a1 + ma2 b1 + mb2 c1 + mc 2
= 15(125) + 15(1475) − 8(6500)
and D' = a2 b2 c2 .
= 1875 + 22125 − 52000 = −28000 .
a3 − na1 b3 − nb1 c 3 − nc1
1 1 1
Then D' = D .
ILLUSTRATION-5 1 ω 2 ω = [RPET 2002] P-7 : If all elements below leading diagonal or above leading
1 ω ω2 diagonal or except leading diagonal elements are zero then the
value of the determinant equal to product of all elements of the
(a) 3 3i (b) − 3 3i diagonal.
(c) i 3 (d) 3 P-8 : If a determinant D becomes zero on putting x = α ,
1 1 1 then we say that ( x − α ) is a factor of determinant.

Solution (a) 1 ω 2 ω = 3(ω − ω 2 ) P-9 : It should be noted that while applying operations on
determinants at least one of the rows (or columns) must remain
1 ω ω2
unchanged or, Maximum number of operations = order of
 − 1 + 3 i − 1 − 3i  determinant –1.
= 3 −  =3 3i. P-10 : If any row (or column) is multiplied by a non-zero
 2 2  number, then the determinant will be multiplied by that number.
1+ a 1 1 a−b b−c c −a
ILLUSTRATION-6 If 1 1+ b 1 = 0 . Then the value of ILLUSTRATION-1 x−y y−z z−x = [MNR 1987]
1 1 1+ c p−q q−r r − p
a −1 + b −1 + c −1 is equal to [MP PET 2010] (a) a( x + y + z) + b( p + q + r ) + c
(a) 1 (b) –1 (b) 0
(c) abc (d) None of these (c) abc + xyz + pqr
1+ a 1 1 (d) None of these
Solution (b) 1 1+ b 1 =0 a−b b−c c −a 0 b−c c−a
1 1 1+ c Solution (b) x − y y − z z − x = 0 y − z z − x = 0
p−q q−r r − p 0 q−r r − p
⇒ (1 + a)[(1 + b)(1 + c) − 1] − 1(1 + c − 1) + 1(1 − 1 − b) = 0
[by C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ]
1 1 1
⇒ ab + bc + ac = −abc ∴ + + = −1 . 1 5 π
a b c
ILLUSTRATION-2 log e e 5 5 =
Properties of determinants
log 10 10 5 e
P-1 : The value of the determinant remains unchanged when
(a) π (b) e
rows and columns are interchanged, it is obvious that any theorem
which is true for ‘rows’ must also be true for ‘columns’. (c) 1 (d) 0
P-2 : If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be 1 5 π
interchanged, the determinant is unaltered in numerical value but Solution (d) ∆ = 1 5 5 =0 [∵ log a a = 1 and 5C1 ≡ C2 ]
is changed in sign only. 1 5 e
 Determinants and Matrices 807

ILLUSTRATION-3 If ω is the cube root of unity, then 1 ω ω2

1 ω ω2 = x 0 x + ω2 −ω 1 −ω2
ω ω2 1 = [RPET 1985, 93, 94; MP PET 1990, 2002; 0 1−ω x + ω − ω2
ω2 1 ω
= x[( x + ω 2 − ω )( x + ω − ω 2 ) − (1 − ω )(1 − ω 2 )]
KCET 1992, 93, 2002, 05]
= x[ x 2 + xω − xω 2 + xω 2 + 1 − ω − xω − ω 2 + 1 − 1 + ω 2 + ω − 1]
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) ω (d) ω 2 = x[ x 2 ] = x 3 .

1 ω ω2 1 + ω + ω2 ω ω2 a+b b+c c+a a b c

Solution (b) ω ω2 1 = 1 + ω + ω2 ω2 1 ILLUSTRATION-6 b + c c + a a + b = k b c a , then k =
ω2 1 ω 1+ω +ω2 1 ω c+a a+b b+c c a b

 Applying  [EAMCET 1992; DCE 2000; Odisha JEE 2009]

  (a) 1 (b) 2
C
 1 → C1 + C2 + C3
(c) 3 (d) 4
0 ω ω2 a b c b c a a b c
= 0 ω2 1 = 0 . {∵ ω 2 + ω + 1 = 0} Solution (b) b c a + c a b =k b c a
0 1 ω c a b a b c c a b
ILLUSTRATION-4 One of the roots of the given equation a b c a b c
x+a b c ⇒ 2 b c a = k b c a ⇒ k = 2.
b x+c a = 0 is [MP PET 1988, 2002; RPET 1996; c a b c a b
c a x +b
x+a x+b x+c
Tamilnadu (Engg.) 2002; AMU 2012]
ILLUSTRATION-7 y + a y+b y+c = [Odisha JEE 2010]
(a) − (a + b) (b) − (b + c)
z+a z+b z+c
(c) −a (d) − (a + b + c)
(a) 1 (b) −1
x+a b c (c) 0 (d) 2
Solution (d) b x+c a =0 x+a x+b x+c
c a x+b Solution (c) y + a y+b y+c
1 b c z+a z+b z+c
⇒ ( x + a + b + c) 1 x + c a =0 , [C1 → C1 + C 2 + C3 ]
x−y x−y x−y
1 a x+b
= y−z y−z y−z [∵ R1 → R1 − R 2 and R 2 → R 2 − R3 ]
⇒ x = −(a + b + c) is one of the roots of the equation. z+a z+b z+c
ILLUSTRATION-5 If ω is the cube root of unity, then
1 1 1
x +1 ω ω2 = ( x − y) (y − z) 1 1 1
ω x +ω2 1 = [MNR 1990; MP PET 1999] z+a z+b z+c
ω2 1 x +ω
= ( x − y) (y − z). 0 = 0.
(a) x 3 + 1 (b) x 3 + ω 2 4 6
(c) x3 +ω2 (d) x 3 ILLUSTRATION-8 Value of 2 + 3 x 4 + 3y 6 + 3z is
x +1 ω ω 2 2x 2y 2z
Solution (d) ∆ = ω x +ω2 1 [AMU 2010]
ω2 1 x +ω (a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) 6
x +1+ω +ω2 ω ω2
2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6
= x +1+ω +ω 2
x +ω2 1 , [C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ]
Solution (a) 2 + 3x 4 + 3y 6 + 3z = 2 4 6 + 3x 3y 3z
x +1+ω +ω2 1 x +ω
2x 2y 2z 2x 2y 2z 2x 2y 2z
ω1 ω2 2 4 6
= x 1 x +ω2 1 [∵ 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0] = 0 + 2× 3 x y z [äIn first determinant, R2 = R1]
1 1 x +ω x y z
= R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 = 0 + 0 = 0. [äIn second determinant, R2 = R3 ]
 808 Determinants and Matrices

Minors and Cofactors Solution (b) The co-factor of element 4, in the 2nd row and 3 rd
column is
(1) Minor of an element : If we take an element of the
determinant and delete (remove) the row and column containing 1 3 1
that element, the determinant left is called the minor of that = (−1)2 + 3 8 0 1 =– {1(– 2) – 3 (8 – 0)+ 1 × 16}= 10.
element. It is denoted by M ij . 0 2 1

a1 b1 c1
a11 a12 a13
ILLUSTRATION-2 If ∆ = a 2 b2 c2 and A1 , B1 , C1 denote
Consider the determinant ∆ = a 21 a 22 a 23 ,
a3 b3 c3
a31 a 32 a33
the co-factors of a1 , b1 , c 1 respectively, then the value of the
M11 M12 M13
A1 B1 C1
then determinant of minors M = M 21 M 22 M 23
determinant A 2 B2 C 2 is
M 31 M 32 M 33
A3 B3 C3
a22 a23
where M 11 = minor of a11 = [MP PET 1989; Tamilnadu (Engg.) 2002]
a32 a33
(a) ∆ (b) ∆2
a21 a23 (c) ∆3 (d) 0
M12 = minor of a12 =
a31 a33 a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1
a21 a22 ′
Solution (b) We know that ∆ ∆ = a 2 b2 c 2 . A2 B2 C2
M13 = minor of a13 = a3 b3 c 3 A3 B3 C3
a31 a32

Similarly, we can find the minors of other elements . Using this Σa1 A1 0 0 ∆ 0 0
concept the value of determinant can be = 0 Σa 2 A 2 0 = 0 ∆ 0 = ∆3 ⇒ ∆′ = ∆2 .
0 0 Σa 3 A 3 0 0 ∆
∆ = a11M11 − a12 M12 + a13 M13
Trick : If ∆′ is the determinant formed by replacing the elements
or, ∆ = −a21M 21 + a22 M 22 − a23 M 23
of a determinant ∆ by their corresponding co-factors, then
or, ∆ = a31M 31 − a32 M 32 + a33 M 33 . ∆ ′ = ∆n−1 , where n is the order of the determinant. Here n =3,
(2) Cofactor of an element : The cofactor of an element hence ∆′ = ∆2 .
th th
a ij (i.e. the element in the i row and j column) is defined as 5 6 3
(−1) i+ j
times the minor of that element. It is denoted by C ij or Aij ILLUSTRATION-3 If A = − 4 3 2 , then co-factors of the
−4 −7 3
or Fij . Cij = (−1)i + j Mij
elements of 2nd row are [RPET 2002]
a11 a12 a13 (a) 39, − 3, 11 (b) − 39, 3, 11
If ∆ = a21 a22 a23 , then determinant of cofactors is (c) − 39, 27, 11 (d) − 39, − 3, 11
a31 a32 a33
Solution (c) C21 = (−1)2+1(18 + 21) = −39
C11 C12 C13
C 22 = (−1)2 + 2 (15 + 12) = 27, C23 = (−1)2 + 3 (−35 + 24) = 11 .
C = C21 C22 C23
C31 C32 C33 ILLUSTRATION-4 The minors of – 4 and 9 and the co-factors of
−1 − 2 3
where C11 = (−1)1+1 M11 = + M11 , C12 = (−1)1+ 2 M12 = − M12
– 4 and 9 in determinant − 4 − 5 − 6 are respectively
and C13 = (−1)1+ 3 M13 = + M13 −7 8 9
Similarly, we can find the cofactors of other elements. [J & K CET 2005]

ILLUSTRATION-1 The co-factor of the element '4' in the (a) 42, 3 ; – 42, 3 (b) – 42, – 3 ; 42, – 3
1 3 5 1 (c) 42, 3 ; – 42, – 3 (d) 42, 3; 42, 3
2 3 4 2 −2 3
determinant is [MP PET 1987] Solution (b) Minor of – 4 = = −42 ,
8 0 1 1 8 9
0 2 1 1 −1 −2
Minor of 9 = = −3 and co-factor of – 4 = (−1)2+1(−42) = 42 ,
(a) 4 (b) 10 −4 −5
(c) – 10 (d) – 4 co-factor of 9= (−1)3 + 3 (−3) = −3 .