Alpa International Pvt. Ltd.

, Synthetic Organic Chemicals Industry EIA Study

5.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS 5.1 INTRODUCTION

Baseline Environmental Studies have been conducted to know the existing status of various Environmental attributes viz., Climatic and Atmospheric conditions, Air, Water, Noise, Soil, Hydro geological, Land use pattern, Ecological, Socio-Economical environment, prior to setting up of the proposed product enhancement activity. This study would help to undertake mitigation measures for protection of the environment on account of any change due to proposed activities. 5.2 SCOPE OF BASELINE STUDY An area, covering 10 km radial distances from the project site is considered as the study area for purpose of the baseline studies. As part of Environmental Impact Assessment, this study was undertaken for a period of three months from June 2009 to August 2009. Primary data on Water, Air, Land, Flora, Fauna & Socio-Economic data were collected by a team of Engineers and Scientists. Secondary data was collected from Department of State/Central Government Organizations, SemiGovernment and Public Sector Organizations. Table - 5.1 gives various environmental attributes considered for formulating environmental baseline and Table - 5.2 gives frequency and monitoring methodology for various environmental attribute.

5.3 HYDROGEOLOGY As per the investigation, depth of groundwater in the area is in the range of 45 to 70 m. the ground strata are fine grained (clay) alteration of clay, sand and sandstone. The groundwater in the area occurs under confined conditions in inter granular pore spaces of sandstone and sand. Borewell on the plant site yielding about 12.5 m3/hr. Overall the area has a moderate groundwater potential. 5.4 GEOLOGY The study area is geologically classified as semi consolidated formation representing the Upper Gondwanas of Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous age and the marine beds of the Cretaceous Age. The Upper Gondwana sediments consists of two stages i.e., the lower Sriperumbudur stage consisting of white to pink fluviatile clays, shales and feldspathic sandstones. The Sriperumbudur beds occur as patches spread over nearly 2,000 sq km in Chengulpattu and North Arcot districts and the largest patch occurring at around Sriperumbudur. The age of Sriperumbudur is not certain, but the impressions of the foraminifer and the ammonities are suggestive of an age varying from Upper Jurassic of Lower Cretaceous.

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The geology of the proposed project site is similar to the regional geology and has underlain Gondwana Formation of sediments. The sediments have top sandy clay followed by sandstone and alternate silty clay and shale.

5.5 SEISMOLOGY The project area and surroundings fall in Zone III according to Seismic Zone Map of India. This shows the area is seismically active with light to moderate quakes.

TABLE 5.1 - VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES S. No. 1 2 Attribute Land Use Water Quality Parameter Source of Data

Trend of land use change for different SIPCOT Industrial categories Complex, Sriperumbudur Physical, Chemical parameters and Biological Water samples are collected at seven locations during this study period Ambient air quality monitoring at six locations VOC Monitoring at project site & its surrounding Noise level monitoring at four locations

3 4 5 6

Ambient Air Quality Ambient Air Noise levels Ecology

PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx VOC Noise levels in dB(A)

Existing terrestrial flora and fauna Secondary sources within the 10 km radius of project influence area

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7 8

Geology Soil

Geological history

Secondary sources

Soil types and samples analyzed for Soil samples are physical and chemical parameters. collected for analysis at five locations Socio-economic characteristics of the Based on field survey affected area and data collected from secondary sources

Socioeconomic aspects

TABLE 5.2 - ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES: FREQUENCY AND MONITORING METHODS Sampling Attributes Measurement Remarks Method Network Frequency A. Air Environment Particulate Matter (PM10) Requisite locations in the project 24 hourly Gravimetric (High- Volume) As per CPCB

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influence area Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Gravimetric (High- Volume with PM10 Impacter)

standards under November 18th 2009 Notification for NAAQS

Attributes Oxides of Sulphur (SO2)

Sampling Network Frequency Requisite locations in the project influence area 24 hourly

Measurement Method EPA Modified West & Gaeke method Arsenite Modified Jacob & Hochheiser Instrument : Noise level meter Samples for water quality collected and analyzed as per IS : 2488 (Part 15) methods for sampling and testing of Industrial effluents Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater analysis published by American Public Health Association.

Remarks

NOx

B. Noise Hourly equivalent noise levels C. Water Parameters for water quality: pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Total hardness, Total Alkalinity, Chloride, Sulphate, Sodium, potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Total Dissolved Solids and Iron

Requisite Once locations in the project influence area Set of grab Once samples at requisite locations for ground and surface water

IS: 49541968

D. Land Environment Parameter for soil quality: pH, texture, electrical conductivity, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphate, sodium,

Requisite soil Once samples be collected as per BIS specifications

Collected and analyzed as per soil analysis reference book, [Link]

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calcium, potassium and Magnesium.

within project influence area

5.6 CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA A. Climate: The Kancheepuram region is endowed with a moderate climate but considerable humidity. Extreme heat or cold weathers are not prevalent. Both the monsoons occur here and in summer heat is considerably mitigated in the coastal areas by the sea breeze. Generally, the north east monsoon which lasts during the months of October, November and December brings heavy rainfall and nearly two third of the annual rainfall are received during this season.

B. Rainfall: The rainfall that comes before monsoon is almost uniform throughout the district. The coastal taluks get more rain rather than the interior regions. This district is mainly depended on the seasonal rains. Northeast and southwest monsoon give the most rainfall with 54% and 36% contribution each to the total annual rainfall. The normal rainfall is recorded as 1213.3 mm while actual rainfall is recorded as 1133 mm.

C. Temperature: The summer season experiences a maximum of 36.6 C and a minimum of 21.1 C while in winter season the temperature is 28.7 C as maximum and 19.8 C as minimum temperature.

D. Cloud Cover: During the winter and the summer seasons, it was observed that the skies are generally very clear. In the post monsoon season, generally light clouds were observed in the evenings, with clear mornings. During the monsoon season, both in the mornings and evenings, the skies were found to be clouded. E. Micro-Meteorology at Site: The meteorological data recorded during study period is very useful for proper interpretation of the baseline information as well as for input, to predictive models for air quality dispersion. The year may broadly be divided into four seasons.

Winter season Summer season Monsoon season (South West Monsoon) Post monsoon (North East Monsoon)

: December to February : March to May : June to September : October to November

The area receives rain during northeast monsoon and also gets affected by the cyclonic weather during the monsoon season.

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India Meteorological Department Minambakkam, Chennai

The study period wind rose is presented in Figure 5.1.

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Alpa International Pvt. Ltd., TABLE 3.2 - CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA - STATION: IMD, CHENNAI (1951 1980)

Figure 5.1

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Alpa International Pvt. Ltd.,

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5.7 AMBIENT AIR ENVIRONMENT The prime objective of the baseline air monitoring is to evaluate the existing air quality of the area. This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to standards of the ambient air quality during the operation of the proposed project. This section describes the selection of sampling locations, methodology adopted for sampling and analytical techniques. The results of monitoring carried out during the study period starting from June 2009 to August 2009 are presented below; 5.7.1 Methodology adopted for Air Quality Survey A) Selection of Sampling Locations The baseline status of the air quality in the study area has been assessed through a scientifically designed ambient air quality monitoring network. The design of monitoring network in the air quality surveillance has been based on the following considerations: Meteorological conditions Topography of the study area; Representatives of regional background air quality for obtaining baseline status; and Representatives of likely impact areas

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) stations were set up at six locations with due consideration to the above mentioned points. The locations of the selected stations are given in Table-5.3 and Figure-5.2.

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B. Frequency and Parameters for Sampling Ambient Air Quality monitoring has been carried out simultaneously at six locations with a frequency of two consecutive days per week for study period. The baseline data of air environment is generated for the following parameters:

Particulate Matter (PM 10) Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX)

TABLE 5.3 - DETAILS OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING LOCATIONS S. No Location Code Location Direction NW NNW N NNE ESE Environmental Setting Industrial Residential Residential Residential Industrial Residential

1 AAQ1 Site 2 AAQ2 Irungulam 3 AAQ3 Vadamangalam 4 AAQ4 Thodukadu 5 AAQ5 Sriperumbudur 6 AAQ6 Kaduvancheri Direction with the respect to site

C. Instruments for Sampling Respirable Dust Samplers were used for monitoring Particulate Matter (PM10 & PM2.5), and gaseous pollutants like SO2 and NOx. D. Sampling and Analytical Techniques PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx

The air inlet has a circular symmetry so that air entry is unaffected by wind direction and is designed to keep out rain, insects and very large particles. The inlet section immediately leads to an impactor stage designed to trap particles with an

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aerodynamic diameter larger than 10 microns. Thus the air stream in the down tube consists of only medium and fine particulates. The streamlined air flow of the down tube is accelerated through the nozzle of the well shaped impactor designed to trap medium size particulates with an aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10 microns. To avoid sampling errors due to the tendency of small particles to bounce off the impaction surface a 37mm diameter GF/A paper immersed in silicone oil is used as an impaction surface. The air stream leaving the WINS impactor consists of microns. These fine particles are collected on a special Teflon membrane filter of 47 mm diameter. Modified West and Gaeke method (IS 5182 part II, 1969) has been adopted for estimation of SO2 and Arsenite Modified Jacob & Hochheiser has been adopted for estimation of NOX. The techniques used for the monitoring of Ambient Air quality is given in Table 5.4. E. Calibration Calibration charts have been prepared for all gaseous pollutants. The calibration is carried out whenever new absorbing solutions are prepared and used. TABLE 5.4 - TECHNIQUES USED FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING S. No 1 2 3 4 Parameter Particulate Matter(PM10) Particulate Matter(PM2.5) Sulphur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxide Technique Respirable Dust Sampler (Gravimetric method) Respirable Dust Sampler (Gravimetric method) West and Gaeke Jacob & Hochheiser Minimum Detectable Limit (g / m3) 1.0 1.0 5.0 5.0

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ALPA International

Pvt. Ltd.,

Asian Paints Pvt. Ltd., FIGURE 5.2 - AMBIENT AIR MONITORING STATION

SITE

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ALPA International

Pvt. Ltd.,

Asian Paints Pvt. Ltd.,

AAQ1

Project site

42.4

58.7

52.6

57.4

20.4

24.6

22.5

23.8

9.2

13.5

11.8

16.1

21.8

18.9 21.2

AAQ2 AAQ3 AAQ4 AAQ5 AAQ6

Irungulam Vadamangalam Thodukadu Sriperumbudur Kaduvancheri

39.8 30.2 38.4 56.8 41.0

57.9 44.8 48.9 69.4 46.5

47.4 35.8 41.7 61.2 43.7

56.1 42.7 46.7 67.4 41.9

16.9 13.5 15.4 23.8 13.8

19.6 16.2 20.4 26.5 17.1

17.4 14.4 16.9 24.2 15.5

18.2 15.1 18.7 25.5 16.3

8.4 7.3 9.6 11.2 7.8

12.9 10.1 12.8 15.3 10.6

10.3 9.2 10.8 13.1 9.5

12.4 9.6 12.4 14.9 10.2

14.2 22.1 15.7 19.7 15.9

18.7 26.7 20.5 29.4 18.1

16.4 23.9 18.9 22.7 16.8

17.8 25.6 20.3 28.5 17.6

Ambient Air Quality Standards Industrial /Residential / Rural and Other Area 100 60 80 80

TABLE 5.5 - SUMMARY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY RESULT

All values are expressed in g/m3

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PM10 - A maximum value of 69.4 g/m3 was observed at Sriperumbudur (AAQ5). The 24 hours applicable limit for industrial areas is 100 g/m3. PM2.5 - The maximum value of 26.5 g / m3 for RPM was observed at Sriperumbudur (AAQ5). The next higher value of 24.6 g/m3 was observed at site (AAQ1). The 24 hours applicable limit is 60 g/ m3 for industrial areas. SO2 - The higher values of SO2 are observed to be 15.3 g/ m3 at Sriperumbudur (AAQ5) and 13.5 g/m3 at site (AAQ1). The 24 hours applicable limit for industrial area is 120 g/ m3. NOx - The higher values of NOx are observed to be 29.4 g/m3 at Sriperumbudur (AAQ5). and 26.7 g/m3 at Vadamangalam (AAQ3). The 24 hours applicable limit for industrial area is 120 g/m3. The result of VOCs at the project site and its surrounding are given in Appendix - 9. 5.8 NOISE ENVIRONMENT The most common and universally accepted scale is the A weighted scale which is measured as dB (A). The environmental impact assessment of noise from the industrial activity and vehicular traffic can be undertaken by taking into consideration various factors like potential damage to hearing, physiological responses, annoyance and general community responses. The environmental impact of noise can have several effects varying from Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) to annoyance depending on loudness of noise.

The impact of noise sources on surrounding community depends on: Characteristics of noise sources (instantaneous, intermittent or continuous in nature). It can be observed that steady noise is not as annoying as one which is continuously varying in loudness; The time of day at which noise occurs, for example high noise levels at night in residential areas are not acceptable because of sleep disturbance; and The location of the noise source, with respect to noise sensitive land use, which determines the loudness and period of exposure.

Noise survey has been conducted in the study area to assess the background noise levels in different zones viz., Residential, Industrial, Commercial and Silence zones.

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The main objective of noise monitoring in the study area is to establish the baseline noise levels and assess the impact of the total noise expected to be generated in the surrounding areas by the proposed plant.

5. 8.1 Methodology A) Identification of Sampling Locations A preliminary reconnaissance survey was undertaken to identify the major noise generating sources in the area. The noise monitoring has been conducted at four locations in the study area. The environment setting of noise monitoring locations is given in Table-5.6.

TABLE 5.6 - DETAILS OF NOISE MONITORING LOCATIONS Sr. No 1 2 3 4 B) Location Site Irungulam Vadamangalam Sriperumbudur Environmental Setting Industrial Residential Residential Industrial

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Methodology of Data Generation a) Instrument Used for Monitoring Noise levels were measured using a sound level meter. The sound level meter measures the Sound Pressure Level (SPL), the Maximum Sound Pressure Level (max) and the equivalent continuous noise level (Leq) by switching on the corresponding function mode. b) Method of Monitoring Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurements were taken at all locations, with an interval of 1 minute over a period of one hour for 24 hours. The day noise levels have been monitored during 6 am to 10 pm and night noise levels during 10 pm to 6 am at all the locations covered in the study area. Noise levels were recorded every one minute in the following manner. To obtain noise levels at 8 AM, noise readings, with setting at A response slow mode, were recorded continuously for 60 minutes. All the readings were obtained for 24 hours. These readings were later tabulated and the frequency distribution table was prepared.

Lday: Average noise levels between 6.00 hours to 22.00 hours. Lnight Average noise levels between 22.00 hours to 6.00 hours.

c)

Presentation

Ldn = 10 log

8 1 16 (L i/10) 10 d + i 10[(L n i+10)/10] 24 i =1 =1

of Results

The summary of computed ambient noise level parameters like Lday and Lnight, for all the sampling locations are presented in Table-5.7 and compared to the standards specified by CPCB mentioned below in Table-5.8.
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TABLE 5.7 - AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS RECORDED IN THIS STUDY AREA [dB (A)] S. Sample Location Lday Lnight No N1 Site 65.2 51.8 N2 Irungulam 45.3 41.4 N3 Vadamangalam 49.8 43.7 N4 Sriperumbudur 71.5 59.6 TABLE 5.8 - AMBIENT NOISE STANDARDS AMBIENT NOISE STANDARDS L day Industrial Area 75 Commercial Area 65 Residential Area 55 Silence Zone 50

L night 70 55 45 40

d) Observations

Day time Noise Levels Noise levels during day time were found to be in the range 71.5 45.3 dB (A). The maximum noise level was observed to be 71.5 dB (A) at Sriperumbudur (N5) and a minimum of 45.3 dB (A) was observed at Irungulam (N2).

Night time Noise Levels Noise levels observed to fall in the range 59.6 - 41.4 (A) during the night time. A maximum of 59.6 dB (A) was observed at Sriperumbudur (N5) and a minimum of 41.4 dB (A) in the Irungulam (N2).

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Selected water quality parameters of ground water resources within the study area have been considered for assessing the water environment. To assess the water quality of the study area, seven ground water sampling locations were selected. a) Water Sampling Locations Water samples were collected from seven sampling locations. These samples were collected as grab samples and were analyzed for various parameters. The water sampling locations are listed below in Table-5.9. TABLE 5.9 DETAILS OF WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS S. No W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 b) Location Site Pondur Pillaipakkam Mambakkam Kaduvancheri Araneri Vadakkal Quality Ground water Quality Ground water Quality Ground water Quality Ground water Quality Ground water Quality Ground water Quality Ground water Quality

FIGURE 3.4 - WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS

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The water sampling results for ground water samples are given in Table - 5.10 respectively. The ground water analysis results are compared with the standards for drinking water as per IS: 10500 1983 Specification for drinking Water for ground water.

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ALPA International
Unit

Pvt. Ltd.,
W5 W6 W7

Asian Paints Pvt. Ltd.,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

pH Conductivity at 25C Total Dissolved Solids Total Hardness, as CaCO3 Total Alkalinity, as CaCO3 Chloride, as Cl Sulphate, as SO4

S/cm mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

6.5-8.5 Not Specified 500 300 200 250 200

6.9 195 130 44 36 26 17

7.56 1254 830 252 320 53 330

6.91 2070 1430 695 520 367 133

6.09 1444 1140 483 52 376 115

7.43 436 230 149 160 31 32

7.02 928 580 262 400 78 43

7.80 657 390 268 284 29 55

8 9 10 11 12 13

Calcium, as Ca Magnesium, as Mg Sodium, as Na Potassium, as K Iron, as Fe Turbidity

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l NTU

75 30 Not Specified Not Specified 0.3 5

10.4 4.37 19 3 BDL (<0.05) 2.1

60.4 24.54 198 2 BDL (<0.05) 0.5

177.2 61.23 180 58 1.12 8.6

132.8 151 104 4 BDL (<0.05) 0.4

40.4 36.69 38 2 0.08 0.1

76.4 17.25 106 3

64.4 26 40 BDL (<1.00) BDL (<0.05) 0.6

1.00 18.6

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BDL Below Detectable Limit

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Ground Water and Surface Water The ground water characteristics are given in the above Table-5.10. The analysis results indicate that the average pH ranges in between 6.9 7.8. TDS ranges from 130 to 1430 mg/l. Total hardness ranges from 44 - 695 mg/l. The chlorides were observed to be ranging between 26-376 mg/l. 5.10 SOIL ENVIRONMENT It is essential to determine the potential of soil in the area and identify the current impacts of urbanization and industrialization on soil quality and also predict impacts due to the proposed product increase of plant. Accordingly, a study of assessment of the baseline soil quality was carried out. a) Data Generation For studying soil quality of the region, five sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions in and around the project area representing various land use conditions. The physical and chemical concentrations were determined. The samples were collected from these different depths viz., 30cm, 60cm and 100cm. The present study of the soil quality establishes the baseline characteristics and this will help in future in identifying the incremental concentrations if any, due to the operation of the proposed plant. The sampling locations have been identified with the following objectives: To determine the baseline soil characteristics of the study area To determine the impact of industrialization on soil characteristics and To determine the impact on soils more importantly from agricultural productivity point of view.

Five locations with in 10-km radius of the plant site were selected for soil sampling. At each location, soil samples were collected from three different depths viz., 30cm, 60cm, and 100cm below the surface. The samples were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. The samples have been analyzed as per the established scientific methods for physio-chemical parameters.

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b) Soil Sampling Locations The details of the sampling locations selected for soil sampling are given in Table5.11.

TABLE 5.11 - DETAILS OF SOIL SAMPLING LOCATIONS S. No S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Location Site Vadamangalam Thodukadu Sriperumbudur Kaduvancheri Environmental Setting Industrial land Agricultural land Agricultural land Industrial land Agricultural land

c) Presentation of Results The results of the soil analysis are tabulated in Table-5.12. Standard soil classification is given in Table-5.13.

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Asian Paints Pvt. Ltd.,

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ALPA International

Pvt. Ltd.,

Asian Paints Pvt. Ltd., TABLE 5.12 SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS

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S1 7.52 0.114 0.15 S2 7.63 0.101 0.20 260 134 21 29 10.2 10.1 SCL 7067.2 S3 7.82 0.162 0.11 2615 483 78 113 6.8 5.6 Clay 101.7 1011.5 8076.8 S4 7.71 0.605 0.18 1531 245 33 87 11.7 7.1 Clay 56.3 2021.4 7572.3 S5 7.95 0.108 0.72 1698 305 59 953 29.7 13.7 Loam 3537.3 4541.6 2021.1

Exchangeable Calcium, mg/ kg, 1573 Exchangeable Magnesium, mg/ kg, 210 Exchangeable Sodium, mg/kg 51 Exchangeable Potassium, mg/kg 110 Available Nitrogen as N, mg/kg, Available Phosphorous, as PO4, mg/kg Texture Classification Sand (%) 155.5 56.5 165 2526.3 Clay (%) 68.5 0 TABLE 5.13 STANDARD SOIL CLASSIFICATION Silt (%) 5.8 20.1 Clay

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Chemical Parameters pH

Ranking Very Low <4, very Strongly Acidic <2000, Non saline Low 4-5, Strongly Acidic 2000-4000 Saline Moderate 5-8, Ideal for Plant Growth 4000-8000 Moderately Saline 0.15-0.25 Moderate 10-30 Moderate 200-500 Moderate 150-250 Moderate 1000-2000 Moderate 100-300 Moderate 2.0-3.0 Moderate High 8-9 Strongly Basic 800016000 Highly Saline 0.25-0.5 High 30-60 High >500 Sodic 250-800 High >2000 High >300 High 3.0-5.0 High Very High >9 Very Strongly Basic >16000 Extremely Saline >0.5 Very High >60 Very High

Electrical conductivity (S/cm) Total Nitrogen (%) Total Phosphorous (mg/kg) Sodium (mg/kg) Potassium (mg/kg) Calcium (mg/kg) Magnesium (mg/kg) % Organic Matter

<0.05 Very Low <5 Very Low <40 Very Low 0.5-1.0 Very Low

0.05-0.15 Low 5-10 Low <200 Non Sodic <150 Low <1000 Low 40-100 Low 1.0-2.0 Low

>800 Very High >5 Very High

d) Baseline Soil Status The soil analysis results are presented in Table-5.12. These results are compared with the standard soil classification given in Table-5.13. It has been observed that the pH of the soil ranging from 7.52 - 7.95 indicating that the soils are neutral to slightly alkaline in nature. The soil in the study area is predominantly of sandy clay type. The Electrical Conductivity was observed to be in the range of 0.605 - 0.101 S/cm. The nitrogen values are in the range of 5.8 - 29.7 mg/kg and the potassium values range between 29 - 953 mg/kg, which indicate that the soils have less to better quantities of potassium. The soil from the study area shows moderate fertility.

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The dominant species in the study area were Borassus flabellifera, Tamarindus Indica, Ficus benghalensis, Millingtonia hartensis, Mangifera Indiaca, pithocolobium dulce, Azadirachta Indica, Ficus benghalensis, Millingtonia hartensis, Mangifera Indiaca, Pithocolobium dulce, Azadirachta Indica, Pongamia glabra and Moringa Olieifera. The floristic survey of the area indicated presence of shrubs and trees (or phanerophytes, 73 species), water plants except plankton (or hydrophytes, 16 species), plants with perennial shoots and buds close to surface ( or hemicryptophytes, 21 species), and parasitic plants 9 or epiphytes, 1 species). A total of 162 plant species were recorded in the study area. Most of the plant species recorded were fruits, vegetables, cereals, millets, probes, timber, forage, flowers, oil seeds and a few medicinal and sacred plants. In general the area is typical of semiarid tropical vegetation structure. Commercial plantations like eucalyptus and casuarinas were observed at a few places in Ramapuram, Padicheri and Sirukoloy villages. Cashew, guava and mango plantations were also recorded. As per forest records, there are no reserved, protected or village forests within 7.0 km area of the proposed projects site. On the basis of field studies and as per secondary data available from Botanical Survey of India and Forest Department-state of Tamil Nadu, the study area did not indicate presence of any endangered and vulnerable species. Terrestrial fauna As per available secondary data, several minor herbivorous and carnivorous wild animals are reported to exist in the study area. The reported common mammals are Common Mongoose, Indian Hare, Fruit bat, Squirrel, Monkey, Indian Rat, Fox, Porcupine and Common mouse. The reported common amphibians present in the study area include Frogs and Toads, mainly restricted to marshes. The common reptiles reported to be present in the study area include Lizard, Chameleon, Cobra, Viper etc. In all, 22 species of local migrant birds and 4 species of butterflies are reported in the study area. Endangered animals A comprehensive Central legislation namely Wild Life (Protection) Act was enforced in 1972 to provide protection to wild animals. Schedule-I of this Act contains the list of rate and endangered species, which are completely protected throughout the country. 45 species are reported to be existing in the study area, out of which one (Macaca mulata or Monkey) belongs to Schedule I, 3 species belong to Schedule

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II (Herpestres edwardsinyula (or Mongoose, known as Nevla in local languages Hindi), Vulpes benghalensis (or Fox) and Vipera sp. (or Russel Viper snake) and rest of the animals belong to Schedule IV of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972. Majority of the animals are those commonly sighted in the region. Monkeys are generally sighted outside the temples for the eatables/ food given to them by the devotees. The Mongoose is sighted in the wasteland. The fox and snakes are occasionally sighted in areas close to the forests and wasteland respectively. However, there are no protected habitats of these animals either in the study area or in the nearby areas, and, therefore, no specific actions are required to be taken by the proposed facility.

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At the existing premises, the following plants are available. Anona Squamosa, Azadirachta Indica, Bauhiniapur Purea, Caesalpinia Pulcherrima, Eucalyptus Citriodora, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Psidium guayava

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5.12

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SOCIO- ECONOMIC PROFILE

The socio economic aspects of the study include study of human settlements, demography, sociological aspects such as distribution of scheduled castes(SC) and scheduled tribes(ST) populations, literacy levels of people and the infrastructure facilities (for education, health, communication, transportation, water supply, sanitation etc.) available in the study area. The economic aspects include occupational structure of workers. The methodology adopted for the study is mainly based on review of secondary data such as the Primary Census Abstracts of 2001 Census. The salient features of the demographic and socio-economic aspects of the study area are described in the following sections. Settlements The study area covers approximately 68,150 persons (50.33% males and 49.67% females) inhabited in 37 human settlements, which includes an urban area and 36 village rural settlements. Of these, Sriperumbudur Town Panchayat and 32 rural settlements fall in Sirperumbudur Taluk fall in Thiruvallur district. The majority of the human settlements are small villages having less than 1,000 people in each village. Sriperumbudur is the only urban center in the study area having a population of more than 10,000 people. Molachur and Thirupandiyur are two (2) other villages having a population of more than 6,000 people. The distribution of settlements and population are presented in Table 5.14 and 5.15. Table 5.14 Census) Distribution of Settlements by Population Size (as per 2001

Population Range Female 1-100 101-200 255 201-500 738 501-750 1447 751-1000 3963

No. of Village

Households

Persons

Male

2 2 4 5 9

22 108 359 695 1844

87

42 515 1485 3062 8097

45 260 747 1615 4134

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5 5 2 2 1 37

1736 2638 1577 2886 3629 15494

7526 12010 6975 12237 16156 68150

3862 6030 3413 6122 8077 34302

Table: 5.15 Distribution of Population in the Study Area

Particulars Area Total Area (ha) No. of Human Settlements No. of Households Total Population Male Population Female Population Average Household Size Sex ratio Density of population/km2

Sriperumbudur Taluk

Thiruvallur Taluk

Study

15020 33 12189 53946 27306 26640 4.43 976 359

3347 4 3305 14204 6996 7208 4.3 1030 424

18367 378 15494 68150 34302 33848 4.40 987 371

Source: Primary Census Statistics Kancheepuram and Thiruvallur Districts, 2001 Social Structure

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As per 2001 census, `32% of the population in the study area belonged to scheduled castes (SC) and `2% to the scheduled tribes (ST). This indicates that, in the year 2001, ~34% i.e. about one third of the total population in the study area belonged to the weaker (i.e. economically and socially backward) sections. Literacy The analysis of the literacy levels (as per 2001 census) in the study area reveals an overall lower literacy rate in the study area. The study area experienced a moderate literacy rate of about 60% in 2001. The male and female literacy rates are reported to be about 69% and 51% respectively. Occupational Pattern The occupational structure of residents in the study area is studied with reference to main workers, marginal workers and non-workers. The main workers include four (4) categories of workers, defined by the 2001 census, consisting of cultivators, agricultural laborers, those engaged in household industry and other services. The marginal workers are those workers engaged in some work for a period of less than six (6) months during the reference year prior to the census survey. The nonworkers include those engaged in unpaid household duties, students, retired persons, dependents, beggars, vagrants etc. and industrial inmates or all other nonworkers who do not fall under the above categories. As per 2001 census records, altogether the main workers (20,121 nos.) are about 30% of the total population. The marginal workers and non-workers constitute 13% and 58% of the total population respectively. The cultivators work out to 12% of the total main workers, while indicating the less importance to the primary agricultural sector. The female workers engaged in cultivation are very less and work out to be `2% of the total main workers. This indicates that the study area is changing its economic base from the previously prevailed agricultural predominance to the present non-agricultural occupations with diversifications. The agricultural laborers are 23% of the study area main workers. These comprise of 15% male and 8% female main workers. The household industrial workers constitute 11% of the total main workers comprising of 8% males and 6% females. Most of the men and women are engaged in embroidery works of clothes, which fetch a good amount of income to both men and women. Other than embroidery, the males are engaged in carpentry and other workers. These include the workers employed in industrial and business establishments, construction activities, transportation and communications sector, government and private employment etc.,

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Transport Facilities The study area is served by road network only. This study area is traversed by NH#4 connecting Chennai with Bangalore, Thiruvallur-Chengalpet State Highway and Sriperumbudur Vandalur and Sriperumbudur Kodambakkam major district roads. Passenger bus services are available on all these major roads. All the villages in the study area are served by bus facility connecting them with Sriperumbudur town, however, the frequency of bus services varies depending on the size of the village. Communication Facilities The study area has a reasonable level of post and telegraphic services. Sriperumbudur town has all sorts of communication facilities such as post and telegraph office, telephone exchange etc. All villages in the study area have telephonic connectivity. All bigger villages have post offices and provided with public telephone booths. Besides the public communication facilities, privates STD and ISD telephone facilities are available in all big villages. Power Supply Electricity is supplied in all villages of the study area for domestic, agricultural, industrial and public lighting purposes. Water Supply Facility All the villages in the study area are provided with a water supply system. The water supplies to the villages are made through construction of elevated services reservoirs and with a pipeline distribution network. Besides the tapped water supply system through public stand posts and domestic water connections, all villages have been provided with tube wells fitted with hand pumps. Most of the villages in the study area have village ponds/ tanks. Villagers commonly use this water for non-drinking purposes. In case of failure of public water supply system, the villagers even use the pond water for drinking. The villages also have open wells/ bore wells. However, open wells also seem to be the source for vector-borne and other water contaminated problems. Large numbers of the households use well water for bathing purposes and, therefore, face skin related problems. Even though toiler facilities are better, there are a few families who still opt for open defecation.

Educational Facilities Sriperumbudur area has become a synonym for higher education in the state of Tamil Nadu. The educational facilities are more or less evenly distributed in the

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study area. These include primary, secondary, high and higher secondary schools, degree colleges, post graduate centres, medical and engineering colleges. Every village and hamlet in the study area is having at least a primary school. All the high schools and higher secondary schools are situated in Sriperumbudur and larger villages. Health Facilities Different types of health facilities are available in the study area, which include a hospital at Sriperumbudur and a primary health centre at Vallam village. Majority of the health facilities are concentrated in Sriperumbudur urban area. Some sort of a health facility is available in all bigger villages of the study area. Besides the public health facilities, there are many private clinics and dispensaries in Sriperumbudur town as well as all the bigger villages. Cultural and Heritage Places There is no a historical monument or archeological structure in the study area. Rajiv Gandhi Memorial is a national monument located in the study area located at a distance of about 2 km from the proposed project site. Sriperumbudur is the birthplace of the saint Sri Ramanujacharya, the founder of Vaishnava Cult, hence a religious and a historically important centre. A temple dedicated to the saint stand in the Sriperumbudur town.

Settlement Pattern As explained earlier this area is covered in Pondur Village, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu. The study area and their spatial distribution is as under.

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TABLE 5.16 - SOCIO - ECONOMIC STATUS OF PONDUR VILLAGE

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Parameter Population Population (0-6) Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Literates Illiterates Workers Main Workers Main Cultivators Main Agricultural labourers Main Workers in household industries Main Other Workers Marginal Workers Marginal Cultivators Marginal Agricultural labourers Marginal Workers in Household industries Marginal Other Workers Non Workers Households

Total 2375 291 959 47 1430 945 974 309 31 34 46 198 665 12 397 57 199 1401

Male 1226 137 479 24 862 364 621 227 28 17 26 156 394 9 221 17 147 605

Female 1149 154 480 23 568 581 353 82 3 17 20 42 271 3 176 40 52 796 458

Percentage 100 13.96 40.38 1.98 68.62 31.38 41.01 13.01 10.03 11 14.89 64.08 28 1.8 59.7 8.57 29.92 58.99

Sex Ratio 937 1124 1002 958 659 1596 568 361 107 500 769 1355 18 333 796 2353 354 1316

The demographic and occupational details of villages in the study area are given in Appendix 11. The medical reports of the workers are given in Appendix 13.

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The details regarding demographic aspects of villages as per 2001 Census are given below:

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Various communities inhabit the study area. The population of SC and ST in study area is as follows:

Literacy is an important indicator for understanding the socio-economic development of any area. The literacy levels in study area in year 2001 were as follows:

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