CH: 5

Real time communication

Real Time Communication
 It’s refers to the ability to communicate and exchange information in real
time over the internet.
 It’s refer to any live telecommunications that occur without transmission
delays. RTC is nearly instant with minimal latency.
 RTC is generally a peer-to-peer, rather than broadcasting or multicasting,
transmission.
 Examples of RTC include the Internet, land lines, mobile or cell phones,
instant messaging (IM), Internet relay chat and video conferencing and
etc.
Cont.….
 RTC data transmission modes are as follows:
 Half Duplex: Occurs bi-directionally but not simultaneously on a
single carrier or circuit.
 Full Duplex: Occurs bi-directionally and simultaneously on a single
carrier or circuit.
• Examples of some applications requiring Real-Time Communication:
 Instant messaging − Applications such as WhatsApp and Microsoft
Teams, enable users to send and receive messages in real time.
 Internet Telephone − Voice over IP, where IP refers to the Internet
Protocol that underlies all Internet communication.
• By using VoIP phones, one can make phone calls.
Cont.
 Voice and video calls − Applications such as Zoom and Skype
enable users to make voice and video calls over the internet
in real time. These applications allow users to see and hear
each other in real time.
 Live streaming − Applications such as YouTube Live and
Facebook Live enable users to stream video in real time over
the internet.
 Video conferencing − Applications such as Zoom, Skype, and
Google Meet enable users to participate in video conferences
with multiple participants.
Cont.
 Internet-based Banking Applications:bank customers carry out
their banking transactions using web browsers in the comfort
of their homes.
 Transaction is completed in time, unless the server may time out
leading to rejection of user requests.
 Multimedia Multicast: In a multimedia application, many receivers
located at geographically different places receive multimedia
information from a multimedia sever.
 The multimedia information is usually in the form of streaming
video and audio. Transmission and processing of these
information have firm real-time requirements.
Types of Real-Time Communication
 Hard real-time communication:
 Hared real-time applications often involve transmission of
Constant Bit Rate traffic (CBR). For example, periodic sensor
signals.
 Soft real-time communication:
 Only a few of QoS parameters are important. For example,
FTP, E-mail, Web Browsing, etc.
 Firm real-time communication:
 Such as multimedia applications.
Real-Time Communication in a LAN

 Many hard real-time applications span small geographical areas.

 Examples of such applications include automated manufacturing
systems, industrial process control applications, high-speed data
acquisition systems, etc.
 In such applications, Local Area Networks (LANs) usually turn out
to be the preferred choice for networking.
 There are two major LAN architectures that are normally used. These
are the bus and the ring architectures. These two architectures use
different access control techniques.
 A Bus Architecture
 There is a single shared channel for which the transmitting nodes
contend.
 The most commonly used protocol for access control in traditional
bus networks is the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection(CSMA/CD). In CSMA/CD networks, any node can at any
time sense the channel, to determine whether the channel is idle.
 Anode transmit a packet only if it senses the channel to be
idle. But , this does not guarantee that there will be no
collisions.
 Several nodes might sense the channel to be idle at the same
time instant and start transmitting simultaneously, resulting
in a collision.
 The transmitting nodes can also detect a collision when it
occurs.
 Therefore while transmitting a packet, a node would check
for a collision and would immediately stop transmitting , if it
detects one. Large propagation delays increase the probability
of collision
 In a LAN, there is a single shared channel and only one node can
transmit at any time. The exact time when a node can transmit on
the channel is determined by the access arbitration policy of the
network.
 The transmission control policy determines how long a node can
transmit.
 These two policies together are called the access control technique
and form the Media Access Control (MAC) layer protocol.
 In other words, the MAC protocol in a LAN consists of two parts:
 an access arbitration part that determines when a node can
use the channel and
 a transmission control part that determines for how long a
node can continue to use the channel once it starts using it.
Ring-Based Architecture
 nodes are arranged in a ring and the nodes transmit in turn usually for
certain predetermined periods of time.
 Therefore, transmission delays in ring-based architecture are often
preferred in real-time applications.

 However, the ring architecture suffers from a few important problems.

First, any break in the ring can bring the whole network down.
 Cont.
 To solve problem in ring arc, development of alternative technology
which can have advantage of both bus and ring architecture called
token bus architecture.
 A token bus architecture is a bus based architecture, where the
stations on the bus are logically arranged in a ring with each station
knowing the address of the station to its "left" and "right"
 Bounded Access Protocol
 This protocol can be used in token ring and token bus networks,
and also known as Time Token Protocol.
 Each node has a bounded time helps in providing real-time guarantees.
 The access time of every node to the channel is bounded, and this
limits the time for a packet to be transmitted.
 One important parameter for this protocol is Target Token Rotation
Time (TTRT), which is the expected time between two consecutive
visits of a token to a node
 Real-time messages are assumed to be periodic, also called
synchronous messages.
Real-Time Communication Over Internet
 Internet has become a vast repository of information, and enabler
of several new applications such as e-commerce.
 Internet provides best effort services to applications, which is meaning
that traffic is processed as quickly as possible but there is no guarantee
of timeliness or actual delivery.
 With the increasing commercial usage of Internet, there is a need to
support soft and firm real-time applications.
 Basic Internet service model:
 Edge (Ingress router, Egress router) and core router, where:
o the Ingress router, is the router attached at the sender's end and is the
first interface to the data sent by the sender host, and
o the Egress router, is the router attached at the receiver's end, where
the core routers, are those intermediate the network (between
sender and receiver).
 The Internet services is provided by an Internet Service Provider(ISP).
 Real-time communication can be supported on the Internet by
providing preferential treatment of certain senders that have entered
into a contract with the ISP.
 So at the connection set-up time the sender provides the ISP with two
parameters: traffic specification and service specification.
Cont.
 The ISP uses this to determine whether it can accept or refuse the
client request, to find a path( may be unicast or multicast routing)
according to the QoS that is needed by this client for transmitting
its data.