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III/ed
PASSIVE VOICE: S*+ TO BE* +V + BY+….(preposition)_.
S*. (ex. object) + TO BE *(am; is; are; being ; was ; were ; been; be ) + VIII / past participle + by
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1. Tom cooks the food every day. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >The food is cooked by Tom every day.
a. Mary is cooking the food now. >>>>>>>>>>>>> >>The food …………..……………………..………….…..……
b. Jim has just cooked the food. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> The food …………………………...…..………………..….

c. Alex cooked the food yesterday. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>The food…………………………..………..…….………..…

d. Ann was cooking the food at this time yesterday. >The food…………………………..…………..……...…….…

e. Ann had already cooked the food when I arrived. >The food ………….…………………….……..………......…
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2. Non- finite A > Present + be ; B > Perfect / past + been ;
A. > conditional = if1 , if2 ; future; ing ; infinitive ; modal verbs > present + be …..……..……

a. If 1 ; If 2 = > The food will be cooked if Tom has time ; The food would be cooked if he had time .

b. Future simple => The food will be cooked next week by a friend of mine. ; The meeting will be put off.
c. ING => Being asked by the teacher ,Tom answered quickly. ; ……………………………………………….
d. Infinitive =>Tom is known to be helped every week. ; Ann is said to be criticized by her friends.
e. Modals => Tom might be asked today. ; Jane should be helped. ; ………………………………….…………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………

B. conditional = if1 , if2 ; future; ing ; infinitive ; modal verbs > perfect / past + been …………..…...…

a. If 3 => If Tom had had time ,he food would have been cooked. ; Had he been told the truth, he would have
b. Future perfect => The food will have been cooked by the time Tom arrives. ; ………………………………..

c. ING => Having been asked all day long , Tom felt tired. ; After being informed that his father was ill , he…

d. Infinitive => Tom was reported to have been arrested last week in Paris.; ……………………………………..

e. Modals =>Tom might have been asked yesterday. ; ……………………………………………………………….

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3. S* + TO BE ( am; is; are; being ; was ; were ; been; be ) + VIII / past participle +
preposition.

a. He is laughing at me.  I am being laughed at. ; They sent for the doctor.  The doctor was sent for.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b. Tom’s flat was broken into. ; The old rules have been done away with. ; ‘What was the fire caused by ?

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4. This surface cleans easily; These clothes wash well; The books sell well;…………………………..………
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5. A.“ Se spune / se crede ca Tom este ajutat ’ > say , believe , know, think, report , fear, consider, allege
>…… expect, , ~seems ; ~ is likely ; is certain ; is happy;

> It is said that Tom is helped by his friends. = Tom is said to be helped by his friends.

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B. Se spunea / se zicea , se credea ca Tom a fost ajutat ….’ > said, believed, known, reported, = past !
>expected ; alleged , ~seemed ; ~ was likely ; was certain ; was happy;

> It was said that Tom was helped by his friends. = Tom was said to have been helped by his friends.

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HAVE / GET CAUSATIVE : ‘You’d better have your hair cut , hadn’t you?’

Rule: S + To have* + Ob.( hair; roof ; car ;etc .) + V+ past participle + by.  ( passive, too )
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1.a. The barber cut my hair last week.  I …+… had …+… my hair …+…cut … by the barber last week.

b. Alex has just repaired their roof.  They……………………………..…………………………….………….………

c. The fridge isn’t working properly. → I am ……………………….………………………………………looked at.

d. They threw eggs at the minister last week . → The minister ……………..………………………. ……..…………

e. Tom’s suit is dirty. What should he do?’ > He …………………………………..……………..dry – cleaned.

f. A new pair of glasses is going to be made for Ann. > Ann …………..….…………… a new pair of glasses ..…………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………..

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2. HAVE VS. GET => is more limited / a stronger idea of action of the subject; a
suggestion of difficulty

a. In imperatives : ‘Get your hair cut !’ ; ‘Get your eyes tested !’ ; => get = sounds more natural !
b. In suggestions : ‘Why don’t you get your hair cut ?’ = ~ an order ; > get is more stronger than have ;
c. A stronger idea : ‘I must get this car serviced soon’ ; ‘I finally got my roof repaired ;
………………………….

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3. In a non- causative way for accidents, disaster, etc. that happen beyond our control ; have = get ~

>‘Don’t joint in their argument or you might get your nose punched . ; ‘Tom had his house destroyed in an earthquake.

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4. One person is causing another person to do sth. = make > have = make short infinitive; + believe, know ;
a. ’Shall I have Tom help you?’ ; ‘Have the next patient come in now please, nurse.; ‘I’ll have you know that…’
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

! b. To refer to the results we are aiming at : ‘I’ll have you speaking English in 6 month ; ……………………………….

To circumstances we are not prepared to tolerate : ‘I won’t / can’t have you speaking like that
about Alice.

To consequences which may not be intended : ‘Don’t shout ! You’ll have the neighbours
complaining !’
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5. Get : V+ to / tr. not in passive: to persuade or force someone to do sth . > ’I’ll get Tom to bring you the book;

> I finally got the car to start by asking everyone to push it. ; We couldn't get him to sign the agreement.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..
! Get somebody doing something :’ In the end, we got the children clearing the playground.’=………….....
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6. GET + passive : arrested ; caught; confused ; delayed; divorced; dressed; drowned ; drunk; hit ;
: stuck , elected ; engaged ; killed ; lost ; married ; ………..…………………………………..
 > I got dressed as quickly as I could ; He got lost; Ten people got hurt in the car crash . = were hurt ;
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