Chapter 2
Methods for Describing Sets
of Qualitative data
(Frequency Tables-Graphs)
1
PRESENTED BY [Link] Abdullah
Where We’ve Been
• *Inferential and Descriptive Statistics
• *The Key Elements of a Statistics Problem
• *Quantitative and Qualitative Data
• *Data collection
2
PRESENTED BY [Link] Abdullah McClave, Statistics , 11th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
Introduction
Data is described through three tools:
Describe Data by Using Frequency Tables.
Describe Data by Using Graphs
Describe Data by Using Numerical Measures
• Summation Notation
• Central Tendencies
• Variability
• measurements of Distribution
• Outliers
3
PRESENTED BY [Link] Abdullah McClave, Statistics , 11th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
Where We’re Going
Describe Qualitative Data by Using FrequencyTables.
• Class Frequency(one variable)
• Class Relative Frequency(one variable
• Cross tabs(tow variable)
Describe Qualitative Data by Using Graphs
• Bar graph (bar chart)
• Pie chart
• Pareto diagram
4
PRESENTED BY [Link] Abdullah McClave, Statistics , 11th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
Qualitative Data
Qualitative Data are nonnumerical, e.g.,
• Major Discipline
• Political Party
• Gender
• Eye color
• Nationality
• Education level
• Grade
5
PRESENTED BY [Link] Abdullah McClave, Statistics , 11th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
2.1: Describing Qualitative Data by using
Frequency tables
Summarized in two ways:
• Class Frequency(one variable)
• Class Relative Frequency
• Cross tabs can be used to describe two descriptive variables
6
PRESENTED BY [Link] Abdullah McClave, Statistics , 11th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
2.1: Describing Qualitative Data by
using Frequency Tables
Class Frequency
• A class is one of the categories into which qualitative
data can be classified
• Class frequency is the number of observations in the
data set that fall into a particular class
7
PRESENTED BY [Link] Abdullah McClave, Statistics , 11th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
2.1: Describing Qualitative Data
Example: Adult Aphasia
8
PRESENTED BY [Link] Abdullah McClave, Statistics , 11th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
2.1: Describing Qualitative Data
Example: Adult Aphasia
9
PRESENTED BY [Link] Abdullah McClave, Statistics , 11th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
2.1: Describing Qualitative Data
Class Relative Frequency
• Class frequency divided by the total number of
observations in the data set
𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
Class relative frequency =
𝒏
10
PRESENTED BY [Link] Abdullah McClave, Statistics , 11th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
2.1: Describing Qualitative Data
Class Percentage
• Class relative frequency multiplied by 100
Class Percentage = (Class relative frequency)× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
11
PRESENTED BY [Link] Abdullah McClave, Statistics , 11th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
2.1: Describing Qualitative Data
Example: Adult Aphasia
12
PRESENTED BY [Link] Abdullah McClave, Statistics , 11th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
2.2: Describing Qualitative Data by using
Graphs
Qualitative Data can be described graphically by:
• Bar graph (bar chart)
• Pie chart
• Pareto diagram
14
PRESENTED BY [Link] Abdullah McClave, Statistics , 11th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
2.2: Describing Qualitative Data
Example: Adult Aphasia
Bar Graph: The categories (classes) of the qualitative variable are
represented by bars, where the height of each bar is either the class
frequency, class relative frequency or class percentage.
15
PRESENTED BY [Link] Abdullah McClave, Statistics , 11th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
Drawing a Bar Chart in SPSS
Step 1: From the menus choose: Graphs
Chart Builder...
Step 2: Click Bar if it is not selected.
Icons representing the available bar charts in the
Gallery appear in the dialog box. The pictures
should provide enough information to identify the
specific chart type. If you need more information,
you can also display a ToolTip description of the
chart by pausing your cursor over an icon.
16
PRESENTED BY [Link] Abdullah McClave, Statistics , 11th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
17
Drawing a Bar Chart in SPSS
Step 3: Drag the icon for the simple bar chart onto the "canvas,"
which is the large area above the Gallery. The Chart Builder
displays a preview of the chart on the canvas. Note that the data
used to draw the chart are not your actual data. They are
example data.
Step 4: Select the required variables
Types of Bars
1- Simple Bar chart :
used to describe one variable
2- clustered bar chart:
used to describe two descriptive variables according to a
quantitative variable such as average wage, for example
3- stacked bar chart :
used to describe two descriptive variables but within one
column
19
2.2: Describing Qualitative Data
Example: Adult Aphasia
Pie Chart: The categories (classes) of the qualitative variable are
represented by slices of a pie. The size of each slice is proportional to
the class relative frequency.
[Link]/Sincich, A First Course in Statistics , 10th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
Presented by\ [Link] Abdullah
20
Drawing a Pie chart in SPSS
The same steps as before but instead of bar chart choose the
pie/polar options.
[Link]/Sincich, A First Course in Statistics , 10th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
Presented by\ [Link] Abdullah
Presented by\ [Link] Abdullah 21
2.2: Describing Qualitative Data
Example: Adult Aphasia
Pareto Diagram: A bar graph with the categories (classes) of the
qualitative variable (i.e., the bars) arranged in height in descending
order from left to right.
[Link]/Sincich, A First Course in Statistics , 10th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
22
Drawing Pareto diagram in SPSS
From the menu choose
Analyze
Quality control
Pareto chart
[Link]/Sincich, A First Course in Statistics , 10th ed. Chapter 2: Methods for Describing Sets of Data
Presented by\ [Link] Abdullah