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A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of the

College of XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Saint Joseph Institute and Technology
Butuan City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in XXXXXXXXXX

JUAN DE LA CRUZ1
JUAN DE LA CRUZ2
JUAN DE LA CRUZ3
JUAN DE LA CRUZ45
March 2020
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Before discussing the main topic/problem of your research, you should be

able to introduce it first in a broad perspective. Your introduction should be able

to offer an overall view of the research area and the general nature of the

topic/problem. Show how it relates to the field of inquiry. Present and describe

the logical development of your research problem/topic area you intend to study

in such a manner that is sufficient or enough to be understood by the reader not

to mention the rationale of the study or what motivated you to conduct the study.

Arrange the information from Global context, National context, and Local

Context. End by giving the aim or goal of conduncting the study.

Review of Literature and Studies

The presentation of your Review of Related Literature should follow the

framework of your study. This chapter requires essence of research studies

confined from various research resources. It is suggested as much as possible

that you focus your review of related literature on work done/accomplished within

the last ten years. Include only conceptual literature and research studies related

and pertinent to your study.

Give focus on those studies that address main ideas in the field. Present

the themes, links, strengths, gaps in knowledge, weaknesses and

inconsistencies or areas of controversy in the literature to give a clearer

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perspective of your research problem. Your aim for this chapter is not to flaunt

how much literature you have read but to demonstrate familiarity with vital

literature relevant to your research topic/problem.

Do not present or include any literature or studies which are not

conceptually connected to each other and have nothing to do with your research

problem. Your review of related literature should be definite, critical, and

concentrated only in your research topic/problem. Be sure that all literature that

you have gathered is relevant and reliable. Keep in mind that this chapter is an

amalgamation of the summary and critical review of related literature. It should

reflect not only what others have said about the research subject/topic/problem

but most importantly is what you think about it. See to it that every paragraph in

this chapter is linked to your thesis/dissertation/special project topic/problem.

Literature reviews can be arranged in various ways (APA 6th edition), e.g.

by grouping research based on similarity in the concepts or theories of interest,

by methodological similarities among the studies reviewed, or by historical

development of the field/discipline. It can also be arranged according to the

framework of the study.

Include a synthesis of your literature. The synthesis specifies how the

critical review of literature has enforced the present study and how it is similar

with or different from the previous ones. Your last paragraph of the review should

be a digest of trends observed and perceived gaps in the research conducted a

bridge that calls for the need for your research problem/topic within the research

area you plan to explore or investigate.

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Start RRL with an introductory sentence below:

This section presents the literature and studies that provide support to the

present study.

Theoretical / Conceptual Framework

Concepts are ideas or abstractions from observed events/situations while

theories are sets of interrelated concepts, constructs, definitions and propositions

that present systematic view of the phenomenon (observable fact) by specifying

relationship among variables with the purpose of explaining and predicting the

phenomenon. Conceptual/theoretical framework therefore is made up of

concepts and theories that form the basis of the study.

In relation to this you should be able to present your research ideas,

concepts and or theory/ies or even time – tested theory/ies that you will use or

help you to structure your research study, the links between the existing literature

and your own research goals and objectives. You should be able to show how

your framework structures the parameters or boundaries of your research study

in terms of what needs to be covered.

Your conceptual/theoretical framework can be presented in a graphical

diagram showing the research problem/topic area, the variables (dependent,

independent and even intervening variables) and how they relate to each other.

Put in mind that your conceptual/theoretical framework serves as the basis or

backbone of your research study (i.e. thesis/dissertation) and therefore should

give direction and help you as to how you would carry out your research

effectively.
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Statement of the Problem

In this section you should be able to state clearly and explicitly the

objectives of your study or the research questions and or subsidiary or

supplementary questions. Your statement of the problem/purpose provides more

the raison d’ etre for your thesis/dissertation. It is the underlying rationale of your

research study. Keep in mind that your problem statement serves as an invitation

to the study that tells the reader what the problem is, what it is all about, and why

the study is needed.

Begin this section with a sentence or two stating the general

objective/purpose of the study, followed by specific questions/objectives that

expand/specify the coverage of the general objective/purpose of the study.

The study will determine/identify ________________________________.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions.

1. Xxx

2. Xxx

3. Xxx

Hypothesis (if applicable)

Xx

Significance of the study

This is the section/place where you state clearly the people who may

benefit from your study and how they may benefit from it (e.g. for curriculum

planners, school administrators, teachers, parents, students, etc.) by spelling out

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why you believe or think the research questions should be answered or the

objectives be achieved/attained, and it may also show how the findings are

expected to have an effect on the research area.

Definition of Terms

Define the important key terms and all variables, including independent

and dependent variables, intervening or mediating variables, moderator or

extraneous variables, as well as units of analysis that will be measured in your

study. Be sure also to list and define demographic variables which you consider

to have potential influence used to describe your research participants (e.g. age,

gender, religious affiliation, etc.).

In defining your variables operationally, it involves the specification of the

measurement procedures that you will use and also the scales of measurement

(e.g. nominal, ordinal. interval and ratio). Do not assume that all your readers

know what you mean by each important key term. You have to spell out also any

acronym in the text the first time it is used and define it also in this section.

Before defining the terms make first an introductory statement. The terms

to be defined should be arranged in alphabetical order and each is written/typed

in boldface, upper and lowercase letters.

The following terms are defined conceptually and operationally to have a

common understanding of the study.