CE405 Water and Wastewater

Treatment Engineering
(2-1-3-4.5-3.5)

Dr. L. Vijay Anand

vijayanand@[Link]
Office: Room # 352. TC-1
Environmental Lab: Room# 136. TC-1
 Course Objectives
• Fundamental concepts involved in designing
various treatment systems for potable water
supply and wastewater.

• The laboratory component aims at training

the students on analyzing and reporting of
important water and wastewater quality
parameters.
 CE 405 Course Details (2-1-3-4.5-3.5)
2021-W
• Tue: 1400 h-1450 h, Thurs and Fri: 1100 h-1150 h.
• Lab: Mon: 0900 h-1150 h, Tue: 1500 h- 1750 h.
• Evaluation criteria:

Assessment type Percentage

Quiz 10
Midterm 25
End semester exam 40
Lab (viva) + Report 15+10

• Grading shall be absolute and minimum percentage required for passing grade
is 40.
• In-Person Meeting: On email request with at least 24 h notice to revert.
 Text and Reference Books
• Environmental Engineering. H. S. Peavy, Rowe, George Tchobanoglous.
[Link] Hill. McGraw-Hill Education; Fourteenth reprint. Indian
edition 2013. ISBN: 9789351340263.

• Metcalf and Eddy. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse.

4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, [Link]: 9780070418783.

References:
• APHA, AWWA, WEF. Standard Methods for examination of water and
wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington: American Public Health
Association; 2012, ISBN 978-087553-013-0.
• Sawyer, C.N., McCarty, P.L., and Parkin, G.F. [Link] for
Environmental Engineering.4th Edition. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Limited.
• Manual for water supply and treatment, CPHEEO, Govt. of India. 1999.
 Course Module Description

1. Water demand and Population forecasting methods, Water demand for

suitable sources various purposes, Choice of suitable water sources

Evaluation of water quality parameters,

Unit operations and processes of water treatment viz:
Coagulation-Flocculation; Filtration; Disinfections;
2. Water quality, Water
Aeration and Gas transfer; Precipitation; Softening;
treatment processes and
Adsorption and Ion exchange and Membrane
distribution systems
processes. Considerations of Water treatment plant;
Design of urban water distribution network; Rural
Water supply.
 Concepts in Water Treatment
• Raw Water
• Pre-sedimentation
• Coagulation
• Flocculation
• Settling
• Disinfection (Chlorine – both oxidizing and disinfection)
• Storage
• To distribution system
Choice of process is dependant on the water source (quality). Aeration, Softening
units may also be included based on raw water quality.
Image Source: Public domain
 Module Description

Estimation of wastewater quantity, Wastewater

3. Fundamentals of characteristics, Basics on environmental
Engineered Wastewater microbiology. Unit operations and processes for
collection and treatment wastewater treatment vi. Physical, chemical and
systems biological methods. Sludge management.

Ponds and Lagoons; Wetlands and Root-zone

4. Natural wastewater
systems. Design principles of Septic tanks and soak-
treatment systems and
pits.
low cost sanitation
Wastewater Treatment Processes

Source: [Link]
Wastewater Treatment Units: ASP

Image Source: Public domain

 Description of Laboratory Activity
Determination of pH and Conductivity
Estimation of various types of Solids (TSS, VSS, FS)
Determination of Acidity
Determination of Alkalinity
Determination of Sulfate Ions
Determination of Chlorides (Mohr's Method)
Determination of Nitrates
Determination of Fluorides
Determination of Hardness (Total, Calcium)
Jar test experiment
Determination of Dissolved Oxygen
Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand
Assignment
 Water Demand
Residential/domestic
Institutional
Public or Civic
Industrial
Water system (distribution) losses
 Residential/ Domestic
per capita demand
135 Lpcd; 75 to 100 Lpcd (under scarcity)

Use(in Lpcd):
Bathing 55
Flushing w/c 30
Washing clothes 20
Washing house 10
Utensils 10
Cooking 5
Drinking 5
 Water requirement:
Domestic animals/livestock
Cow and buffalo 40 to 60
Horse 40 to 50
Dog 8 to 12
Sheep and goat 5 to 10

Note: Lpcd is not constant

Factors affecting water requirement:
Season, community, economic development, climate,
water supply scheme etc.
 Water requirement wrt Community
size
Communities with population < 20,000
Water supply by stand-post 40 Lpcd
House service 70 to 100 Lpcd
For population 20,000- 1 lac
100 to 150 Lpcd
For population > 1 lac
150 to 200 Lpcd

Note: For larger population water requirement for

community activity would be more (entertainment,
development etc.)
Institutional demand/requirement:
Hospital
< 100 bed- 450 litres/bed
> 100 bed 340 litres/ bed
Hotels (lodging) 180 Lpcd
Hotels, boarding school/college 135 Lpcd
Restaurant, Airports, seaports 70 Lpcd
Day schools/ Colleges 45 Lpcd
Offices 45 Lpcd
Cinema/ concert hall 15 Lpcd
 Water Requirement contd.
Public/ Civic Use
Public park (plants) - 2 to 3 L/sq.m/day
Sanitation 3 to 5 Lpcd
Road washing 5 Lpcd

Water requirement for Industrial use:

20 to 25% of per capita demand
Water Requirement for firefighting
demand
Empirical Approach:
formula:

formula:

Wherein P is Population in thousands

 Water Requirement for firefighting
demand contd.
Indian Ministry of Urban Development

For P > 50,000

 System losses
Overflow/ leakage from service reservoirs.
Leakage from mains and service pipelines
Leakage and losses on consumer premise
Under rated water supply meter
Leakage from public taps

Usually well maintained systems: < 20% losses

Partly metered/unmetered: > 50% losses
Factors affecting per capita demand
Size of the city
Industries
Climate
Economic status and life style (standard of living)
Quality of water
Pressure in distribution system
Cost of water
Metering
Sewerage system
 Fluctuations in rate of demand
Seasonal variation
Daily variation
Hourly variation ( Peak demand: 6 AM to 10 AM;
4 PM to 8 PM)

Note:
Maximum daily demand= 1.8 x Average daily
demand
Maximum hourly demand = 1.5 x 1.8 average
daily demand = 2.7 x average daily demand
 Typical fluctuations in water
consumption vs time of day

Consumption

0 11 AM 3 PM 24
Time of day
 Design principles
Pump and filters = 1.5 x average daily demand
Distribution mains = 2.7 x average daily
demand
Sedimentation tanks and reservoirs = average
daily demand
Water Treatment: Unit Operations and
Processes
Units : Various water treatment units
Operations: Physical treatment modules
Processes: Chemical treatment modules

Objective of WWT design :

Supply adequate quantity of potable and
palatable water.
 Engineered Water Treatment System
Source: Groundwater with High level of
Hardness

Raw Aeration Softening Filtration Disinfection Supply

(dissolved gases,
Water Mn and Fe)
(Lime soda) (Sand bed) (Cl2, O3, UV)

Note: Modules as necessary shall be added or removed based on raw water quality
and contaminant level
 Engineered Water Treatment System
Source: Contaminated Surface Water

Coagulation
Filtration Adsorption
Raw Plain and
flocculation (Sand bed) (activated
Water sedimentation
(Alum) carbon)

Disinfection Supply
(Cl2, O3, UV)

Note: Modules as necessary shall be added or removed based on raw water quality
and contaminant level
 <Type 1 Settling>
Settling of Discrete Particles in
Dilute Suspension
Type 1 Settling: Settling Column Apparatus

d0, Z0, v0.

t0 = Z0/v0

&
d p , Zp , v p .
t0 = Zp/vp
 Mass Fraction
Determine Suspended Particles Concentration at
various times ( in a cylinder of ca. 2 m height):
• C0 = Initial concentration
• C1 = Concentration at time t1
• Note: Particles in C1 will have settling
velocities < Z0/t1.

• Mass Fraction of particles with v1 < Z0/t1

X = C1/C0
 Collection Efficiency as a function of Settling Velocity

X = (1-X0 )+ ∑vi/v0. Δx

All Particles with Settling velocities > v0 will be removed (i.e. 1-X0).
Also, fraction of particles according to vt/v0 will be removed.
Mass fraction vs Settling Velocity
 Type 2 Settling:
Settling of Flocculent Particles in
Dilute Suspension
 Type – 2 Settling
Flocculent particles in Dilute Suspension
 Problem in Type 2 settling
• A column analysis of Type – 2 settling having
an initial solids concentration of 250 mg/L
indicates the following characteristics (Refer
table). What will be the overall removal
efficiency of a settling basin which is 3 m deep
with a detention time of 1 h and 45 min.
Removal Efficiency = 0.43 + (0.61/3.0) = 63%
CE405 Water and Wastewater
Treatment:

Design of Unit Operations

 Aeration Process: Design
• Targeted Contaminants:
– Gases: CO2, H2S
– Reduced form of metals: Fe, Mn etc.

• Objective: Oversaturation with atmospheric

oxygen
4Fe2+ + O2 + 10 H2O 4 Fe(OH)3 (s) + 8H+
2Mn2+ + O2 + 2H2O 2 MnO2 (s) + 4 H+

• Other contaminants: VOCs (Benzene, Phenol etc.)

 Design of Aerators
• Principle:
1. Dispersion of air into water
2. Dispersion of water into air

Air film
Case 1:
Air Bubble
Cs Bulk liquid
(Ct)

Liquid film
• Cs > Ct = Cs to Ct
(sorption) or vice-versa (desorption)
 Design of Aerators
Case 2. Dispersion of water into air (Usually
practised)

Liquid film
liquid
Bubble
Cs Bulk gas

Gas film

• Cs > Ct = Cs to Ct
(sorption) or vice-versa (desorption)
 Types of Aerators
• Fountains
• Cascade
• Tray
Basin

Inlet water
 Design Criterion
• Typical nozzle size: 2 to 4 cm
• Pressure: 70 kPa
• Area Required: 10 m2/ 50 L/sec
• Spacing between pipes: 60 – 350 cm
 Cascade Aerators
• 10 steps (typical)
• Area required:
– 4 to 9 m2/50 L/s

Step:30 cm
Introduction to Engineered
Wastewater Treatment

1/4/22
 Domestic Wastewater Contaminants
• Suspended Solids
• Biodegradable organics
• Dissolved inorganics
• Pathogens
• Nutrients

2
 Objectives of WWT
• Removal of
– Suspended solids
• Inorganic (grit)
• Organic (Proteins)
– Dissolved solids
• Organic (carbohydrates)
– Pathogens

3
 Components of a Typical WWT
Primary Treatment Units
• Screen
– Floatable material, large objects
• Grit chamber
– Inorganic solids (sand, silt etc.)
– Settles due to its high specific gravity.
– Organic suspended solids will not be settled (less
specific gravity)
• Primary sedimentation tank
– Suspended solids (approx. 30% BOD is removed)
4
 Wastewater Treatment

Secondary Treatment Units

DOM + D.O. CO2 + H2O + Biomass

1. Activated Sludge Process (Suspended growth system)

2. Tricking filter (attached growth)

5
 Overview of Typical WWT Scheme

Wastewater in

PST

Screen Grit Chamber

Primary Treatment Treated

water

Aerator SST Disinfection

Secondary Treatment 6
 Schematic of Activated Sludge Process

From Primary Treatment

0

Sludge Waste

7
 Sludge/Solids Management
• Anaerobic digestion
– Acid formers
– Methane formers
• Final product
– Methane, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Hydrogen
sulphide

8
Wastewater Treatment Units
 Activated Sludge System

Primary
effluent Biomass
(suspended) MLSS Sec. Eff.
Aeration Secondary
Tank Clarifier

Return Activated Sludge (RAS)

Waste Activated Sludge (WAS)

Trickling filter
 Reference
• The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986. [SCHEDULE -VI].
• Source: CPCB. [Link]
Accessed: 23-01-2018
 Objectives of Wastewater Treatment
Units
1. Suspended solids removal
2. Biodegradable organic solids
3. Kill pathogens
--------

• Primary Treatment- Inorganic and organic

suspended solids
• Secondary Treatment- Organic dissolved solids
 Overview of Typical WWT Scheme

Wastewater in

PST

Screen Grit Chamber

Primary Treatment Treated

water

Aerator SST Disinfection

Secondary Treatment 19
 Screening
• To remove floating objects in the wastewater
• E.g. Wood/ Sticks, clothes, napkins, tissues
and other
• Types
– Fine (< 15 mm)
– Coarse or Bar screen (> 15 mm)
– Screen material: SS rods, mesh, wire grating,
perforated plates
– Opening: Circular or Rectangular
Typical Screen
 Design Aspects for screens

• Approach Velocity - 1 m/s ( minimum)

• Head loss (permissible) = 0.3 m
 Quantity of Screening as a function of
bar spacing

m3 of
screening/
million m3
of wastewater
 Grit System
• Grit includes:
– Pebbles, sand, silt, egg shells, glass, metals, bone
chips, seeds, leaves etc.
• Adverse effect of Grit
– Abrasive effect and deposition on appurtenances
(pumps and sludge handling system)
– Absorbs oil and grease
– Non-biodegradable
 Grit removal system
• Enlarged channel area
• Aerated rectangular basins
- Removal through mechanical scrapper
- Design Parameters
- Dimensions:
- Depth: 2 – 5 m
- Length: 7.5 – 20m
- Width: 2.5 – 7 m
- Width to depth: 2: 1 (typical)
- Detention time: 2 – 5 min ( 3 min typical)
- Air supply: 0.3 m3/ min . m of length
 Primary Sedimentation Tank
Design Criterion for PST
Parameter Value (Range)

Detention Time, h 1.5 – 2.5

Overflow rate, m3/m2.d 32-48

(Average flow)

Weir Loading, m3/m. day 125-500

Dimensions- Rectangular, m
Depth 3-5
Length 15-90
Width 3-24 (bays not greater than 6 m)

Sludge Scrapper speed, m/minute 0.6-1.2

26
Various Solids
Suspended Solids and BOD removal as
a function of overflow rate

28
 PST – Design problem
• The peak flow and average flow of a municipal
wastewater treatment plant are 12,500 m3/d
and 5000 m3/d, respectively. Design a PST to
remove about 60% of suspended solids in
average flow scenario.

29
 Secondary Treatment
• Objectives:
– Remove biodegradable organic matter (suspended
and dissolved)
Biological Wastewater Treatment
• Types of microbes
• Nutritional requirement
• Environmental conditions
• Biokinetic parameters
– Rate of growth
– BOD removal rate
– Decay rate
• Types of bioreactors
30
 Types of Microbes
• Nutritional requirement
– Energy Source (maintenance, biosynthesis)
– Carbon Source (growth)

Heterotrophs – Uses organic compounds for energy

and carbon source.
Chemoautotrophic- Inorganic compounds
(ammonia, nitrite, nitrate) for energy
Photoautotrophic - Energy- Sunlight, C- CO2)
31
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
 BOD Curve

Source: Public domain

 Oxygen Consumed vs Time

Source: Public domain

Activated Sludge Process
 Activated Sludge System

Primary
effluent Biomass
(suspended) MLSS Sec. Eff.
Aeration Secondary
Tank Clarifier

Return Activated Sludge (RAS)

Waste Activated Sludge (WAS)

 Schematic of ASP

From Primary Treatment

0

Sludge Waste

Source: Peavy et al., Mc Graw Hill.

 ASP Configurations

Source: Peavy et al., Mc Graw Hill.

 ASP Configurations

Source: Peavy et al., Mc Graw Hill.

 Design and Operational Parameters of
Conventional ASP
• MCRT- 4 to 15 days
• F/M: 0.2 -0.4 kg BOD5/ kg MLSS
• Volumetric Loading (VL) – 0.8 to 2.0 kg BOD5/m3.d
• Hydraulic retention time (aeration basin) – 3 to 5h
• MLSS – 3000 to 6000 mg/L.
• Recycle Ratio – 0.25 to 1.
• BOD5 removal efficiency – 85 to 95%
• Design a CM- activated sludge system for
secondary treatment of 10,000 m3/d of
municipal wastewater. The influent BOD after
PST is 150 mg/L. The desired effluent BOD is 5
mg/L. Use Y = 0.5 kg/kg, Kd = 0.05 per day,
MLSS = 3000 mg/L and underflow
concentration of 10,000 mg/L.
Your design must provide 1. Volume of the
reactor, 2. Mass and volume of solids that
must be wasted each day 3. Recycle ratio
 Schematic of ASP

From Primary Treatment

0

Sludge Waste
 Solution Steps
• Choose MCRT (Θc). Find Volume of the reactor
• Use equilibrium condition expression for
determining wasted sludge
• Do mass balance on secondary clarifier to get
recirculation ratio.
 4/18/2023

Wastewater Treatment

Characteristics of Municipal
Wastewater
– Suspended solids
• Inorganic (grit)
• Organic (Proteins)
– Dissolved solids
• Organic (carbohydrates)
– Pathogens
– Nutrients, Heavy metals etc. (Tertiary
treatment)
2

1
 4/18/2023

Objectives of Wastewater Treatment

Units
1. Suspended Solids removal
2. Removal of biodegradable organics
3. Kill pathogens
--------

• Primary Treatment- Inorganic and organic

suspended solids
• Secondary Treatment- Organic dissolved and
suspended solids

2
 4/18/2023

Reference
• The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986. [SCHEDULE -VI].
• Source: CPCB. [Link]
Accessed: 23-01-2018

3
 4/18/2023

Wastewater Treatment Units

4
 4/18/2023

Trickling filter

Image source: Public domain

Image source: Public domain

5
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Primary Treatment
• Unit Operations targeted at:

–Inorganic solids (primarily)

–Solid – Liquid Separation process
– Discrete particle settling (Type-1)

Screening
• To remove floating objects in the wastewater
• E.g. wood/ sticks, clothes, rags, tissues and
other
• Types
– Fine ( Spacing < 15 mm)
– Coarse or Bar screen (Spacing > 15 mm)
– Screen material: SS rods, mesh, wire grating,
perforated plates
– Opening: Circular or Rectangular

6
 4/18/2023

Typical Screen

Source: Peavy et al. Mc Graw Hill

Pictures of bar screen

Image source: Public domain

7
 4/18/2023

Design Aspects for screens

• Approach Velocity - 1 m/s ( max.)

• Head loss (permissible) = 0.3 m

Quantity of screening as a function of

bar spacing

m3 of
screening/
million m3
of wastewater

Opening between bars, cm

Source: Peavy et al. Mc Graw Hill

8
 4/18/2023

Grit System
• Grit includes:
– Pebbles, sand, silt, egg shells, glass, metals, bone
chips, seeds, leaves etc.
• Adverse effect of Grit
– Abrasive effect and deposition on appurtenances
(pumps and sludge handling system)
– Absorbs oil and grease
– Non-biodegradable

Grit removal system

• Enlarged channel area
• Rectangular basins (aerated sometimes)
- Removal of sludge through mechanical scrapper
- Design Parameters
- Dimensions:
- Depth: 2 – 5 m
- Length: 7.5 – 20m
- Width: 2.5 – 7 m
- Width to depth: 2: 1 (typical)
- Detention time: 2 – 5 min ( 3 min typical)
- Air supply: 0.3 m3/ minute per m length

9
 4/18/2023

Design Parameters for Primary Settling

Tank
• Detention time: 1.5 h – 2.5 h
• Overflow rate: 32-48 m3/m2d
• OFR at Peak flow: 80-120 m3/m2d
• Weir loading: 125-500 m3/m.d
• Typical dimensions (circular type):
– Depth: 3 – 5m
– Diameter: 3.6 – 60 m

Suspended Solids and BOD removal as

a function of Overflow rate

10
 4/18/2023

Design of Primary Settling Tank

• A municipal WWTP processes an average flow
of 5000 m3/d, with peak flows as high as
12,500 m3/d. Design a circular primary settling
tank to remove 60% of suspended solids at
average flow. Make comments on the design
arrived at.

Solution Steps
• Use surface overflow rate: 35m3/m2.d
(corresponding to 60% SS removal) to get
surface area.
• Find the diameter of the tank
• Assume depth and find volume
• Calculate the detention time
• Check parameters (OFR, detention time) at
peak flow conditions. Provide inferences.

11
 4/20/2023

ASP - Design/Operational
Parameters and Types

Source: Environmental Engineering.

Peavy et al. McGraw Hill

Completely Mixed ASP

• MCRT: 4-15 days.
• F/M: 0.2-0.4 kg BOD5/kg MLSS
• Volumetric Loading: 0.8 – 2.0 kg BOD/[Link]
• Hydraulic retention time: 3-5 h
• MLSS: 3000-6000 mg/L
• Recycle Ratio: 0.25 – 1
• BOD5 Removal Efficiency: 85-95%

1
 4/20/2023

Step Aeration

Tapered Aeration

2
 4/20/2023

Pure-Oxygen Activated Sludge

Oxidation Ditch – Plan view

3
 4/20/2023

High-rate ASP

Extended Aeration

4
 4/20/2023

• Design a CM- activated sludge system for

secondary treatment of 10,000 m3/d of
municipal wastewater. The influent BOD after
PST is 150 mg/L. The desired effluent BOD is 5
mg/L. Use Y = 0.5 kg/kg, Kd = 0.05 per day,
MLSS = 3000 mg/L and underflow
concentration of 10,000 mg/L.
Your design must provide 1. Volume of the
reactor, 2. Mass and volume of solids that
must be wasted each day 3. Recycle ratio

Solution Steps
• Choose Θc. Find Volume of the reactor
• Use equilibrium condition expression for
determining wasted sludge
• Do mass balance on secondary clarifier to get
recirculation ratio.

5
 4/20/2023

Schematic of ASP

From Primary Treatment

0

Sludge Waste

6
 4/29/2023

Design Concepts of Secondary

Clarifier
Source: Environmental Engineering
by Peavy et al., McGraw Hill.

Objectives of Secondary Clarification

• Provide effluent sufficiently clarified to meet
the discharge standards
• Concentrate biosolids (Sludge) to minimize
sludge handling

1
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Zone Settling
(Type-2, Concentrated Solution)

Zone Settling in Secondary Clarifier at

Steady State

2
 4/29/2023

Settling Velocity in the Clarified Zone

Source: Metcalf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, McGraw Hill

Thickening function
Solids Flux Approach
• Solids flux: Mass of solids passing through a
unit area perpendicular to the direction of
flow in unit time.
– Product of Solids concentration and velocity.

• Note: Components of downward velocity

1. Underflow transport velocity (Vu) due to sludge
withdrawal.
2. Gravity settling of solids (Vg)

3
 4/29/2023

Thickening function
Solids Flux Approach
• Vu = Qu/ A
• Gu = Vu. Xi = (Qu/ A). Xi
Gu = Solid flux due to underflow
Xi = Solids concentration

• Gg = Vg. Xi
Vg = Solids Settling velocity

• Total Solids flux, Gt = Gu + Gg

Thickening function
Solids Flux as a function of Solids Concentration
and Underflow Velocity

4
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Modified Method to determine

Limiting Solids Flux

Note: ABD and ACD are similar triangles

5
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Modified Method to determine

Limiting Solids Flux

Design Problem
• A column analysis was run to determine the
settling characteristics of an activated-sludge
suspension. The results are tabulated and
provided along with. The influent
concentration of MLSS is 3000 mg/L and the
flow rate is 8000 m3/d. Determine the
dimensions of the clarifier to thicken the
solids to 10,000 mg/L.

6
 4/29/2023

Concentration of MLSS, Velocity, m/h

mg/L
1400 3.0
2200 1.85
3000 1.21
3700 0.76
4500 0.45
5200 0.28
6500 0.23
8200 0.089

Solution Steps
• Note: The dimensioning shall be arrived for
both Clarification function and Thickening
function. Use a conservative approach and
provide the maximum dimensions of the two
scenarios.

7
 4/29/2023

Design based on Thickening function

• Step 1: Find the solids flux = MLSS x Velocity
• Step 2: Plot Concentration vs solids flux.
• Step 3: Find the limiting solids flux from the plot
in Step 2.
• Step 4: Determine the solids loading to the
clarifier in kg/h.
• Step 5: Find the required surface area using solids
loading and limiting solids flux.
• Step 6: From the surface area, provide the
diameter.

Design for Thickening function

• Step 1: Find the solids flux = MLSS x Velocity
• Step 2: Plot Concentration vs solids flux.
• Step 3: Find the limiting solids flux from the plot
in Step 2.
• Step 4: Determine the solids loading to the
clarifier in kg/h.
• Step 5: Find the required surface area using solids
loading and limiting solids flux (A).
• Step 6: From the surface area, provide the
diameter.

8
 4/29/2023

Design for clarification function

• Using the flow rate and settling velocity of the
influent solids concentration find the surface
area (B).

• Solution: Compare A and B. Provide the

maximum value as the design surface
area/dimensions.