REPORT WRITING
NAME : HAPPY ROUNAK SINGH
UNIVERSITY ROLL NO. : 27800724060
STREAM : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SEMESTER : 3RD
PAPER CODE : ES-ESE301
PAPER NAME : BASIC ELECTRONICS
TOPIC 1 : OPAM
Q.1 List and compare ideal and practical characteristics of an
operational amplifier circuit.
Ans. Here are some characteristics of an ideal operational
amplifier (op amp) and a practical op amp:
Gain
An ideal op amp has infinite gain, while a practical op amp
has finite gain.
Input impedance
An ideal op amp has infinite input impedance, while a
practical op amp has finite input impedance.
Output impedance
An ideal op amp has zero output impedance, while a practical
op amp has finite output impedance.
Bandwidth
An ideal op amp has infinite bandwidth, while a practical op
amp has finite bandwidth.
Noise
An ideal op amp has zero noise, while a practical op amp
generates some noise.
Slew rate
An ideal op amp has infinite slew rate, while a practical op
amp has a finite slew rate.
Input offset voltage
Input offset voltage affects the amplification accuracy of op
amps.
An op amp amplifies the difference between its two input
terminals, the non-inverting (+) and the inverting (-).
Q.2 Describe the following terms in an OP-AMP. 1. Input
Bias current 2. Input offset voltage 3. Input offset current.
Ans. In an operational amplifier (op-amp), input bias current,
input offset voltage, and input offset current are related to
the operation of the op-amp's input terminals:
Input bias current
The average of the currents flowing into the op-amp's input
terminals. This current is necessary for the op-amp to
operate, but it can also create unwanted offset voltages that
affect precision. The op-amp's datasheet usually specifies the
input bias current as the average of the input bias currents at
the inverting and non-inverting terminals.
Input offset voltage
The difference in voltage between the op-amp's V and V
terminals. This voltage occurs when there is a mismatch in
the bias currents flowing through the input circuit, which is
usually caused by a mismatch in the input transistors and
components.
Input offset current
The difference between the input bias current at the non-
inverting terminal and the input bias current at the inverting
terminal. Input offset current is usually an order of
magnitude less than bias current.
Q.3 What do you mean by summing amplifier?
Ans. A summing amplifier is a type of operational amplifier
(op-amp) circuit that combines multiple input voltages into a
single output voltage. It's also known as an adder.
Here are some things to know about summing amplifiers:
How it works
The output voltage is proportional to the sum of the input
voltages. The input signals are connected to the inverting
terminal through resistors that are equal in value.
What it's used for
Summing amplifiers are useful for adding up currents from
various inputs, mixing analog signals, processing analog
signals, and digital to analog converters.
Inverting amplifier
Summing amplifiers are usually inverting amplifiers, which
means the output voltage is negative when measured to
ground.
Weighting inputs
You can "weight" each input differently. For example, you can
use input resistors that double in value for each input.
Combining different frequencies
Summing amplifiers are great for combining voltages of
different frequencies.
TOPIC 2 : OSCILLATOR
Q.4 Draw the circuit diagram of RC phase shift Oscillator and
Explain its working.
Ans.
An RC phase shift
oscillator is a linear electronic circuit that generates a sine
wave output signal. It works by using a phase shift network of
resistors and capacitors to shift the phase of the amplifier
output by 180°. This creates a total phase shift of 360°
between the input and output signals, which is the condition
required for the circuit to produce a clean sine wave.
Here's how an RC phase shift oscillator works:
Phase shift
The RC networks in the oscillator are designed so that the
total phase shift across them is 180°. The transistor also adds
an additional 180° phase shift. This results in a total phase
shift of 360°, which puts the input and output signals in
phase.
Feedback
The phase shift network shifts the phase of the amplifier
output, which provides positive feedback.
Output frequency
The phase difference between the charging/discharging
current in the RC networks and the output voltage/current
determines the output frequency.
Gain
A feedback resistor is usually added to set the gain of the op-
amp to the desired value.
Q.5 Explain Barkhausen criterion of Oscillations.
Ans. The Barkhausen criterion is a set of conditions that must
be met for a circuit to maintain steady oscillations:
Loop gain
The loop gain must be equal to one in absolute
magnitude. This can be written as |Aβ| = 1, where A is the
amplifier gain and β is the feedback gain.
Phase shift
The phase shift through the loop must be either zero or an
integer multiple of π. This means that the feedback signal
feeding back at the input must be phase-shifted by 360°
(which is the same as zero degrees).
The Barkhausen criterion is a necessary but not sufficient
condition for oscillation. It's commonly used in the design of
electronic oscillators and negative feedback circuits.
Q.5 Find the frequency of the oscillations of a transistorized
Colpitts oscillator having C1 = 150 pF, C2 = 1.5 nF and L = 50
µH .
Ans.
Concept: The circuit diagram of the transistorized Colpitts
Oscillator is shown below.
The frequency of oscillations is given by,