Class Notes
Energy
Grade 8
Topics to Be Covered
1. Work
1.1. Work Done by a Constant Force
1 - Positive and Negative Work
- Zero Work
2. Energy
2 2.1. Work – Energy Relationship
2.2. Mechanical Energy
2.3. Potential Energy
2.4. Gravitational Potential Energy
2.5. Kinetic Energy
2.6. Law of Conservation of Energy
3. Power
3 3.1. Unit of Power
1. Work
1.1. Work Done by a Constant Force
Work done by a force on a body is equal to the product
of the force applied and the distance moved by the
body in the direction of force.
Work = Force × Displacement
i.e., W = F × d
1N
SI unit: newton-metre (N m) or
joule (J)
1J = 1N × 1m
Other units: kilo joule (kJ), 1m
Mega joule (MJ)
1 kJ = 1000 J
1 MJ = 106 J Displacement
Positive and Negative Work
Positive Work (Boy)
Force and displacement act Positive Work (Boy):
in the same direction
Negative Work (Friction):
Force and displacement act
in opposite direction Negative Work (Friction):
1. Work
Zero Work
W =F×d
when d = 0,
W = 0
Displacement(d) = 0
W =F×d
when F ⊥ d, i.e., the
displacement is
perpendicular to applied
force, then, W = 0
F⊥s
W =F×d
when F = 0,
W = 0
Net Force(F) = 0
2. Energy
Energy is the capacity of doing work.
SI unit: joule(J)
A car moved from rest An object lifted to a
possesses energy. height possesses energy.
2.1. Work – Energy Relationship
Work done by the body in changing its state is
the amount of energy possessed by the body.
A football gains The cyclist loses energy
energy when kicked. after cycling for long.
Work done on the body: Work done by the body:
Energy increases Energy decreases
2. Energy
2.2. Mechanical Energy
Energy possessed by an object due to its motion
or due to its position
“Sum of Kinetic and Potential Energy”
Collision of billiard balls A stretched bow
Kinetic Energy Potential Energy
2.3. Potential Energy
P.E. or U: Energy present in a body by
virtue of its position or configuration
A stretched A stretched A compressed
bow rubber catapult spring
2. Energy
2.4. Gravitational Potential Energy
Energy possessed by a body due to its
position above the Earth’s surface
U = mgh
h
H
U = - mgH
Work donegravity = - ∆𝑈gravity
2.5. Kinetic Energy
K.E. or K: Energy possessed by a body by
virtue of its state of motion
1
Kinetic Energy = m × v²
2
SI unit: joule (J)
A moving sailboat possesses kinetic energy.
2. Energy
2.6. Law of Conservation of Energy
For a conservative force, the sum of kinetic energy
and potential energy remains constant.
M.E. = P.E. + K.E. = Constant
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
P.E. = E
K.E. = 0
P.E. = E1
A K.E. = E-E1
Only P.E. Only P.E. P.E. = 0
K.E. = E
C
h A
C B h
Only K.E.
B
Simple Pendulum Roller Coster
2. Energy
Different Types of Energy and Energy
Transformations
Wind Mechanical Electrical Mechanical
Chemical Mechanical Electrical Heat
Chemical Heat Electrical Sound
3. Power
Rate of doing work or rate of transfer of energy
W
P=
t
SI unit: joule/s (J/s) or watt (W)
3.1 . Unit of Power
SI unit: joule/sec (J/s)
1 J/s = 1 watt Other units:
Horsepower (H.P)
The bigger units of power are: 1 H. P = 746 W
1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 watts
1 megawatt (MW) = 106 W
Work Energy Power
Product of force and Rate of doing work or
distance moved in Capacity to do work rate at which energy
the direction of force is supplied
Dependent of time in
Independent of time Independent of time which work is done/
energy is spent
SI unit: joule (J) SI unit: joule (J) SI unit: watt (W)
Important Questions
Question 1 :
When does a force perform work?
1
Mark
Solution:
Work is said to be done only when the force applied to
a body.
Force performs work when, on applying force, there is a
change in position, shape or size of the object. If there is
no change then it is said that no work is done.
Example:- A boy reading a newspaper does not work
while a boy kicking a football does work. 1 Mark
Question 2 :
A rocket is moving up with velocity v. If the velocity of the
rocket is tripled, what will be the ratio of kinetic energies?
2
Marks
Solution:
1
1. We know, kinetic energy = 2 mv 2
1 Mark
2. If the velocity is tripled, kinetic energy
1 9
= 2 m(3v)2 = 2 mv 2
Kinetic energy increases by 9 times.
1 Mark
Important Questions
Question 3 :
State the energy changes in the following while in use:
(a) Solar cell
(b) Induction cooker
(c) Headphones
2
Marks
Solution:
Energy changes in the following while in use are as
follows:
(a) Solar cell: Light energy to chemical energy
1 Mark
(b) Induction cooker: Electrical energy to heat energy
1 Mark
(c) Headphones: Electrical energy to sound energy
1 Mark
Question 4 :
A man lifts a mass of 20 kg to a height of 2.5 m
Assuming that the force of gravity on 1 kg mass is 10 N,
find the work done by the man. 2
Marks
Solution:
Mass, m = 20 kg
Height, d = 2.5 m
Force of gravity on a mass of 1 kg = 10 N
Force of gravity on a mass of 20 kg
F = mg = 20 × 10 = 200 N
Work done in lifting the mass to height h = 20 m is
W = F × d = 200 N × 2.5 m
= 200 × 25/10 = 500 J
2 Marks
Important Questions
Question 5 :
A pump raises water by spending 4 × 105 J of energy in
10 s. Find the power of the pump.
2
Marks
Solution:
Power is defined as the rate of energy transformation.
Energy
P =
Time
4 × 105
P =
10
P = 4 × 104 W 2 Marks
Question 6 :
State the energy changes in the following while in use.
a) An electric bulb
b) An electric oven
c) A loudspeaker
d) A microphone
e) An electric motor 5
Marks
Solution:
a) An electric bulb – Electrical to light energy
b) An electric oven – Electrical to heat energy
c) A loudspeaker – Electrical to sound energy
d) A microphone – Sound to electrical energy
e) An electric motor – Electrical to mechanical energy
5 Marks
Mind Map
Energy Energy
Work – Energy
Relationship
Work Mechanical Energy
Power
Potential Energy
Gravitational
Potential Energy
Unit of Power
Kinetic Energy
joule/sec (J/s)
or watt (W)
Law of
Conservation of
Energy
Work Done by
Constant Force W= F×d
Positive and
Displacement(s) = 0
Negative Work
Zero Work F⊥ s
Net Force(F) = 0