Matrix Inversion

Matrix Inversion
Identity Matrix
The n x n identity matrix I is the matrix Aii  1 and
with 1’s down the main diagonal, where
the diagonal starts at the top left, Aij  0, i  j
and 0’s everywhere else.

1 0 0  1 0 0 0
1 0  0 0 
I2    I 3  0 1 0  I4  
1 0
 0 1  0 0
0 0 1  0 1
 
0 0 0 1

I2
I3
I4
 Matrix Inversion
Inverse of a Matrix

The inverse of a n x n matrix A is that n x n

matrix A-1 which, when multiplied by A on AA1  A1 A  I
either side, yields the n x n matrix I.

If A has an inverse, it is called invertible. If A has no inverse, it is called singular.

 Matrix Inversion
Determine whether or not the 0 2  0 2 
given pair of matrices is an A  ; B 
inverse pair.  2 0   2 0 
Check if : AB  BA  I
0(0)  2(2)  4 0(2)  2(0)  0
 0 2   0 2 
AB      
 2 0   2 0   
 
2(0)  0(2)  0 2(2)  0(0)  4

 4 0  1 0 
AB      no
 0 4  0 1 
 Matrix Inversion

In order to determine whether an n x n matrix

has an inverse:

• Write down the n x 2n matrix [A|I]

• Row reduce [A|I] to try and attain [I|B]
• If [I|B] is attainable, A is invertible and B = A-1
Otherwise, A is singular
 Matrix Inversion

Although there is a set method to find the inverse of a matrix,

for a 2 x 2 matrix, there is a set formula that is easy to remember.

1
The inverse of a 2 x 2 matrix is  a b   1  d b 
c d  ad  bc  c a 
 
provided ad  bc  0.

If ad – bc = 0, then the matrix is singular and thus has no inverse.

 Matrix Inversion
Use row reduction to find the inverse  2 1
of the given matrix, if it exists.  5 3
 

 2 1  a b 
 5 3   c d  a  2, b  1, c  5, d  3
   

1
a b  1  d b 
c d  
  ad  bc  c a 

 2 1
1
1  3 1 1  3 1  3 1
 5 3   5 2    5 2 
  ( 2)(3)  (1)(5)   6  5  5 2   
 Matrix Inversion
Solve the given system of linear equations
using matrix inversion ax  by  e
cx  dy  f
Coefficient Variable Constant
matrix matrix matrix

a b   x e
A  X   B 
c d   y f

Rewrite the system AX  B

Solve Multiply both sides by A-1 A1  AX   A1 B
for X
Multiplicative Associative Law  A A X  A
1 1
B
A-1A=I IX  A1 B
IX=X X  A1 B
 Matrix Inversion
Use matrix inversion to solve the x  2y  6 Step 1: Find A-1
given system of linear equations. 3 x  y  11 Step 2: Apply X = A-1B

1 2   a b  1 2   x 6
3 1   c d  A  X   B 
    3 1  y 11
1
a b  1  d b 
 c d   ad  bc  c a 
   
1
 1 2  1 2 
1 2  1 1  1 2   7 7 
3 1  (1)(1)  (2)(3)  3 1   
    1  6  3 1   3 1 
 7 7

1
X  A1 B  7
2 
7    7
6

   
 1 6  2 11 
7  4  4,1
  
3
 7 7    
 1  11  3 6   1 11
 7 7 
1 
 
 Matrix Inversion
Use matrix inversion to solve the x  2y  2
Step 1: Find A-1
given system of linear equations. yz 0
x  3y  2z  3 Step 2: Apply X = A-1B

1 2 0 1 0 0   1 2 0 1 0 0  2R2  R1
Step 1:      
Find A-1  0 1 1 0 1 0   0 1 1 0 1 0 
1 3 2 0 0 1   R1  R2 0 1 2 1 0 1   R2  R3

1 0 2 1 2 0   1 0 2 1 2 0  2R3  R1
    R R
 0 1 1 0 1 0    0 1 1 0 1 0  3 2

0 0 1 1 1 1   R 0 0 1 1 1 1 

3

1 0 0 1 4 2   1 4 2   1 4 2 
     A1   1 2 1
 0 1 0 1 2 1 
  I 1 2 1  
0 0 1 1 1 1  1 1 1  1 1 1
 Matrix Inversion
Use matrix inversion to solve the x  2y  2
given system of linear equations.
yz 0
x  3y  2z  3

Step 2: Apply X = A-1B

 1 4 2  2
(4, 1, 1)
A1   1 2 1 B   0 
 1 1 1  3 

 1 4 2   2   1(2)  (4)0  2(3)   2  0  6  4

     
X  A1 B   1 2 1  0   1(2)  (2)0  (1)(3)    2  0  3    1
 1 1 1  3   1(2)  (1)0  (1)(3)   2  0  3   1