Japanese Basic II: Time Expressions
Japanese Basic II: Time Expressions
にほんご きそ 2
日本語 基礎 2
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Table of Contents
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Japanese Basic II
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What you will learn:
How to express FROM and UNTIL
How to invite someone to do something together
How to say the purpose to go/come
A is a subject. KARA means “from” in English. This sentence is to ask “A is from What
time.” As leaned in Doushi Bun, preposition comes after noun.
Example
しごとはなんじからですか。 Is (your) work from what time?
Shigoto wa nanji kara desu ka.
A is a subject. MADE means “until” in English. This sentence is to ask “A is until What
time.”
Example
しごとはなんじまでですか。 Is (your) work until what time?
Shigoto wa nanji made desu ka.
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Japanese Basic II
A is a subject. KARA means “from” and MADE means “until” in English. This sentence
is to ask “A is from What time until What time.”
Example
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Example
わたしは9じから6じまでしごとします。 I work from 9 O’clock until 6 O’clock.
Watashi wa 9ji kara 6ji made shigoto shimasu.
You can also use KARA to say FROM a place, and MADE TO the destination.
Example
このでんしゃはとうきょうえきからおおみやえきまでいきます。
kono densha wa toukyou eki kara oomiya eki made ikimasu.
This train goes from Tokyo Railway station to Oomiya railway station.
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Japanese Basic II
Example
わたしは5じまでにいきます。 I go by 5 O’clock.
Watashi wa 5ji made ni ikimasu.
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The particle に(ni) is used to show a purpose for verbs such as 行きます(ikimasu), 来ま
す(kimasu).
Example
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Japanese Basic II
1) To ask THING
When you know the listener is going to eat something, you can ask like NANI WO
tabemasu ka. But if you don’t know the listener want to eat something or not, you should
ask NANIKA tabemasu ka.
2) To ask PLACE
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人を誘うときの表現
Hito wo sasou toki no hyougen
Example
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Japanese Basic II
Object tabemasu – masu = tabe “tabe” is stem part of the verb “tabemasu”.
Example
Following 2 expressions are plain form of sentence for the occasion among friends and
families.
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What you will learn:
How to express existence for person/animal and for things
Present Tense, Past Tense and Negative Sentence
1. あります arimasu
Examples
1) しょるいが つくえの うえ に あります。 There are documents on the desk.
shorui ga tsukue no ue ni arimasu.
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Japanese Basic II
2. います imasu
A ga basho ni imasu
Examples
1) ねこが くるまのなかに います。 There is a cat in the car.
neko ga Kuruma no naka ni imasu.
“は wa” is used to indicate the topic of sentence. The word preceding “は wa” often
become a subject of the sentence.
“が ga” is also used to indicate the topic of sentence and become a subject. “が ga” is
used when the speaker want to focus on the subject. And also when the subject is
introduced in to conversation at first time.
Example:
きのう ともだちが にほんから きました。 - Now, the speaker wants to start talking about
Kinou tomodachi ga nihon kara kimashita. his friend.
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Note
In case 「Subject はあります(arimasu)/います(imasu)」 sentence, it also means that “nothing but … “.
For example, コーヒーはあります(ko-hi- wa arimasu) means that there is coffee but no any other drink.
Example of dialogue 1
A : あのう、 この近くに 図書館は ありますか。
Anou kono chikaku ni toshokan wa arimasu ka
A: わかりました。 どうも、ありがとうございます。
Wakarimashita doumo arigatou gozaimasu
Example of dialogue 2
A : あなたのうちにペットはいますか。
Anata no uchi ni petto wa imasu ka
B: ええ、大きな犬が一頭とねこが二匹とインコが3羽います。
Ee ookina inu ga ittou to neko ga nihiki to inko ga san wa imasu
A: そうですか。 いっぱいいますね。
Soudesuka ippai imasu ne
Examples
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Japanese Basic II
Example
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Example
1) あれぇ、このうえにめがねがありませんでしたか。Uh? Wasn’t there a glasses?
Are, kono ue ni megane ga arimasen deshitaka
Note
います Imasu also means “to stay” in English.
Ex.
わたしはずっとシンガポールにいます。 I have been in Singapore for long time.
Watashi wa zutto Shingapo-ru ni imasu.
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Japanese Basic II
What you will learn:
How to compare nature between the 2 things
How to say Most adjective something in certain group
EXAMPLE
1) さとうさんは わたしより せが たかいです。 [Link] is taller than me.
Satou san wa watashi yori se ga takai desu.
トムさんはさと しさん
よりせがたかいです。
Tom san wa Satoshi
185 cm
san yori se ga takai
desu. 165 cm
トムさんはさと しさん
より 20 センチせがたか
いです。
Tom san wa Satoshi
san yori 20 senchi se ga
takai desu.
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EXAMPLE
1) わたしより さとうさんのほうが せが たかいです。 [Link] is taller than me.
Watashi yori Satou san no hou ga se ga takai desu.
EXAMPLE
1) さとうさんとサイモンさんと どちら(のほう)が せがたかいですか。
Satou san to Saimon san to dochira (no hou) ga se ga takai desuka.
[Link] and [Link], which is taller?
2) ちゅうごくとアメリカとどちら(のほう)が おおきいですか。
Chougoku to America to dochira (no hou) ga ookii desuka.
China and America, which is larger?
3) サーモンのすしとまぐろのすしとどっち(のほう)がすき?
Sa-mon no sushi to maguro no sushi to docchi (no hou) ga suki
Salmon Sushi and Tuna Sushi, which do you like better?
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Japanese Basic II
EXAMPLE
1) さとしくんとゆうじくん(と)どちらが速く走りますか。Satoshi and Yuuji, which runs
Satoshi kun to yuuji kun (to) dochira ga hayaku hashirimasuka faster ?
EXAMPLE
1) さとうさんは サイモンさんほど せがたかくないです。[Link] is not as tall as
Satou san wa Saimon san hodo se ga takakunai desu. [Link].
This expression is to say the speaker compare two things A and B, and A is slightly
higher grade than B.
For example, in above first sentence [Link] and [Link] are both tall but [Link] is
slightly higher than [Link].
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9.1.6 Superlative 1
Expression of MOST Adjective
adjective
A と B と C の中で A が いちばん
です。
adjective
A to B to C no naka de A ga ichiban
desu
EXAMPLE
1) さとうさんとサイモンさんとリーさんのなかで リーさんがいちばんせがたかいです。
Satou san to Saimon san to Ri- san no nakade Ri- san ga ichiban se ga takai desu.
Among [Link], [Link] and Mr. Li, [Link] is the tallest.
2) ちゅうごくとアメリカとカナダのなかでカナダがいちばんおおきいです。
Chuugoku to America to Kanada no nakade Kanada ga ichiban ookii desu.
Among China, America and Canada, Canada is the biggest/largest.
3) サーモンとまぐろとうにのすしのなかで どれがいちばんすきですか。
Sa-mon to Maguro to Uni no sushi no nakade dore ga ichiban suki desu ka.
Among Salmon, Tuna and Uni sushi, which do you like best?
9.1.7 Superlative 2
Expression of MOST Adjective in certain category
adjective
カテゴリー の中で 疑問詞 が いちばん
ですか
interrogative adjective
Category no naka de ga Ichiban
words desuka
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Japanese Basic II
EXAMPLE
1) このクラスのなかで だれがいちばんせがたかいですか。 Who is tallest in this class?
Kono kurasu no naka de dare ga ichiban se ga takai desuka.
まとめ Summary
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What you will learn:
How to use adverbs.
How to modify i & na adjectives into adverbs..
すこし ぜんぜん
low sukoshi low zenzen
a little not al all
Example
1) せんせいのにほんごがよくわかります。 I understand Sensei’s
Sensei no nihongo ga yoku wakarimasu. Japanese well.
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Japanese Basic II
Example
1) りんごがたくさんあります。 There are many apples.
Ringo ga takusan arimasu
Dake+positive is to show that you have a positive or nuetral feeling, but Shika+negative
is to show negative feeling. Both of 5) and 6) above mean the same in English, but 5) is
describing the state and 6) shows negative feeling like “OMG, only a few left”.
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Japanese Basic II
Example
1) i-Adjective おいしくなりました。 It became delicious.
Oishiku narimashita
Example
1) i-Adjective あたたかくしました。 I made it warm.
Atatakaku shimashita
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全く mattaku completely
全く同感です。 I agree completely
Mattaku doukan desu.
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Japanese Basic II
(3)可能形「~(ら)れない/不可能を意味する動詞」と呼応
adverbs used with negative of potential form
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What you will learn:
How to describe someone/something’s feature
How to describe shickness
How to use WANT and LIKE in Japanese
~は○○○が(形容詞/動詞)です。 は・が 文
wa ga keiyoushi doushi desu
A は B が C(adjective)です。 As for A, B is C.
wa ga C desu
Explanation: This sentence form is to show Aspect, State, Feature and Condition of
someone or something by indicating main topic or whole part by は WA(which is A), and
a part belonging to Main topic is shown by が GA(which is B).
This sentence is talking about Yukari, and as a part of her feature, her hair is long.
You can also say as below in adjective sentence, however intension of expression is not
the same.
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Japanese Basic II
Example
A は B が あります/います A have B.
wa ga arimasu/imasu
ちばけんには東京ディズニーランドがあります
Chibaken ni wa Tokyo Disney Land ga arimasu.
あなたのまちにはなにがありますか
anata no machi ni wa nani ga arimasu ka
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A は B が C です。 As for A, B is
C(adjective)
wa ga adjective desu
Example
1) 私は 歯が 痛いです。 I have tooth pain.
Watashi wa ha ga itai desu
Example
Note
In above sentence, “WA” in “chokore-to ke-ki WA”, and “chi-zu ke-ki WA”
is used to focus on those things.
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Japanese Basic II
About “WANT”
English Japanese
WANT HOSHII - i-adjective
LIKE SUKINA - na-adjective
Therefore, when you make a sentence with “WANT - hoshii” or “LIKE - sukina”, adjective
sentence is adopted.
Example
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However, when the subject is the 3rd party, Hoshii becomes Hoshigatte imasu.
Important
When you mention about the third person’s desire, you have to say
“Suject は object を ほしがっています hoshigatteimasu。”.
This is because we can not know someone else’s desire, so in Japanese we describe it
from what he/she is saying. And “Hoshigatte imasu” means “is wanting”.
This expression is adopted also with other Emotional adjectives, such as Kanashii(sad),
ureshii(happy), etc.
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Japanese Basic II
Example
From Masu form of verb たべます
tabe masu
delete masu たべ
tabe
plus Tai たべたい for the first and second person “I” and “you”
tabe tai
Example
1) 私は おすしが 食べたいです。 I want to eat Sushi.
Watashi wa osushi ga tabetai desu
Note: “Hoshii” and “Verb + tai” are adjectives. Therefore, it inflects as i-adjective.
Example
私は アイフォンが ほしくないです。 I do not want i-phone.
Watashi wa aiphon ga hoshiku nai desu.
HOWEVER
彼は アイフォンを ほしがって いません。 He does not want i-phone.
Kare wa aiphone wo hoshigatte imasen
彼女は おすしを 食べたがって いないです。 She does not want to eat Sushi.
Kanojo wa osushi wo tabetagatte inai desu.
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Example
1) 私は 食べることが 好きです。 I like eating.
Watashi wa taberukoto ga suki desu
Note
“の no” can be used instead of “こと koto” for colloquial sentence.
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Japanese Basic II
Example
1) 私は日本語がわかります。 I understand Japanese.
Watashi wa nihongo ga wakarimasu
Example
1) 私は すいえいができます。 I can do swimming.
Watashi wa suiei ga dekimasu.
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What you will learn:
How to make Te-form from Masu-form and Jisho-form
How to ask/request something to someone
How to connect actions and present progressive
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Japanese Basic II
いちり → って びみに → んで
i chi ri tte bi mi ni n de
します → して きます → きて
shi ma su shi te ki ma su ki te
いきます → いって
i ki ma su i tte
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とる → とって to take
toru totte
のむ → のんで to drink
nomu nonde
かく → かいて to write
kaku kaite
うつる → って むぶぬ → んで
u tsu ru tte mu bu nu nde
く → いて ぐ → いで す → して
ku ite gu ide su shite
くる → きて する → して (行く → 行って)
kuru kite suru shite iku itte
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Japanese Basic II
12.3.1 Request/Imperative
Explanation: when you request someone to do something, you can use this form of
sentence.
Examples
Note
Te-form + kudasai is polite form. In actual conversation, kudasai can be omitted.
Note
Te-form + kudasaimasenka is politer form.
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12.3.2 Connector
Explanation: You can connect actions with Te-form. When it is connected with Te-form
the actions are done chronologically which means You do action A, and
then B, then C...
Examples
Example
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Japanese Basic II
Examples
This form shows also continuous or state of result which mean result of the action is
ongoing.
Example
けっこんしています。 I am married.
Kekkon shite imasu.
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These sentences mean you have done one action which is “I wear Kimono” and the
result of “I wear Kimono”is still ongoing. Therefore, meaning of this sentence is
Present state, not Future state.
1) Habit
2) Experience
3) Completion
4) Occupation
You can also describe your occupation with Te + imasu.
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Japanese Basic II
Explanation: This form is to express that “I have not done something (yet) ”until
the time of speaking about it.
Example
This sentence means that someone asked you if you ate breakfast but still in the
morning. So, you should reply “I have not eaten breakfast”. If you were asked the
same question in the afternoon, you should answer;
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Past Form
Explanation: This form is to describe what the speaker saw in the past about something.
Example
さとうさんは、さっきしょくどうで ごはんをたべていました。
Sato san wa sakki shokudou de gohan wo tabete imashita
[Link] was eating meal a little while ago in canteen.
Example
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