Q1) What is legal research ? what are types of legal research?

RESEARCH

Research means to investigate inquire in any particular area discipline. It is a careful and detailed study
of a topic to gather more information about it this can be done by adding , deleteing , updating
separating or correcting the previous knowledge. people intentionally or unintentionally are involved in
the process of research in their day to day life. The human mind is full of curiosity. It conducts an inquiry
about something at some point in a day. The term research is itself made of two words that is re – again
and search – scrutinize or to [Link] other words searching again and again is what we call research.

LEGAL RESEARCH

Law is a subject that has broad dimensions of knowledge in society. There are several laws in India,
making it difficult for a prudent man to remember them all. With the growing needs and challenges of
society, laws also have to change. This means the area of law is as dynamic as our society.

Therefore, it becomes essential to review the laws and see whether they are suited to the best interests
of society or not. Here, legal research comes into play. A systematic finding and ascertainment of the
law on any identified topic to advance the science of law is known as legal research. For that a probe is
conducted for different underlying principles and their reasons to make advancements in the law and
simplify various acts and statutes.

Legal research is a broad area that leads to an inquiry and investigation consistently made by judges,
lawyers, advocates, law students, and legal researchers in the quest for a deeper and fuller
understanding of the law. To support legal-decision making, legal research comes into the limelight. It
identifies and retrieves the information to make the complex process simplified.
TYPES OF LEGAL RESEARCH

DESCRIPTIVE AND ANALYTICAL RESEARCH

1) Descriptive Legal Research

Descriptive Legal research is defined as a research method that describes the characteristics of the
population or phenomenon that is being studied. This methodology focuses more on the “what” of the
research subject rather than the “why” of the research subject. In other words, descriptive legal
research primarily focuses on the nature of a demographic segment, without focusing on “why”
something happens. In other words, it is a description based which does not cover the “why” aspect of
the research subject.

For example, a lawyer that wants to understand the crime trends among Mumbai will conduct a
demographic survey of this region, gather population data and then conduct descriptive research on this
demographic segment. The research will then give us the details on “what is the crime pattern of
Mumbai?”, but not cover any investigative details on “why” the patterns exits. Because for the lawyer
trying to understand these crimes patterns, for them, understanding the nature of their crimes is the
objective of the study.

Analytical Legal Research

Analytical Legal Research is a style of qualitative inquiry. It is a specific type of research that involves
critical thinking skills and the evaluation of facts and information relative to the research being
conducted. Lawyers often use an analytical approach to their legal research to find the most relevant
information. From analytical research, a person finds out critical details to add new ideas to the material
being produced.

For example, examining the fluctuations of Crime Rates of India between 2010-2020 is an example of
descriptive research; while explaining why and how the Crime rates spiked over time is an example of
analytical research.

APPLIED AND FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH

Applied Legal Research

Applied Legal Research is a methodology used to find a solution to a pressing practical problem at hand.
It is a straightforward practical approach to the case you are handling. It involves doing full-fledged
research on a specific area of law followed by gathering information on all technical legal rules and
principles applied and forming an opinion on the prospects for the client in the scenario.

For Example, if your client is an employee of an organization and is fighting against wrongful termination
of contract then the practical approach to this would be by carefully evaluating the company policies
and finding company policies that were violated and to suing the organization based on those
arguments.

Fundamental Legal Research

Pure or fundamental legal research is also known as basic Legal Research usually focuses on
generalization and formulation of a theory. The aim of this type of research methodology is to broaden
the understanding of a particular field of investigation. It is a more general form of approach to the case
you are handling. The researcher does not focus on the practical utility

For Example, researchers might conduct basic research on illiteracy leads to unemployment. The results
of these theoretical explorations might lead to further studies designed to solve specific problems of
unemployment.

QUATITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative research

Quantitative Legal Research is a characteristic of Descriptive Legal Research Methodology that attempts
to collect quantifiable information to be used for statistical analysis of the population sample. It is a
popular research tool that allows us to collect and describe the nature of the demographic segment.
Quantitative Legal Research collects information from existing and potential data using sampling
methods like online surveys, online polls, questionnaires, etc., the results of which can be depicted in
numerical form. After careful understanding of these numbers, it is possible to predict the future and
make changes to manage the situation.

An example of quantitative research is the survey conducted to understand the turnaround time of
cases in the high court and how much time it takes from the time the case is filed until the judgment is
passed. A complainant’s satisfaction survey template can be administered to ask questions like how
much time did the process take, how often were they called to court, and other such questions.

Qualitative Legal Research

Qualitative Legal Research is a subjective form of research that relies on the analysis of controlled
observations of the legal researcher. In qualitative research, data is obtained from a relatively small
group of subjects. Data is not analyzed with statistical techniques. Usually, narrative data is collected in
qualitative research.

Qualitative research can be adopted as a method to study people or systems by interacting with and
observing the subjects regularly. The various methods used for collecting data in qualitative research are
grounded theory practice, narratology, storytelling, and ethnography.

Grounded theory practice: It is research grounded in the observations or data from which it was
developed. Various data sources used in grounded theory are quantitative data, review of records,
interviews, observation, and surveys.
Narratology: It refers to the theory and study of narrative and narrative structure. It also shows the way
in which the result affects the researcher’s perception.

Storytelling: This is a method by which events are recounted in the form of a story. The method is
generally used in the field of organization and management studies.

Ethnography- Ethnography is used for investigating cultures by collecting and describing data intend to
help the development of a theory.

CONCEPTUAL AND IMPERICAL RESEARCH

Conceptual Legal Research

Conceptual Legal Research is defined as a methodology wherein research is conducted by observing and
analyzing already present information on a given topic. Conceptual research doesn’t involve conducting
any practical experiments. It is related to abstract concepts or ideas.

They are generally resorted to by the philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or reinterpret
the existing concepts but has also proven to be a useful methodology for legal purposes.

For example, many of our ancient laws were influenced by the British Rule. Only later did we improve
upon many laws and created new and simplified laws after our Independence. So another way to think
of this type of research would be to observe, come up with a concept or theories aligned with previous
theories to hopefully derive new theories.

Empirical Legal Research

Empirical Legal Research describes how to investigate the roles of legislation, regulation, legal policies,
and other legal arrangements at play in society. It acts as a guide to paralegals, lawyers, and law
students on how to do empirical legal research, covering history, methods, evidence, growth of
knowledge, and links with normativity. This multidisciplinary approach combines insights and
approaches from different social sciences, evaluation studies, Big Data analytics, and empirically
informed ethics.

For example, Pharmaceutical companies use empirical research to try out a specific drug on controlled
groups or random groups to study the effect and cause.

Q2) doctrinal and non-doctrinal research?

Introduction Doctrinal Legal Research is defined as research into legal doctrines through analysis of
statutory provisions and cases by the application of the power of reasoning. While non-doctrinal legal
research is defined as research into the relationship of law with other behavioral sciences. Non-doctrinal
research/ Socio-Legal often involves the use of social science research methods, such as surveys,
experiments, and case studies, to investigate a particular phenomenon. This type of research is often
used in disciplines such as sociology, psychology, and political science.

Doctrinal Research

Doctrinal research is a research methodology that focuses on analyzing and interpreting legal
documents, such as statutes, case law, regulations, and treaties, in understanding legal concepts,
principles, and doctrines. The methodology of doctrinal research involves several steps:

Identification of the research problem: This involves defining the research problem or question and
clarifying the scope of the research.

Collection of legal sources: The next step is to gather relevant legal sources such as statutes, regulations,
case law, and legal treatises.

Evaluation of legal sources: Once the legal sources have been collected, the researcher must evaluate
them to determine their relevance, reliability, and credibility.

Analysis of legal sources: After evaluating the legal sources, the researcher must analyze them to
identify legal principles, concepts, and arguments.

Synthesis of legal principles: The researcher must then synthesize the legal principles and concepts that
have been identified through analysis, to form a coherent and logical understanding of the legal topic.

Application of legal principles: Finally, the researcher must apply the legal principles and concepts that
have been synthesized to the research problem or question, to arrive at a conclusion or
recommendation.

Overall, the methodology of doctrinal research is a systematic and rigorous approach to legal research
that involves careful analysis and interpretation of legal sources to gain insights into legal principles and
their application.

Non-Doctrinal Research

Non-Doctrinal/Socio-legal research is a multidisciplinary field of inquiry that explores the intersection

between law and society. Socio-legal research is a methodology that combines social science and legal
principles to study the interaction between law and society. It involves the use of empirical methods to
analyze legal institutions, practices, and policies within their social context. The socio-legal approach
recognizes that law is shaped by social, economic, cultural, and political factors and that legal norms and
practices, in turn, influence behaviour and social change.

Socio-legal research typically involves a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods,
such as interviews, surveys, case studies, content analysis, and statistical analysis. This interdisciplinary
approach allows researchers to explore how legal systems and practices impact individuals and
communities, and how social norms and behaviours shape legal institutions and decision-making.
The ultimate goal of socio-legal research is to provide insights into the complex relationship between
law and society and to inform policy decisions and legal reform efforts that can promote greater justice
and equity in society.

An example of socio-legal research could be:

Research question: How does the legal system in the United States impact immigrant communities?

Methodology: Qualitative research method, including interviews, focus groups, and participant
observation.

Data collection: Interviews with immigrants, lawyers, judges, and other legal professionals; focus groups
with community organizations and advocacy groups; participant observation at court hearings and other
legal proceedings.

Data analysis: Thematic analysis of interview transcripts and focus group discussions, content analysis of
legal documents and court records, and ethnographic analysis of participant observation data.

Findings: The research may find that the legal system in the United States has a disproportionate impact
on immigrant communities, resulting in increased rates of detention and deportation, family separation,
and other negative consequences. It may also reveal how social factors, such as race, ethnicity, and
socioeconomic status, intersect with legal rules and institutions to create barriers to justice for
immigrant populations.

Conclusion: The study may conclude that there is a need for reform in the legal system to address the
needs and rights of immigrant communities and that greater attention should be paid to how social
factors influence legal outcomes.

Q3) merits demerits of doctrinal and non-doctrinal legal research or advantages and disadvantages of
doctrinal and non-doctrinal research

Some of the advantages of doctrinal legal research are as follows:

* Helpful at the initial stage: It is helpful for those who are doing research in the initial stage of legal
education. It is a standard approach for finding information or performing legal inquiries. This method is
much easier for most scholars and law students, as plenty of resources will be available for them.

* Provides clarity to the researchers: It provides clarity to the researchers as it can give clear and concise
answers to legal problems. It is mainly based on legal sources and authorised legal resources. It helps
the researchers identify and analyse the legal principles, concepts, ideas, and doctrines systematically
and objectively.

*Cost-effective/less expensive method: It is a cost-effective research methodology, as data collection in

this research does not require expenses. The data and information are easily available on online
websites, libraries, and legal documents. The researcher can analyse that information and reach a
particular conclusion without much hassle.

*Consumes less time: It is also a time- efficient research methodology, as the legal sources are easily
available. The researcher can at any time search for information on a particular matter and analyse it
quickly and efficiently.

*Foundation for further research: It also provides a foundation for further research on a particular legal
issue. The researcher gets a clear picture of the research problem and can easily identify the loopholes,
inconsistencies, and ambiguities present in that particular legal problem. These help the researchers
discover new aspects, develop new theories, propose new legal reforms, and conduct further research if
required.

* Helps in professional development: It is helpful for the legal profession, which includes lawyers,
judges, scholars, and law students, to enhance their knowledge and skills in legal fields. It gives them an
extensive and deeper understanding of legal ideas, concepts, principles, and doctrines, which can be
used by researchers to apply them practically in the real world.

Some of the disadvantages of doctrinal legal research are as follows:

*Based on the theoretical method: Research is mainly done based on the library sources, which are
theoretical in nature. It is highly technical, conservative, and trivial in nature, as it does not take into
consideration the social, economic, and political impact of the legal issue in society. It only focuses on its
theoretical interpretation and analysis of them. It lacks originality as compared to non-doctrinal legal
research.

* Subjective in nature: It is also subjective in nature, as the perception of one researcher may vary from
another on the same legal problem. It means that another person can reach an entirely different
conclusion about the same question.

* Limited scope: It has a limited scope, as it is entirely based on the study of legal sources that, most of
the time, does include the non- legal aspects, which can have an effect on the legal outcome. Since its
scope is limited in nature, it may not provide a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a
particular legal problem.

* Lack of empirical evidence: It is not supported by empirical evidence, as it does not include the
collection of empirical data through any interviews or surveys. Since it does not take into consideration
the impact of legal rules and practices on individuals and society, its projection is far off from social
reality. Therefore, it is devoid of any support from social facts and a practical understanding of the social
problems. This research is not of much help, as social transformation cannot be achieved by following
this method.

* Biased in nature: This research mostly relies on theoretical legal sources, which can be biased at times
towards a particular interpretation of the law. This might lead to biases due to a one-sided analysis of a
particular legal problem.
*It cannot be updated: Research using this method is mainly dependent on the laws that are being
made and passed by Parliament. It does not take into consideration the social changes that are taking
place in the day-to- day lives of the individuals living in society. So this research might be unable to
provide a valuable result that will be helpful for all members of the community as a whole.

Some of the advantages of non-doctrinal legal research are as follows:

* Based on field research: Unlike doctrinal legal research, this is field-based research. It is not limited to
theoretical studies only. It has a much wider scope than the doctrinal legal research methodology. It
takes into consideration the social, economic, and political impact of the legal problems of society. Since
it is field-based research, it is not dependent on secondary sources of information.

*Determines the practical efficiency of laws: It helps in determining the practical efficiency of laws in all
the non-legal sectors. It highlights the gaps between legislative goals and practicality. It shows the
difference between a statutory law mentioned in the statutes and its real applicability in society. It also
provides a detailed and comprehensive understanding of a particular legal problem.

* More credible: Unlike doctrinal legal research, this research is more credible as it is based on first-hand
information, which is the primary source of data.

*Improves and simplifies policy making: This research shows what laws society requires, where laws are
lacking, what laws are needed to be implemented, and what the reactions of individuals are to a
particular law. This detailed and in-depth research helps in providing assistance and improving and
simplifying policy making.

* Always updated: Research in this method not only deals with the laws that have been already passed
but also with those that need to be implemented for the welfare of society. It takes into consideration
the social changes that are taking place in the day-to- day lives of individuals living in society. It
genuinely provides a valuable result that will be helpful for the lawmakers as well as the individuals
living in society.

* Becomes easier to predict practical outcomes: It helps in analysing the practical impacts of a law that is
being implemented in society. It is not only based on past legal decisions and precedents but also on
recent laws and their effect on the people of society. Therefore, it becomes easier to predict future legal
outcomes and provide support for legal decision-making in the future.

Some of the disadvantages of non-doctrinal legal research are as follows:

*Time-consuming: Since it is field-based research work, it consumes more time than doctrinal legal
research work. This research is based on real facts, and therefore, sources are not easily available. The
researchers need to visit different places to collect information. After collecting the data, the researcher
analyses them properly and comes to a definite conclusion. Therefore, this research cannot be done
quickly.
* Expensive method of research: Unlike doctrinal legal research, this research is an expensive method of
research. It is not a cost-effective research methodology, as it is not only based on the data that is easily
available on online websites, libraries, and legal documents, but it also requires fieldwork. The research
needs money to go to different places to collect primary evidence. He has to face a lot of hassles while
doing this research.

* Needs special training for doing this research: The basic research tools of data collection cannot be
employed in this research work. It needs a special kind of training to design and employ tools for
collecting information. It requires special knowledge, skill, efficiency, and training from the planning
stage to the execution stage. It entails greater commitments of time as well as energy to produce
meaningful results.

* Needs strong background research: Before starting a non-doctrinal research work, a strong
background research is necessary to get a detailed understanding of a particular matter. If a researcher
is weak in doctrinal legal research, it would be difficult for him to conduct non-doctrinal legal research in
a meaningful and proper way.

* Does not provide instant results: Unlike doctrinal research work, this research does not provide instant
results as it takes a lot of time to understand a particular problem and its effect on people, find a
solution to the problem, and state the necessary measures to solve the problem.

* Needs financial support: This research method needs a financial backup. It is difficult for a researcher
or a law student belonging to a poor family to conduct non- doctrinal legal research work. The non-
availability of funds is one of the main shortcomings of this research.

*Not easily manageable: It is not easily manageable, as it is not based on established and authorised
sources only. It deals with actual facts, which requires the collection of primary information by visiting
different places, classifying them in different categories, and finding an appropriate solution.

* Difficulty in collecting first-hand information: Furthermore, acquiring primary data on some

controversial or delicate issues may be a difficult and risky task. People have varying levels of
understanding of information, and their judgement may involve a certain degree of bias and prejudice,
which may also confuse the researchers at times.
Q4) difference between doctrinal and non-doctrinal legal research

Aspect Doctrinal Research Non-Doctrinal Research

Focus Legal doctrines and principles Practical impact of law on society

Data Source Secondary (legal texts, case law) Primary (surveys, interviews, fieldwork)

Orientation Theoretical Empirical

Narrow, focused on legal

Scope of Study Broader, includes social implications
interpretations

Research Location Library or online research Fieldwork, real-world settings

Application Used by advocates, courts Used for policy-making and law reform

Focus and Purpose

Doctrinal Research: Doctrinal legal research is primarily concerned with analysing legal doctrines, rules,
and principles. It seeks to interpret, clarify, and organise legal texts and principles within a given legal
framework. The purpose is often to provide a clear understanding of what the law says, identify
precedents, and apply them consistently across similar cases. This approach focuses on established legal
sources and is sometimes called “black-letter law” because it centres on existing written law.

Non-Doctrinal Research: Non-doctrinal research, on the other hand, is practical and empirical. Its
purpose is to understand the social, economic, and cultural impact of the law. It explores how legal
principles function in society, analysing their effectiveness, accessibility, and real-world implications.
Non-doctrinal research examines how people are affected by laws and includes empirical studies, such
as surveys, interviews, and case studies.

Data Source and Collection Method

Doctrinal Research: This research type relies on secondary sources such as statutes, case law, textbooks,
and academic articles. Researchers use a library-based or desk-based approach, relying on legal texts,
judicial decisions, and scholarly commentary. The method does not require fieldwork or interaction with
the public, as it’s grounded in existing documentation.

Non-Doctrinal Research: In contrast, non-doctrinal research uses primary data collected through
fieldwork. Researchers gather data directly from people, cases, and social settings by conducting
surveys, interviews, and observations. Non-doctrinal research involves going beyond the library to
understand how laws impact individuals and communities.

Orientation: Theoretical vs. Empirical

Doctrinal Research: The doctrinal method is theoretical, focusing on the interpretation and application
of legal rules. It provides legal clarity by analysing and categorising laws but does not investigate the
real-world effects of these laws on people.

Non-Doctrinal Research: This approach is empirical and socially oriented. It studies the actual impact of
laws on society, including economic, social, and political influences. It often includes insights from social
sciences, making it interdisciplinary and grounded in real-world experiences.

Scope and Application

Doctrinal Research: Doctrinal research is narrower, focusing on a specific legal doctrine or principle. It is
primarily used by courts, lawyers, and scholars to provide clarity and consistency in legal interpretations
and judgements. It is also foundational for understanding legal systems and building arguments in legal
cases.

Non-Doctrinal Research: Non-doctrinal research has a broader scope, as it considers the law within the
social, cultural, and economic contexts. It informs policymakers and legislators, providing feedback for
drafting new laws or revising existing ones based on societal needs.

Training and Skills Required

Doctrinal Research: This research method typically does not require specialised training beyond
knowledge of legal texts and reasoning. It is suitable for legal professionals who interpret laws based on
written resources.

Non-Doctrinal Research: This approach often requires interdisciplinary skills, including knowledge of
social science research methods, data analysis, and fieldwork. It requires special training to design and
conduct empirical studies, analyse findings, and understand social behaviour.
Q5) what is the importance of legal research? what are the sources and techniques of legal research.

Importance of legal research is To locate relevant “authority” that will help in finding a solution to a
legal problem or issue.

 To analyze the law by reducing, breaking and separating the law into separate elements: It can
be as simple as examining and explaining new statutes and statutory schemes or as complex as
explaining, interpreting and criticizing specific cases or statutes.
 To blend the distinct elements of cases and statutes together into coherent or useful legal
standards or general rules: The product of this research is the legal standard that is consistent
with, explains, or justifies a group of specific legal decisions.
 To look at doctrinal or theoretical issues: The research finding is applied in advising courts or
clients about the application of the legal doctrine to specific cases, transactions, or other legal
events. It may also criticize judicial opinions and in the case of conflicts between the decisions of
a different court, suggests the resolution to those conflicts.
 To provide teaching materials for students: The end products include books and modules. This is
to understand the legal doctrine and the law as it is.
 To acquire an understanding of the legal subject while arguing for a better way of doing things:
A researcher who performs this type of research critics and comments legal doctrine and
practices from the perspective of different sciences likes economics, politics, and sociology

Legal research can have various sources:

 Primary Source: Primary authorities are the rules of law that are binding upon the courts,
government, and individuals. Examples: constitutions, statutes, regulations, treaties, court
orders, administrative regulations, policy material.
 Persuasive Primary Source: Commentaries on the law that do not have the binding effect but aid
in explaining what the law is or should be. Examples: primary authority, which is not binding on
the courts, viz. opinions of the judges, attorney General, law minister, a ministry of
parliamentary affairs, primary authorities from a foreign jurisdiction.
 Secondary Source: Commentaries, law journals or periodicals, articles, textbooks, a legal
encyclopedia, legal dictionary, annotations, legal opinions, surveys, legislative history Secondary
sources are important in legal research because they point the researcher to primary sources of
the law

Research is considered to be the more objective, methodical, well-determined scientific process of

investigation. Through research, a decision-maker can quickly get a summary of the current scenario,
which improves his/her information base for making sound decisions affecting future operations of
organizations. It is useful to accelerate the decision-making power and it alone can make possible the
identification of the determinants.
Method or Techniques of Legal Research

1. Observation Method : Observation is a method that employs vision as its main means of data
collection. It plies the use of eyes rather than of ears and the voice. It is accurate watching and noting of
phenomena as they occur with regard to the cause and effect or mutual relations. It is watching
behaviour of other persons as it actually happens without controlling it. In socio-legal research, one of
the most important and extensively used methods is observation. It is both most primitive and the most
modern method of study. It is one of the primary research instrument.

2. Interview method ( Schedule method) : The interview is the oldest and most often used device for
obtaining information among human beings. As a data gathering technique, it is a verbal method of
securing data. It is conversation with a purpose. It may be conducted face to face or over the telephone
or through internet process. Interview technique can be used both for the illiterate and the educated
respondents.

3. Mailed Questionnaire method : Questionnaire method is one of the most suitable method for
investigation of socio-legal problems. We use different tools of questionnaire for collecting data from
large, diverse, varied and scattered persons from different places . Questionnaire is a list of questions to
be answered by a group of people, especially to get facts or information about their views. It is used to
obtain knowledge about facts known to the informant.

4. Survey Method : The word ‘survey’ has been derived from two words ‘sur’ or ' sor’ and ‘veeir’ or
‘veoir’ which mean ‘over’ and ‘see’ respectively. The literal meaning of survey is to see over something
from a high place. The term is used for technique of investigation by direct observation of a phenomena
or collection of information. Many research problems require the systematic collection of data from
population or or samples of population. These studies are usually called SURVEYS, especially when they
are concerned with large or widely spread out groups of people. If they deal with a fraction of a total
population, they are called Sample Surveys. Survey Method is used to collect data when a wide
geographical area has to be covered

5. Case Study Method : For the scientific socio-legal research, statistical (survey) method and case study
method are being used . The statistical method is used in the case of large scale collection of facts. Case
study method is more suitable for the study of fewer persons and to find out the root cause for a
particular problem. Case study method is the oldest method. The term case study has been defined
vividly by eminent persons. The term ‘case’ means a unit of study.

6. Project or Projective Method The observation, interview and case study methods depend upon the
willingness and participation of the respondents. At times, the respondents may be unwilling to discuss
controversial topics. They may not like to express to express their opinion or views due to fear. To get
the desired data under such unfavourable conditions, indirect techniques have been devised. Project
technique is one of such indirect techniques of data collection.

7. Content Analysis Method : Documents are used in socio-legal [Link] use of documents provide
ample scope for distortion. To reduce the possibility of impressionistic distortion, the technique of
content analysis is introduced as a quantitative method. In content analysis, the research procedures
involve books, magazines, newspaper, radio programmes, T.V. serials and films, etc for analysis and this
then is used to test hypothesis.

8. Cause and effect Analysis ( Causality): Causality means the principle that nothing can happen without
cause and it is related to the relation of cause and effect. One of the objectives of research is the finding
of cause for the existence of the problem. So the researcher has to establish the cause -and-effect
relationship.

9. Legal Impact Analysis : Generally, when a law is made , the purpose of enacting the legislation is given
in the preamble of every enactment. In impact analysis, the object of the law for which it is enacted is
achieved or not is to be recorded, explained, observed and seen within the particular social settings i.e
the jurisdiction of law which is normally a geographical area in which a law is made applicable. The
geographical area can be a state or the whole of the country.