McDougal Littell

MATH Course 2

e Develops Notetaking Skills

e Reinforces Key Concepts and Vocabulary

e Promotes Interactive Learning through

worked-out examples
concept-check questions
vocabulary review

e Provides a Handy Resource for Chapter Review

 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2022 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation

htips://[Link]/details/mcdougallittellmO000unse_m0x7
 McDougal Littell

MATH Course 2
Larson Boswell Kanold _ Stiff

Notetaking Guide
Teacher’s Edition
The Notetaking Guide contains a lesson-by-lesson
framework that allows students to take notes on and
review the main concepts of each lesson in the textbook.
Each Notetaking Guide lesson features worked-out
examples and Your Turn Now exercises similar to those
found in the textbook. Each example has a number of
write-in boxes for students to complete, either in class
as the example is discussed or at home as part of a
review of the lesson. Each chapter concludes with a
review of the main vocabulary of the chapter. Upon
completion, each chapter of the Notetaking Guide can
be used by students to help review for the test on that
particular chapter.

The Teacher’s Edition contains annotated overprinted

answers for all write-in boxes and exercises. In addition,
the Notetaking Guide can be used in conjunction with
the Notetaking Guide Transparencies which are available
separately.

“2, McDougal Littell

E A DIVISION OF HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
Evanston, Illinois + Boston + Dallas

AM
A
Contributing Author
The authors wish to thank the following
individual for her contributions to the
Notetaking Guide.

Penny Ann Dowdy

Copyright O 2007 by McDougal Littell, a division of Hougton Mifflin Company

All rights reserved.

Permission is hereby granted to teachers to reprint or photocopy in classroom

quantities the pages or sheets in this work that carry a McDougal Littell copyright
notice. These pages are designed to be reproduced by teachers for use in their
classes with accompanying McDougal Littell material, provided each copy made
shows the copyright notice. Such copies may not be sold and further distribution
is expressly prohibited. Except as authorized above, prior written permission must
be obtained from McDougal Littell to reproduce or transmit this work or portions
thereof in any other form or by any other electronic or mechanical means, includ-
ing any information storage or retrieval system, unless expressly permitted by
federal copyright laws. Address inquiries to Supervisor, Rights and Permissions,
McDougal Littell, PO. Box 1667, Evanston, IL 60204.

ISBN 13: 978-0-618-74195-3

ISBN 10: 0-618-74195-X

23456789-CKI-10 09 08 07 06
Contents

aot
a
Notetaking Guide

Number Sense, Patterns, and Algebraic Thinking

1.1 Describing Patterns 1-3
1.2 Variables and Expressions 4-6
1.3 Powers and Exponents 7-9
1.4 Order of Operations 10-12
1.5 Equations and Mental Math 13-15
1.6 Perimeter and Area 16-18
1.7 A Problem Solving Plan 19-21
Words to Review 22-23

Decimal Operations
2.1 Comparing, Ordering, and Rounding Decimals 25-26
2.2 Adding and Subtracting Decimals 27-28
2.3 Multiplying Decimals 29-31
2.4 Dividing Decimals 32-34
2.5 Scientific Notation 35-37
2.6 Measuring in Metric Units 38-41
2.7 Converting Metric Units 42-45
Words to Review 46-47

Data and Statistics

3.1 Mean, Median, and Mode 49-51
3.2 Bar Graphs and Line Graphs 52-56
3.3 Stem-and-Leaf Plots 57-59
3.4 Box-and-Whisker Plots 60-63
3.5 Histograms 64-67
3.6 Appropriate Data Displays 68-69
Words to Review 70-71
Contents
4 Number Patterns and Fractions
4.1 Prime Factorization 73-74
4.2 Greatest Common Factor 75-77
4.3 Equivalent Fractions 78-80
4.4 Least Common Multiple 81-83
4.5 Comparing and Ordering Fractions 84-86
4.6 Mixed Numbers and Improper Fractions 87-89
4.7 Fractions and Decimals 90-92
Words to Review 93-94

5 Fraction Operations
5.1 Adding and Subtracting Fractions 95-97
5.2 Adding and Subtracting Mixed Numbers 98-99
5.3 Multiplying Fractions and Mixed Numbers 100-101
5.4 Dividing Fractions and Mixed Numbers 102-104
5.5 Measuring in Customary Units 105-108
5.6 Converting Customary Units 109-111
Words to Review 112-113

6 Integers
6.1 Comparing and Ordering Integers 115-117
6.2 Adding Integers 118-121
6.3 Subtracting Integers 122-123
6.4 Multiplying Integers 124-125
6.5 Dividing Integers 126-128
6.6 Rational Numbers 129-133
6.7 The Distributive Property 134-136
6.8 The Coordinate Plane 137-140
Words to Review 141-142

7 Equations, Inequalities, and Functions

7.1 Writing Expressions and Equations 143-144
7.2 Simplifying Expressions 145-147
7.3 Solving Addition and Subtraction Equations 148-150
7.4 Solving Multiplication and Division Equations 151-153
7.5 Solving Two-Step Equations 154-155
7.6 Solving Inequalities 156-158
7.7 Functions and Equations 159-161
7.8 Graphing Functions 162-164
Words to Review 165-166
Contents

Ratios and Proportion

8.1 Ratios 167-169
8.2 Rates 170-171
8.3 Slope — 172-173
8.4 Writing and Solving Proportions 174-176
8.5 Solving Proportions Using Cross Products 177-179
8.6 Scale Drawings and Models 180-182
Words to Review 183-184

Percents
9.1 Percents and Fractions 185-187
9.2 Percents and Proportions 188-190
9.3 Percents and Decimals 191-193
9.4 The Percent Equation 194-196
9.5 Circle Graphs 197-200
9.6 Percent of Increase and Decrease 201-203
9.7 Discounts, Markups, Sales Tax, and Tips 204-205
9.8 Simple Interest 206-208
Words to Review 209-210

10 Geometric Figures
10.1 Angles 211-213
10.2 Special Pairs of Angles 214-216
10.3 Triangles 217-219
10.4 Polygons 220-222
10.5 Similar and Congruent Polygons 223-226
10.6 Using Proportions with Similar Polygons 227-228
10.7 Transformations and Symmetry 229-231
10.8 Transformations in the Coordinate Plane 232-234
Words to Review 235-239

11 Measurement and Area

11.1 Square Roots 241-243
11.2 Approximating Square Roots 244-246
11.3 The Pythagorean Theorem 247-248
11.4 Area of a Parallelogram 249-250
11.5 Areas of Triangles and Trapezoids 251-253
11.6 Circumference of a Circle 254-255
sd Area of a Circle 256-257
Words to Review 258-259
 Contents

12 Surface Area and Volume

ae Classifying Solids 261-263
12.2 Sketching Solids 264-265
12.3 Surface Area of Rectangular Prisms | 266-268
12.4 Surface Area of Cylinders 269-270
12.5 Volume of Rectangular Prisms 271-273
12.6 Volume of Cylinders 274-276
Words to Review 277-278

13 Probability
13.1 Introduction to Probability 279-281
13.2 Tree Diagrams _ 282-284
13.3 The Counting Principle 285-286
13.4 Permutations and Combinations 287-289
13.5 Disjoint Events 290-292
13.6 Independent and Dependent Events 293-295
Words to Review 296-297

Ss
 Describing Patterns

Goal: Describe patterns using whole number operations.

Recognizing and Extending a Pattern

City Bus Kristen needs to take the city bus to work. She starts work at
- 5:00 P.M. The bus stops at the bus stop every 30 minutes. If the bus stops
at the bus stop at 3:45 P.M., at what times are the next three stops? What
time should Kristen take the bus to be to work on time if her bus ride to
work is 15 minutes?
To answer the question, start with 3:45 P.M. and repeatedly add

minutes to the time.

Time of first stop: 3:45 P.M.

+30 minutes

Time of second stop: ey

+30 minutes

Time of third stop: — 4

+30 minutes

Time of fourth stop: ae

Because 3:45 P.M. and | 4:15 P.M. |are too early for Kristen to take the

bus and |5:15 PM. | is too late, she should take the bus at| 4:45 P.M.
to be to work on time.

3971 1183) 29 Extending a Numerical Pattern

The three O Describe the following pattern: 55, 49, 43, 37,.... Then write the next
dots at the end of
three numbers.
a list of numbers mean
You| subtract 6 from |the previous
that the numbers and
6 number to get the next number in the pattern.
~\the pattern continue
without end.
ATA ¿A
55, 49, 43 oT: [31} |25| a...
SA TAO E

“= nS ; Lesson 1.1 Describing Patterns | 1

 37111835) Extending a Numerical Pattern
Describe the following pattern: 4, 8, 16, 32,.... Then write the next
Need three numbers. )
help with whole You|multiply the previous number by 2 |
number operations? to get the next number in the pattern.
See pp. 742-744
of your textbook.

4, A co 64 | 128, E ..:

Describe the pattern. Then write the next three numbers.

1./29243,8L.,. | 2 40.33.20... 3.311.119.

Divide by 3; 27, 9,3 | Subtract 7; 19, 12, 5 Add 8; 27, 35,

Extending a Visual Pattern

Quilt A patchwork quilt has squares that follow a pattern. What are the next
three squares that the quilter would make?

Solution
Look for a repeated pattern in the quilt squares. Each square has two
triangles facing the same direction. Then each square rotates 90° in a
counterclockwise direction from the previous square.

«SD
Answer:

2 - Chapter 1 Notetaking Guide

E O
Regular polygons with the Dot array with number on
number of sides increased each side increased by 1;
by 1;
 Variables and Expressions

Goal: Evaluate variable expressions.

Vocabulary
OI A variable is a letter that is used to represent one or
"| more numbers.

A variable expression, like n + 6, consists

Variable expression:
of numbers, variables, and operations.

To evaluate a variable expression, you substitute

Evaluate: values for the variables and then simplify the
resulting numerical expression.

Evaluating Variable Expressions

a. Evaluate x + 7 when x = 4. b. Evaluate y — 5 when y= 13.

Solution
a. x+7=|4+7 Substitute 4] for X.

- Add.

b.y—-5=—ig 5 - Substitute for y.

= Subtract.

4 | Chapter1 Notetaking Guide

 Multiplication and Division Expressions
9 The expression 2 X 5 can also be written as . |5 | There are several
different ways you can write multiplication and division expressions.

Multiplication: is another way of writing 5 + n.

is another way of writing a » b.

3(7) | is another way of writing Bw:

Division: a] is another way of writing x + 4

Evaluating Variable Expressions

’
WATCH our: a. Evaluate 6g when g = 5. b. Evaluate 2 when s = 15.
Avoid using the multipli- 3
cation symbol X in a Solution
variable expression. It a. 6g = erinetitite [5|for g.
could be confused with
the variable x. = Multiply.

Substitute for s.

= [5] Divide.

Lesson 1.2 Variables and Expressions 5

 Evaluating Expressions with Two Variables

Waiter To find the amount of money earned by a waiter at a restaurant, yo

can evaluate the expression w + t, where wis the wages earned and tis e
amount of tips left by customers. Find the amount of money earned by a
waiter who made $25 in wages and $30 in tips.
Solution

wt+t= 5h Substitute for w and OE

- [55] Add.
Answer: The waiter earned $|55|.

6 Chapter 1 Notetaking Guide

se A
 Powers and Exponents

Goal: Write repeated multiplication using exponents.

Vocabulary

Power: |A power is a way of writing repeated multiplication.

Base: |The base of a power is the factor.

Exponent: The exponent of a power is the number of times the

factor is used.

Powers and Exponents

exponent

| as The power is read

» Numbers 4° = 4-4-4-4-4-4 “four to the sixth power.”
Y AA AAA A

4] is a factor 6] times.

Algebra If n is a nonzero whole number, then:

a’ =a-arae---a
yet, ts SaaS The power is read

is a factor |n|times. “ato the nth power.”

Writing Powers
There were 3+3+3+3+3 fans in attendance at Mica’s first football game.
What is another way to write the number of fans at Mica’s football game?

3°3-+3-3-3=(35)
|3|isa factor| 5|times.

Answer: There were |3° fans at Mica’s football game.

Lesson 1.3 Powers and Exponents | 7

 391 Teas) Evaluating Powers

You can Evaluate the power.

3 "
pe 5% as "5 to the e 53 bros c. 91
third power" or as
"5 cubed." You can Solution
2) " E 7
read 9° as "9 to the a. 5° =|B.5+5 Write 5 |as a factor times.
second power" or
as "9 squared." =| 125 Multiply.

b.9- = Write 9] as a factor times.

= | Multiply.

c. 21 = Write as a factor time.

3. 10-10-10

Evaluate the power.

8 Chapter 1 Notetaking Guide

 Evaluating Powers with Variables
a. Evaluate y? when y= 4. b. Evaluate g? when g = 10.
Solution
a y =|

= Multiply.

Substitute s

Write as a factor times.

 Order of Operations

Goal: Evaluate expressions involving two or more operations.

Vocabulary
The order in which to perform operations —
Order of operations: |when evaluating expressions with more ©
than one operation. :

Order of Operations
1. Evaluate expressions

2. Evaluate powers -

¿ "Multiply anddivide |from left to right.

; |Add and subtract |

from left to right.

Following Order of Operations

Babysitting You earn spending money by babysitting. You charge $5 per
hour plus a flat fee of $2 per child. Find the amount you earned babysitting
1 child for 4 hours.

2+5Xx4= | First multiply [5|and

= Then add (2 and 20 a

Answer: You earned $

Evaluating a Variable Expression

Evaluate a + iewhen a= 7 and b= 6.

2 2
at aes 7+ ES Substitute [7|for a and a b.

=7+ 2 Evaluate the power.

- a - 19 Divide | |36
36|[and E
3. Then add Wy : and

10 Chapter 1 Notetaking Guide

DA CUCA aid Evaluate the expression.

1, SPX 4 3.8X4+4+52

57
4. Evaluate the expression t — 3v* when t= 100 and v= 2.

Using the Left-to-Right Rule

a. 150% :+9-3= Subtract 8 from

16-3 Add 7 and 9)

Subtract (3|from

b. 100 + 10+2=|10+2 Divide |100|by|10|

2 fs| Divide |10 |by

Subtract [5|from
Thinking of
the letters PEMDAS Multiply [6 and
| might help you
J
Ñ remember the order
6-6 _ ] 6] 6] 6
y of operations:
12 Multiply and Add 8 |and [4| |
2% Parentheses b. 8+4
Exponents. ESN
;
PA | Divide by
Multiplication
Division
Addition
Subtraction
c. (4 + 7)?-20 =| (11)? — 20 Add 4 Jana
=|121 — 20 Evaluate the power.

Subtract 20 |from [121 |

Lesson 1.4 Orderof Operations | 1!

 Maid) Evaluate the expression.

B25
10 Bi 3

Standardized Test Practice

Basketball The point values for

Type of Basket
certain baskets in basketball are
shown in the table. You make
Three-point field goal
12 field goals, 5 free throws, and
3 three-point field goals. Your friend
Field goal
makes 15 field goals, 3 free throws,
and 4 three-point field goals. How
Free throw
many more points did your friend
score than you?
@ 2 points ® 6 points
© 7 points @ 45 points
Solution
You need to evaluate the expression
(ESAS ele Ae Neen Det on ements

(1572 HSA. eS) = (120 DAD ol Eee)

ors+ i2)—24r 549)

ie

ERG

Subtract | 38.
Answer: Your friend scored | 7 | more points than you. The correct answer

12 | Chapter1 Notetaking Guide

 Equations and Mental Math

Goal: Use mental math to solve an equation.

Vocabulary
Ea An equation is a mathematical sentence formed by
- |setting two expressions equal.

Eon: A solution of an equation is a number that you can

- |substitute for the variable to make the equation true.

Solving anequation: Finding all solutions to an equation is called

solving the equation.

3791 tte ES Checking Possible Solutions

Tell whether the value of the variable is a solution to f+ 7 = 13.

a. f=8 b. f=6
Symbol Meaning
is equal to Solution
ATEO Write original equation.
Substitute for f.

The equation true, "so 8isnotasolution |

b. a 7=13 Write original equation.

Substitute [6] for f.

The equation is |true, so 6isasolution .

Tell whether the value of the variable is a solution of

the equation.

L4t=20;t=6 . | 2.17-p=12;p=5 | 3.12+d=4;d=3

Lesson1.5 Equations and Mental Math | 13

 Using Mental Math to Solve Equations
Equation Question - Solution — Check 6
a

oa 5 |plus |what number 4] >

equals 91

-s-7=4 What number] minus 7| [111

equals 41?

somos [5]ves [what

mura
equals |35|?

.j+6=8 What number | divided by 48 +6=8

6 equals 87

Solve the equation using mental math.

6. 4+r=17

Distance, Speed, and Time

Words Distance traveled is equal to the (rate of travel) times

Algebra d =

Numbers distance = 2 feet per second + 30 seconds =| 60 feet

14 | Chapter1 Notetaking Guide .

 Using Mental Math to Solve an Equation

Race Walker A race walker travels at a speed of 5 miles per hour. She
tallies her training schedule and finds that she walked 100 miles this
month. How much time did she spend walking this month?

Solution
Write formula for distance.

wy Substitute the values you know.

FX Use mental math to solve the equation.

Answer: She walked hours this month.

MTRS Solve the following problem.

8. A high speed passenger commuter ferry is advertised as being able to

make a 16 mile crossing between land and an island in only 48 minutes.
How many minutes does it take the ferry to travel 1 mile?

3 minutes per mile

Lesson 1.5 Equations and Mental Math |15 E

 Perimeter and Area

Goal: Use formulas to find perimeter and area.

Vocabulary
The perimeter of a rectangle is the sum of the lengths —
Perimeter:
of the sides.

The area of a rectangle is the number of square units =

Area:
needed to cover the rectangle. 2

Perimeter and Area

Rectangle

Perimeter P

Area A

pew 14 EA Finding Perimeter

Find the perimeter of the rectangle or square with the given dimensions.
forget the formula
a. / = 6 feet, w= 3 feet b. s= 5 centimeters
for the perimeter of a
rectangle, you could Solution
draw and label a
diagram of a rectangle.
a. P= b. P=| 4s]
Then just add the
lengths of the
sides.

Answer: The perimeter is Answer: The perimeter is

feet. |20 |
centimeters.

16 Chapter1 Notetaxing Guide

 Find the perimeter of the rectangle or square.

Finding Area
Find the area of the rectangle or square with the given dimensions.

a. / = 10 feet, w= 4 feet b. s = 12 centimeters

Solution
a. A= | b. A=| s?|

ic J
Answer: The area is Answer: The area is
square feet. ! square centimeters.

Find the area of the rectangle or square.

5. Find the perimeter and the area of a rectangle that has a lene) of
12 inches and a width of 9 inches. '

P= 42 in.; A= 108 in.?

Lesson 1.6 Perimeter and Area |17

 Using Perimeter and Area

Garden A rectangular garden has a length of 20 meters and a width of

15 meters. Find the perimeter and the area of the garden. @

p= 21 +2w A=| dw|

= |2(20) + 2(15)| — |20(15)

Answer: The perimeter is 70 meters | and the area is

300 square meters |

IN AAA. ES Standardized Test Practice

Painting Mark is planning to paint one wall
of his living room, as shown. One can of
paint can cover 60 square feet. How many
cans of paint does Mark need?
EEN
(Dd) 1 can (B> 2 cans © 3 cans (D> 5 cans

1. Estimate the wall's area, including the window, using £ = | 1 3

and w= 9 |feet.

A = length Xx width = a a 2

2. Calculate the window’s area.

A= length x width = 5]E)- 10.

by 7 z
4. Divide the area that will be painted
> A
of paint needed.

Answer: Mark needs | 3 |cans of paint. The correct answer is BO:

DB. o | |

Chapter 1 Notetaking Guide

+ 2 be
A Problem Solving Plan

Goal: Use a 4-step plan to solve many kinds of problems.

Understanding and Planning

Commercials A programmer at a television station has exactly 160 seconds
of time to fill with commercials. The programmer must choose 3 commercials
from the table, and one of the commercials must be the station's commercial.
What commercials can the programmer use?

comm | Tiesod)
1 UN
- SartLU
ae |
To solve this problem, you need to make sure you understand the problem.
Then make a plan for solving the problem.
Read and Understand
What do you Know?
The programmer must fill |160 seconds | of commercial time.

The programmer must choose commercials.

The station commercial |must be included.

What do you want to find out?

Make a Plan
How can you relate what you know to what you want to find out?

j
-List
allofthe possible combinations of 3 commercials that
include the station commercial. Find the total playing time for
e ination
of commercials. Identify the combination(s)
that have an exact time of 160 seconds.
ó NR

Lesson 1.7 A Problem Solving Plan |19

 Use the information in Example 1.

1. How many seconds long is the station commercial?

45 seconds

2. How many seconds does this leave for the remaining two commercials? :

115 seconds

Solving and Looking Back

To solve the television commercial problem from the previous page, you need
to carry out the plan from Example 1 and then check the answer.

Solve the Problem

Notice Because of the station commercial requirement, there are = -

the pattern
of
commercial pairings seconds for playing the other two commercials. Make a list of all the
in thetable: combinations of the other two commercials and the time it takes to play them.

Camera | Tine wen) ©

ABCD

CEN
“ Using a pattern like
this guarantees
that
you don't forget any
commercial
pairings.

Alaro] |
Answer: The programmer must play the station commercial and commercials

Look Back

The answer lists exactly 3 commercials, one of which is the station O

commercial, totaling to 115 |seconds + seconds = seconds

20 | Chapter1 Notetaking Guide -,

4 JA o > = | oe 4 me
 QUO Use Example 2.

> 3. Suppose the station commercial was 50 seconds long. Now what
commercials would the programmer need to play?

the station commercial and commercials A and C

Problem Solving Plan

a |Read and Understand | Read the problem carefully. Identify the
question and any important information.

2. |Make a Plan | Decide on a problem solving strategy.

3. |Solve the Problem | Use the problem solving strategy to answer the
question.

, 4, |Look Back | Check that your answer is reasonable.

 Words to Review
AAA AS

Give an example of the vocabulary word.

Variable Variable expression

Evaluate Power

To evaluate 9x + 8 when x = 1,
substitute 1 for x and find the
value of 9(1) + 8. So,
9x + 8 = 17 when
x= 1.

Base Exponent

The base of the power 5° is 5. The exponent of the power 5°

is 3.

Order of operations Equation

. Evaluate expressions inside 7n+6=20

grouping symbols.
2. Evaluate powers.
3. Multiply and divide from left
to right.
4. Add and subtract from left
to right.

22 | Chapter1
3 PAS
Notetaking: Guidede
E
ds Solution ' Solving an equation

2 is a solution of 7n + 6 = 20. To solve the equation 26 — t = 11,

find the number that can be
subtracted from 26 to equal 11;
26 — 15 = 11, so the solution
ISA

Perimeter Area

5 units

3 units

3 in.

Perimeter = eN 4+5 Area = 15 square units

= 412 in. :

Review your notes and Chapter 1 by using the Chapter Review on pages 43-46
of your textbook.

E, .
Comparing, Ordering, and
Rounding Decimals
Goal: Compare, order, and round decimals.

Vocabulary

A decimal is a number that is written using the base-ten

Decimal: |place value system where a decimal point separates the
ones' and the tenths' digits.

Decimals and Place Value

Comparing Decimals

Baby Weights At Jason's 6-month checkup, he weighed 15.2 pounds. At

Ali’s 6-month checkup, she weighed 15.08 pounds. Compare the weights of
the babies to determine who weighed more.
The and digits are the same.

15.20 Write a as a placeholder.

The digits are different. /2>0| so| 15.2 > 15.08 |.

Answer: Because 15.2 SUS) weighed more.

Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.

UL 10.3. 215.09 AL IES A oF 8) 3. 9.238_? 9.36

Ñ
Lesson 2.1 Comparing, Ordering, and Rounding Decimals |25
 as

INTA Ordering Decimals

| Order 6.14, 6.3, 6.07, 6, and 6.27 from least to greatest. ¢
Remember that
numbers on a number 6.0 and 6.3 |. Mark
On a number line, mark tenths between;
line increase from left /
to right. | hundredths by dividing each tenth into equal parts. Then

graph each number.

From least to greatest, the numbers are | 6, 6.07, 6.14, 6.27, and 6.3 .

Rounding Decimals
To round a decimal to a given place value, look at the digit in the place
to the right .

- Ifthe digit is less than 5 | round down. .

- If the digit is or greater, round up.

Rounding a Decimal
Round 8.548 to the nearest tenth.

[eer ie seo ales You want to round to the nearest tenth .

8.548 Because the hundredths’ digit is less than

round and drop the remaining digits.

Answer: The decimal 8.548 rounded to the nearest tenth is |8.5|.

Order the numbers from least to greatest.

4. 7.59, 8.2, 8.15, 7.95, 7.85 5. 1.36, 1.4, 1.59,1.92,1.5

7.59, 7.85, 7.95, 8.15, 8.2 136, 14,15, 159,1.92

6. Round 61.0962 to the nearest hundredth. = : 3
 Adding and Subtracting
Decimals
Goal: Add and subtract decimals.

Vocabulary
To estimate with front-end estimation, add
Front-end estimation: | the front-end digits, estimate the sum of the
remaining digits, and then add the results.

Adding and Subtracting Decimals

a. 2.149 + 1°32
2.149
+ 1.320 <——Write as a placeholder.

3.469

Doe LS
>» 5.00 <—— Write as placeholders.
bes — 3.18

QA aid Find the sum or difference.

4. 42.9+26.5 2. 4.62 + 3.4 3. 2.859 + 3.48

8.02
5. 8.43 — 6.21

Lesson 2.2 Adding and Subtracting Decimals | 27

 Evaluating a Variable Expression

Evaluate 4.9 + t — v when t = 3.42 and v= 3.8.

WATCH OUT! 49 TV =4.9 + Substitute for t and 3.8. ¿E

Don't forget to add
and subtract from left
to right.
4.52

Estimating a Sum
Lunch Joel and Manny are eating lunch at a deli. Joel's lunch costs 0
$6.75, and Manny's lunch costs $5.40. They want to order two
chocolate shakes, which will cost an additional $3.89. They have
$15.00 to pay the bill. Can they buy the milkshakes?
Solution
1. Add the front-end 2. Estimate the sum 3. Add the results.
digits: the dollars. of the remaining "
digits: the cents.
$6.75 $6.75 $14

$5.40 $5.40 a E

La + $3.89 — [816 | “a
$14
Answer: The estimated sum is than $15, so they cannot.
the milkshakes.

28 | Chapter2 Notetaking Guide

A 7 Ml ti e p A ene |
Multiplying Decimals

Goal: Multiply decimals.

Vocabulary
Leading digit: eae digit of a number is the first nonzero

Multiplying Decimals
Words Multiply decimals as you would "whole numbers |.Then place

the |decimal point | in the product. The number of decimal places in the

product is equal to| the sum of the number of decimal places in

the factors

Numbers 0.7 X 0.3 =

Multiplying Decimals

Lesson 2.3 Multiplying Decimals | 29

 2 |decimal places
| decimal places

| decimal places :

After you place the decimal

point, you can |.

ens A)

any zeros at the end of an

answer.

Y Check Because 5 of 12 is the product is reasonable.

b. 1.168 | decimal places

| decimal places

| decimal places

: before the 8
as a placeholder so that the
number has five decimal
places.

Answer: 1.168 X 0.07 =

=
‘Multiplying Decimals to Find Area
Table Top Alonzo is building a table to hold his model train. The table top
is going to be 4.75 feet long and 3.5 feet wide. What is the area of the
table top?

Solution

A= Write formula for area of a rectangle.

= Substitute for £ and for w.

y Multiply.

Answer: The area of the table top is |16.625 square feet |.

Find the area of the rectangle.

 Goal: Divide decimals.

Vocabulary

Compatible Numbers:

Dividing a Decimal by a Whole Number

Gift Joy and her three cousins spent $21.40 on a gift for their grandfather.
Each cousin contributed the same amount of money. How much did each
cousin spend?

Divide as you would with |

remainder.

32 Chapter 2 Notetaking Guide

 | Dividing by a Decimal
» Words When you divide by a decimal, multiply both the divisor and
the dividend by a| power of ten | that will make the divisor a

“whole number 0.7

Numbers 12.5/8.75 -—————> 125 )87.5

Dividing Decimals

Divide: a. 6.826 + 0.002 b. 12 = 2,4 CADIZ.

Solution
a. 0.002)6.826 To multiply divisor and dividend by 1000,
A
move both decimal points place(s) to the right.
3413
2)6826
10)

00
100

b. 2.4)12.0 To multiply divisor and dividend by 10, move both decimal

A
5 points 1] place(s) to the right. Write 0] as a placeholder.
24)120
120
0
WATCH OUT! c. 0.5)0.028 To multiply divisor and dividend by 10, move both
Don't forget to write
a decimal points place(s) to the right.
zeros as placeholders
in the quotient.
0.056
7 5)0.28
25 Line up | decimal points |-
30
30
0

Lesson 2.4 Dividing Decimals |33

 Find the quotient. Then check your answer.

4. 196.=0.5 5, 48:49 = 5-7 6.0.495+8.25 ©

0.06
TAG 0105 =. 805

— 23.4375

3911483539 Rounding a Quotient

Socks A pack of six pairs of socks costs $9.75. Find the price of one pair of
socks. Round to the nearest cent.
In Example 3,
you are rounding er
Solution
to the nearest
cent or hundredth. 1. Divide $9.75 by 6.
Divide only until 1-625
the quotient reaches 6)9.750 É
the thousandths' (8)
place. Then Gi
round. 36 .
15 ]
aly ; Es
~30 Write and bring down as a placeholder. CS
30 ans :
MORAS tOD dividing when the quotient reaches the 3 y

2. Round the quotien

to t
the nearest cent. $1.625 —— $1.63 | a

Answer: The price of each pair of socks is |$1.63|. ; 4 Z a

 Scientific Notation

: Goal: Read and write numbers using scientific notation.

Vocabulary
A number written in scientific notation has the
Scientific notation: |form c X 10” where cis greater than or equal
to 1 and less than 10 and nis a whole number.

Using Scientific Notation

A number is written in scientific notation if it has the form c x 10”
where cis greater than or equal to |1 and less than 10 and nis

[2whole number
Standard form Product form Scientific notation

) 3 2,860,000 2.86 x x rol8

IV ARES ES Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation

Budget The budget to support the national parks in the United States
was $64,500,000 in 1998. To write 64,500,000 in scientific notation,
Powers of ten:
use powers of 10.
10! = 10
102 = 100 Standard form _ Product form Scientific notation
10° = 1000 [7
Lane 64,500,000 x |10,000,000 , 08
10° = 100,000
10° = 1,000,000 Answer: The budget for national parks in the United States was
$| 6.45 x 107 | in 1998.

Lesson 2.5 Scientific Notation 35

Ñ .. Ñ a
=> A A. A ax ‘4 nr.
 SIT A Writing Numbers in Standard Form
Write the number in standard form.

al Lo? b. 6.702 x 10°

3x 10° as Solution
pee ties Scientific Product Standard
ten to the fifth . form
notation form
power."
ascos 3 xX} 100,000 300,000
b. 6.702 x 102 [6,702 || 1,000,000,000 | 6,702,000,000

MITA aid Write the number in scientific notation.

1. 27,500,000 2. 10,200,000,000 3. 3,600,000

1.027: 107
Write the number in standard form.

4. 6.37 x 104 5. 2.09 x 10’ 6.1 x 107

63,700 = 20,900,000
 Comparing Numbers in Scientific Notation

Population The population of Alaska was about 6.35 x 10° in 2001.

The population of Nebraska was about 1.71 X 10% in 2001. Which state
had the greater population?

Solution
numbers written in scientific notation, first compare the
Bea i |, then compare the

Alaska: 6.35 x 10° Exponent is

‘

Nebraska: 1.71 X 108 Exponent is :

Y Check Write the numbers in

wee

6.35 x 10°

4.71 X<10° =

Lesson 2.5 Scientific Notation | 37

c
 : Measure and estimate using metric units.

Vocabulary

The metric system is a decimal system of

Metric system: | measurement. The metric system has units
for length, mass, and capacity.

The meter (m) is the basic unit of length in the metric

Metric units
system. Three other metric units of length are the
of length:
millimeter (mm), centimeter (cm), and kilometer (km). | -

Mass: | Mass is the amount of matter that an object has. : o

Metric units
The gram (g) is the basic metric unit of mass. Two _
other metric units of mass are the milligram (mg)
of mass:
and the kilogram (kg).

Capacity is a measure of the amount that a container

Capacity: hola

The liter (L) is the basic metric unit of capacity. Two —

Metric units
other metric units of capacity are the milliliter We
of capacity:
and the kiloliter (kL).

Benchmarks
1 millimeter is about the thickness of a dime.
1 centimeter is about the width of a large paper clip.

1 meter is about the height of the back of a chair.

1 kilometer is about the combined length of 9 football fields.

1 milligram is about the mass of a grain of sugar.

1 gram is about the mass of a small paper clip.

1 kilogram is about the mass of a textbook.

1 millimeter is about the capacity of an eyedropper.

1 liter is about the capacity of a large water bottle.

1 kiloliter is about the capacity of 8 large trash cans.

Notetaking Guide

1
 Using Metric Units of Length
Estimate the length of a key by imagining paper clips laid next to it. Then
measure the key with a metric ruler to check your estimate.

Solution
WATCH OUT!
A typical metric ruler 1. About large paper clips 2. Measure using a ruler.
allows you to measure fit next to the key, so it is about
only to the nearest
e
4 centimeters: long.
tenth of a centimeter.
A

2 3 4

Each centimeter is divided into

| tenths |,so the key is

Copy and complete the statement using the appropriate metric unit:
The mass of a computer monitoris5 ? .

The mass of a computer monitor is g

yr | than the mass of 5 paper clips (sfa). | |

ane
Co OTEBR
RRS eet Preah =
a
AS Ts
 MITA Complete the following exercise.

1. Estimate the length of a video cassette in centimeters. Then use a

metric ruler to check your estimate.

15 cm; 15.4 cm

Copy and complete the statement using the appropriate metric unit.

2. The mass of a catis 4_? 3. The mass of a rubber band is

LD |

Measuring a Liquid Amount

Find the amount of liquid in the measuring cup.

Each 100 mL is divided

into tenths, so the liquid is

at the mL level.

Answer: The measuring cup contains milliliters of liquid.

Standardized Test Practice

What is the most reasonable capacity of a bucket?

@é6L (B 65 mL (COP (D> 2kL.

Solution

Both (as large water bottles and (e large trash cans)

would overfill a bucket. Using|65

65mL
mL_ (|
65)eyedroppers) would be too

little. That leaves iG large water bottles), which seems reasonable.

Answer: The most reasonable capacity of a bucket is . The correct |

answer - 18 oO ® © DM
40 Chapter 2 MA Guide

7 MT AAA
1. Spoon 2. Hot tub 3. Drinking glass
A. 1.3 kL A. 1.3 kL ALL kk
B. 250 mL B. 250 mL B. 250 mL
Cc. 2 mL C2 meu C22 mb
Converting Metric Units

Goal: Convert between metric units.

The metric system is a| base-ten system |. Metric prefixes are associated

with decimal place values.

E meter

liter

To convert between metric units n decimal places apart, multiply

as follows.

Multiply | by 10”.

larger -£ ¥smaller unit —

 Converting Metric Units of Length
The height of a chain-link fence is 137 centimeters. How many meters tall is
the fence?

Solution
You are converting from a smaller unit [[centimeters |to a larger unit

AE NA

From | centimeters |to |meters |,the decimal point is moved

2 places to the left |, so divide by 107) or 100.

137 centimeters = meters

Answer: The fence is | 1.37 meters | tall.

Converting Units of Mass and Capacity

Copy and complete the statement.

.a.4620g=_? kg Did ás IL

Solution
a. To convert from grams to kilograms, |divide by 1000 |.

| 4.62 | so 4620 g = 2

Lesson 2.7 Converting Metric Units |43

" o.”
 Copy and complete the statement.

1. 5600m=_?_ km 3. 275cm=_2.M €

4. 382 mm=_?_ cm 5.5008=_?

kg 6.1.75 kb=_2

391118 2 $) Comparing Metric Measures

Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.

a. 050 cMA2M56 ma b. 1.6kg_? 15258

Or
E Solution
a. 650-cm= 2 asOum
two measurements
that have different OSO CIMA cm
units, convert one of
the measures so 650 cm cm Compare.
that both have
the same Answer: 650 cm 6m
units.

b. 16kg_? 15258
g_? 15258
SO 1.6 kg =|1600 |£.
[5] 1525 g Compare.

Answer: 1.6 kg| 5|1525 g

44 | Chapter 2 Notetaking Guide

fi y OR Ñ he ru o PA ES 7
y
nm ae 6
7
 Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.

Ñ | 4.6.8kL_?_ 6725L | 2.218 ? 2100mg| 3.7.3mm_?2 73cm.

Standardized Test Practice

Garden Beds Hank is planting a garden in his yard that is 8.5 meters long.
Suppose the garden is divided into smaller beds that each measure
212.5 centimeters in length. How many small garden beds would there be?

@ 2.5 B 4 O 25 (D> 40

Solution
1. Convert 8.5 meters to by multiplying by 100 |

8.5X| 100 =|850 |,so 8.5 m=/ 850cm |

2. To find the number of gardens, divide the _total length ofthe garden.

Answer: The garden would be divided into smaller beds.

The correct answer is |B | Doo DM

AE A A MA
 Words to Review

Give an example of the vocabulary word.

Decimal , Front-end estimation

The decimal 5.17 represents To estimate the sum

5 ones plus 1 tenth plus 1.43 + 3.97 + 7.65, first add
7 hundredths, or five and 'the ones: 1+3+7=11 ©
seventeen hundredths. Then estimate the sum of the
remaining digits: |
0.43 + 0.97 + 0.65 = 2.
The sum is about 11 + 2, or 1.

Leading digits Compatible numbers

The leading digit of 0.023 is 2. You can estimate the quotient :

3545 = 4 by evaluating
3600 + 4, because 3600 and 4
are compatible under divisi
Because 3600 + 4=900, —
3545 = 4 = 900.

Scientific notation Metric system

is a decimal TSS
The number 6.03 x 10* is The metric system
expressed in scientific notation. system of measurement.

Meter Millimeter

The length of a swimming pool The length of a pencil erase

is measured in meters. measured in millimeters.

46 7 Chapter 2 Notetaking Guide

A O EA UN .
Centimeter Kilometer

| The length of a calculator is _ The length of a marathon is

|

|measured in centimeters. measured in kilometers.

1

Gram

Three metric units of mass The mass of a shoe is measured

are the gram, milligram, and in grams.
kilogram.

Milligram Kilogram

The mass of a feather is The mass of a desk is measured

measured in milligrams. in kilograms.

ie

Capacity Liter

Three metric units of capacity are The capacity of a bucket is

the liter, milliliter, and kiloliter. measured in liters.

Milliliter Kiloliter —

The capacity of a test tube is The capacity of a swimming pool

measured in milliliters. is measured in kiloliters.

Review your notes and Chapter 2 a ale the Chapter Review on pages 97-100
of your textbook.
Mean, Median, and Mode

Goal: Describe data using mean, median, and mode.

Vocabulary

MEA: The mean of a data set is the sum of the values divided
ean:
by the number of values.

The median of a data set is the middle value when the

.__. |values are written in numerical order. If a data set has
Median: : :
an even number of values, the median is the mean of
the two middle values.

The mode of a data set is the value that occurs most

often. A data set can have no mode, one mode, or more
than one mode.

R ¡he range of a data set is the difference between the

ange:
greatest value and the least value.

Finding a Mean
Heights The students in Ms. Whitney's class practice measuring by finding
each other's heights. The results are shown below. Find the mean height.
MOS AU LO MM LS Mm. L9:m
ANT m AO O: ag

HS og A tl 6 1.5 + 1:8 +.1.6

Lesson 3.1 Mean, Median, and Mode |49

 3911140 29 Finding Median, Mode, and Range
Find the median, mode(s), and range of the numbers below.
54 58 51 48 63 59 57 52 54 58

Write the numbers in order from "least togreatest |.

whole numbers?
See page
736 of your
48 51 52 54 54 57 58 58 59 63
textbook.
Median: Because there is an even number of data values, the median

is the} mean of the two middle values |. °

Median =

Modes: The numbers that occur most often are and 58 |

Range: Find the difference between the greatest and the least values.

Find the mean, median, mode(s), and range.

1.6,2,7,44,2,10,5,3.8 | 2.27.68,
40,4 70 cae

Mean: 6; Median:
Range:9
6; 3
Me:an: non
|Mode ;
|
ian: 5
5 e;MedRan
Mode: 2;
: 2; Rang ge

50 | Chapter 3
 Choosing the Best Average
School Play The numbers of tickets sold for the upcoming school play are
listed below.
COMINO MNR M2 34 1.42 35° 28
Which average best represents the number of tickets sold?

The mean suggests that the

Solution numbers of tickets sold are
Compare the mean, median, and mode. greater than they actually are.

Mean:
—<——
00 390.0 26°49 + 26 +32 + 34-+42+.35

LO
+ 28
esl
Medlan TORANZO RS zo 300132. 34 - 35: .42 86

——
3032
2 The mode suggests that the
: numbers of tickets sold are
less than they actually are.
The median is [31 |

Mode: The number of tickets most often sold is 28.

Answer: The best represents the number of tickets sold.

Standardized Test Practice

Shirts You pay $38 for 3 shirts. A few weeks later, you buy 2 more shirts for
a total of $20. What is the mean cost of all the shirts?
(A) $7.60 (B> $11.60 | © $19.33 (D> $58
Solution
To find the mean cost of all the shirts, divide the sum of the costs by the
number of shirts purchased.

_ Answer: The mean cost of all the shirts is |$11.60 |. The correct answer Ñ

s[B, DE © ® ;

- Lesson 3.1 Mean, Median, and Mode |1

A E ‘
 Bar Graphs and Line Graphs

Goal: Make and interpret bar graphs and line graphs.

Vocabulary
_| A graph in which the lengths of bars are used to .
Bar graph:
represent and compare data. Ba i

A graph in which points that represent data pairs are —

plotted using a horizontal number line and a vertical —
Line graph:
number line. The points are connected using line _
segments to show a change in data over time.

Horizontal axis: “Thehorizontal number line of a graph.

Vertical axis: |The vertical number line of a graph.

Making a Bar Graph

Use a bar graph to represent the data in the table.

School Population

1. Choose a scale.
The largest data value is 703 |.So, start the scale at [0|and extend it

to a value greater than 703 such as 800 . Use increments of 10 ) |.

52 Chapter 3 Notetaking Guide

a ¡A a: =} » “ 07m
 2. Draw and label the graph.
Use the scale to
. Student Population
determine the
4 800
length of the bars.
700
Include horizontal
2 600 gridlines.
(4)
3S 500
All of the bars
400 . should have the
o same width.
hee

= 200

100

0
Smith Hall Greenman Carlson
School

Make a bar graph of the data.

= Football Players ©

Grade Level Number of Players.

Number
students
of
9th 10th 11th 12th
Grade level _

Lesson 3.2 Bar Graphs and Line Graphs | 53 ©

 Making a Double Bar Graph

TV Stations The table shows the

number of stations available to
Satellite TV and Cable TV in a
community during four years.
To make a double bar graph of
the data, start by drawing bars
for the Satellite TV stations.
Then draw bars for the Cable
TV stations.

A legend tells
you what each
O Satellite bar represents.
Cable

available
Stations

1998 1999 €
Year | 4

391 tae 39 Interpreting a Line Graph

Ice Skating School The line graph

: Kids on Ice Enrollment
In the shows the enrollment at the Kids on
line graph, Ice Skating School from 1995 through
the break in the 2000. What conclusion can you make
vertical axis allows about the line graph?
you to focus on the

o LAS
RS
Year ‘

Answer: The line graph shows that the enrollment between

and | 1998 |, but there was a from 1998 to .

From | 1999 to. 2000 |, the enrollment _increased . 7

54 | Chapter3 Notetaking Guide

yw ' a . y
E 4 4 A ae ay
 Making a Line Graph
Bike Riders Use the table to make a line graph of the number of students
riding their bikes to a certain school from 1995 through 2000.

1. Choose the horizontal

and vertical axes. Bike Riders
Years from 1995 through 2000 will be
shown on the axis.
The greatest number of bike riders is 36.
So, start the axis at O and end
with 40, using increments of 5.

2. Draw and label the graph.

Students Who Are Bike Riders

Plot a point for each year.

Then connect the points with
line segments.
Include evenly spaced horizontal
and vertical gridlines.

Lesson 3.2 Bar Graphs and Line Graphs | 55

qn, - $ A
AI E NTE
A A GA
 (MTS Complete the following exercises.

AD E nauree A Mi
| 2. Make a double bar graph of the data collected by a car dealership in - ó
one month.

Station Wagon | Truck van

Vehicle type

3 . What conclusions can you make about the line graph in Example 4?

‘The line graph shows an increase in bike riders from -

1995 to 1999, but there was a decrease from 1999 to 2000.
4. Make a line graph of the data collected by a customer service call center.

Customers Are On Hold

Average Hold Time. 7

How Long Customers Are On Hold

8
6
4
(min)
time 2
hold
Average
0

56 | Chapter 3 Notetaking Guide

Stem-and-Leaf Plots

Goal: Display data using stem-and-leaf plots.

Vocabulary

A stem-and-leaf plot is a data display that

Stem-and-leaf plot: OS
Saro helps you to see the way data are distributed.

Making a Stem-and-Leaf Plot

The table shows the number of phone calls received by a telethon each hour
for ten hours. Display the numbers of phone calls on a stem-and-leaf plot.

Number of
Calls Received

21

Solution
1. The numbers range from 15 to 53 | so let the be the

tens’ digits from 1] to 5) Let the be the ones” digits.

2. Write the first. Draw a next to the stems.

Then record each number of phone calls by writing its

on the same line as the corresponding tens’ digit |.

Lesson 3.3. Stem-and-Leaf Plots 87 E

 3. Make an ordered stem-and-leaf plot.

Unordered Plot Ordered Plot

In the ordered plot,
the leaves for each
stem are listed in
order from least to
greatest.

Ele
SF as[e]
Include a key to show
what the stems and '
leaves represent.

Bee
: [e]
[6] fe]
<<
;

Interpreting a Stem-and-Leaf Plot

100-Meter Hurdles Sophia runs the 100-meter hurdles for her track team.
Her race times (in seconds) are listed below. Use a stem-and-leaf plot to
order the data. Then make a conclusion about the data. )
18.5 21.3 19.0 19.6 17.8 224 21.6 19.3 18.9" 2284

Solution
Begin by making an unordered stem-and-leaf plot. Because the
race times range from 118 to | 22.8 | the stems are the digits €

and ones’. places. The leaves are the digits in the

Then make an ordered stem-and-leaf plot.

Unordered Plot Ordered Plot

Answer: Sophia runs

20 seconds.
a : Complete the following exercises.
E

> he 1. The number of customers visiting Tyrone's book shop each day are listed |
below. Make an ordered stem-and-leaf plot of the numbers. |
TS ALO do wos oa 24,99 27, 19°26 17 20

E2902 ABAD 9
250703241001,
Spoke amS)
415
Data
Key: 214 = 24 |
SE a A Es SAE sar APSie A J
2. Use the stem-and-leaf plot from Exercise 1 to determine the number of
customers greater than 32.

3. Use the stem-and-leaf plot from Exercise1 to make a conclusion about

the daily number of customers in Tyrone's store.

| Tyrone rarely has more than 50 customers in one day. ‘

 Box-and-Whisker Plots |
A

Goal: Display data using box-and-whisker plots.

Vocabulary
_| A box-and-whisker plot is a data display that;
Bedee
ta ELSA Ne divides data values into four parts. ARA

.__.| The median of the lower half of the data is th

Lower quartile:
lower quartile.

The median of the upper half of the data iisthea

Upper quartile:
upper quartile.

Lower extreme: The lower extreme is the least data value.

Upper extreme: | The upper extreme is the greatest data value

The interquartile range is the difference

Interquartile range:
between the upper and lower quartiles in
box-and-whisker plot.

60 Chapter 3 Notetaking Guide

e ás e
 IVA ES Making a Box-and-Whisker Plot
Ages The ages of the skaters at the Aurora Skating Rink are listed below.
How can the data be displayed so that it is divided into quarters?
6-0 So 14, LA, Lo Lo, 16,
16,1851 6719.25) 22 lr e 700

Solution
“1. Find the median, the quartiles, and the extremes. ©
If a data
set has an odd
16)16
UA
number of values, the
median value is not Median =
included in either the |2|
lower half or the
upper half. Lower half | Upper half
fr SS SS SS

E SALA Oe ALO LOSA LS LO i Pi Phe ee) ay me

Lower . Upper
extreme a extreme

Lower quartile = 3 Upper quartile =

“(26
a
2. Plot the five values below a number line.

3. Draw a box from the 5. Draw| Whiskers | from

the box to both extremes.

Lesson 3.4 Box-and-Whisker Plots | 61

 interpreting a Box-and-Whisker Plot

Electric Bills The amounts of the electricity bills in the Nguyen's home
in a year are displayed in the box-and-whisker plot below. €

a. If the Nguyen’s electricity bills were under $66 in the months that they
did not run the air conditioner, then about what fraction of the year did
they not run the air conditioner?
b. If the electricity bills over $72 represent the months where the average
outdoor temperature was at least 85°F, then about what fraction of the
year was the average temperature at least 85°F?

Solution
a. The number of bills under $66 is about the same on the number line

as |the number in one of the whiskers |, which represents about

b. The number of bills above $72 is about the same as the number from
the median to the. upper extreme . This represents about a a
the year.

UE Complete the following exercises.

1. A police officer recorded the speeds (in miles per hour) of cars’
on a highway. Make a box-and-whisker plot of the data listed bel
56 48 37 AQ 55 50 5/1 60 89 47 59 57 55 58

2. Use the box-and-whisker plot from Exercise 1 ae a conel io!

about the data. od

About half of the drivers were traveling att speedsof

55 miles per hour or more.

Chapter 3 Notetaking Guide

 Comparing Box-and-Whisker Plots
DVDs The box-and-whisker plots below represent the prices of DVDs at two
different stores. What conclusions can you draw about the data?

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

10.5
A
14.5 20.0 22.5 32.5
StoreA
—f >} _- StoreB
12.0 15.0 19.0 21.0 30.0

Solution
In general, Store A has a range of prices. has the most
expensive DVD, but also has the least expensive DVD. The median price of
Store B’s DVDs is than the median price of Store A’s DVDs.

Box-and-Whisker
Plots
 Histograms
EA
AAA A
Goal: Make and interpret histograms.

Vocabulary
A frequency table is used to group data va :
Frequency table:
| into intervals. 1

The frequency of an interval iis the number of v

v
Frequency: |ae ve in hat inten

cen A histogram is a graph that ee data from a

frequency table.

Making a Frequency Table

Auction The sellers on an Internet auction site tracked how many people
viewed the auction each day. The data are listed below. Make a frequency
table of the data.
15,28, 396, 101132140199 2O LO SOLO AS ON
215:30,49,62 13802159 072 OO LOS ee
8, 10, 28, 34, 16, 9, 40, 32

Solution
1. Choose intervals of that cover all the data values,

which range from to 49. In the table, each interval covers

whole numbers. The first interval is 0-9 and the last

2. Make a} tally mark | next to a | me |

the interval containing a given
number of viewers of the auction.
3. Write the frequency for each
interval by | totaling the number.
of tally marks for the interval.

64 | Chapter 3 Notetaking Guide

 Making a Histogram
Phone Calis A business kept track of how many phone solicitors called them.
The table shows the number of phone calls received each day. Make a his-
togram of the data. ;

Frequency

Solution
1. Draw and label the and axes.

List each interval from the frequency table on the _horizontal axis .

The greatest frequency is |18 | So, start the vertical axis at [0] and

end it at |20|,using increments of 2.

ATCH OUT!
Make sure that your
| histogram includes all 2. Draw a bar for _each interval . The bars should have
of the intervals in the width.
table, even the intervals
that have a frequency Phone Solicitations
of 0.

=—_
mb
ot
ah
=

Number
days
of

CONAN

iy). -
Include | h rizontal |grid lines.
ERRATA we

Bars that are next to each other should gap between

them.

Lesson 3.5 Histograms

 below. Make a frequency table of the data.

[Link] 58102 141= 10 12 2, 3. ae 2,12,

2. Make a histogram of the data in Exercise sb

Runs Scored in Each Game

md
om

of
Number
games
_ Oona=ooonN
0-2 3-5 6-8 9-11 214 ee oe
- Runs scored as
 Standardized Test Practice

Traffic Patterns City officials are looking at traffic patterns at a major

intersection. They have tracked the average number of cars backed up at the
stoplight between 5 A.M. and 6:59 pM.

Average Number of Cars at the Stoplight

“oha
53
—
(o)
a
da

2
E
3
2

Which statement is not supported by these data?

CA) More cars are backed up at the stoplight between 5:00 A.M. and
8:59 A.M. than between 1:00 P.M. and 4:59 P.M.
(B> The number of cars backed up at the stoplight between 5:00 P.M. and
6:59 P.M. is about half the number of cars backed up at the stoplight
between 5:00 A.M. and 6:59 A.M.
(C> The number of cars backed up at the stoplight is greatest during the
times people would be traveling to and from work, and eating out for
lunch.
(D The number of cars backed up at the stoplight between 9:00 A.M. and
10:59 A.M. is about half the number of cars backed up at the Ai
between 3:00 P.M. and 4:59 P.M.

Solution
The number of cars backed up at the stoplight between 5:00 P.M. and

6:59 P.M. iS about 55. The number of cars backed up at the stoplight

between 5:00 A.M. and 6:59 A.M. is about

Answer: The number of cars backed up at the stoplight between 5:00 P.M.

and 6:59 P.M. is about “twice [the number of cars backed up at the Y

stoplight between 5:00 A.M. and 6:59 A.M. The correct answer is.
DOOoOD

Lesson 3.5 ed oll |67

A a ee te
 Appropriate Data Displays

Goal: Choose an appropriate display for a data set.

Appropriate Data Displays

- Use a | bar graph | to display data in distinct categories.

- Use a | line graph | to display data over time.

stem-and-leaf plot |to group data into ordered lists.

box

"Use a
equal intervals.

Choosing an Appropriate Data Display

A movie theater manager wants to display the attendances to the :

movies shown in the theaters. What data display(s) should she use to (
see how the data are distributed, without displaying the individual data?

Answer: Either a |box-and-whisker

plot | or a “histogram will show
how the data are distributed without showing individual data.

Identifying Misleading Data Displays

Is the graph potentially misleading? Explain.

Annual Sales /

Oi P&PCOMIC
P&P & RSOME & CO ayAS

Year

Solution
The graph could be misleading because the vertical scale uses
very large increments |. The graph indicates a | very small |change
in sales. If the vertical scale had increments, the change in e
sales would look more significant.

68 |. Chapter3 Notetaking Guide

> ANA
ee 7)
 MOTA Complete the following exercises.

4 | 1. A bookstore sells eight different types of books. Which data display(s)

should be used to compare the number of each type of book in stock?

bar graph
2. Redraw the line graph in Example 2 with smaller increments on the
vertical scale. Compare the two graphs. What do you notice?
Annual Sales

The annual sales decrease more drastically than in the

original graph.
 Words to Review
Sa
Give an example of the vocabulary word.

Mean Median

The mean of the data set 17, 12, The median of the data set 1, 2,
14, 15, and 17 is 2, 4, 5, 7, and
9 is 4.

(174 120% uo 15+ 17) _ 45

Mode Range

The mode of the data set 5, 9, 1, The range of the data set 24, 26
12, 9, 5, 6, 9, and 4 is 9. 29, 31, 32, 36, 40, 46, 59, ano 65
is 65 — 24= 41.

Bar graph . Line graph

A type of graph in which the A graph in which points that a

lengths of bars are used to represent data pairs are plotted
represent and compare data. using a horizontal number line
and a vertical number line. The
points are connected using line
segments to show a chang i
data over time.

Horizontal axis Vertical axis

The horizontal number line of a The vertical number line of

graph. graph.

70 Chapter 3 Notetaking Guide

Stem-and-leaf plot Box-and-whisker plot

AAS A data display that divides data :

SeowlS values into four parts.
216.9
Key: 231.1 =.21

Lower quartile Upper quartile

The median of the lower half of a

The median of the upper half
data set.
of a data set.

Lower extreme Upper extreme

The least data value of a data set. The greatest data value of a data
set.

Interquartile range Frequency table

The difference between the upper A table used to group data

and lower quartiles in a| box-and- values into intervals.
whisker plot.

Frequency Histogram

The number of data values that A graph that displays data from
lie in an interval of a frequency a frequency table.
table or histogram.

viewyour 1pees and Chapter=|

3 by usingthe Chapter Review on pages A
Chapteroa ous to|Reviev
Vocabulary
Prime number:
wh

A composite number is a whole number

greater than 1 that is not prime.

Prime factorization:

_A diagram used to write the prime factorization of a

Factor tree: S
number is called a factor tree.

Writing Factors of a Number

Gardening Mrs. Gilbert bought 48 plants to put in her garden. She wants to
break the plants up into groups that are the same size. Find the possible
group sizes by writing all the factors of 48.

48=1x
=2x
= 3x
ie 48 isn't divisible by [5 | Skip to [6]
=6x 48 isn't divisible by at Skip to [3|
=8 x 6| Stop when the factors “repeat |

Answer: The factors of 48 are | 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 48 .

Lesson 4.1 Prime Factorization 135

 379111130) Identifying Prime and Composite Numbers
Tell whether the number is prime or composite. (
Need help with
divisibility rules? a. 52 b. 17 ]
See page 739 of
Solution
your textbook.
a. The factors of 52 are b. The factors of 17 are
“1, 2, 4, 13, 26, and 52 . 1 and 17 |.So, 17 is |
prime|
So, 52 is. composite -

291118 839 Using a Factor Tree

Use a factor tree to write the prime factorization of 36.
To factor a One possible factor tree:
number means to Write original number.
36
write the number
MS
Ae 9 Factor 36 as 4 X 9.
Bodin o oy
x 121x183 1x Factor 4 as x 2] and 9 as “4 rad

Another possible factor tree:

36 Write original number.

oN
Sexe Factor 36 as 3 X 12.
e Yat:
[3|x 3 x [4| Factor 12 as 3x| 4|
Ma we LOS
[3|x[3|x[2|x[2] Factor| 4 |as|2 |x|2|

Both trees give the same result: 36 =|2Xx2Xx3X 3

Answer: The prime factorization of 36 is

Use a factor tree to write the prime factorization of

the number. i

74 Chapter 4 Notetaking Guide

Greatest Common Factor

Goal: Find the greatest common factor of two or more numbers.

Vocabulary
il dll A whole number that is a factor of two or more
nonzero whole numbers.

The largest of the common factors

Greatest common factor (GCF): | of two or more nonzero whole
numbers.

na Two or more numbers are relatively prime if

their greatest common factor is 1. .

Making a List to Find the GCF

Flower Arranging A florist is making bouquets from 32 poppies, 40 irises,
and 56 gerbera daisies. What is the greatest number of bouquets that the
florist can make using the same number of each flower in the bouquets?
How many poppies, irises, and gerbera daisies will be in each bouquet?

Factors of 32: §7) 2) 48°16 32 The common factors are

Factors of 40: | 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 40 1, 2, 4, and 8 | The GCF

Factors of 56: | 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28, 56

Answer: The greatest common factor of 32, 40, and 56 is So, the

greatest number of bouquets that can be made Is Then each bouquet

will have [4|poppies, [5|irises, and [7] gerbera daisies.

 Find the greatest common factor of the numbers by listing
the factors. >

4. 20,35

15
4. 10, 24, 36 5. 15, 40, 50 6. 54, 72,99 |

3911143) Using Prime Factorization to Find the GCF Cc

Find the greatest common factor of 120 and 165 using prime
Large factorization.
numbers may
Begin by writing the prime factorization of each number.
have many factors,
and it may be difficult 120 165
to list all the factors, e ENS ÉS
It may be easierto x 12 5 xX
use prime factorization
ve eS
to find the greatest
common factor of
large numbers.

Answer: The common prime factors of 120 and 165 are and

So, the greatest common factor is [3|Xx 5 = 150.

76 Chapter 4 Notetaking Guide

SN
 Find the greatest common factor of the numbers using
prime factorization.

» 7. 100, 140

9. 108, 172 10. 200, 280

Identifying Relatively Prime Numbers

Tell whether the numbers are relatively prime.

ANO ZO

Ñ
Factors of 16: [fAM, 2, 4, 8, 16 | The GCF is 1)
E
Factors of 25: 1), 5, 25

Answer: Because the GCF is 1) 16 and 25 are | relatively prime |.

b. 21, 54 |
Factors of 21: The GCF is 3} |
Factors of 54: 1,213), 6, 9, 18, 27, 54
. Answer: Because the GCF is [5] 21 and 54 are

not relatively prime .

Lesson 4.2 Greatest Common Factor |

 Equivalent Fractions

Goal: Write equivalent fractions.

Vocabulary

Fraction:

Numerator:

Denominator:

Equivalent fractions:

Simplest form:

Identifying Equivalent Fractions

Radio There are 12 songs played in one hour on a local radio station. Three
of the songs are new releases. What fraction of the songs played in an hour
are new releases?
The songs in the problem are arranged in the diagram. Using the diagram,
you can write two equivalent fractions.

Number of new releases _

Number of songs

Number of groups of 3 new releases _

Number of groups of 3 songs

The fractions o are equivalent

equivalent E because they represent

the same part-to-whole relationship.

78 Chapter 4 Notetaking Guide

wa
lA y
ee tx A a f A
eo % 1 RS ds EA e i a oo Bs, ! as Y Mar 28 oy TP. ma
 For any EXAMPLE yay Writing Equivalent Fractions
fraction, if you
Write two fractions that are equivalent to 3.
tried to list all the
equivalent fractions, Multiply or divide the numerator and denominator by the same nonzero
the list would continue number to find an equivalent fraction.
without end. This is cr
because you can
multiply the numerator
Multiply numerator and denominator by fea
and denominator
by any nonzero
number.
Divide numerator and denominator by [3

a common factor of | land 9)

Write the fraction in simplest form.

10 pom
a. 30 b. nr

Solution

The GCF of | 10

Lesson 4.3 Equivalent Fractions | 79

he > e q IP a ES »i A ' 2
 Write the fraction in simplest form.

Using Fractions in Simplest Form

Student Council Janet and Bob are both running for Student Council
Representative in their homerooms. Janet received 18 out of 30 votes
in her homeroom. Bob received 15 out of 25 votes in his homeroom.
Write the fraction of votes received by each candidate in simplest form.
Are the fractions equivalent?
Janet

Votes received SIE 18. +16] A a e

Total votes in the homeroom 30 DS a E

Bob

Votes received AS)

Total votes in the homeroom 25 El a

Answer: Yes |,= and | are | equivalent fractions.

80 Chapter 4 Notetaking Guide

 Least Common Multiple

Goal: Find the LCM of two or more numbers.

Vocabulary

Multiple:
A multiple of a number is the product of the number
and any nonzero whole number.

ae A multiple that is shared by two or more

numbers is a common multiple.

The least of the common multiples is the

Least common multiple: See
least common multiple.

Using the Least Common Multiple

* Commercials One TV station shows commercials every 6 minutes. Another
station shows commercials every 8 minutes. For the shows that air at
>» 7:00 A.M., at what time will both stations first play a commercial?
You can determine when both stations will first play a commercial by finding
the least common multiple of 6 and 8. Begin by writing the multiples of
6 and 8. Then identify any common multiples.

common multiples.
Multiples of 8: | 8, 16, 24/32, AO, l
The LCM is |24 |
Answer: The television stations will first both show a commercial in
minutes, or at A.M.

Finding the Least Common Multiple

Find the least common multiple of 5 and 9.

Multiples of 5: |5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40,/45) 50,.....
Multiples of 9: | 9, 18, 27130, 4554 Hers
-

Answer: The least common multiple of 5 and 9 is 45 |

Lesson 4.4. Least Common Multiple | 81

 Find the LCM of 95 and 240 using prime factorization. C
Use the prime
factorization method 1. Begin by writing the prime factorization of each number.
to find the least
95 240
common multiple
of large numbers. fees pias
[5 |x /19) | 101x 24
ex pct | ee one
2x8 x 4 Xx BG
pti erga
ae al pl
r—

[2] x [5] x [2]x [2]x [2] x (3

240: 22 ae |
2. Circle the common factor. Then multiply the common factor and all the
- uncircled factors.

2x 2xX2x2x3x5x 19 |=|4560 |
s

Answer: The least common multiple of 95 and 240 is "4560 |

Find the LCM of the numbers by listing the multiples.

LAT 102. 10.457

28
353.819 4.2.6, 10

24

82 | Chapter4 Notetaking Guide

 Find the LCM of the numbers using prime factorization.

5. 42, 70 6. 18, 27

210 ae 54
7. 15, 20, 40 8. 45, 60, 72

120 360

397 11837 E) Using the Least Common Multiple

Fitness Center All classes at the fitness center start at 6 A.M. The water
aerobics class repeats every 60 minutes. The power yoga class repeats
every 45 minutes. The circuit training class repeats every 90 minutes.
What is the next time that all three classes start at the same time?
Solution
Find the least common multiple of 60, 45, and 90.

The least common multiple is = 180.

Answer: The classes start at the same time again in minutes, or

E hours, after 6 A.M., which is [9|A.M. |

Least Common Multiple | 83

 Comparing and
Ordering Fractions ¢
Goal: Compare and order fractions.

Vocabulary
The least common denominator (LCD) of two
Least common
‘more fractions is the least common multip
denominator:
the denominators.

Comparing Two or More Fractions

1. Find the ‘of the fractions.
2. Use the to write fractions.

3. Compare the _numerators .

Comparing Fractions Using the LCD

Sewing Tara lesewing a red shirt and a blue shirt. The pattern for pa red
shirt calls for2
3 yard of fabric. The pattern for the blue shirt calls for 5
7 yard
of fabric. Which shirt is made from more fabric?

Solution
1. Find the of the fractions.

Because the LCM of 8 and 12 is 24

ss Chapter 4
/
Notetaking Guide

Er, PT, E O AS
 Standardized Test Practice

| Which list shows A = = and 2 in order from least to greatest?

AS late
Smarr PUTA
O eto El
Ce ete A

Solution

1. Find the LCD of the fractions.

Because the LCM of 4, 5, 10, and 6 is 60. the LCD is 60.
N . Use the LCD to write equivalent fractions.

3. Compare the numerators: a < 18 < 24 < 50 , SO

Answer: The order of the fractions from least to greatest, is

1.3 2 ¿ng? |. The correct answer is Le Dd ® D

4 10 5 6

Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.

 Comparing Fractions Using Approximation
Use approximation to tell which fraction is greater, or = C
42°

Notice that $
> and 3> are both approximately equal to because the

numerator of each fraction is about the denominator.

10 15 1
Because > = 737 > you know that 32
=> bh>

sky 23 MJ 1
Because 5 = qo you know that 40 >

Answer: So, 2) </ 3.

 Mixed Numbers and
improper Fractions
Goal: Compare and order fractions and mixed numbers.

Vocabulary
A mixed number has a whole number part and a
Mixed number: |
fraction part.

o A fraction whose numerator is less than its

| denominator is called a proper fraction.

Improper fraction:
A fraction is called. an improper fraction if
its numerator isid than or equal to its
denominator. |

Writing Mixed Numbers as Improper Fractions

Words la write a Me! RIA as an Wi! ey multiply the

The mixed number

2 is read

"two and five sixths."

Write (a) 42 and (b) 35 as improper fractions.

Mixed Numbers and Improper Fractions | 87 —

 Writing Improper Fractions as Mixed Numbers
Words To write an improper fraction as a mixed number, divide the C
numerator | by the | denominator | and write any remainder

2
Numbers Es AT hace -- (382) ES

Writing Mixed Numbers

Need help Write om as a mixed number.

5
with dividing whole
numbers?
See page 744
of your textbook. 5)34 You can write a remainder as a
fraction: : ;
remainder
denominator

88 | Chapter 4 Notetaking Guide

y]
 Comparing Mixed Numbers and Fractions
23 2
Compare 83 and 23°

1. Write 25 as an improper fraction: 25 = 3 :

2. Rewrite = and =3£ using the least common denominator of

a o fe |
3 8x3] a 3 3x8. a
fone:
3. Compare the fractions: HEROE
24724 8° 23
ah2

Ordering Mixed Numbers and Fractions

County Fair The county fair holds a pie eating contest. Participants are to
eat as many pies es they can in 10 minutes. lds ate 4% pies, Conan ate
5 pies, David ate22 pies, and Jonathan ate 45 pies. Order the amounts
of pie the contestants ate from least to greatest.

Solution

The denominators —
are 4, 1 sh a5, and 2. Write the

numbers as improper fractions using the least common denominator of |20|.

4x5 | “1x 20)

22x 4! 9x 10|
2 = 88

Answer: From least to greatest, the amounts of pie the contestants ate are

_ Lesson 4.6 Mixed Numbers and Improper Fractions | 89

 Fractions and Decimals
c
Goal: Write fractions as decimals and decimals as fractions.

Vocabulary
When a long division problem results in a
Terminating decimal: |remainder of 0, the quotient is a terminating
decimal. es
lem results in one |
When a long division prob
Repeating decimal: |or more digits repeating without end, the ~
quotient is a repeating decimal.

EXAMPLE - Writing Fractions as Decimals

Need help Write (a)S¢ and (b) 22 as decimals.
with dividing decimals?
See page 71 | Solution
of your textbook. a. |0.625 pa GC

8)5.000 <— Write zeros in 5)3.0 <—Write a zero in dividend

dividend as 3 as a placeholder.
placeholders.
<— Remainder is

90 Chapter 4 Notetaking Guide

 CUCA Write the fraction or mixed number as a decimal.

0.7 3.125

Writing Fractions as Repeating Decimals

Write (a) E and (b) E as decimals.

Solution
The digit se 2 The digit
a ; — 0 keeps b.i ae daar iF keeps
E
repeating. repeating.

El
>

Remainder will
never be | zero.

Remainder will
oro) AA
never be “zero .

ra Mi = LA as =e
Answer: cana Answer: 157

371 11339 Writing Decimals as Fractions

Write (a) 0.72 and (b) 3.875 as a fraction or mixed number.
Need help
with place value?
Solution A 5 is in the
See page 56 £ 72 = 875 ;
a. 0.72 = a b. 3.875 = 3 thousandths
100 2 is in the place.
1 |hundredths' [7 1
=É A =3 34 -7
126
ox o
place.

18 JA
$ 25 E

Lesson 4.7 Fractions and Decimals 91

 Sev tas a Ordering Numbers
Veterinarian Jorja’s cat gave birth to a litter of kittens. She took
Only the the kittens to the veterinarian for a check-up. The kitten’s weights
digit(s) under the were recorded for their medical records. What is the order of the
bar should be kittens from least to greatest weight?

Kitten 1: 2 pound ~ pound

Kitten 1's weight
written as a decimal
Kitten 2: =a = 0.4 pound
is 0.83 = 0.8333...,
not 0.838383....
Kitten 3: >> pound = pound

Kitten 4: = pound ==| 0.375 pound

Answer: Because pels0.375

e0. a 0.83 ,the kittens are, from

Write the decimal as a fraction or mixed number.

92 | Chapter4 Notetaking a

E a. e AA WN
 Words to Review

Give an example of the vocabulary word.

Prime number Composite number

A whole number greater than A whole number greater than

1 whose only whole number 1 that is not prime, such as
factors are 1 and itself, such as 1002
DIOL:

Prime factorization Factor tree

The prime factorization of 20 is 24

2? x 5 because all the factors are as
prime numbers. AG

| pars
PLAS
ILISS SA ASD ORES

> Common factor Greatest common factor

The common factors of 20 and The greatest common factor of

24 are 1, 2, and 4. 20 and 24 is 4.

Relatively prime Fraction

20 and 49 are relatively prime. we

9

Numerator Denominator

7 is the numerator in the 9 is the denominator in

: Hd
fraction 9° the fraction 5

Chapter 4 Words to Review 93

 Equivalent fractions Simplest form

il and 3 are equivalent fractions.

10
written in simplest form is a
2 15

Multiple Common multiple

The multiples
of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, |
The common multiples of 6
Ue ae and 8 are 24, 48, 72,....

Least common multiple Least common denominator

The least common multiple of The LCD of2and 2 is 18.

6 and 8 is 24.

Mixed number Proper fraction G

» Improper fraction Terminating decimal

Repeating decimal

Chapter ALR on pages2 07-2 Al

Review your notes and Chapter 4 by o the
of your, textbook.
 Adding and Subtracting
Fractions
Goal: Add and subtract fractions.

Fractions with Common Denominators

Words To add or subtract.
two fractions with a common denominator, write

Numbers e x Algebra
; endl C

Adding Fractions

Add numerators.

Simplify numerator.

Subtracting Fractions

Subtract numerators.

Need help with

Simplify numerator.
simplifying fractions?
See page 177 of
your textbook. Simplify fraction.

Lesson 5.1 Adding and Subtracting Fractions | 95

is y y AR 5]
 MATT Add or subtract. Simplify if possible.

Fractions with Different Denominators

1. Rewrite the fractions using the | LCD |.

2. Add or subtract the | numerators |.

3. Write the result over the LCD.

4. Simplify if possible.

7 283039 Adding Fractions

(
23,4.
A a E Md
20 + 20 i
Rewrite the fractions using the LCD of 35 and
and 4=.
Need help with

O ROPEL =| 2s Add numerators.

fractions as mixed 20
numbers? See
page 195 of your _=| pel
59 or > PA
Simplify.
textbook.

Y Check You can use estimation to check that your answer is

reasonable. Because = is |greater than > and ¿is | greater than oy

the sum of= and £ should be tHan 1.

96 Chapter 5 Notetaking Guide

 Standardized Test Practice

Travel The usual flight from Houston to Dallas takes 2 hour. Due to
favorable weather conditions, today’s flight only takes z hour. How much
faster was today's flight than usual?
sE iL Y
Dd a hour B> 6 hour ©) 1 hour | (D> 135 hours

Solution —
To find how much faster today’s flight was, subtract = from 2.

5a _3_—aa e ,
12 Rewrite = and = using the LCD of the fractions.

us E Subtract numerators.

= El Simplify numerator.

Answer: Today's flight was | + hour faster. The correct answer is A)

O BOO

- Lesson 5.1 Adding and Subtracting Fractions | 9

 Adding and Subtracting
Mixed Numbers |

Goal: Add and subtract mixed numbers.

Adding and Subtracting Mixed Numbers

1. Find the of the fractions, if necessary.

2. oe the fractions, if necessary. Then add or subtract

the fractions.

3. Add or subtract the “whole numbers .

4. | Simplify | if possible.

Adding with a Common Denominator

Garden Javier bought 232 yards of humus to build a vegetable garden.
He topped the garden with 252 yards of mulch. How much garden
material did he put in the vegetable garden?
To solve the problem, you need to find the sum of 232 and 254.
©
GL
| 235

+ 254
ee ne whole Add the
ers. 3 fractions.
485 -

Answer:
.
Javier put
ees |
yards of garden material in the vegetable garden.

Subtracting with a Common Denominator

Subtract fractions and whole numbers.

1
Simplify.

Notetaking Guide
 Add or subtract. Simplify if possible.

4 48 zd 7
3. 19 a 35 4. 157 = 13

Example 3, you
can estimate the
answer by rounding Rewrite fractions using the LCD of and 3h
each mixed numberto
the nearest whole
number. By doing so, Add fractions and whole numbers.
you have 4 + 6 = 10,
so your answer is
Write |improper fraction |as a mixed number.
reasonable.

Add whole numbers.

 Multiplying Fractions
and Mixed Numbers C

Goal: Multiply fractions and mixed numbers.

Multiplying Fractions
morda me product of two or more fractions is equal to ne product of the

| over the product of the | de

Numbers
-.

Multiplying Fractions
Baking Eva's bread recipe calls for A cup of olive oil. She only wants
to make half of the recipe. How much olive oil does Eva need?

Use rule for multiplying fractions.

Multiply. z

100 Chapter 5 Notetaking Guide

 391 118 1 Multiplying Whole Numbers and Fractions
Bus At Jefferson Middle School, 2 of the students ride the bus to and from
school. If 750 students attend Jefferson Middle School, how many students
take the bus to and from school?
If you
don't understand Solution
the process of 2 x 750 = eee Write 750 as 22,
dividing out common 9 5 1 1
factors, write a question A
down in your notebook 2 X 750 Use rule for multiplying fractions.
and discuss the 5 x4 Divide out the GCF of | 750 | and |5 |
question with a friend
or teacher. Then write
down what you _|= eS
300 or :
Multiply.
learn.

Answer: There are students who take the bus to and from school.

Multiplying Mixed Numbers

Use rule for multiplying fractions. Divide out GCF

of and 5 |and GCF of} 14 | and EEN!

Multiply.

Write as a mixed number.

Lesson 5.3 Multiplying Fractions and Mixed Numbers | 101

AE SEE TA
 Dividing Fractions
and Mixed Numbers a

Goal: Divide fractions and mixed numbers.

Vocabulary
whose prod
Reciprocal:
Two nonzero numbers
reciprocals.

Using Reciprocals to Divide

Words To divide by any nonzero Numbers A ees
W
number, multiply by its | reciprocal |-

Multiply by reciprocal.

Use rule for multiplying fractions.

Divide out common factors. (

Multiply.

In Example 2,
you can check your
answer by multiplying
the quotient and the Multiply by reciprocal.
divisor and comparing
the result with the
dividend: Use rule for multiplying fractions.
Divide out common factor.

Multiply.

102 Chapter 5 Notetaking Guide

 Find the quotient. Simplify if possible.

Standardized Test Practice

Craft Fair Organizers of a craft show have to place a cone on the sidewalk
every 25 yards to mark where the craft vendors can set up their booths.
One sidewalk that will be used in the craft show is 20 yards long. How
many cones must be placed along this sidewalk?
(BD) 6 cones (B> 7 cones © 8 cones (D> 9 cones
Solution
Method 1 Draw a diagram on graph paper. Make the sidewalk 20 boxes long.
Draw a point to mark off the location of a cone every 25 grid
boxes.

Method 2 Use division.

948 ie = = Write E as an improper fraction.

Multiply by reciprocal.

Use rule for multiplying fractions.

Divide out common factor.

Multiply.

The quotient gives you the number of spaces, not the

number of cones. Subtract to get the number of cones.

S
Answer: cones must be placed along this sidewalk. The correct answer

i
is B. DO on»
»
orig

Lesson 5.4 Dividing Fractions and Mixed Numbers |103

Le 5 Mm
 Dividing Two Mixed Numbers
1 8
ivide 773 byy 1—.
Divide 9

71, 18
22 17
pee | Write 72 |and
|
18 as improper fractions.
3 9: 3 i9 3 9 .
o
22 9 :
3 X47 Multiply by reciprocal.

3 o

= 52208 9 Use rule for multiplying fractions.

3Xx 17 Divide out common factor.

_=) 66
470 dE
345 |
Multiply.

Y Check: Estimate the quotient by rounding each mixed number to the

nearest whole number.

A lge
(Bt A 77s 2=350

Notetaking Guide
: INT />
 Measuring in Customary Units

Goal: Measure and estimate using customary units.

Vocabulary
The units of measurement for length,
weight, and capacity commonly used in
U.S. customary system:
the United States are part of the U.S.
customary system.

arc An inch is a unit of length that is about the length of a

"| small paper clip.
EET SET
Foot: A foot is a unit of length that is about the distance from
"| the shoulder to the elbow of a person.

Yard:

Mile:

Ton:

A fluid ounce is a unit of capacity about equal to the

Fluid Ounce:
capacity of a small medicine cup.

Cup:

Lesson 5.5 Measuring in Customary Units |105

a al e oe pa
 Using Customary Units of Length

To estimate the length of a playing card, think of small paper clips €

laid next to it. Then measure the playing card with a ruler to check
your estimate.

> NA

About 25 paper clips fit The ruler shows

alongside the card, so it of an inch, so the playing card €

is about inches long. is 24% inches long.

Be
careful to
DIN aya Measuring Weight
distinguish between
mass and weight. Your Find the weight of the cantaloupe.
mass is the same
wherever you are, but
your weight depends
on gravity. On the
Each pound is divided
moon, for instance, into sixteenths, so the
you would weigh 4 Ib
arrow is at the 236
about ¿of what
you weigh on or 2k mark.
Earth.

106 Chapter 5 Notetaking Guide

 Using Customary Units of Weight
Copy and complete the statement with the appropriate customary unit:
The weight of a television is 56 _?_.

The weight of a television is greater than | 56 slices of bread (se‘07|),

and it is certainly less than the weight of (sei).

Because a good estimate for the weight of a television is the weight of

| 56 soccer balls the appropriate customary unit is "pounds .

Answer: The weight of a television is 56 "pounds .

UC Complete the following exercises.

1. Estimate the length of a CD case. Then use a ruler to check

the estimate.

>» 5 inches
2. The weight of a kitchen chair is 15 _?_.

Lesson 5
 Measuring a Liquid Amount

WATCH OUT! Find the amount of liquid in the measuring cup.

A fluid ounce is not the
same as an ounce. Fluid Each cup is divided into
thirds, so the liquid is at
ounces are a measure
of the capacity of a the cup level.

container holding liquid,

while an ounce
measures the weight
of the container.

Standardized Test Practice

What is the most reasonable capacity of a soup bowl?

A) 2 fl oz (B> 2 at © 20 gal (D'.2.6 á

Solution

Both of water and | 20 gallons |of water are too much

to fill the soup bowl. A soup bowl holds more than | 2 fluid ounces ES

of water, so that capacity is too small. That leaves of water,

which seems an appropriate capacity.
Answer: The most reasonable capacity of a soup bowl is |26. The correct
answer is Dl. Doo

Match the object with the appropriate capacity.

3. Large watering can pS ic Be Ladle | A

ana o
3 a arian 2

B. 1 cup ee |
ee
E 25 gal

108 Chapter 5 Notetaking Guide

 Converting Customary Units

Goal: Convert between customary units.

Converting Units of Measure

Length Weight Capacity

1ft= 12Jin. 1 Ib =|16|07 10=[8|102

1 yd =|3|tt=|36|in. 1T =| 2000 |Ib 1 pt=|2]c
1 mi =| 1760 |yd =|5280 |ft 1at=| 2]pt

; 1 gal =|4 at

EXAMPLE J Converting Customary Units of Length

Farming The corn field on the Walters farm is made of 36 rows of the same
length. Each row is 129 feet long. How many yards long is one row of corn?

Solution

Use rule for multiplying fractions.

Because 129
tx Y -
1 yd = 3 ft,
3 ft Divide out common factor and unit.

the fraction
1yd
3 ft
=| 43.yd_ Multiply.
is equivalent to
ik Answer: A row of corn is yards long.

Lesson 5.6 Converting Customary Units | 109

 Converting Customary Units of Weight
African Elephants The weight of an average African elephant is 6 tons.
How many pounds is this? €

Solution
Use the fact that 1 T = 2000 lb.

67 ee
det
Ba edu Write 6 T as ef :
1 THe 1

_| 6 J X 2000 lb Use rule for multiplying fractions.

1x] Divide out common unit.
=| 12,000 Ib Multiply.

Answer: The weight of an average African elephant is |12,000 |pounds.

Converting Customary Units of Capacity

Convert 36 fluid ounces to pints. Use the fact that 1c=8 fl oz and
1 pt =2cC.

Use rule ore

PE
30107 PE 56Adix 16 x 1 pt fractions. Divide out
8 fl oz Pe
common factors and units.

9
= El or
1
27 pt Multiply.

Copy and complete the statement.

4.2500 lb = 2 T
 Writing Measurements in Mixed Units
Convert 30 fluid ounces to cups and fluid ounces.

1. Convert 30 fluid ounces 2. Convert the fractional part

to cups. from cups to fluid ounces.

30
floz
36 ZRC
x10 3¢xers $f OZ
Oo eee e
ES
8 fl oz NN AX1¢
1

Answer: So, 30 fl oz = E Afl oz.

Copy and complete the statement.

ASNO -oz =e ID 2s Oz Bio pena ots pt

1 lb 3 oz

Adding and Subtracting with Mixed Units

Animals Two puppies are in the veterinarian’s office. The terrier weighs
18 pounds 9 ounces. The poodle weighs 12 pounds 13 ounces.
a. Find the sum of the weights. b. Find the difference of the weights.

Solution
a. Add. Then rename the sum. b. Rename. Then subtract.

18 lb 9oz 18lb 9 oz [17 |tb |26|oz

+12lb 1302 — 12 lb 13 oz |12|1b |13 |oz
OZ [5|i|12|oz

E
¡8Eels
El

Lesson 5.6 Converting Customary Units | 11

Y
Words to Review

Give an example of the vocabulary word.

Reciprocal U.S. customary system

rc

The reciprocal of 2is z The measurement system

commonly used in the U.S.

Inch - Foot

A small paper clip is about one The distance from shoulder to

inch long. elbow is about one foot.

Yard Mile

The width of a door is about The combined length of a

one yard. 15 football fields is about
one mile.

Ounce Pound | —
A slice of bread weighs about A soccer ball weighs about
one ounce. one pound.

Ton Fluid ounce

A walrus weighs about one ton. '- A dose of medicine is about

fluid ounce.
—
Cup | y Pint :

A drinking glass holds about Cream comes in pint containers.

one cup of water. |

Quart Gallon

Motor oil is sold in quarts. Water is sold in gallon jugs.

Review your notes and Chapter 5 by using the Chapter Review on pages
257-260 of your textbook.
 Comparing and
Ordering Integers
Goal: Compare and order integers.

Vocabulary

The following numbers are integers: ..., —4, 23,72

E ee
| t , , r r r

Negative integer: A negative integer is an integer that is less

than zero.

Positive integer: A positive integer is an dba that is greater

than zero.

Two numbers are opposites if they are the same

Opposite: |distance from zero on a number line but are on
opposite sides of zero.

Integers and Their Opposites

Zero

Positive integers E
The integer A A A RA ee
—4 =3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
--4 is read "negative
four." A number other
j Two numbers are opposites if they are the |same distance |from zero on
than O that has no sign
is considered to be Was a number line but are on opposite sides | of zero. For example, —3 is
ah ear
positive, so the integer
4 is read "positive the opposite of (3) The opposite of O is (o)
four" or "four."

Writing Integers
Temperatures The temperature increased 12 degrees between 7 A.M.
and 7 P.M. The temperature decreased 14 degrees between 7 P.M. and
7 A.M. You can use integers to represent the increase and decrease in
the temperature.

Solution
12 degree increase: 14 degree decrease:

Lesson 6.1 Comparing and Ordering Integers |11358

4 II ens 5
 Write the opposite of the integer.

a. Compare —1 and —4.

WATCH OUT!
Don’t confuse a ae
of —4:
negative sign with a ie o od id ee, ‘ ;
subtraction sign. A
negative sign indicates Answer: —1 —4, or —4 Gh!
a direction on a number
line, not an operation. b. Compare —3 and O.

3 0 —3 is to the
of O.

116 Chapter 6 Notetaking Guide

 Ordering Integers Using a Number Line
Football The table shows the number of yards gained by the West High
School football team during the first play in each quarter during their
first game of the season. Which quarter had the first play with the least
yards gained?

EA
Yards Gained
AN 22 4 OF
15 17 "| —12 19

Solution
You can graph each integer on a number line to order the yards gained.

03 02 | . . 04 01 OT

Ai 49-10-86) =4 2: 0 2004 6 8 10112 14 16 18 20

The yardages from least to greatest are: PARTS 15,197).

Answer: At yards, the first play of the quarter had the least
yards gained.
 Adding Integers 3

Goal: Add integers.

Vocabulary
The absolute value of a number is the distance _
Absolute value:
between the number and 0 on a number line. —

Using a Number Line to Add Integers

Find the sum —4 + (—2) using a number line.

Start at O. Move |4|units to the “left |

Then move more units to the “left.

Answer: The final position is [=6) SO 4 (52) ¡ol

Standardized Test Practice

The number line shows changes in altitude of a glider. Which expression

represents the new altitude of the glider? :

D -14+8 1BDi4+0 O 14+(-8 O 14+(-6)

Solution l
The model represents moving units to the right and then -8 |units to
the left, or)14. +|=8] = 6.

Answer: The correct answer is |6. D O @ DO

118 | Chapter6 Notetaking Guide

A Cf ¡ON FU ee ee ID AG Solid ut | e cn fyi 7 AN

 QUA dela Use a number line to find the sum.

Because Find the absolute value of the number.

distance cannot be ea) DER
negative, the absolute
value of a number Solution
cannot be Cree a. The distance between 4
negative.
and O is [4 | So, J4|=| 4}

b. The distance between —

and 0 is|5 | So, ee
 AAA

Adding Integers with Absolute Value

Words Numbers

Same Sign Add the | absolute values

and use the |common | sign.

Different Signs Subtract the

lesser absolute value |from the

greater absolute value |and use the sign of

the integer with the |greater absolute value |.

Opposites The sum of an integer and

Adding Two Integers Using Absolute Value

a. Findithe"sim2(=11)
These integers have _the same sign | y | ;

se 0 |[FE] ane | 6
2.4 (=14) = 3 3 |

CATS Both integers are “negative | so the

sum is “negative |

b. Find the sum —4 + 7.

ee ee [EJ] from E) :
-4+7= [| ae

EAS Because 7] [4]. tne ie

”
yh“=
crite drid Use absolute values to find the sum.

gna eno 11. 0 + (—13)

-4
12. 104112 13..18:+.(=140) A Era aca 4)

Adding Three or More Integers

Stock Market The stock price of the Morello
Corporation changed every day this week. Find Starting Price:
the value of the stock at the end of the week. Monday

Solution Tuesday
You can find the sum by adding the integers Wednesday
two at a time. Thursday

A NS NS day
= + (-5)+(-2)+1+(-3) Add 12 and 4.
El (2) 3) Add and —5.
Ls[e+ q (Es) Add and —2.
£ 10 |+(=3) Add 9 Jand cf
E Add 10 |and =3,
Answer: The sum of the starting price and the changes in the stock price
is 7) The stock was valued at s[7] at the end of the week.

Refer to Example 5.

15. During the next week, the stock changed value again.
$3, $5, —$2, —$4, $6
Find the value of the stock at the end of the next week.

Lesson 6.2 Adding Integers | 121

 Subtracting Integers
C
Goal: Subtract integers.

Subtracting Integers
Words To subtract an integer, add its “opposite .

Numbers 5 — 7 =5 + Algebra a— b= a+ (—b)|

Need 37111825 ES Subtracting Integers

help with finding

opposites? Sea (AL a. 4 9344 To subtract 9, add its opposite, | -9.

page 269 of your
textbook. = |=5| Use rule for adding integers.

be 3:53 To subtract 7, add its opposite, E

= Use rule for adding integers.

c.15— (-4)=15+ To subtract —4, add its opposite, 4 |

As Use rule for adding integers. -

d. -12- (-7)=-12+ To subtract —7, add its opposite, | 7 |.

= | 5| Use rule for adding integers.

122 Chapter6 Notetaking Guide

 Using Integer Subtraction
Diving A snorkeler explores the Great Barrier Reef at 3 feet below sea level.
A diver explores the reef at 27 feet below sea level. What is the difference
between these elevations?

Solution
1. Use integers to represent the two elevations.
Snorkeler: 3 feet Diver: feet

2. Find the difference of and feet.

— 2710 = E Rule for subtracting integers

= Add.
Answer: The difference between the elevations is feet.

Finding a Change in Temperature

Weather In Spearfish, South Dakota, weather observers recorded the fastest
change in temperature. In two minutes’ time, the temperature changed from
—20°C to 7°C. What was the change in temperature?

Solution
Change in temperature = temperature — temperature

= —- Substitute values.

= + Rule for subtracting integers.

£ Add.
Answer: The change in temperature was |27fc,so the temperature

rose |27kc.

AUTOS Solve the following problems.

-5. Find the difference between an elevation of 620 feet above sea level and
an elevation of 15 feet below sea level.

635 feet
6. The temperature at 7 A.M. was —4°F. At 7 P.M. the temperature was
—18°F. What was the change in temperature?

—14°F
Lesson 6.3 Subtracting Integers | 123
.4
A y yy
| a ON A GR sats
 Multiplying Integers

Goal: Multiply integers.

Multiplying Integers
Words Numbers
Same Sign The product of two integers
with the same sign is “positive |

Different Signs The product of two integers

with different signs is “negative .

Zero The product of an integer

and O is |0|.

Multiplying Integers Cc
The product of two integers with the same sign
4. =4(=8) = iiss E 8

The product of two integers with different signs

DS =| — : a

CHAINS 0] The product of an integer and O is 10).

124 Chapter 6 Notetaking Guide

 Evaluating Variable Expressions

a. Evaluate a? when a= —5.

b. Evaluate xyz when x= 3, y= —6, and z= 2.

Solution

a. a = [MESS Substitute Pee for a.

= Write |—5 | as a factor times.

= Multiply 5 and ee.

b. xyz= Substitute 3) for x, for y, and for z.

Multiply |3 |and |-6|.

—36 Multiply _—18 |and [2 |

Using Integer Multiplication

After-School Business Chris withdraws $5 from his savings account every
day for 6 days to invest the money in his after-school business. Use
multiplication to find the change in his balance after those 6 days.

Solution
You can find the total change in the account balance by multiplying the daily
balance change by the number of days of withdrawals.

Change in balance = 5 (F6]) =

Answer: The account balance will decrease $|30.

Lesson 6.4 Multiplying Integers |125

 Dividing Integers
(

Goal: Divide integers.

Dividing Integers
Words Numbers
Same Sign The quotient of two integers
WATCH OUT!
with the same sign is “positive ;
You cannot divide a
number by 0. Any
number divided by 0 is
Different Signs The quotient of two integers
undefined. For example,
8+0O= ? canbe with different signs is “negative .
rewritten as ? +0 = 8.
No number times O will
result in a nonzero Zero The quotient of O and any nonzero
product. integer is 0.

Dividing Integers
The quotient of two integers with different

The quotient of two integers with the same

The quotient of O and any nonzero integer

=10| is|0.

4.22= En ]

126 Chapter6 Notetaking Guide

Kia MA
 Standardized Test Practice

Wall Street Stock brokers for a Wall Street a

firm tracked the changes in stock prices —
of the market over a 5-day period. Which
[Link] be used to find the mean ve
change in stock prices? grey
(A) 60 +17 + 23 + 45 + 19 = 5 Tuesday $17
(B> 60 + (-17) + 23 + (-45) + 19=5
© (60 + 17 + 23+ 45 + 19)=5 Wednesday
@ [60 + (=17) + 23 + (-45) + 19] = 5
Thursday

Solution
The mean is calculated by finding the sum of the stock price changes and
then dividing by the number of days.

_ | 60 + (-17) + 23 + (-45) + 19 = [8]

_ The mean change in stock prices is 58)

Answer: The correct answer is 'D | Doo

CUCA Solve the following problem.

5. The low temperature was recorded over several hours' time. Find the
mean of the temperatures.
15°F, —8°F, 2% O°F, —4°F, 19°F
 Converting a Temperature

Chemistry A chemical solution has a melting point of —70°C. Convert the

temperature to degrees Fahrenheit.

Solution

F= 2c mr cae Write formula for degrees Fahrenheit.

“=2/ -70 |)ney Substitute —70 |for C.

EEA
AA Use rule for multiplying fractions.
a |Be) pie Divide out common factor.

Loe Owe
i 126. + 32 Multiply.
-- -94 3 Add.
Answer: The temperature — 70°C is equal to | 94 [Pr

Convert the temperature from degrees Fahrenheit to

degrees Celsius or from degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit.

6. 40°C 168-5 10. OSA

104°F oe 20,0 =50:'C

128 Chapter6 Notetaking Guide

Rational Numbers

Goal: Perform operations on rational numbers.

Vocabulary
A rational number is a number that can be
Rational number: | written as = where a and b are integers and
b#0.

ve Tere The sum of a number and its additive inverse,

or opposite, is 0.

Multiplicative inverse: The product ol vec number and Me

multiplicative inverse, or reciprocal, is 1.

den The sum of a number and the additive identity,

0, is the number.

ct HO Ss The product of a number and the

Multiplicative identity: TES Se 5 y
A E multiplicative identity, 1, is the number.

Identifying Rational Numbers

Show that the number is rational by writing it in 5 form.

> 1 3 -4 1. — HS

The negative sign in a negative fraction usually appears in front of the

fraction bar. However, it can also appear in the numerator or in the
denominator.

.
Lesson 6.6 Rational Numbers |129 a
 Ordering Rational Numbers

Order —2, —2.4, 17, -15, and -2 from least to greatest.

Graph each number on a number line.

-23
; 4
-24 -2

Answer: From least to greatest, the numbers are:

E 4 AL A ql
UT fas
and al

Show that each number is rational by writing it in r form.

Then order the numbers from least to greatest.

the commutative Commutative Property of Addition Commutative Property of

property, remember Multiplication
that commuters are Words In a sum, you can add Words In a product, you can
people who move or - terms in any order. multiply factors in any order.
travel. To remember the
associative property,
Numbers 5 + (—6) = a 5 |
remember that the
Algebra at+b=|b|+| a]
people you associate
with are the friends
Associative Property of Addition Associative Property of
in your group.
Multiplication
Words Changing the grouping of Words Changing the grouping of
terms will not change the sum. factors will not change the product.
Numbers Numbers

(9 +8) +6=[9|+(/8|+/6]) 2»3)-4-[2]-

([5]-

«ve = [ae
Algebra Algebra
(a+b) +e=|a|+(/b)+[e])

130 Chapter6 Notetaking Guide

 391111353) Using Commutative, Associative Properties

Evaluate the expression. Justify each step you take.

EDITA
+ (—6.8) Do 20h (0)
Remember
Solution
that recording
the steps you take ac 5i2e 44. (—-6.8 —

in a multi-step
calculation can help (CO Commutative property of addition
you perform similar
Associative property of addition
calculations.
Add 32% and

then and 12)

Commutative property of multiplication

Associative property of multiplication

Multiply |—20 |and BES then

and | 100 |.

Evaluate the expression. Justify each step you take.

3.964 1-51 24]

2.6 + [(-5) + 3.4] Original expression
= 12.6 + [3.4 + (—5)] Commutative property of addition
= (2.6 + 3.4) + (-5) Associative property of addition
=6 + (-5) Add 2.6 and 3.4.
Add 6 and —5.
4. 5(-12)(2)

5(—12)(2) Original expression —

= —12(5)(2) Commutative property of multiplication
= —12[5(2)] Associative property of multiplication
~12(10) Multiply 5 and 2.
-120 Multiply —12 and 10.

> Lesson 6.6 Rational Numbers

 Di (9) 9)

— 8(9)(—5) Original expression g

= 9(—8)(—5) Commutative property of multiplication
= Y[ -8(5)] Associative property of multiplication
= 9(40) Multiply —8 and —5. | —
= 360 Multiply 9 and 40.

Inverse Property of Addition Inverse Property of Multiplication

Words The sum of a number and Words The product of a number
its additive inverse, or opposite, and its multiplicative inverse, or
is |0 | reciprocal, is 1 |

2 3a
Numbers 7 + (—7) = 0] Numbers anes

Algebra a + (—a) = 0] Algebra For nonzero integers

aand b, 2+ a= al
Da ae)
Identity Property of Addition Identity Property of Moto
Words The sum of a number Words The product of a number
and the additive identity, O, and the multiplicative identity, 1,

Numbers —9 + 0 = Numbers 3-1 = [3|

Algebra a+ O = al Algebra a» 1 =

Using Inverse and Identity Properties

Evaluate the expression. Justify each step you take. |

++24(-4)-| |e |
DS 7 +
Y|=
O
+ O O = 3. € (53)rt< aS Lo)|grasO ho)O alpS O
+ hy rab)rato + O =

ll
a Inverse property of addition

= E Identity property of addition

132 | Chapter6 Notetaking Guide .

 Evaluate the expression. Justify each step you take.

NA O A o
6671.02.60) Original expression
= 66 + (-66) + 102 Commutative property of addition
=0 + 102 Inverse property of addition
= 102 Identity property of addition
4
7.4-18+ a

4. 18- ; Original expression

=4 + a - 18 Commutative property of multiplication

=1+ 18 Inverse property of multiplication

= 18 Identity property of multiplication
ie DIA
8. E oP 8 ae 5

Dee: eae 2
mar ean Original expression

A A | a oe
Sp te ts Commutative property of addition

=0 +5 : Inverse property of addition

= 4 Identity property of addition

" Lesson 6.6 Rational Numbers | 133

 The Distributive Property

Goal: Evaluate expressions using the distributive property.

Vocabulary

Two expressions that are equal in val

Equivalent expressions:
are equivalent expressions. :

For all numbers a, b, and c,

Distributive property: a(b + c) = ab+ ac and alb.= c) = ab -cae

Writing Equivalent Expressions

Tea Party A tea party has two rectangular tables: one that is 6 feet by
5 feet, and one that is 6 feet by 4 feet. What two expressions could be

> pe
used to find the total area of the tables?

Solution

5 E
Area = |6(5) + |6(4)|

= 150) + |24] =[54|

54 ie

The Distributive Property |

Algebra For all numbers a, b, and c, a(b +

Numbers 8(10 + 4) = -8(10) |+ 8(4) and 3(4 = 2) =

134 Chapter6 Notetaking Guide

 Writing Equivalent Expressions

Use the distributive property to write an equivalent expression.

Check your answer.

A | DESTA 25) C2 S24 8(9)

Solution
a. =6(2 + 7) = | —6(2) |+ | (—6)(7) Distributive property

Check: —6(9) 2 | —12 +| (=42)| Simplify.

—54 =| —-54 Y Answer checks.

b. 3(75 — 25) =| 3(75) | — | 3(25) Distributive property

Check: 3(50) 2 |225 |— | 75 Simplify.

150 = 150. Y Answer checks.

a: 8(2) + 8(9) =| 8(2 + 9) Distributive property

Check: 16 + 72 2 | 8(11) Simplify.

88 = Y Answer checks.

| Use the distributive property to write an equivalent

expression. Check your answer.

—4(7) + (—4)(5)

3.:9(15, ="8) 4. 10(6) — 10(2)

9(15) — 9(8) 10(6 — 2)

)
A

Lesson 6.7 The Distributive Property |135 se

;
 Using the Distributive Property

Scrapbooks Leslie is making a scrapbook for her mother's birthday. She €

bought 6 packs of stickers for $6.95 each. Use the distributive property
to find the total cost of the stickers.

Solution
6(6.95) = |6(7.00 — 0.05) Write 6.95 as a difference of |
a whole number and a decimal.

= | 6(7.00) |— | 6(0.05) Distributive property

= | 42.00 | — = 41:70 Multiply. Then subtract. |

Answer: The total cost of the stickers is $| 41.70 |.

136 Chapter 6 Notetaking Guide

The Coordinate Plane

Goal: Identify and plot points in a coordinate plane.

Vocabulary

A coordinate plane is formed by the

Coordinate plane: | intersection of a horizontal number line
and a vertical number line.

X-axis:

yaxis:

Origin:

The x-axis and y-axis divide the coordinate plane into

Quadrant:
four quadrants. : :

Ordered pair:

xcoordinate:

ycoordinate:

Scatter plot:

Lesson 6.8 The Coordinate Plane 137

 Naming Ordered Pairs

Name the ordered pair that represents the point. y =

a. A b. B
Solution
a. Point A is [2|units to the of

the origin and 6 |units “up | So, the

xcoordinate is and the

ycoordinate is . Point A is

represented by the ordered pair (2 6).

b. Point Bis [5|units to-the of the origin and 11] unit down
So, the xcoordinate is ES and the ycoordinate is at Point B is

represented by the ordered pair (|=5}[=7)).

1391111 9 Standardized Test Practice

Which of the following points is located in Quadrant IV?

(A P(2; —3) Q(—4, 3) © R(1, 0) (D> S(-4, -2)

The notation
P(2, —3) means that Solution
point P is represented Plot points P, Q, R, and S in a coordinate plane.
by the ordered
Point R ‘lies on the xaxis. Point is located
pair(Z, 3).

in Quadrant II. Point is located in Quadrant Ill.

Point is located in Quadrant IV.

Answer: Point} P(2, 3) is located in Quadrant IV. The correct answer

is|A| @ DO OD

138 | Chapter6 Notetaking Guide

 Plot the point and describe its location.

1. M6, 1) 2. X(0, 4) 32d: 3) SA

Quadrant | on the y-axis Quadrant II Quadrant III

PEA
baie
i|Paral

se
RRS
janes
Ea

The length of the rectangle is the horizontal distance between A and B.

To find this distance, find the absolute value of the difference between the
xcoordinates of A and B.
Length = |x-coordinate of A — x-coordinate of B|

- 1 + 0 - Be
The width of the rectangle is the vertical distance between A and D.
To find this distance, find the absolute value of the difference between
the ycoordinates of A and D.

= losa]
=[a]=[2]
Width = |ycoordinate of A — y-coordinate of D|

The area of the rectangle is found by multiplying the length and width.

Area = lw = = square units

Lesson 6.8 The Coordinate Plane 139

 Making a Scatter Plot
Average High Temperature The monthly average high temperatures in ;
Myrtle Beach are listed in the table below. Make a scatter plot of the (
data. Then make a conclusion about the data. \

Average High
Temperature (

Solution

1. Draw the first quadrant of a Monthly Average High Temperatures

coordinate plane, and show in Myrtle Beach, SC
the month on the xaxis and
the temperature on the
yaxis.
2. Plot the ordered pairs in
the table.
3. Look for a pattern. The
points tend to rise from left
Temperature
(°F)
to right from Month 1 to
Month 7 and then lower
from left to right from
Month 7 to Month 12. | o12945678
Month
900112"

Answer: From January to July, the monthly average high temperature

and from July to December, the monthly average high

temperature _decreases |

140 Chapter6 Notetaking Guide

Words to Review

Give an example of the vocabulary word.

Integer Negative integer

Ay One O

Positive integer Opposite

rs 5 The opposite of 5 is —5.

Absolute value Rational number

Additive inverse Multiplicative inverse

The additive inverse of 7 is —7. The multiplicative inverse of 7

‘ kl 1
IS a

Additive identity Multiplicative identity

Equivalent expressions Distributive property

5(4 — 1) = 5(4) — 5(1)

Chapter 6 Words to Review |141

 Coordinate plane

Quadrant Ordered pair

The x-axis and y-axis divide

the coordinate plane into four
quadrants.

xcoordinate y-coordinate

In the ordered pair (6, —4), 6 is In the ordered pair (

the x-coordinate. the y-coordinate.

Scatter plot

s and Chapt en
EA Ago Seah DEA JS, Ge Review your noter Review
Day. using the Chapte
7 +.
_ 322-326 of
a ' e
y yerno PELA
> NOtetaxIng G UIGE
 Writing Expressions
and Equations
Goal: Write variable expressions and equations.

Vocabulary
Verbal model: |A Verbal model uses words to describe ideas and
math symbols to relate the words.

Translating Verbal Phrases

Verbal phrase m > TS=O wn ® i=) 3

a. A number increased by 3 x AC 0)

b. 9 less than a number

c. 1 more than three times a number 5

0) co—
ag

d. 5 decreased by the quotient of a number and 2 ess 2

When translating
Verbal sentences into @eeadataddaas y+) Translating Verbal Sentences
equations, look for Verbal sentence Equation
the key words "is" and
"equals," which can (CO a. 12 increased by a number is 18. 12+ y= 18
be represented by
the symbol =.
b. The difference of a number and 6 equals —2. y-6=-2

c. The product of 5 and a number is 15. SY = 15

d. —2 is equal to five times the sum of —2 = 5(y + 3)

a number and 3.

Lesson 7.1 Writing Expressions and Equations | 143

 Maia) Write the verbal phrase or sentence as a variable
expression or equation. Let n represent the number. f

1. 9 added to a number ed 3 of a number increased by 18

9+nmn
ERAS
A eee

3. 24 divided by a number equals 6. 4. 26 minus 4 times a number is 10.

26 — 4n=10

39111835 $9 Writing and Solving an Equation

Dinner The cost of a fish dinner is 3 times the cost of a chef salad.
The fish dinner costs $21. Find the cost of the chef salad.

Assign a Solution
meaningful variable Write a verbal model.
to represent what you
Let s represent the cost of the salad.
need to find. In
Example 3, s is 3 times the cost of a = Cost of a
chosen to represent
the price of a
\ salad.
Use mental math: Because 3 times is 21s = El

Answer: The cost of a chef salad is $7.

Use mental math to solve the following problem.

5. This year, the enrollment at the local junior college dropped by

500 to 4250. Write and solve an equation to find the enrollment
last year. :

| e — 500 = 4250; e = 4750

144 | Chapter 7 Notetaking Guide
 Simplifying Expressions

Goal: Simplify variable expressions.

Vocabulary

Farm: The parts of an expression that are added together

- |are called terms.

ere Terms that have identical variable parts are called

like terms.

Equivalent variable expressions are

Equivalent variable
expressions that are equal for every value
expressions: E :
. of each variable they contain.

Coefficient:
In a term that is the product of a number and a
variable, the number is called the coefficient of
the variable.

> Constant termi but no variable, is a

A term that has a number,
| constant term.

EXAMPLE | Combining Like Terms

Simplify the expression 8x — 2 + 4x.

After 8x7 2+ 4x= 8x + (—2) + 4x! Write expression as a sum.

Example 1, the
step of using the = 8x + Commutative property of addition

Ges
distributive property
= Distributive property
in order to combine
like terms will not
be shown.
= Rewrite without parentheses.

h en Lesson 7.2 Simplifying Expressions | 145

 Coefficients, Constant Terms, Like Terms

Identify the coefficients, constant terms, and like terms of the

(
expression x — 7 + 3x — 1.

First, write the expression as a sum: x + (7) AE (1).

Coefficient is 1. Coefficient is ES]

x + ([E7)) + 8x+ (a) and are like terms.

and [1] are like terms.

Simplifying an Expression

Simplify the expression 2(m — 1) + 6.

2(m= 1) + 6 = Distributive property

=| 2m+(-2)+6 Write as a sum.

rai |2m+ 4 | Combine like terms. C

| y

Identify the coefficients, constant term(s), and like terms

of the expression. Then simplify the expression.

4 -2n+4=30 2.10 —6p+ 5p—4

: Coefficients: —6, 5;
Coefficients: —2, —3; Constant Terms: |
Constant Term: 4; |), 10,4; 1.000
Like Terms: -2n, | Like Terms: —6p,
ld pi 10, de
ARO A Dc

146 | Chapter 7 Notetaking Guide

.
© Wi. if ee
 Writing and Simplifying an Expression
Construction A rectangular skylight in an office building is 3 times as
long as it is wide. Write and simplify an expression for the perimeter of
the skylight in terms of the width w.

Solution
Because the skylight is 3 times as long as it is wide, its length is 3w.
Perimeter = 21 + 2w Formula for perimeter of a rectangle

= 2(|3w }+ 2w Substitute for £.

E + 2w Multiply.
= Combine like terms.

Answer: An expression for the perimeter of the skylight is Bw.

QUES Complete the following exercise.

4. A rectangle is 4 inches longer than it is wide. Write and simplify an

expression for the perimeter of the rectangle in terms of the width w.

2(w+ 4) + 2w; 4w+ 8

Lesson 7.2 Simplifying Expressions | 147

 Solve the equation. Check your solution. cere

Writing and Solving an Equation

Business Travel Carol is out of the office for 8 hours meeting with a client.
She spends 0.75 hour driving to the client's office, and 1.25 hours driving
back from the client’s office. How long was Carol at the client’s office?

Solution
Write a verbal model. Let h represent the number of hours Carol spent - €
at the client’s office.
| “Time mee
Time away
from office ~ with client

Write equation.

Combine like terms.

S ‘ | a from each side.

Simplify.

Answer: Carol spent a : hours at the client’s office.

Chapter 7 Notetaking Guide

Solving Multiplication and
Division Equations
Goal: Solve multiplication and division equations.

Division Property of Equality

Words Dividing each side of an equation by the same nonzero number

produces an | equivalent |equation.

Algebra ax = b(a% 0) ————

Solving a Multiplication Equation

Solve —30 = 6x.

=30"=.6X Write original equation.

ONO "DivideJeansie [6
5 me | Simplify.
Y Check —30 = 6x Write original equation.

~30 |2 |6(—5) Substitute 5 for x.

—30 = -—30 ¡Y Solution checks.

Multiplication Property of Equality

Words Multiplying each side of an equation by the same nonzero number

produces an |equivalent |equation.

Algebra PE
Ae
b (a # 0) AAA
Ae
NA

Lesson 7.4 Solving Multiplication and Division Equations |151 4

 Solving Addition and
Subtraction Equations

Goal: Solve addition and subtraction equations.

Vocabulary
An inverse operation is an operation that
Inverse operations:
E “undoes” another operation.

Equivalent equations:
Two equations that have the same solution )
are equivalent equations.

Subtraction Property of Equality

Words Subtracting the same number from each side of an equation

produces an equation.

Algebra x + a=6b x+a-a=b|-| 8]

Solving an Addition Equation

Solve x + 3 = -—1.

-1 Write original equation.

Subtract 3 |from each side.

= Simplify.
Y Check X38 = —1 Write original equation.

Bi Substitute for x.

Y Solution checks.

148 Chapter 7 Notetaking Guide

Y ' :
PACA
DE AT O AAN PAN i ¡de a
 Addition Property of Equality
Words Adding the same number to each side of an equation produces
an equivalent equation.

Algebra x — a = b ————— x=ata=b|+|a

Solving a Subtraction Equation

Solve -—4 = y — 9.
WATCH OUT!
You can add or subtract -4=y-9 Write original equation.
vertically or horizontally ;
to solve equations, but |Bee Add 9 to each side.
remember to perform [5|a :
= Simplify.
| the same operation Ys gus,
on each side of the
eguation. Y Check -4=y-9 Write original equation.

se Substitute for y.

—4=-—4|Y Solution checks.

Combining Like Terms

Solve 7 = 4.1 + b + 1.

(dit Do ts E Write original equation.

= 4.1 + Commutative property of addition

Bulk bD Combine like terms.

Ib = Abal ab le nab Subtract 5.1 |from each side.

~ Simplify.
eee Oe Write original equation.

ADELO G2HT
2 A es Substitute “1.9|for b.
Tec Y Solution checks.

Lesson 7.3 Solving Addition and Subtraction Equations | 149

 391114 29 Solving a Division Equation
In your

€
notebook, you Solve ate 0.3.
x —

may want to compare

and contrast solving 0.3 Write original equation.
mulitiplication and
division equations. 4-0.3 Multiply |each side by 4 |
This will help you
remember how to
solve these types
1.2 Simplify.

Solve —x = —6
Need help
with multiplying by ae —6 Write original equation.
a reciprocal? See
page 237 of your
4\3 4
(28, = (4\(-6) each side by El
textbook.

|x| = es Simplify.

152 | Chapter 7 Notetaking Guide

a

¿ ;
PA AA EUA
5. 6q — 4q = 16 6. =m = 10

Standardized Test Practice

Rollerblading A woman is rollerblading through the park. You measure a

75-foot stretch of sidewalk, and count that she skates that portion of the
sidewalk in 12 seconds. What is the speed of the woman?
(A) —625 feet per second (B> 3 feet per second
© 6.25 feet per second (D> 50 feet per second

Solution
Use the formula d = rt.
d == Write formula for distance.
= Substitute for d and for t.

= E each side by al.

01291 = Simplify.

Answer: The speed of the woman is feet per second. The correct

answer is EC] DO o DO

QUES Solve the following problem.

7. A filmmaker makes an edited version of his movie that is 120 minutes

‘long. The unedited footage is 7 times as long as the edited version.
Write and solve an equation to find the length of the unedited film.

7 = 120; 840 minutes

}4

J
ip
o
Lesson 7.4 Solving Multiplication and Division Equations |153 á
 Solving Two-Step Equations
AAA AAA
Goal: Solve two-step equations.

SIN Vc i Solving a Two-Step Equation

Solve 2m — 7 = —19.

2M MELO Write original equation.

=| -19 +7 Add 7 | to each side.

= (2 Simplify.
Don't forget 2m
to check your solution a = e each side by En |
by substituting back
into the original = Simplify. |
equation.

Solving a Two-Step Equation

Solve 5 +7= -2.

EA O Write original equation.

| I | NO
anto
— — —j
y Subtract 7 | from each side.
a

= Simplify.

gl
eaA oro
II Multiply |each side by 5 |.

= Simplify.

- 154 Chapter 7 Notetaking Guide

a A 6 P
—7
' =~ weet 0 or) . oe , pa é NV © SS e a AAA
 Solve the equation. Check your solution.

Writing and Solving a Two-Step Equation

Long Distance Calls A long distance phone company charges customers

a $5 monthly fee plus $3 per hour for long distance phone calls. One
customer's bill was $23. How many hours of long distance calls did the
customer make?

Solution —
Write a verbal model. Let h represent the number of hours of long distance
the customer used.
Monthly Hourly cost of Hours of
= Total cost
fee long distance long distance

Write equation.

Y |23-5] from each side.

Simplify. .
3h. =

= each side by 3,

x Simplify.

Answer: The customer made |6|hours of long distance phone calls.

Lesson 7.5 Solving Two-Step Equations | 155

 Solving Inequalities

Goal: Write and solve inequalities.

Vocabulary
An inequality is a mathematical sentence formed by
Inequality:
placing an inequality symbol between two expressions.

The solution of an inequality is the set

Solution of an inequality: numbers that you can substitute for th
variable to make the inequality true.

The graph of an inequality in one varia

Graph of an inequality: is the set of points on a number line t
represents the solution of the inequal

Equivalent inequalities are inequalities

Equivalent inequalities:
aie eae that have the same solution.

39111135 ES Graphing Inequalities

The inequality
Inequality Verbal phrase Graph
symbol < is read a. x<4 All numbers
"is less than or equal
to." The inequality
symbol > is read b. x<-—2 All numbers
"is greater than or
equal to."

CMS All numbers

greater than | 3

d.x>2-1 Allnumbers| greater than |

156 Chapter 7 Notetaking Guide

 Solving an Inequality

Solve f — 3 < —1. Then graph the solution.

MAS Sree Write original inequality.

(f-34+35-14+3, Add3 to each side.

hm Simplify.

To graph | f< 2|, use a(n) |closed | dot and draw the arrow pointing

to the left .

IO wy Ans OG |

Y Check To check the solution [fs2} choose any number

less than or equal to 2 to substitute for f. Use f = 1 in the check below.

SL Write original inequality.

e321 Substitute Fe for f.

2 |<=1 Solution checks.

Solve the inequality. Then graph the solution.

Lis = 124 2. 4<b=:3 2. Wat
eS 1

$25; b>7; w>-2;

=
153 Ao 4607" 8 456 7 8 9 10 -5-4=3-2-1
04

dee Lesson 7.6 Solving Inequalities |157

 Solving an Inequality

Solve —3m< —12. Then graph the solution. | (

ASIN oe a Write original inequality.

WATCH OUT!
Don't forget to reverse -3m_-12| =
the inequality when you
po aa Divide |each side by; —3 .| Reverse |inequality.
multiply or divide each
om = 4 Simplify.
side of an inequality by
a negative number.
To graph | m> 4 |, use a(n) dot and draw the arrow pointing

to the right .

Reena

4.721
xX
5. 5s<-30

x24: s<=b; n< 10;

+ tt :
MLS A Greg IO ID AA 6, 7.8.9 10 Ties 7

158 | Chapter 7 —Notetaking Guide

Functions and Equations

Goal: Write and evaluate function rules.

Vocabulary
A function is a pairing of each number in a given set
Function: : E
with exactly one number in another set.

Input: Anumber in the given set on which a function operates.

Output: A number produced by evaluating a function using a

| given input.

5 ... |The set of all input values is called the domain of a

omaln: :
function.

The set of all output values is called the range of a

R 5 s
a function.

Evaluating a Function

Evaluate the function y = 3x when x = 8.

YX Write rule for function.

Substitute for x.

\|
Di
Woo
ta] Multiply.

Lesson 7.7 Functions and Equations 159

 Making an Input-Output Table

Make an input-output table for the function y = x — 4.2 using the ( .

domain 0, 1, 2, and 3. Then state the range of the function.

Solution

Substitution |y= 0 AO y=

Output y

The range of the function is the set of outputs: |AL, 3,2 22 |

and| -1.2 .

UCA Complete the following exercise.

1. Make an input-output table for the function y = 4 — x using the domain

—2, —1, 0,1, and 2. Then state the range of the function.

Substitution | y = 4 — (-2) ae

pete [|

Solution
You can see that you obtain each output by subtracting 1.5 from
the input. €

Answer: The function rule given by the table is

160 | Chapter7 Notetaking Guide | =

 Writing a Function Rule From a Pattern
Squares In the diagram of the squares, the input s is the length of each side
of a square. The output P is the perimeter of the square. Write a rule for the
function. Then use the rule to find the perimeter of a square with sides
9 units.
4 units
3 units
2 units
1 ah

Solution
1. Begin by making an input-output table.

2. Notice that each output value is|4times the input value. So, a rule

for the function is P= 4s

3. To find the perimeter of a Square with sides 9 units, evaluate the

function when s = 9. Because P =| 4(9) | = |36], the perimeter

of the square is 36 units .

Write a function rule for the input-output table.

call

E Lesson 7.7 Functions and Equations |161 a

 Graphing Functions
__—$— $$ — A A—Ká. ———__—_—_—_—_—————————— €

Goal: Graph functions in a coordinate plane.

Vocabulary
A linear function is a function whose grapeis
Linear function:
line or part of a line.

SI IRA EA Graphing a Function

Graph the function y = 3x — 1.

1. Make an input-output table

When the
by choosing several input
domain of a function
values and evaluating the
is not given, assume
(ES function for the output values.
that it includes every
x-value for which the 2. Use the table to write a list
function can produce of ordered pairs:
a corresponding
y-value.

3. Plot the ordered pairs in

* a coordinate plane.
4. Notice that all of the points
lie on a line. Any other ordered
pairs satisfying y= 3x — 1
would also lie on the line when
graphed. The line represents
the complete graph of the
function y = 3x — 1.

162 Chapter 7 Notetaking Guide

¢ ; i A
> JAS > es” so oie vu be - ~~, ws ae f= |
 Graph the function.

Writing and Graphing a Function

The cost of gasoline is $1.50 per gallon. Write and graph a function that
represents the cost y of x gallons of gasoline.

The situation can be represented by the function |y= 1.50x |, where y is

the total cost of x gallons of gasoline.
1. Make an input-output table. 2. Plot the ordered pairs and
connect them.
ATCH OUT!
In Example 2, note
o
AO $
that you cannot have Ma
less than O gallons of ar Ao
gasoline, so you cannot Seema
use any numbers less A E
than O in the domain. IEA
ACES AE E
JAS cna
ISE
ES AS

de3 k y Lesson 7.8 Graphing Functions |163

Y E pr < LA ” IA o _
 391 1 JH identifying Linear Functions
Tell whether each graph represents a function of x. If it does, tell whethe
Recall the function is linear.
that a function
pairs each input
value with exactly
one output
value.

of y.

This graph represents a function of x. The function is no

linear because the graph is not a line or part of a line. —

Bs This graph represents a function of x. The function i

is lin al
" |because the graph is a line. ee

hapter 7 Notetaking Guide

Words to Review

Give an example of the vocabulary word.

Verbal model Term

Total _ Initiation Cost of In the expression d — 2, d and

cost fee visits —2 are terms.

Like terms Equivalent variable expressions

In the expression v+ 3 — 2v +7, 5x + 1 —\[Link] -2x

+ 1
vand —2v are like terms, and
3 and 7 are like terms.

Coefficient Constant term

In the term 3h, 3 is the In the expression 3w + 6, 6 is the

coefficient. constant term.

Inverse operations Equivalent equations

Addition and subtraction are x-—8=5and

x= 13
inverse operations.

Inequality Solution of an inequality

t+6<11 t<5is the solution to t+ 6< 11.

va |
Chapter 7 Words to Review |165 rt
 Graph of an inequality Equivalent inequalities

The graph of y< BisIs: lee and 27 < 12

Wate satin
eyds

Function Input

y = 3x +2 The function C = 5n represents

the cost C of nitems. For C = 5(2),
2 is the input.

Output Domain
pos

The function C = 5n represents The domain of the function

the cost C of n items. For C= 1.559, where C is the cost of
C = 5(2) = 10, 10 is the output. g gallons of gas, is g > 0, because
you cannot purchase less ihe
0 gallons. ;

Range Linear function €

The range of the function

C = 1.55g, where Cis the cost
of g gallons of gas, is C>0,
because for g>0,C>0.

of your textbook.

App
 Ratios

Goal: Write and compare ratios.

Vocabulary
Ratio: |A ratio uses division to compare two numbers.

Two ratios are equivalent ratios when they have

Equivalent ratios: |
q the same value.

Writing a Ratio
Words — Numbers Algebra
wins to losses 16 to 10 a to b, where b is nonzero.

wins :
os , where bis nonzero.
losses

> wins : losses 16:10 |a:b | where bis nonzero.

Writing a Ratio
You can make comparisons about 6th grade students in first period classes.

Silverlake Middle School’s 6th Grade

a. Ms. Black's first period students to Mr. O'Grady's first period students
Ms. Black = |29 | Mr. O'Grady =

Answer: 29:24, or

A; Lesson 8.1 Ratios |167

 b. Ms. Solomon's first period students to all first period |
Ms. Solomon =| 25 |;all =| 29 + 24 + 25 + 24| = 102

Answer:
at >es
25:102
Ue orla

Mtra) Use the table on the previous page to write the ratios.

| 4. Ms. Black's 4st period students to Ms. Black’s 2nd period students

29:23

2. All 1st period students to all 2nd period students

102: 101
3. Mr. O’Grady’s 2nd period students to all other 2nd period students

25216 (

Writing Ratios in Simplest Form

Holiday Dinner Mrs. Carr spends 45 hours cooking a holiday meal that
her family eats in 30 minutes. Follow the steps below to find the ratio of
time spent cooking to time spent eating.
1. Write hours as minutes so that the units are the same. ,

4h+ 3 h= min + min Write hours as minutes.

= min Add.
2. Write the ratio of time spent cooking to time spent eating.

Mii EOS, -|270 Write ratio.

Time eating 30

= Simplify fraction.

168 Chapter 8 Notetaking Guide

 391117353 Comparing Ratios

Books Kylie and Sophia compared their book collections. To determine who
has the greater ratio of mysteries to biographies, write the ratios.

COME
Need help
with writing fractions
as decimals? See
so]1. _mysteries _ MZ ta. _mysteries _ [7 Write ratios
page 199 of your Kyile: biographies — | 1 Sophia: biographies 0 as fractions.
textbook.
II I Write fractions
Sla N
as decimals.

Answer: Because 0.8 > has the greater ratio of

mysteries to biographies.

CU Refer to Example 3.

4. Does Kylie or Sophia have a greater ratio of fiction to mystery books?

5. Does Kylie or Sophia havea greater ratio of biography to fiction?

o Lesson 8.1 Ratios 169

 A rate is a ratio of two quantities measured in different _
units. : E

Finding a Unit Rate

Microwave Cooking A microwave oven increases the temperature of a cup of
water by 42°F in 14 seconds. What is the heating rate in degrees Fahrenheit
per second? :

Solution
First, write a rate comparing the temperature increase to the seconds
it took to heat. Then rewrite the fraction so that the denominator is 1. €

oe ee Divide numerator and denominator by

14
Se 14 sec +

- Bese Wes
= Pare Simplify.

Answer: The heating rate is about [3 PF per second.

 Finding an Average Speed
Family Vacation A family drove their car 429 miles in 8 hours and
15 minutes. What was the average speed of the car?

Solution
1. Rewrite the time so that the units are the same.

8h +15 min =8h+[025 h =|8.25 |h

2. Find the average speed.

429 miles _ 429 miles > Divide numerator and

Be ouls 8.25 hours + asnominatol By 8.25 |

_ | 52 miles ik.

Answer: The car’s average speed was |52|miles per hour.

3911183) Comparing Unit Rates

Cereal A store sells the same cereal the following two ways: a small
A unit price 48-ounce package for $1.92 and a large 64-ounce package for $3.20.
is a type of unit To determine which is the better buy, find the unit price for both types.
_ $1.92 _ | $.04
Small package: 4507 MN Write as unit rate.

. $3.20 _ | $.05 ,
Large package: ae e Write as unit rate.

Answer: The package of cereal is a better buy because it costs

less per ounce.

fei eerie Solve the following problems.

4. it takes you 11 minutes and 40 seconds to ride your bike 2800 yards.
What is your average speed in yards per second?

4 yards per second

5. Which of the following is the better buy: 2 notebooks for $2.40 or
6 notebooks for $4.80?

| | 6 notebooks for $4.80

Lesson 8.2 Rates | 171.
 Slope |
os ‘

Goal: Find the slope of a line.

Vocabulary
The slope of a nonvertical line is the ratio of the rise |
(vertical change) to the run (horizontal change) betwe
any two points on the line.

3971 11825 ED Finding the Slope of a Line

To find the slope of a line, find the ratio of the rise to the run between
two points on the line. E
Rise is
positive when b.
moving up and
negative when
moving
down.

Interpreting Slope as a Rate

Lemonade Stand The graph represents the

Lemonade Sales
cups of lemonade sold over time. To find the
rate of sales, find the slope of the line.

rise a 2
slope = ae Write rise over run.

= Find unit rate. Cups

sold

Answer: The lemonade sold at a rate of

4 |oups per hour.

172 Chapter 8 Notetaking Guide

 Ed Complete the following exercises.

1. Plot the points (1, 5) and (0, 8). Then find the slope of the line that $
y passes through the points.

Boo
2. In Example 2, suppose the line starts at the origin and passes through
the point (2, 7). Find the rate of lemonade sales.

3.5 cups per hour

Using Slope to Draw a Line

Draw the line that has a slope of 4 and passes through (2, 1).

1. Plot (2, 1).

2. Write the slope as a fraction.

slope = a — he
E run At
*
a
3. Move 1 unit to the and Dra
1) De aa ES ON
4 units to plot the second point. Aldea
4. Draw a line through the two points.

AUTOS Refer to Example 3.

3. Draw the line that has a slope of 5 and passes through (5, 4).

á a | F Lesson 8.3 Slope |173

 Writing and Solving Proportions
5 A

Goal: Solve proportions using equivalent ratios and algebra.

Vocabulary
| A proportion is an equation that states that two ratios
Proportion: i
are equivalent. |

Proportions
Words A proportion is an equation that states that two are

equivalent
a
Numbers = == The proportion is read “4 is to 5 as 8 is to 10.”

Algebra a = Me where b and d are nonzero numbers.

Using Equivalent Ratios

Skating Lessons A skating rink offers private skating lessons at a cost of
$15 for 30 minutes. How much will it cost for 90 minutes of private lessons?

Solution
To find the price paid P for 90 minutes of lessons, solve the
Ae Oe Pe
proportion 307 90°

1. Ask yourself: What number can you multiply 30 by to get 90?

dS 1224
30 90
Dat
are

174 |Chapter8 Notetaking Guide

AA y 7 ;
 2. Because 30 X = 90, multiply the numerator by [3|to find P.

Answer: Because 15 X = [45 | P= |45 | So, the price of 90 minutes

of private lessons is $45 |

3911113 9 Solving Proportions Using Algebra

: AMES
Solve the proportion 14 7 21"

a Write original proportion.

IO
4 _ eX :
eS 21 Multiply each side by 21)
As you learn
different methods for
solving a proportion, aX Simplify.
remember to write an
example of each
method in your aX Simplify fraction.
notebook.

Answer: The solution is |6 |.

Use algebra to solve the proportion.

Lesson 8.4 Writing and Solving Proportions | 175

- SPA AA
 > yDead
k «

Writing and Solving a Proportion /

Basketball Tyler scores an average of 10 points in 8 minutes ofplaying C

time. Follow the steps below to find the number of points that Tyler
averages in 4 minutes of play.
1. Write a proportion. Let x represent the average number of points
scored in 4 minutes.

WATCH OUT! |10] - Ed — E

You cannot write a pro-
portion that compares E <—— minutes
points to minutes and
minutes to points. 2. Solve the proportion.
points minutes
minutes points
Write original proportion.

Multiply each side by |4).

= dK Simplify.

|5|= xX | Simplify fraction.

Answer: Tyler averages |5|points in 4 minutes of playing time.

 Solving Proportions Using
Cross Products

Goal: Solve proportions using cross products.

Vocabulary

In a proportion >.= where b+0and d% O,

Cross products:
the cross products are ad and bc.

Cross Products Property

Words The cross products of a proportion are

Numbers =F

> Algebra lig = © where b and d are nonzero numbers, then ad |=

TINTE bp Solving a Proportion Using Cross Products

Use the cross products property to solve 2 = es

The phrase Write original proportion.

cross products
Det = ES Cross products property
comes from the "X"
shape formed by the
diagona! numbers in
Divide each side by 5 |
a proportion.
5
[2.8 |= Simplify.

is Lesson 8.5 Solving Proportions Using Cross Products | 177

"q «
 Writing and Solving a Proportion

Currency Exchange When Jake visited Canada, he exchanged 10 U.S. .

dollars and he received 14 Canadian dollars. Find how many U.S. dollars Cc
he exchanged when he received 35 Canadian dollars.

$10 u <—— U.S. dollars '

$14 $35 <——— Canadian dollars

10-+351|=|. 14u Cross products property

10-35, [tay Divide each side by 144

ES Simplify.

Answer: Jake exchanged U.S. dollars when he received

35 Canadian dollars.

Writing and Solving a Proportion

Baseball The ratio of left-handed pitchers to right-handed pitchers on

a baseball team is 2 to 5. If the team has 14 pitchers, how many are
left-handed?

Solution
First, determine the ratio of left-handed pitchers to total pitchers.

a —a = For every |
pitchers, | 2 are left-handed.

left-handed: pitchers

<«—— total pitchers

E Cross products property

=== = Divide each side by [7 |

|
- Simplify. | |

178 Chapter 8 Notetaking Guide

 Solve the following problems.

4. In Example 2, if Jake exchanged 45 U.S. dollars, how many Canadian

dollars would he receive?

$63
2. A baseball team has a ratio of wins to losses of 5 to 3. If they played
24 games, how many games did they lose? ;
4

IA
MERGE
SI
A

IA is
 Scale Drawings and Models
| (
Goal: Use proportions with scale drawings.

Vocabulary
A scale drawing is a diagram of an object in which
Scale drawing: the dimensions are in proportion to the actual -
dimensions of the object.

Scale:
The scale on a scale drawing tells how the drawings |
dimensions and the actual dimensions are related.

A scale model is a model of an object in which |

Scale model:* _the dimensions are in proportion to the acts ;
dimensions of the object.

3911 18-25 ED Using the Scale of a Map

Maps Use the map of Nebraska to estimate the distance between the towps
of Ogallala and Central City.

Solution
From the map's scale,
1.5 centimeters represent
100 miles. On the map, the
distance between Ogallala and

Need help with

“ ;
Central City is 3 centimeters.

writing a proportion?
See page 419 in
your textbook.

=| 100-3 Cross products property

ul = Divide each side by 1.5.

[a] - Simplify.
Answer: The actual distance between Ogallala and Central City is about
miles.

180 Chapter 8 Notetaking Guide

 CULOS Use a metric ruler and the map in Example 1.

y 1. Estimate the distance, in miles, between the towns of Alliance

and Geneva.

é : about 300 miles

DIN AM 29 Finding a Dimension on a Scale Model
Model Cars A scale model of an Austin Healy automobile is for sale at the
local Hobby Shop. The scale used is 1:15. The height of the actual car is
When a scale 45 inches. Find the height of the model.
is written as a ratio, it
usually takes the form
Solution
shown below. Write and solve a proportion to find the height h of the model of the
Austin Healy.
scale model:
x—— scale model

E
actual object

1% = 15h Cross products property

Divide each side by

= Simplify.

Answer: The height of the model is inches.

Finding the Scale

Architecture An architect is planning a theater complex. The model is
36 inches tall. The resulting theater complex will be 150 feet tall. What is
the model’s scale?
Solution
Write a ratio. Make sure that both measures are in feet. Then simplify
the fraction.

SO jeciue <— scale model

1507 isdn. «—— full size

Answer: The model's scale is da: 50 |.

Lesson 8.6 Scale Drawing and Models | 181

Ie
Ai
al
ce
a

de.
 Words to Review

Give an example of the vocabulary word.

Ratio Equivalent ratios

lig
1107; 4:3;55 2:3and4:6

Rate : Unit rate

110 miles $1.25

2 hours 1 pound

Proportion

Cross products Scale drawing

In the proportion ¿ = En 2-10

and 5 + 4 are the cross products.

Bedroom
Scale : Scale model

ias 20 mi eae An artist makes a scale mode

of a statue in a park. The models
scale is 1:7. e

Review your notes and Chapter 8 by using the Chapter Reviewon pages 437-440
of your textbook.
 Percents and Fractions

Goal: Use a fraction to find the percent of a number.

Vocabulary
Percent: | A percent is a ratio whose denominator is 100.

Understanding Percent
The model at the right has 22 out of 100 |22] percent
squares shaded. You can say that| 22
percent of the squares are shaded.

Numbers You can write 22 percent as Sy ie SA

> SER RSeoo
nn A RUBIO
SanPRI
AUREA
EQEMEE ANA
MA e a
>» Algebra You can write p percent as SENOR

P| or as| p|%.

Writing Percents as Fractions

Write the percent as a fraction.

a. 49% b. 60%

Solution

a. 49% ee b. 60% =

ls ; : Lesson 9.1 Percents and Fractions | 185

Ñ Y TI o j ee $ ~~ - A
 Write the percent as a fraction in simplest form.

To write a fraction as a percent, rewrite the fraction with a denominator

of 100.

- Write percent as a fraction.

Use rule for multiplying fractions.

Divide out common factor.

Simplify.

186 | Chapter9 Notetaking Guide

it dais In Exercises 5-8, write the fraction as a percent.

9. Find 30% of 400. 10. Find 75% of 280.

210

397 (JE ES Using Percents

Soccer According to the Smithville Athletic Club, 47 of the 100 children
playing Pee Wee Soccer this year are boys. What percent of the players
are girls?

Solution
You know that 5 = |47|%of the soccer players are boys. To find the
percent of soccer players who are girls, use the fact that the entire group
of players represent 100%.

Answer: 53 % of the Pee Wee soccer players are girls.

Lesson 9.1 Percents and Fractions |187

 Percents and Proportions
€
Goal: Use proportions to solve percent problems.

Solving Percent Problems

You can represent “a is p percent of b” with the proportion

where a is part of the base b and p%, or 00! is the percent.

= Write proportion.

E : aye DS Substitute E for aand| o

4 | for b. 8
a
problem, the word that
follows "of" is usually
the base b. = NL
. 100 100 Multiply each side by 100.

= lp] Simplify.

Answer: 3 is |75|%of 4.

188 | Chapter9 Notetaking Guide

AS .
ERA e aa y 7 Ñ i h 4 “ we
 UL Ss Use a proportion to answer the question.

1. What percent of 25 is 10? 2. What percent of 300 is 9?

40% 3%
3. In a grocery store, 6 of the 30 breakfast cereals are generic brand.
What percent of the breakfast cereals are generic brand?

Finding a Part of a Base

Tennis 328 fans attended a tennis tournament. In a survey, 25% of the
fans wanted players to wear traditional white tennis clothes. How many
fans wanted players to wear traditional white clothing?
coe
b oe
100 Write proportion.

> La |25| Substitute for b and

328 ae for p.

328 |-Lo = |328 |- Multiply each side by

la|= 326.
| Use rule for multiplying fractions.
129 Divide out common factors.
1.

a |= Simplify.

Answer: In the survey, (82[ofthe fans wanted players in traditional

white clothing. \

Y Check: 25% of 328 is about z of 300, or about 75. So, 82 is reasonable.

a Lesson 9.2 Percents and Proportions |189 "E

ae (4
s
 ATAN AAA Use a proportion to answer the question.

-4.'What number is 85% of120? 5. What number is 7% of 200? C

|
|

i
|

| 102 E a! |
6. What number is 21% of 80? 7. What number is 62% of 900?

16.8 558

48 is 40% of what number?

Eo
= Dis
ADO 7
Write proportion.

48 40 |
== = 400 Substitute.
b

48 + 100 =| b+ 40 Cross products property

you remember the 48 - 100 e

b- 40 á
deal \
process of solvinga te (ENE Divide each side by 40.
40 40
percent problem, you
may want to highlight i MN | O:
the key step in the 129 | |b SD:
process.
Answer: 48 is 40% of 120 .

190 Chapter 9 Notetaking Guide —

A!
 Percents and Decimals

Goal: Write percents as decimals and decimals as percents.

Writing Percents as Decimals

a. 52% = 52% b. 4% = 04% c. 18.4% = 18.4%

¡YY ¡YY ¡YY

=| 0.52| =| 0.04 =| 0.184

Writing Decimals as Percents

b. 0.03 = vs c. 0.091 = Fe

Write the percent as a decimal or the decimal as a percent.

3. 17.4%

Lesson 9.3 Percents and Decimals |191

Grr : fi:
pi d 4
+ Eo Wi J a a q
 Sev 11H 3) Standardized Test Practice

Mary saves 2 of her paycheck. What percent of her paycheck does Mary C
Cf save? E
The symbol ¡6 (A) 23% (B 50% (CO 55.6% (D> 80%
is read "approximately
Solution
equal to." It indicates
that a result has been
5 =|(0.556 Divide 5 by 9. Round to the nearest thousandth.
rounded and is
not exact. = | 55.6% Write as a percent.

Answer: Mary saves about (55.6 % of her paycheck. The correct answer

is|C| © ® OD

Rewriting Small and Large Percents

Video Store A video store carries 0.8% of their videos in foreign languages.
The store increased their inventory of DVDs by 500%. Write these percents
as decimals.
Foreign language: 0.8% = 00.8% DVDs: 500% = 500%
Le, ¡yy

= 10008 | = [5]
e
Write the fraction as a percent. Round to the nearest tenth
of a percent. |

192 Chapter 9 Notetaking Guide

 Using a Percent Less Than 1%
Chemistry A chemical solution in a container has a volume of
85,000 milliliters. The solution contains 0.04% saline. How much
of the solution is saline?

Solution
0.04% of 85,000 =| 0.0004 x 85,000 Write percent as a decimal.

= Multiply.

Answer: The solution contains milliliters of saline.

rT CTE AS Solve the following problem.

15. The enrollment at Little Angel’ s Preschool last year was 50 students.
This year’s enrollment is oes of last year’s. How many students
enrolled this year?
 Goal: Use equations to solve percent problems.

The Percent Equation

You can represent “a is p percent of b” with the equation

where a is part of the base b and p% is the percent.

Finding a Part of a Base

Pharmacy The pharmacy has 75% of the 300 tablets that Dr. Cole
prescribed for her patient. How many tablets does the pharmacy have?
a=p%+b Write percent equation.

> |75|%: Substitute 75 for p and| | for b.

5 2 Write percent as a decimal.

i 225 Multiply.

Answer: The pharmacy has 225 of the tablets.

Use the percent equation to answer the question.

1. What is 30% of 250? | 2.Whatis32%of65?

194 Chapter 9 Notetaking Guide

 EXAMPLE 2 Finding a Percent
What percent of 240 is 72?

a=p%.b Write percent equation.

In Example 2,
you can use common = p%-»| 240 Substitute for a and | 240 for b.
percents to check the
reasonableness of p%- 240
the answer. You know }
—_ ee Divide each side by 240.
that 50%, or ay of
240 is 120. Because
72 is less than 50% |= p% = 30 1% Simplify fraction. Then write as a percent.
of 240, 30% seems
reasonable.

a= p%-b Write percent equation.

|32|%ae) Substitute for a and for p.

“6 Write percent_as a decimal. Then divide

each side by 0.32 |

|b| Simplify.

Answer: The number 80 is 32% of |250 |

Use the percent equation to answer the question.

3. 99 is what percent of 396? 4. 30 is 250% of what number?

Lesson 9.4 The Percent Equation | 195 —

 Finding a Commission
Jewelry A jewelry salesperson sells a bracelet for $350. The salesperson 3
earns an 8% commission on the sale. How much is the commission?

Solution |
a= p%°b Write percent equation.
= 8% - 1350 Substitute for p and 350 [forb.

= . Write percent as a decimal.

pe Multiply.

Answer: The commission is $ 28.

Standardized Test Practice

Baseball A baseball team has 14 pitchers. Nine of the pitchers are

right-handed. Which best represents the percent of pitchers on the team
that are not right-handed?
(A) 36% (B> 44% (CO) 64% (D> 136%

Solution :
You know that = 9 = 5] pitchers are not right-handed. (

a=p%+b Write percent equation.

[5|= phe Substitute 15|for a and (14 |for b.

5] ox. [1] ion

a a
ta LA Divide each side by 14)

p% Simplify.

er 35.71 % Write as a percent. Round to

the nearest hundredth.

Answer: Approximately 36 |%of the pitchers are not right-handed.

The correct answer is

196 Chapter 9 Notetaking Guide

0
WS SA
 Circle Graphs

Goal: Use percents to interpret and make circle graphs.

Vocabulary
Ñ Circle graph: | A circle graph displays data as sections of a circle.

RE A ray is part of a line. It begins at a point and extends in

ay: A :
one direction without end. |

Angle: An angle consists of two rays that begin at a common |

: | point.

The common endpoint of the two rays that form the

Vertex:
angle.

Degrees: | Units of measure for angles. | ee

Interpreting a Circle Graph

Class Survey The results of a survey are displayed in the circle graph.
What conclusions can you make about the data?

How Many Cars Does Your Family Have?

no Cars

Solution
You can make conclusions about the data in the circle graph above.

- The largest section in the circle graph is labeled { 2cars|.”So, this

is how many cars most families have.

- More families have “3 cars” than have cars”. 1

Lesson 9.5 Circle Graphs | 197

 3711110) Making a Circle Graph Given Percents
Second Language The table shows the
results of a survey that asked students
what second language they speak.
anaes
|Poon
Display the data in a circle graph.

Solution .
1. Find the angle measure of each section.
Spanish Vietnamese
30% of 360° = | 0.30 x 360° | 25% of 360° = | 0.25 X 360°
Il oy
Oo
o 00 II

Portuguese None

5% of 360° = 40% of 360° = Y

2. Draw a circle using a compass.

Need help
using a compass? 3. Use a protractor to draw the angle Spanish 30%
\ See page 754 of your for Spanish as a second language,
; textbook. which has a measure of
Then label the section “Spanish 30%.”

4. Draw the remaining sections.

Second Languages Spoken By Students. x
5. Write a title for the graph. os

Spanish 30%
Yh y
dy
None 40%
NS A
Vietnamese 25%
Portuguese
5% |

198 Chapter 9 Notetaking Guide

«)

In Exercise 1, refer to the circle graph in Example 1.

4. Can you determine from the circle graph the number of families that
have three cars? Explain your reasoning.

- No, you don’t know what the total number of

students surveyed is. You are only given percents.
hee

2. The table shows the results of a survey that asked students to name
their favorite pet. Display the data in a circle graph.

Favorite Pets

Amphibian
10%

Amphibian
 Making a Circle Graph Given Data

The table shows the results of a survey that asked people their
favorite type of television show. Display the data in a circle graph.
€ ’

Sitcom Cartoon

rado
Solution
1. Find the total number of people surveyed.

30+9+6+ 15 =|60]
2. To find the angle measure of each section, write each group of people
as a fraction of all the people and multiply by 360°.
Sitcom

Drama

Cartoon

News

3. Draw and label the circle graph.

Favorite Type of TV Show

News

200 Chapter 9 Notetaking Guide

 Percent of Increase
and Decrease

Goal: Find a percent of change in a quantity.

Vocabulary
A percent of change shows how much a quantity
aay O |has increased or decreased in comparison with the
original amount. |

Percent of | If the new amount is greater than the original amount,

increase: | the percent of change is called a percent of increase.

Percent of | If the new amount is less than the original amount,

decrease: | the percent of change is called a percent of decrease.

EXAMPLE 14) Finding a Percent of Increase

What is the percent of increase from 5 to 7?
Amount of increase : ‘
p% = Write percent of increase formula.
Original amount

= ‘7(|-[5| Substitute amount of increase and original

a [5| amount.

Need = [2|= 40 % Subtract. Then express fraction as a percent.

help with
common percents?
See pages 450 and Answer: The percent of increase is 40 |%.
455 of your
textbook.
 ONY» Finding a Percent of Decrease
What is the percent of decrease from 30 to 25? 7€
Amount of decrease :
In Example 2, Write percent of decrease formula.
Original amount
note that decreasing
from 30 to 25 is about = Substitute amount of decrease

:
the same as decreasing =" WA 7 and original amount.
from 30 to 24. Because
EA lens
A
the answer is
“30| Subtract. ‘
reasonable.

1 Simplify.

Express the fraction as a rounded

= = 9
ues ds decimal and as a percent.

Answer: The percent of decrease is about 16.7 %.

Identify the percent of change as an increase or a €

decrease. Then find the percent of change. Use estimation to check
your answer.

1. Original: 10 2. Original: 125

New 12 oo New: 25. -

increase; 20% | 80%;_

decrease

Chapter 9 Notetaking Guide

4
 Using a Percent of Change
‘Salary An employee's salary recently increased 15% from $28,000 per year.
How much does the employee earn now?

Solution
Find the amount of increase, 15% of $28,000.

Increase = 15% X 28,000

= Write percent as a decimal.

Multiply.
Add the increase to the original amount.

New amount = Original amount + Increase

Answer: The new salary is $ 32,200 |.

 Discounts, Markups,
Sales Tax, and Tips
Goal: Find discounts, markups, sales tax, and tips.

Finding a Sale Price

Music You buy a CD that is 40% off the original price of $12. What is the
sale price?

Solution
1. Find the amount of the discount.
Discount = 40% of $12
=|0.40 + 12 Write 40% as a decimal.

Ed Multiply.

2. Subtract the discount from the original price.

- [2]- [480]
[720]
Sale Price = Original price — Discount

Answer: The sale price is $ 7.20 |

Finding a Retail Price

Furniture A furniture store that sells sofas buys them from a manufacturer
at a wholesale price of $350. The store’s markup is 200%. What is the retail
price of the sofa?
1. Find the amount of the markup.
Markup = 200% of $350
2.00 + 350 Write 200% as a decimal.
Multiply.

2. Add the markup to the wholesale price.

Retail Price = Wholesale price + Markup

Answer: The retail price is $ 1050 |

204 Chapter 9 Notetaking Guide

 Solve the following problems.
RO |

1. A store is selling all shoes at 20% off the original price. What is the sale |
price of a pair of shoes originally priced at $65? |

$52
2. A store buys software from a manufacturer at a wholesale price of $72.
The store’s markup is 75%. What is the retail price?

$126

Finding Sales Tax and Tip |

Diner At a diner, Maddie orders a meal that costs $8. She leaves a 15% tip.
The sales tax is 6%. What is the total cost of the meal?

Solution
1. Find the tip. 15% of $8 =| 0.15 + 8| =| 1.20

2. Find the sales tax. 6% of $8 =| 0.06 + 8 = 0.48 |

3. Add the food bill, tip, and sales tax. | 8+ 1.20 + 0.48 |=

Answer: The total cost of the meal is $ 9.68 .

 Simple Interest

Goal: Calculate simple interest.

Vocabulary
_| The amount earned or paid for the use of money is |
Interest: :
called interest.

.. | The amount of money deposited or borrowed is

Principal: ote
the principal. | 4.

_ |When interest is earned or paid only on the

Simple interest:
principal, it is simple interest.

; _| The annual interest rate is the percent of the

Annual interest rate: ee i
principal earned or paid per year. ,

Bancos The sum of the interest and the principal is called ' |
the balance.

Simple Interest
Words Simple interest / is the product of the P, the

annual interest rate | r written as a decimal, and the t in years.

Algebra |
Numbers A $1000 deposit earns 5% simple annual interest for 3 years.

= (51}{[
000
0.08 [3)= [150]

ao | Chapter 9 Notetaking Guide

 Finding a Balance
Carol deposits $30 in a bank account that pays 5% simple annual interest.
What will be the total amount that she has in the account after 2 years?

| = Prt Write simple interest formula.

Be ({30 \(/0.05 }(/2 |) pe 30 for e 0.05 for r, and 2.

- Multiply.
To find the balance, add the interest to the principal.

Answer: Carol will have $30 + $13, or $ in her account.

Finding an Interest Rate

You deposit $750 into an 8 month certificate of deposit. After 8 months

the balance is $770. Find the simple annual interest rate.

To find the interest, subtract the principal from the balance.

$770 — |$750 |=
Then use the simple interest formula and solve for r.
(WATCH OUT! | = Prt Write simple interest formula.
When using the simple ;
titut
Substitute foror |/, P, and
foror P,
interest formula, make ta (|750 |al4)
sure you write the > for t.
number of months as is
a fraction of a year. Multiply.
For example, 7 months
should be written as <5. 20
Divide each side by
|

Simplify.

an Write decimal as a percent.

2) a Oo pai
|oe-@
KO Q ES 2 ia) 2 @ oOid mno =
00
 Solve the following problems.

1. If you deposit $1500 into an account that earns 5% simple annual

interest, what will the account’s balance be after 4 months?

$1525
2. You deposit $800 into a 9 month certificate of deposit. After 9 months
the balance is $848. Find the simple annual interest rate.

Finding an Amount of Time

Mario borrows $500 from a bank to pay for car repairs. His simple
annual interest rate is 10%. Mario pays a total of $100 in interest
on the loan. How long did Mario have the loan?

| = Prt Write simple interest formula.

= (500]\(0.101) ¢| Substitute) 100|for 1,

and| 0.10| for r.

= Multiply.

DNA 7
A Divide each side by :

Simplify. ¿

208 | Chapter9 Notetaking Guide |

É Words to Review

Give an example of the vocabulary word.

Percent Circle graph

A percent is a ratio whose How Many Cars Does

Your Family Have?
denominator is 100, such as
16
100 or 16%.
ERA O,

Ray Angle

>

Vertex . Degrees

Percent of change | Percent of increase

The percent of change from 10 The percent of increase from 10

to 12 is 20%. to 20 is 100%. -

Chapter 9 Words to Review

y he j «
Percent of decrease Interest - As

The percent of decrease from The amount earned or paid08

40 to 30 is 25%. for the use of money is call]ed
interest.

Principal Simple interest

e
$300 was the initial amount in Interest only e on the
a savings account. oi

Annual interest rate Balance

The annual interest rate is the $50 interest plus a principal ‘of
percent of the principal earned $750 yields a balance of $800.
or paid per year.

Review your notes and Chapter 9 by using the Chapter Review on pages a
of your textbook.
 Goal: Classify angles by their measures.

Vocabulary

An acute angle is an angle whose measure is less

Acut le:
pS than 90°.

, . |A right angle is an angle whose measure is

Right angle: exactly 90°.

. An obtuse angle is an angle whose measure is

Se SOS between 90° and 180°.

Straight angle: A straight angle is an angle whose measure is

exactly 180°.

Complementary: Two angles are complementary if the sum of

" |their measures is 90°.

Supplementary:

>ev Tie ES Classifying an Angle

A quick Estimate to classify the angle as acute, right, obtuse, or straight.
way to check the
size of an angle is to
use the corner of a ES
gait NEAR oD
piece of paper. Because
the corner forms a right
angle, it is easy to Solution
determine whether the
angle's measure is a. Because mZG is| between 90° and 180° , 4Gis “obtuse .
less than 90°, exactly
90°, or greater b. Because mZDis | exactly 180° |,ZD is| straight .
than 90°.

Lesson 10.1 Angles |211

Y
 pov they Y Complementary and Supplementary Angles

Tell whether the angies are complementary, supplementary, or neither. €

al
a. b. M N
Bec
18 75°
The angle above can
be named in several
ways: ZABC, ZCBA, 49° 131°
ZB, and 21. Notice
that the vertex must be
in the middle or the Solution
only letter used in
a. MZX + m2 y =|49°| +a) =| 180°}. So, ZX and ZY are

“supplementary
the name of the
angle.

b. mMZM+ mZN=| 18° +| 7B =| 93°]. So, ZM and ZN are

neither complementary nor supplementary |

Classify the angle as acute, obtuse, right, or straight.

[Link]=180°| 4. m:

straight _
y.
5. Give the measures of two angles that are complementar

44° and 46°

212 | Chapter 10 Notetaking Guide

 Standardized Test Practice

For the two skateboard ramps at the

right, 71 and 22 are complementary.
lf mZ1 = 38°, find m2.

(A) 12° (B 52°

Le e (D> 322°

Solution

MÁL + MZ 2e= Definition of |complementary ¡angles

|38° |+ Moe Substitute 38° for mi

mZ2 = 52" Subtract 38° from each side.

Answer: The measure of Z2 is The correct answer is

A ® © DO

Use the definitions of complementary and supplementary

angles to find the measure of the angle.

> 6. ZP and ZQ are supplementary. If mZP = 98°, find mZQ.

7. ZT and ZU are complementary. If mZT = 16°, find mZU.

d
Lesson 10.1 Angles |213

M4
” O LAA e E, ¿ANA
 Special Pairs of Angles
PS SEI VE IS IN
Goal: Identify special pairs of angles and types of lines.

Vocabulary
Two angles that share a common side and a
Adjacent angles: | vertex and do not overlap are called adjacent
angles.

_| When two lines meet at a point, the angles that

Vertical angles: E :
are opposite each other are called vertical angles.

Congruent angles: Congruent angles are angles that have the

same measure.

| Two lines in the same plane that do not intersect _

Parallel lines: a
are called parallel lines. |

Two lines that meet at a point are called

Intersecting lines:
intersecting lines.

in Id “Two lines that intersect to form four right

angles are called perpendicular lines.

Angles that occupy corresponding positions

Corresponding angles: | when a line intersects two other lines are ~
called corresponding angles.

identifying Adjacent Angles

Name all pairs of adjacent, supplementary angles.

Adjacent, supplementary angles: 2

Pd £20 pan | a
Z3 and 24 £4 and 21

| O
214 | Chapter 10 Notetaking Guide po)
 Using Vertical Angles

Given that m1 = 68°, find m3.

Because and Z3 are angles, they are congruent .

(CHELAS Refer to the diagram in Example 2.

E Se ane
1. Name all pairs of adjacent, supplementary angles.

4 end 42°. 42 and 23... 23 and 74 Z4and 21

2. Given that mZ1 = 68°, find mZ2.

V12°
3. Use your answer from Exercise 2 to find mZ4.

125

sson 10.2 — Special Pairs of Angles | 215

 3911183 49 Using Corresponding Angles

Maps The map shows a section of Houston. Streets shown on maps often €
appear to form parallel or intersecting lines. 7

Arrowheads % o

PERM
are used to indicate
that lines are
parallel.

CURLS
a. Name two streets that are parallel and two streets that intersect.

be lf MZ 13.65 aindsnizse

Solution :

a. Dallas Street is parallel to |McKinney Street | |Travis Street |

intersects both | Dallas Street ¡and |McKinney Street

b. Because ¿1 and Z| |are angles,

= = Because McKinney Street and Dallas Street

are lines, ¿3 and Z 7]are |congruent correspondi 9

angles. So, _mZ7 |=-mZ3 |= .

Refer to the map in Example 3.

4. Find mZ2 and mZ6. Explain your reasoning.

mZ2 = 180° — mZ1 = 180° — 85° = 95°

mZ6 = mZ2 = 95° because McKinney St. is parallel to Dalla
which makes 22 and Z6 congruent corresponding angles. —

216 Chapter 10 Notetaking Guide

 Triangles

Goal: Classify triangles.

Vocabulary
Acute triangle:

Ar

Congruent sides are sides that have the same

length.

Equilateral triangle: An equilateral triangle has three congruent

sides.

Isosceles triangle: ee triangle has at least two congruent

> Scalene triangle:

3IV TIA ES Finding an Angle Measure in a Triangle

Find the value of x in the triangle shown. £

+[75) + [28 =| 180)

Triangles are Sum of angle measures
named by their
eS A 28, 180. in a triangle is 180".
vertices. The vertices ES, 28°
of the triangle in
Example 1 are L, M,
and N, so the triangle eS Subtract from 15 Ny
can be named with the
each side. N
notation ALMN. This
‘notation is read
"triangle LMN."

Lesson 10.3 Triangles |217 a

 Finding the Measure of an Exterior Angle
Find the value of y in the figure.

To find the value of y, use the fact that

adjacent interior and exterior angles of a
y
triangle are supplementary.

y + 49° = 180 | Definition of |supplementary | angles

y = (134 Subtract from each side.

Answer: The value of y is |131|.

Find the value of y.

Classifying a Triangle by Angle Measures

Classify the triangle by its angle measures. i=

The triangle has angle, so it

is a(n) triangle.

- 218 Chapter 10 Notetaking Guide

ott Boe whe! a a LED. Sar

 Standardized Test Practice

Which statement about the triangle is true?

(BO It is scalene.
(B> It is equilateral. 5 cm 5 cm
© It is isosceles.
(D> Its 3 angles are congruent.
Solution

The triangle is not because two sides are congruent. The triangle

is not because only two sides are congruent. The triangle is

because two sides are congruent. The triangle does not have

three congruent angles because it is not | equilateral |.

Answer: The correct answer is Vell HD B D>

Classify the triangle by its angle measures.

; equilateral and
scalene isosceles isosceles

- Lesson 10.3 Triangles |219

 Polygons

Goal: Classify quadrilaterals and other polygons.

Vocabulary

| A quadrilateral is a geometric figure that is m

Quadrilateral: | up of four line segments, called sides, that inte
only at their endpoints.

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly 1 pai

Trapezoid:
ua parallel sides.

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with 2Pp

Parallelogram:
parallel sides.

Rhombus: |A rhombus isa parallelogram with 4 congrue

A polygon is a geometric figure that iis made up

Polygon: | three or more line. segments. co intersectonly
their endpoints. :

Pentagon: |A pentagon is| zpolygon vin me a

Hexagon: A hexagon iisa polygon with sixsides.

Heptagon: |.A heptagon is a polygon with seven Bee a a

Octagon: |An octagon is apolygon with

220 Chapter 10 Notetaking Guide

o ae
 TIVA ES Classifying a Quadrilateral
To help Sketch and classify a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel, and all
you classify (E four sides of length 2 centimeters. 2 cm
quadrilaterals,
you could draw a 1. Draw two sides with a length of 2 centimeters. 2 cm
diagram that shows The angle between the two sides does not
how the special matter, except that it cannot be O° or 180°.
quadrilaterals are 2. Draw sides parallel to the first two sides to
related to each complete the figure. E

Answer: The figure is a "rhombus |

Sketch and classify the quadrilateral described.

1. A quadrilateral with 4 right angles, 4 congruent sides of length

3 centimeters, and both pairs of opposite sides parallel.

Classifying Polygons

Tell whether the figure is a polygon. If it is, classify it. If it is not, explain
why not.

a. b.

Solution

This figure is a polygon This figure is not a polygon

with 6 sides. So, it is a because it is not made up
hexagon. of line segments.

Lesson 10.4 - Polygons |221

 Tell whether the figure is a polygon. If it is, classify it.
If it is not, explain why not.

E e 3. 4. — e

This figure is not :

This figure is a a polygon because This figure is a
polygon with it is not made up polygon with
8 sides. So, it is entirely of line 6 sides. So, it is
an octagon. segments. a hexagon.

Using a Regular Polygon

The hexagon shown is a regular hexagon. Find the perimeter of the

WATCH OUT! hexagon. Then find the sum of the angle measures of the hexagon.
Just because a polygon
has sides that are all
congruent does not
necessarily mean that it
is a regular polygon.
All angles must also
ain
be congruent.
1. A regular hexagon has 6 sides of equal length,

so the perimeter of the hexagon is (7) = inches.

2. A hexagon can be divided into triangles. The sum of the angle

measures in a triangle is 180° , so the sum of the angle measures

in any hexagon is | 180° |+ + + = 720". |

222 | Chapter 10 Notetaking Guide | .

Similar and Congruent
Polygons
Goal: Use properties of similar and congruent polygons.

Vocabulary
Similar polygons: Two polygons are similar if they have the same
shape but not necessarily the same size.

Congruent polygons are similar polygons

C t pol ‘ a
Pa ole that have the same shape and the same size.

Similar Polygons Congruent Polygons

AABC = ADEF
A

e E D

Angles Corresponding angles Angles Corresponding angles

are congruent: are congruent:

Zi= Z|P| ZM= Zo, LA= 4D) ZB= Z El

and ZN = 4 R| and ZC = ZE]

Sides Ratios of lengths of Sides Corresponding sides are

corresponding sides are equal: congruent: :

and BC=|EF

Lesson 10.5 Similar and Congruent Polygons 223

 Finding Measures of Congruent Polygons

(WATCH our"! Given that ABCD = WXYZ, name the corresponding sides and €
When naming congruent
corresponding angles. Then find XY.
or similar polygons,
list the letters for the A 6cm B

corresponding vertices
in the same order. For
D
PIN G
instance, in Example 1,
you cannot write
ABCD = XYZW because
ZA and ZX are not ae
corresponding angles.
—
Solution
Corresponding Sides:
AB and WR BC and x;

CD and YZ: AD and

Corresponding Angles:
ZA and LW, ZB and AX)
ZC and ye ' ZD and 4 Z|
Because and XY are corresponding
| sides,
XY = =| 2|centimeters.

Use the fact that AABC = ALMN. .

1. Name the PONE sides and OS angles.

Corresponding Sides:
AB and LM, BC and MN, AC and LN
Corresponding Angles:
ZAand ZL, ZBand ZM, ZC and LN ay
2. Find the unknown angle measures.
M£C= 7157 MZ b= 152 m2M= 390%

224 | Chapter 10 Notetaking Guide

y »
TS y a AMEN
 INTA Finding a Ratio of Lengths

Given that AABC — ADEF, find the ratio of the lengths of the
The ratios corresponding sides of AABC to A DEF.
B
4 cm 4 cm
the lengths of the A OS C
corresponding sides 6 cm
of ADEF to AABC
in Example 2. E
Using these ratios, 6cm 6cm
the ratio of the
lengths of the D F
9cm
corresponding
sides is 5. Write the ratio for each pair of corresponding sides. Then substitute the
lengths of the sides and simplify each ratio.

ABI =
DE

BC_ MA -
EF

AC _ =
DF

Answer: The ratio of the lengths of the corresponding sides is 3

 Checking for Similarity
Landscape Design A landscape architect is planning a memorial €
garden at a local park. The rectangular garden will have a length of
18 feet and a width of 15 feet. A rectangular blueprint of the garden
has a length of 12 inches and a width of 10 inches. Are the garden
and the blueprint similar figures?

Solution
Because both figures are rectangles, all angles are angles, so

corresponding angles are "congruent | To determine whether the

figures are similar, see if the ratios of the lengths of the corresponding
sides are “equal |

Length of garden _ Width of Write ratios

Ne A for lengths of
Length of | blueprint Width of blueprint corresponding sides.

18 feet 15 feet

216 inches ak 180 inches Convert all units

inches |
E ;
once
to j :

18 _18 Simplify.
r

1 1

the lengths of the corresponding sides “are equal | so the figures

“aresimilar

226 | Chapter 10 Notetaking Guide

E REN A A y
 Using Proportions with
Similar Polygons
Goal: Use similar triangles to find lengths indirectly.

DIN Finding an Unknown Length

Quadrilaterals LMNO and PQRS are similar. Find MN.
L

21 cm E
M 12 A
O S Q
Ss 8cm
N R

Solution
Need help e Use the ratios of the lengths of corresponding sides to write a proportion
writing and solving involving the unknown length.
proportions? See
pages 418 and 423 MN _. Write proportion involving MN.
of your textbook.

i
Substitute known values.

Cross products property

Divide each side by 12].

Find the unknown length x given that the polygons

are similar.

Lesson 10.6 Using Proportions with Similar Polygons |227

 Making an Indirect Measurement

Flagpole A flagpole casts a shadow

that is 25 feet long. Joe is 4 feet tall
and casts a shadow that is 5 feet long.
How tall is the flagpole?

Solution
You can use indirect measurement
to find the height of the flagpole.
Use the ratios of the lengths of the
corresponding parts to write a
proportion involving the unknown É
height h.
Height of flagpole _ Length of flagpole's shadow
Joe's height Length of Joe's shadow

Substitute known values.

Multiply each side by |

Simplify fraction.

Multiply.

228 | Chapter 10 Notetaking Guide

NT E < 5 vr wh)
 Transformations and Symmetry

Goal: Identify transformations and symmetry in figures.

Vocabulary
Transformation:
A transformation is a movement of a figure in a
plane.

Image: |The new figure formed by a transformation is the image.

. | In a translation, or slide, each point of a figure is

Translation: : á y d
moved the same distance in the same direction.

In a reflection, or flip, a figure is reflected in a line,

Reflection: : ap 5 ;
creating a mirror image of the figure.

| oran: The line in which a figure is flipped when the

» figure undergoes a reflection.

Rotation: a a rotation, or turn, a figure is rotated through a given

angle and in a given direction about a fixed point. A

e es ac The fixed point about which a figure is turned

when the figure undergoes a rotation.

In a rotation,
the angle formed by two rays |
Angle of rotation:
drawn from the center of rotation through
corresponding points on the original figure
and its image.
A figure has line symmetry if it can be divided by
Line symmetry: | a line into two parts that are mirror images of
each other.

A figure has rotational symmetry if a turn of

Rotational symmetry: | 180° or less produces an image that fits
exactly on the original figure.

g A
Lesson 10.7 Transformations and Symmetry |229 7

. A
Te a A AA 1
 identifying a Translation
Tell whether the dashed figure is a translation
of the solid figure. Explain your reasoning. .

Each point on the solid figure is moved

the same number of units down and
to the left. The dashed figure is a
translation of the solid figure.

Standardized Test Practice

Which word best describes the transformation

shown at the right?

CA> Translation
(B> Reflection in the xaxis
© Reflection in the yaxis
@® Rotation
Solution

The two figures are mirror images of

each other, so the dashed figure is a
reflection of the solid figure. The line
of reflection is the y-axis.

Answer: The correct answer is ch D ®B @D

identifying a Rotation
Tell whether the dashed figure is a rotation
TILL
of the solid figure. If it is, give the angle Mo “see
and direction of rotation. a 6 a
The dashed figure is a rotation of the
solid figure about the origin. The solid
figure is rotated 90° counterclockwise.

230 Chapter 10 Notetaking Guide

 Identify the transformation from the solid figure to the
dashed figure. If it is a reflection, identify the line of reflection. If it is a
rotation, give the angle and direction of rotation.

Wie. a
Ec ae ee
UES
CURE a

rotation, reflection in
90° clockwise translation the x-axis .

identifying Symmetry
Tell whether a regular pentagon has (a) line symmetry and
(b) rotational symmetry.

a. A regular pentagon “has line symmetry .There are 5 |lines

of symmetry. :

b. A regular pentagon | has rotational symmetry |. A turn of EZ eO0

144° clockwise (or counterclockwise) produces an image that fits
exactly on the original figure.

_Lesson 10.7 ‘Transformations and Symmetry |231

i
 Transformations in the
Coordinate Plane
Goal: Graph transformations in a coordinate plane.

Describing a Translation
Tile Patterns A homeowner replaced the tile in her bathroom. How can you
use coordinates to describe the transformation shown?

Solution
You can use coordinate notation to describe the translation shown :
above. Each point on the original figure is moved
and

Answer:
e
In coordinate notation you write this translation as:

y > (|

232 | Chapter 10 Notetaking Guide

j y
i 4
 391 Tiny 39 Translating a Figure

Draw triangle FGH with vertices F(—4, 4), G(—2, 6), and H(—1, 3). Then
find the coordinates of the vertices of the image after the translation
(x, Y (x + 3, y — 4), and draw the image.

For each vertex of the original figure, to the x-coordinate and

subtract 4 | from the y-coordinate.

Original Image ee Mas do

Each point Big) me F (En) 0) A es
tomaran 220 > “a
The notation J’ is H(=1, 3) ES H'(|2 | 1) Es AE
read "J prime."
EPA A

Each point on the original figure is translated |3 units to the right |and

4 units down . The graph shows both figures.

x) : ITC CCE erate Complete the following exercise.

3. Draw quadrilateral WXYZ with vertices W(—1, 2), X(1, 2), Y(1, —1),
and Z(O, —1). Then find the coordinates of the vertices of the image
after the translation (x, Y>(x — 4, y + 2), and draw the image.
Original Image
Wil 2): 9 WD, 4)
X(1, 2) X'(—3, 4)
Y) 1) nes 1)
Z(0, —1) Z (=4, 1)

Lesson 10.8 Transformations in the Coordinate Plane | 233

 Reflecting a Figure
Draw trapezoid DEFG with vertices D(3, 3), E(1, 4), F(1, 1), and
G(3, 1). Then find the coordinates of the vertices of the image
after a reflection in the y-axis, and draw the image.

For each vertex of the original figure, multiply the _x |-coordinate by E

Original Image

ELA

The graph shows both figures.

Words to Review

Give an example of the vocabulary word.

Acute angle Right angle

A mZA < 90°

Obtuse angle | Straight angle

mZD = 180°
90° < MZC < 180°

Complementary Supplementary

-ZEand ZF are complementary. ZGand ZH are supplementary.

Adjacent angles Vertical angles

Z1and 22 are 41 and 22 are

adjacent angles. vertical angles.

Chapter 10 Words to Review |235 ]

 Intersecting lines Perpendicular lines

ia
A A a Son r

b
“Line a intersects line b atpoint P.

Corresponding angles Acute triangle

-2 7/4 and 22 are

corresponding
angles.

Right triangle Obtuse triangle

Congruent sides , -Equilateral triangle —

C AB= BC

Isosceles triangle Scalene triangle

4 “/\
in

2in

‘Quadrilateral Trapezoid
Parallelogram Rhombus

Polygon | Pentagon

o on ie ian ee we aed

Hexagon Heptagon

Octagon - Similar polygons

| AQRS ~ ATUV

Congruent polygons . Transformation

 Translation

Line of reflection

The y-axis is the line of reflection.

Center of rotation

The origin is the center of |

rotation.

Line symmetry

The angle of rotation from

Ato A’ is 90°.
‘as
 - Rotational symmetry

180°

The figure has 90° and 180°

clockwise (or counterclockwise)
. rotational symmetry.

Ea Review your notes and Chapter 10 by using the Chapter Review on pages ESSE
ioe of your textbook.
 Square Roots

Goal: Evaluate expressions involving square roots.

Vocabulary

Ca A square root ofa number n is a number m which,

when multiplied by itself, equals n.

Perfect squares Numbers that are squares of integers, such as

(square numbers): |1= 12 and 4 = 2?, are called perfect squares. .

pauicalexpreeciont An expression involving a radical sign is

The symbol
called a radical expression.
Y is called a
radical sign.

Finding Square Roots

Find the two square roots of the number.

a. 64 b. 100

Solution
a. The square roots of 64 are and because e = 64

and = 64.

b. The square roots of 100 are and because a =— 100

and = 100.

391111 2) Evaluating Square Roots

Ce a. V25 = 5 |because |5 |= 25.

The expression —<

_ 25 is read "the b. You know that V4 = [2] because |22 = 4. So, -V4 = |-2|
positive square
root of 25." c. VO= [o] because = 0.

" ee Lesson 11.1 Square Roots 241 .

 Solving a Square Root Equation

Flooring Pam has enough flooring to cover 196 square feet. If she
lays the flooring on a square area, what is the side length of the
largest square she can make?

Solution
s= VA Write equation for side length of a square.

V 196 Substitute for A.

= Evaluate square root.

Answer: The side length of the largest square Pam can make is | 14 feet ;

Find the two square roots of the number.

TIVA Evaluating Radical Expressions

Evaluate the expression when z= 4 and m= —3.

Need help 21+z b. V z? + m

with order of
Solution
operations? See
page 17 of your 21 +2=/2 1504 Substitute |4|for z.
textbook.
< = 1/75 Add.

= 15] Evaluate square root.

242 Chapter 11 Notetaking Guide

 b. \/z* + m? =| Va
4 (—3)2| Substitute [4|for zand | —3 | for m.
- VI6+9. Evaluate powers.

=| V25| Add.

a Evaluate square root.

Solving Equations Using Square Roots

Solve the equation.

n= 100 b. g2?-4=45
Solution
a x = 100 Write original equation.
= 25 V 100 Use definition of square root.

= Evaluate square root.

b. g?-4=45 Write original equation.

ga 4. = 45 Add 4(toeach side.

= Simplify.
go =| +V49 Use definition of square root.

gl == Evaluate square root.

Solve the equation.

A A O
 Approximating Square Roots

Goal: Approximate square roots of numbers.

Vocabulary
An irrational number cannot be written as >
a quotient of two integers, and the decimal
Irrational number:
form of an irrational number neither termin:
nor repeats.

The set of real numbers consists of all rational :

Real number:
and irrational numbers.

Approximating to a Whole Number

Approximate V18 to the nearest whole number.

Make a list of whole numbers that are perfect squares:

O15 4 916.2 eee Cc

ALS |25| Identify perfect squares closest to 18.

VIG |< 18 |< |V25 | Take positive square root of each number.

4] < Vis
V18 |<Á 5] Evaluate square root of each perfess square.

Answer: Because 18 is closer to ‘|than to}

E 25 V 18 is closer to

|Vi6 |=4 | So, to the nearest where number, V 1 8 = 4)

244 Chapter 11 Notetaking Guide

 39111830 se Approximating to the Nearest Tenth

Approximate \ 18 to the nearest tenth.

You know from Example 1 that V 18 is between [4|and 40? = [ 16 |

. Make a list of squares. From the list, you can see — ==

that 18 is between and | 4,32 | So, V18 is LE en

Once
you find the aetween |mH
4.2 | and (4.3 |
4.2* =| ornare
17.64
approximation of a
square root to the : 4.37 =| 18.49
; J
|
tenths' place, ) you SES) Answer: : Because 18 is closer to | 17.64 | than to Be

method to find the

approximation to the to the nearest tenth, V18 = (4.21
hundredths’ place,
thousandths' place,
and so on. /
Approximate the square root to the nearest whole number
and then to the nearest tenth.

4. V125

TZ

Using Square Roots

Wolves The formula for an animal's maximum walking speed s, in inches
per second, is s = 19.6V1 where / is the animal's leg length, in inches.
A wolf has 18-inch legs. Estimate the maximum walking speed of the wolf.

Solution
You can use the approximation the square root of 18 from Example 2 to
estimate the maximum walking speed of the wolf.
s=19.6V2 Write maximum walking speed formula.
= 19.6 V18 | Substitute for £.
= 19.6(| 4.2 | Use approximation of V 18 to the nearest tenth.

= Multiply.

lsaia : my Lesson 11.2 Approximating Square Roots | 245

 70
] pa

eV 82) Identifying Rational and Irrational Numbers “el

Tell whether the number is rational or irrational. Explain. | €

a. V3 b. -2 c. -V225 d. 2.363663. ..
Solution :
Need help
with rational a. V3 is irrational because aes
numbers? See
page 301 of your
|3 is a positive integer but not a perfect square .
textbook.
b. e is because

Rei which is a quotient of integers |.

C.=—V225iis because

—V225 = -15 = -2, which is a quotient of integers .

1 Lf

d. 2.363663. . . is because
qa
it neither terminates nor repeats
 The Pythagorean Theorem

Goal: Find the length of a side of a right triangle.

Vocabulary

Hypotenuse:
In a right triangle, the side opposite the right angle |
de is the hypotenuse. |

Leg:
The two sides that form the right angle ir
inaa right triangle
are legs.

| For any right angle, the sum of the squares of the

Pythagorean
lengths of the legs equals the square of the length
theorem:
of the hypotenuse.

Pythagorean Theorem
Words For any right triangle, the |sum of the

@ of the lengths of the |legs equals

the of the length of the |hypotenuse .

Algebra |a? + b? = head

EXAMPLE 1 Finding the Length of a Hypotenuse

Find the length of the hypotenuse of the triangle shown.

To find c, the length of the hypotenuse, use the cu e

Pythagorean theorem. Let a = 6 and b= 8.
EE oebmn cis Write Pythagorean theorem.
Take the
2 Substitute 16] for a and 8 for b.
positive square
root in Example 1
oe Simplify.
because length i
never negative.
= Take positive square root of each side.

Evaluate square root.

| ; . Lesson 11.3 The Pythagorean Theorem | 247

ha
E_ ’
 INTI A Approximating the Length of a Hypotenuse
For the right triangle shown, find the length of
the hypotenuse to the nearest tenth.
7mm
a? +b*=c* Write Pythagorean theorem.
172 + 172 =(2 Substitute for a and for b. 5 es
Need help =¢2 Simplify.
with approximating
square roots? See V98 |= he | Take positive square root of each side.
page 582 of your
textbook. = Approximate square root.

Answer: The length of the hypotenuse is about millimeters.

Find the length of the hypotenuse. Round to the nearest

tenth if necessary.

House Painting A painter sets his 25 foot ladder against

the side of a house. The base of the ladder is 7 feet from
the house. At what height does the ladder touch the house? pl \25ft

Solution
a’ + bt =c* Write Pythagorean theorem.
7 ft
+ pb? = Substitute for a and |25|for c.

+ pr = Evaluate powers.
b= Subtract from each side.

|b|=| V576 Take positive square root of each side.

|6 = Evaluate square root.

248 | Chapter 11 Notetaking Guide OS j E

j O
 Area of a Parallelogram

Goal: Find the areas of parallelograms.

Vocabulary
Base of a parallelogram: The base of a parallelogram is the length
of any one of the sides.

The height of a parallelogram is the perpendicular

Height of a
distance between the side whose length is the
parallelogram:
base and the opposite side.
A y

Area of a Parallelogram
Words The area A of a parallelogram is

0 | corresponding “height .

4a Algebra =

Finding the Area of a Parallelogram

WATCH OUT! Find the area of the parallelogram.

Area is measured in A= bh Write formula for area.

square units, not linear
units. = sele) Substitute for b and 6 |for h.

> Multiply.

Answer: The area of the parallelogram is |48 square centimeters

dsi a Lesson 11.4 Area ofa Parallelogram | 249 |

 Find the area of the parallelogram with the given base
and height. F

2. b=7 mm, 3. b=10.5:

h=7 mm | h=8 1

Finding the Base of a Parallelogram

Glass Cutting A window in an office building is a parallelogram. The height
of the window is 12 inches. The window covers 180 square inches. Find the
base of the window.

Solution
A= bh Write formula for area of a Parallel oe
Substitute 180.

Divide each side by o

Simplify.

e 250 | sl 11 Notetaking Guide

Ñ Y
 Areas of Triangles
and Trapezoids
Goal: Find the areas of triangles and trapezoids.

Vocabulary
Base of | The base of a triangle is the length of any one of
a triangle: | Its sides.

The height of a triangle is the perpendicular distance

Height of
between the side whose length is the base and the
a triangle:
vertex opposite that side.

Bases of a | The lengths of the parallel sides of a trapezoid are

trapezoid: | the bases of a trapezoid.

Height of The height of a trapezoid is the perpendicular

a trapezoid: |distance between the bases.

3 Area of a Triangle
: Words The area A of a triangle is the product

of a and the | corresponding height |

Finding the Area of a Triangle

Sculpture An artist is creating a sculpture that includes
a triangular face that has a base 125 feet long and a
height of 84 feet. Find the area of the triangular face.

Solution
Write formula for area ese ce
2 of a triangle. 125 ft

= a125 |J[|84|) Substitute for b and for h.

a | Multiply.

Answer: The area of the face is |5250 square feet .

Lesson 11.5 Areas of Triangles and Trapezoids | 251

 Finding the Base of a Triangle

A triangle has a height of 15 centimeters and an area of 202.5 square €

centimeters. Find the base of the triangle.

A=atebh Write formula for area of a triangle.

2025 |_
202.5 = 3b(15)
| 202.5) for
Substitute | 202.5
|
Aand| 15|for h.

202.5 |=|7.5b Simplify.

27 =b Divide each side by 7.5 |

Answer: The base of the triangle is |27 centimeters |.

Find the unknown area or height of the triangle.

1.A=2,b=7ft h=12ft "2 A=52mM,b=8mh=2?.

Because a
trapezoid has more Area of a Trapezoid
than one base, the
Words The area A of a trapezoid is
bases of a trapezoid are
usually labeled b, the product of the ¡sum of the bases | and
and bp. b, is read
"b sub one." (o the |height .

Algebra A
A >(b, +b ,)h

Chapter 11 - Notetaking Guide

1
á »
4 «+» ETE
 Finding the Area of a Trapezoid
Find the area of the trapezoid shown. 8 in.

= 300, + bo) Write formula for area of a trapezoid.

= 4( 8 |+ 3 Ml 7 ] Substitute 8 for b,, 3

for b,, and for h. 3 in.

= 165900 Simplify.

Answer: The area of the trapezoid is |38.5 square inches .

Finding the Height of a Trapezoid

A trapezoid has an area of 82 square meters. The bases are 11 meters
and 9 meters. Find the height.

A= SD, + b,)h Write formula for area of a trapezoid.

A 1 i )r Substitute for A, 11] for b,,

and 9 for b,.

- 4(/20|)n Add.
E 10 h Multiply.
h Divide each side by 10.

40 fé
4. A= 22 m*,b, =7m,b,= ?2,h=4m

4m
5. A= 15 cm’, b, = [Link], b, = 7 cm, h=_?_

3cm

Lesson 11.5 Areas of Triangles and Trapezoids 253

 Circumference of a Circle

Goal: Find the circumferences of circles.

Vocabulary
Sie: A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are the same.
distance from a fixed point.

The center of a circle is the fixed point from which the a

peek: points on the circle are the same distance.

Radius: The distance from the center to any point on the circle i
is”
the radius.

The distance across the circle through the center isis the
Diameter:
diameter.

The circumference of a circle is the distance

Circumference:
around the circle.

Circumference of a Circle
Words The circumference C of a circle is the product
of and the 'diameter | or the product
diameter d
of and the “radius .

Finding the Circumference of a Circle

Find the circumference of the sundial. Use 3.14 for 7.
WATCH OUT!
C=a7d Write formula for circumference. '
The circumference of
a circle is measured in vs Substitute for 7 and
linear units, not square
[3.14 [24)) for d.
units.
E Multiply.

Answer: The circumference of the sundial is about |75.36

75. 36 inches .

254 Chapter 11 Notetaking Guide

2 y A
 391 1143 13 Finding the Circumference of a Circle
When the Find the circumference of the circle. Use 5 for 7.
radius or diameter
of a circle is divisible by C=2rr Write formula for circumference.
7, use 2 as the = 12)][[28 Substitute for 7 and for r.
approximation
for 7. = Multiply.
Answer: The circumference is about! 176 centimeters |.

113.04 ft

Finding the Diameter of a Circle

Needlework Amelia is making a rug for her dining room floor. The rug will .
have a circumference of 44 feet. What will the diameter of the rug be?

Solution
C.= md Write formula for circumference.

44 = 2d Substitute for C and * for rr.

a) ~~ [ME (2a Multiply each side by ll
=d Simplify.

Answer: The diameter of the rug will be about} 14 feet |.

Solve the foilowing problem.

4. The circumference of a circle is 100.48 meters. Find the circle's diameter.

about 32 meters
Lesson 11.6 Circumference of a Circle | 255
 Area of a Circle

Goal: Find the areas of circles.

Area of a Circle
Words The area A of a circle is the product of

and |the square of the radius .

Algebra Al = ar

Finding the Area of a Circle

Find the area of the circle to the right. Use 3.14 for 7.

A= 755 2 Write formula for area of a circle.

- (314)
(3.14 (6?
| Substitute
6 |for r.
for a and
5

=| 113.04 Simplify.

Answer: The area of the circle is about | 113.04 square units |

Finding the Area of a Circle

Irrigation A farmer uses an irrigation system to water his
crops. The diameter of the circle formed by the system is
54 feet. Find the area of the irrigated area.

Solution
1. Find the radius.

2. Find the area.

‘ape
A= Tr Write formula for area of a circle.

fs(|3.14])(27)? | Substitute 3.14 for a and for rn

aoe Sibley

| Answer: The area of the irrigated area is about |2289 square feet .

256 Chapter 11 Notetaking Guide

IIA Find the area of the circle. Use +
2 or 3.14 for 7.

a
le 3.

452.16 m? 3850 yd? 132.665 ft?

Standardized Test Practice

Which expression can be evaluated to find the radius of a circle that has an
area of 1384.74 square meters.
1384.74
A ® 1(1384.74)?

(ey an (D> V1384.747

Solution
A= ar" Write formula for area of a circle.

= a7 Substitute for A.

EL if - Simplify.

a
i334: aw. Take positive square root of each side.

an= > Evaluate square root.

Answer: The radius of the circle is poe eh meters |, Which is about

TT

21 meters . The correct answer is ne Doo o

Lesson 11.7 Area of a Circle 257

 Words to Review

Give an example of the vocabulary word.

>

Square root Perfect square (square numbers)

The square roots of 16 are 4 25 = (+5)?

and —4.

Radical expression Irrational number

V16 + x 31211211...

Real number Hypotenuse

22.015 > 2.3, and

3.12112111...are all real
numbers.

Leg Pythagorean theorem

- Base of a parallelogram Height of a parallelogram

258 Chapter1 Notetaking Guide

 Base of a triangle | Height of a triangle

b
=

Bases of a trapezoid ! Height of a trapezoid

: :

: Circle | Center
E 4

A |
Radius Pb | Diameter

Circumference AA ) y

> |

Review your notes and Chapter 11 by pene the See Review on pages 619-622
of your peste
Classifying Solids

Goal: [Link] and identify their parts.

Vocabulary
A solid is a three-dimensional figure that encloses a part
Solid:
of space.

Sm A prism is a solid formed by polygons. Prisms have two

congruent bases that lie in parallel planes.

p _,.| A pyramid is a solid formed by polygons. The base can

yramid: PEE
be any polygon, and the other polygons are triangles. |

A cylinder is a solid with two congruent circular bases

Cylinder:
that lie in parallel planes.
2]

Cone: |A cone is a solid with one circular base.

A sphere is a solid formed by all points in space that

Sphere: | are the same distance from a fixed point called the
center.
Se

ee When polygons form the sides of a solid, they are called

" |faces. :

EJES) The line segments where the faces of a solid meet are
Be: edges.

Vertex: |Each point where the edges of a solid meet is a vertex. |

Lesson 12.1 Classifying Solids | 261

 Classifying Solids

Classify the solidas a prism, pyramid, cylinder, cone, or sphere.

a. b.

Solution
a. The baseball is a "sphere .

b. The trunk is a "prism |

c. The water tower is a -oylinder .

Standardized Test Practice

Geometry Which solid is made up of two congruent, parallel pentagons

and 5 rectangles?

CA) Pentagonal pyramid (B> Pentagonal prism

©) Rectangular prism | (D> Hexagonal prism
Solution

Answer: A| pentagonal prism is made up of two “congruent ,

parallel pentagons and5 rectangles. The correct answer is |B.

® ® © DO

262 | Chapter 12 —Notetaking Guide

 > eV THe Counting Faces, Edges and Vertices
Count the number of faces, edges, and vertices in the triangular pyramid.

Dashed
lines are used to
show hidden edges
of a solid. O

Answer: The pyramid has 4 |faces, 6 |edges, and 4 |vertices.

Classify the solid. Be as specific as possible.

3 rectangular prism pentagonal pyramid cylinder

4. Count the number of faces, edges, and vertices in the solid
in Exercise 1.

The prism has 6 faces, 12 edges, and 8 vertices.

E: | - Lesson 12.1 Classifying Solids | 263

» AA ds ; Sa ’ i y ;
 Sketching Solids

Goal: Sketch solids.

91 11125 E Sketching a Prism

Sketch a hexagonal prism.

1. Sketch two congruent hexagons.

In
Example 1,
notice that six of the

>
faces appear to be
parallelograms even
though they are actually
rectangles. The
2. Connect the corresponding vertices using line segments.
parallelograms (|

3. Make any “hidden” lines dashed.

264 | Chapter 12 Notetaking Guide

i ie Fall SOR E y 7 y
MA, AER AD SAA AAA ee Mu
 Sketching a Pyramid
Sketch a triangular pyramid.

1. Sketch a triangle 2. Connect the 3. Make any “hidden”

h for the base and vertices of the lines dashed.
draw a dot directly triangle to the dot.
above the triangle.

Sketching Three Views of a Solid

Sketch the top, side, and front views of the cylinder.

Solution
The top view of The side view of The front view of
a cylinder is a cylinder is a cylinder is

a | circle |. a} rectangle|. a| rectangle |

CCT acetate Complete the following exercises.

3. Sketcha pentagonal pyramid. - 4. Sketch the top, side, and front

views of the pentagonal pyramid
you sketched in Exercise 3.
 Surface Area of
Rectangular Prisms ¢
Goal: Find the surface area of rectangular prisms.

Vocabulary
_| The surface area of a solid is the sum of the areas
Surface Area
of its outside surfaces.

Net: The two-dimensional representation of a solid is a net. — a

Finding Surface Area Using a Net

Find the surface area of the rectangular prism.

1. Find the area of each face.

Area of top or bottom:

Area of front or back:

Area of either side:

2. Add [Link] of all six faces.

24 +24 + 16+16+6+6|=[92|
Answer: The surface area of the prism is |92 square inches a

Surface Area of a Rectangular Prism

Words The surface area S of a rectangular
prism is the |sum of the areas of its faces .

Algebra =| 2lw+ 2h + peas

266 Chapter 12 Notetaking Guide

 Finding Surface Area Using a Formula
Find the surface area of the rectangular prism.

S= 2lw+ 21h + 2wh Write formula for surface area.

= 2112 }\|4|)+ a(|12 [16 |) Substitute for £, 4 |for

+ a(/4 \\/6 ) w, and |6|for h.
= + se Multiply.
= Add.

Answer: The surface area of the prism is |288 square meters .

Find the surface area of the rectangular prism. Check your

answer by finding the area of the prism’s net.

Lesson 12.3 Surface Area of Rectangular Prisms 267

®a
 Using Surface Area ‘a
Gift Wrap Leann is wrapping a present for her father. She has
15 square feet of wrapping paper. Does she have enough
wrapping paper to cover the box?

Solution
1. Find the surface area of the box.

- (55) > AENA) - RS) SNe

S = 2lw+ 21h + 2wh , Write formula. —

Simplify.

2. Compare the surface area to the amount of gift wrap Leann has.

Answer: Leann |does not |

have enough wrapping paper.
Surface Area of Cylinders

Goal: Find the surface area of cylinders.

Surface Area of a Cylinder

Words The surface area S of a cylinder is the
sum of the area of the “curved surface
and the areas of the |circular bases

Algebra, S = 2mrh + mr?

Finding the Surface Area of a Cylinder

Find the surface area of the cylinder. Use 3.14 for 7.

Solution
S = 2arh + 21rr? Write formula.

= a(|3.14 [4 i a +2( 3.14 ) (4)? substitute values.

se . Multiply.
352 Add.

Answer: The surface area is about | 352 square centimeters

Lesson 12.4 Surface Area of Cylinders 269

 Finding the Height of a Cylinder
Water Heater A company manufactures covers for cylindrical water €
heaters to help save energy and retain heat. The water heater has a
radius of 1.5 feet. The cover uses 45 square feet of insulated fabric.
Find the height of the cylinder. Use 3.14 for 7.

Solution
Write formula for
surface area.

45 = (|3.14 {|1.5)nA a(|3.14 } Substitute E

45 = Be Multiply. |

as |-| 14.13] ~| 9.42h]+| 14.13 |—|14.13| suas: [NA

30.87 = Simplify.
30.87 a 9.42h Divide each side

9.42 oy |
9.42|
3.28 |=h Simplify.

Answer: The height of the water heater is about 3.28 feet . J

339.12 ft?
4. Find the height of a cylinder that has a radius of 9 meters and a
area of 791 square meters. Use 3.14 for 7. Round your answer
nearest meter. E : :

270 | Chapter12 Notetaking Guide

Volume of Rectangular Prisms

Goal: Find the volume of rectangular prisms.

Vocabulary
Volume: |The volume of a solid is the amount of space it contains.

Volume of a Rectangular Prism

Words The volume Vof a rectangular prism is the

Algebra =

Volume of a Rectangular Prism’

Freezer The Gilbert family has a chest freezer that has a length of
48 inches, a width of 30 inches, and a height of 36 inches. What is
the volume of the freezer?

48 in.

Solution
WA Write formula for volume of a
rectangular prism.

A “ls
al Substitute Tori for w,

=| 51,840 Multiply.

Answer: The freezer will hold |51,840 cubic inches |.

Lesson 12.5 Volume of Rectangular Prisms 271

 Find the volume of the rectangular prism.

The rectangular prism shown has a volume of 2052 cubic millimeters.

Find the prism's height.

19 mm

Solution
We Te Write formula for volume of a
rectangular prism.

2052 |= (me 2)» Substitute for V, 19 |for £,

and for w.

| 2052 =| 228h Multiply.

= Divide each side by 228 |

=h Simplify.

Answer: The height of the prism is | 9 millimeters .

272 | Chapter 12 Notetaking Guide

 Find the unknown length, width, or height of the
rectangular prism.

4. V= 14418 ,= 2 w=3ft h=6ft

5. V=308cm? £=7cm,w= ? ,h=11cm

6. V=78m?*/=65m,w=4m,h=?.

Using the Volume of a Rectangular Prism

Snack Mix A cereal box is 6 inches long, 10 inches tall, and 1.5 inches wide.
Marta is mixing a snack mix in a tin canister that holds 585 cubic inches.
How many boxes of cereal will Marta open in order to fill her container?

Solution
1. Find the volume of the cereal box.

V= Lwh

- (Lsplis 110 |
= in?

2. To find the number of cereal boxes Marta will open, divide cubic

inches by 90
90. cubic inches.

585[in =|90Jin? =|65,

Answer: Because it doesn’t make sense to open boxes, Marta must

open boxes of cereal to fill the container.

Lesson 12.5 Volume of Rectangular Prisms 273

 Volume of Cylinders

Goal: Find the volume of cylinders.

Volume of a Cylinder
Words The volume V of a cylinder is the of

the of the base and the | height .

Algebra |V |=

34111435 fo Standardized Test Practice

What is the volume of the cylinder? Use 3.14 for 7.

You
have learned
many properties and
formulas related to
solids. Writing a
summary of what you | (A) 62.8 m? (B> 251.2 m?
have learned may help O 314 m3 > 1256 mi
you prepare for the :
Solution
V= rrr?h . Write formula for volume of a cylinder.
Me
Sb wae
Substitute for rr, for r,

- Multiply.
Answer: The volume of the cylinder is about 251.2 cubic meters .

The correct answer is B | A @® © DO

274 Chapter 12. Notetaking Guide

 Comparing Volumes of Cylinders
Tomato Sauce Carlos found two cans of tomato sauce in the pantry. One
can has a diameter of 4 inches and a height of 5 inches. The second one
has a diameter of 3 inches and a height of 6 inches. Which can has the
greater volume?

Solution
WATCH OUT!
1. Find the radius of each can, which is
Make sure to use the
half of the diameter.
radius, not the diameter,
in the formula for 4
Can 2 4-[2]n
volume of a cylinder.

Can 213 [15]

2. Find the volume of each can. Use 3.14 for 7.

Can 1: Can 2:
V= rr?h V= rr?h

= (13:14 4 [[5) ~(/3.14/)

(1.5)?[|6)
E in.3 - in.
Answer: Can 1] has the greater volume.

371111339 Finding the Radius of a Cylinder

A cylinder has a height of 12 feet and a volume of 3768 cubic feet. Find
the radius of the cylinder. Use 3.14 for 7.

V= rrr?h Write formula for volume of a cylinder.

AO SS
Need
help with solving
Substitute |3768 |for V,| 3,14 |for r,
equations using
‘square roots? See
page 579 of your 3768 |~|=|37.
37.687
37.687? 7| Multiply.
textbook.
E
100. “2 | Divide each side by |37.68 .
Take positive square root of each side.

ereitare square root.

Lesson 12.6 Volume of Cylinders 275

 12.56cm> | 1017.36 in?
4. Find the radius of a cylinder :that has a height of
o 7
of 351.68 cubic inches. Use 3. 14 of 7. e

‘ ore
» y
y

ad
LS

my

: mt
3
/ iad

= ea ac
Ue $
4 An A

/ {
S|
a MN
a el
E bt
j

e 4

' “CY
y 4

nn
 Words to Review

Give an example of the vocabulary word.

Solid Prism

; Pyramid Cylinder

Face Edge
 Vertex Surface area

The surface area of a solid is

the sum of the areas of its ©
outside surfaces.

Net Volume | AA

The volume of a solid is the

amount of space it contain

La 7 cm a

: Review your notes and Chapter 12 by using the Chapter Review on pages 669-672 mn:
of your textbook.
 Introduction to Probability

Goal: Find probabilities.

Vocabulary
When you perform an experiment, the possible
Outcomes:
results are called outcomes.

Event: |An event is a collection of outcomes.

Once you specify an event, the outcomes for

Favorable outcomes:
that event are called favorable outcomes.

| probability: The probability of an event is a measure of the

"| likelihood that the event will occur.

’ uu. |Theoretical probability is based on

TS AES Reta LAU knowing all of the equally likely outcomes.

Probability that is based on repeated

3 Experimental probability: |trials of an experiment is called an
] experimental probability.

37111135 ES Finding a Probability

Find the probability of randomly choosing a 0) 0)
striped ball from the balls shown at the right. 0))

RS
Solution <———. There are striped balls.
You can write P(striped) = ==
probabilities as 10 «“*—— There are balls in all.
fractions, decimals,
or percents. Tas
Answer: The probability of randomly choosing a striped ball is

“Lesson 13.1 Introduction to Probability 279

 Find the probability of the event.

1. From the balls in Example 1, you randomly choose a spotted ball. €

| z 0.2, or 20%

| 2. You get heads when you flip a coin.

> 0.5, or 50%

E

3. You get a multiple of 3 when you roll a number cube.

1 Pe 1
3 0:3: or 333%

Findingan Experimental Probability

Guests Robert tracked whether guests knocked
on his door or rang his doorbell and wrote his
Doorbell
results in the table at the right. Find the probability
that the next guest will ring the doorbell.

1. Determine the number of successes and the number of trials.

Because a success is | ringing the doorbell , there
are SUCCESSES.

There are| 15 |+| 10 |El 25|trials.

2. Find the probability.

15 <«——— There are| 15 successes.

P(doorbell) = ==
25 <—— There are trials.

Bee
Answer: The probability that the next guest will ring the doorbell

is 5 0.6 |or 60% .

280 | Chapter13 Notetaking Guide

Bae Oe %
 Solve the following problems.

4. In Example 2, what is the probability that the next guest will knock
on the door?

2 0.4, or 40%

5. At an auto dealership, of the last 150 vehicles purchased, 45 were sport

utility vehicles. Find the probability that the next purchase will be a sport
utility vehicle.

3
70° 0.3, or 30%

Standardized Test Practice

Cell Phones A survey of 150 twelve to seventeen year olds indicates that
48 of them have a cell phone. Which equation could you use to predict
the number of twelve to seventeen year olds out of 1000 who have a
cell phone?

4s 1000 48 X
@ Onn ox. B A000, 4150
48 Xx 150 x
© 150° 1000 D 48 — 1000

Solution
You can solve the problem by using ratios to form a proportion.

Number surveyed |_ | Number predicted

150 1000

Soa
1000

Answer: You can solve

150 ~ |on | en [320]
150 | | 1000 to predict that 320 out of 1000

twelve to seventeen year olds have a cell phone. The correct answer is [cl
A ® © DO
Lesson 13.1 Introduction to Probability | 281
 Tree Diagrams
A
Goal: Use a tree diagram to find all possible outcomes.

Vocabulary
A tree diagram can help you find the possible .
Tree diagram:
outcomes of an event by using branching to
list choices.

Making a Tree Diagram

Sandwich Shop A sandwich shop has a daily special where customers
can choose from ham, turkey, or roast beef. Customers can then choose
between Swiss cheese and cheddar cheese. Make a tree diagram to find
all the possibilities of sandwiches.

Solution
List the meats. List the choices List the outcomes.
of cheese for €
each meat.

Swiss ham and Swiss __

ham e Ores
cheddar ham and cheddar ~

“Swiss | turkey and Swiss

“cheddar | _ turkey and cheddar

"Swiss | “roast beef and Swiss :

: Li : ; cd
beef Kk
cheddar | roast beef and cheddar

Answer: There are different choices of sandwiches.

282 Chapter13 Notetaking Guide

CAS Make a tree diagram to solve the problem.

1. At a children’s photography studio, parents can choose from pink,

blue, black, or white for the background color and a rocking horse,
a truck, or a doll for the prop. How many choices of photographs do
parents have?

background prop
color
rocking horse
pink < truck

rocking horse
blue < truck
doll
rocking horse
black < truck
doll
rocking horse
white < truck
doll
12 choices

Making a Tree Diagram

Camp Scheduling You are scheduling your afternoon activities at camp.
The activities are at 1:00 P.M. and 3:00 P.M., and the choices are crafts,
rappelling, weight lifting, horseback riding, and music. If you must choose two
different activities, how many afternoon activity schedules are possible?

Solution

aJwj am / Le},
R| jim c oR WI H
Horseback riding (H)

cw) OM RW Mt
Answer: There are possible schedules.

Lesson 13.2 Tree Diagrams | 283

 Using a Tree Diagram
A sack has three chips in it: a red chip, a blue chip, and a green chip. |
To find the probability of randomly drawing the same chip when €
drawing a chip from the sack, replacing it, and drawing again, make
a tree diagram to find the outcomes.

Solution

Draw 1 G

ora2 a 5
Answer: Because 3] of the [9|outcomes have the same chip, the

probability is El] or al]

2 3
Use a tree diagram to find the probability.

2. You roll a number cube and flip a coin. What is the probability that
you roll a number greater than 4 and heads? :

284 | Chapter 13 Notetaking Guide

y se,
SS y
 The Counting Principle

Goal: Use the counting principle to find outcomes.

The Counting Principle

If one event can occur in m ways, and for each of these a second event
can occur is n ways, then the number of ways that the two events can
occur together is men.

The counting principle can be extended to three or more events.

Using the Counting Principle

Dance Toward the end of a school dance, the disc jockey has three ballads,
five pop songs, and two jazz songs to choose from. How many different
choices does the disc jockey have if one ballad, one pop song, and one
jazz song are to be played?
Number of Number of Number of Number of
ballads pop songs jazz songs choices

a + ds 5
Answer: The disc jockey has choices.

Using the Counting Principle

License Plates How many different 6 character license plates are possible,
if each character can be a digit or a letter and can be repeated?

Solution
Use the counting principle to find the number of different license plates.

There are ar = choices for each character.

Answer: There are possible license plates.

Lesson 13.3 The Counting Principle | 285

ie : :
 Finding a Probability
Student Identification Numbers Students at a small college are
assigned student identification numbers. The IDs are made up of €
five digits. If the digits can be repeated, what is the probability that
a randomly chosen student will be assigned the ID number 12345?

Solution

a
1. Find the number of different ID numbers.

(WATCH our!
In both Example 2 and
Example 3, notice that
0-0
2. Find the probability that the ID number is 12345.
the digits O through 9
represent 10 digits, not P(12345) = oe ah Only of the outcomes is 12345.
9 digits.

Answer: The probability that a randomly chosen student will be assigned the
y iy
ID number 12345 is 100,000 :

Use the counting principle to solve the problem.

1. You have 36 baseball cards, 20 from American League teams and fy

16 from National League teams. How many outcomes are possible
if you randomly choose 1 American League card and 1 National
League card?

. You spin a spinner with 6 different numbers (1 through 6) and another

spinner with 8 different numbers (1 through 8). How many different
outcomes are possible? Be

. In Exercise 2, what is the probabil that ihe first spinner lands on 3 B

and the second spinner lands on 7? :

286 | Chapter 13 Notetaking Guide

m7 A” |
Permutations and
Combinations
Goal: Use permutations and combinations.

Vocabulary
e fase A permutation is an arrangement of a group of
objects in a particular order.

A combination is a grouping of objects in which the

Combination: > :
order is not important.

Counting Permutations
Basketball Five players are introduced as the starting players of a
basketball team. How many ways can the five players be introduced?

Solution
Use the counting principle.
Choices Choices Choices Choices Choices Ways to
for first x for second x for third x for fourth x for fifth = introduce
player player player player player players

A: AM:a:a- II

Answer: There are different ways to introduce the players.

Counting Permutations .
Spelling Bee There were 47 children entered in this year’s city-wide spelling
bee. In how many ways could the first, second, and third places be awarded?

Solution

Choices for _ Choices for Choices for Ways to award

first place “ second place * third place = first, second, and
third place

Answer: There were |97,290 | ways to award first, second, and third place. -

Lesson 13.4 Permutations and Combinations | 287

 Find the number of permutations.

E 1. In how many ways can you arrange the letters in the word HOLIDAY? €

- 5040
2. There are 10 runners in a long distance race. In how many ways can the
runners place first, second, and third?

720

391 (IA Listing Combinations

Errands Maurice's mom asks him to choose two errands to run. He can pick
from the grocery store (GS), the dry cleaners (DC), the car wash (CW), the
post office (PO); and City Hall (CH). How many different choices does Maurice
have if the order in which the errands are done does not matter? .
In Example 3, Solution
you can use a
Start by listing all of the permutations of 2 errands. Because the order in
tree diagram to find
which Maurice chooses the errands does not matter, cross out one of any
the permutations of 2
pair of permutations that lists the same two errands.
errands. Then cross out
one of any pair of
permutations that lists
GS\DC Dees CWAGS PONES CRAIGS.
the same two GS\CW DC\CW CWADC POwDC CHOC
errands. GS\PO DC\PO CW\PO POWEW CTHICW
GS\CH DC\CH CW\CH PO\CH THRO.

288 Chapter 13 Notetaking Guide

,
 Relating Combinations and Permutations
Vacation Allison is packing for a vacation. She owns 16 pairs of shoes,
and plans on taking 3 pairs with her. How many choices does she have?

Solution
Because the order in which the pairs of shoes are chosen does not matter,
you need to find the number of combinations.
1. Find the number of permutations when choosing 3 pairs from 16.

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-[2009]
2. Find the number of permutations when arranging 3 objects.

EDO
mo
3. Divide the number of permutations when choosing 3 pairs of shoes
from 16 by the number of permutations when arranging 3 objects.

Answer: Allison has choices.

3 QUAD Find the number of combinations.

3. You want to see 6 different movies over spring break, but only have
money to see 3. How many choices do you have if the order in which
you see them is not important?

. Your city is offering Museum Day, where you can visit any of the
12 museums for free. You have time to visit 4 museums. How many
ways can you choose 4 museums if the order in which you visit
them is not important?

Lesson 13.4 Permutations and Combinations 289

 Disjoint Events

Goal: Find the probability that either of two events occurs.

Vocabulary
Disjoint events are events that have no outcomes |
Disjoint events:
in common.

Overlapping events are events that have one |

Overlapping events:
or more outcomes in common.

Two disjoint events where one or the -

Complementary events: | other must occur are complementary
events.

Disjoint and Overlapping Events

Tell whether the events involving the spinner are disjoint or overlapping.

To help you Event P: Get a number greater than 4.

understand the Event Q: Get an even number.
difference between
disjoint and overlapping Solution
events, you can make Make a list of the outcomes for each event.
a concept grid for Then determine whether the events have any
each term. outcomes in common.

Event P: List the numbers greater than 4.

Event Q: List the even numbers.

Answer: There | is an outcome | in common, so the events

are overlapping |.

290 Chapter 13 Notetaking Guide _

e AA ds
 Tell whether the events involving the spinner in Example 1
are disjoint or overlapping.

1. Event J: Get a prime number.

Event K: Get a number greater than 5.

disjoint

Probability of Disjoint Events

Words For two disjoint events, the probability that either of the events
occurs is the of the probabilities of the events.

Algebra If A and B are disjoint events, then P(A or B) =| P(A) + P(B) |.

Probability of Disjoint Events

Television Viewing The table shows the types
of television shows viewed by a family in a
month. What is the probability that a randomly
chosen show watched by the family that month
is a sitcom or a news program?

The events are disjoint because a news

program is not a sitcom.
P(sitcom) + P(news) = “28 |%dE 13 |% Reality

Answer: The probability that the show is either a sitcom or a news program

is (41 |%.

Lesson 13.5 Disjoint Events 291

 Refer to Example 2.

2. What is the probability that a randomly chosen program is a reality

program or a cartoon?

Probability of Complementary Events

Day Care Of the workers at Kids Kingdom Day Care Center, 78% of the
employees have professional certifications. What is the probability that.
a randomly chosen employee at the center is not certified?

Solution
P(not certified) = 1 |— P(certified) Write verbal model.

Pa i Substitute 78% or 0.78 |

. for P(certified).
= Subtract. €

Answer: The probability that a randomly chosen employee is not

certified is 0.22) or |22|%.

3 Notetaking Guide
“
independent and
Dependent Events

Goal: Find the probability of dependent events.

Vocabulary

Two events are independent events if the

Independent events: |occurrence of one event does not affect the
likelihood that the other event will occur.

Two events are dependent events if the

Dependent events:
occurrence of one event does affect the
likelihood that the other event will occur.

independent and Dependent Events

A drawer contains 15 socks, 7 blue and 8 white. You close your eyes and
pull out a blue sock first, then a white sock, without replacing the blue
sock. Are these events independent or dependent?

Whether or not you choose a blue sock first |does affect the likelihood
that you choose a white sock second. This is because the ratio of blue to
white socks in the drawer “changes ¡after the first sock is pulled from the
drawer and not put back.

Answer: The events are "dependent

A jar contains 8 red and 12 blue marbles.

1. You randomly choose a marble, put it back, then randomly choose

another marble. Are the events “choose a red marble first” and
“choose a blue marble second” independent or dependent?

independent

Lesson 13.6 Independent and Dependent Events 293

 Probability of Independent Events
Words For two independent events, the probability that both events
occur is the |product | of the probabilities of the events.

Algebra If A and B are independent events, the P(A and B) =| P(A) + P(B) |.

EXAMPLE 2 Probability of Independent Events

Carnival Tara is playing a game at a carnival where she picks a rubber duck
In common from a pond. There are 12 ducks in the pond for which there is no prize and
usage, being 4 ducks that will award a prize. What is the probability that Tara picks a
independent means prize-winning duck, replaces the duck in the pond, then picks another
being free from the prize-winning duck?
control of others. This
Solution
may help you remember
the meaning of 1. Find the probability of each event.
independent
events. P(win) = 4 =| 0.25 There are ducks in all.

4 Because Tara replaces the first

P(win) = = duck, there are winning ducks €
for the second pick.

2. Because the events are independent, multiply the probabilities.

P(win and win) =| P(win) X P(win)

=| 0.25 x 0.25

=| 0.0625

Answer: The probability that Tara selects 2 winning ducks from the pond in
a row is 0.0625 , or |6.25 |%.

Probability of Dependent Events

Words For two dependent events, the probability that both events occur
is the of the probability of the first event and the probability

of the second event | given the first |.

Algebra If A and B are dependent events, then

P(A and B) =| P(A) + P(B given A) |.

294 | Chapter 13 Notetaking Guide

ae
A Y
 Probability of Dependent Events
Beverages Jeffrey's mother has 10 orange juice boxes, 7 grape juice boxes,
and 3 lemonade juice boxes in the cooler for Jeffrey and his friends. Jeffrey
randomly takes a juice box from the cooler, then randomly chooses another
juice box without replacing the first. Find the probability that both juice boxes
are grape.

Solution
Find the probability of the first event and the probability of the second event
given the first. Then multiply the probabilities.

7 Out of 20 |juice boxes, are

1. P(grape) = |——
20 grape.

6 Of the remaining 19 [juice boxes,

2. P(grape given grape) = a :
are grape.

3. P(grape and grape) = % x > Multiply probabilities.

E ;

=| PX Divide out common factor.

x 19
10

3 E
= | 490
|
Multiply.

| a
Answer: The probability that both juice boxes are grape is el

MT Adra) Refer to Example 3.

2. Find the probability that both juice boxes are lemonade when the first
juice box chosen is not replaced:

3
190

' , Lesson 13.6 Independent and Dependent Events 295

 Words to Review

Give an example of the vocabulary word.

Outcomes Event

Heads and tails on a coin Getting 3 heads in a row when

tossing a coin 3 times

Favorable outcomes Probability

:
Getting heads in a coin toss The probability of an event is a
when you want heads measure of the likelihood that
the event will occur. *

Theoretical probability Experimental probability

The theoretical probability Of 26 guests who entered a hotel

|of rolling a 4 on a number in the last hour, 14 were male.
cube is 7. The experimental probability that
a randomly selected hotel gues
is male is 4. |

Tree diagram Permutation

Tossing a coin 2 times A permutation is an arrangement

1st toss H Te of a group of objects in a
particular order.
TeX
2nd toss H ae H E

Combination Disjoint events

A combination is a grouping of Rolling an odd number on a

objects in which the order is not number cube and rolling an
important. even number on a number cube gy

296 Chapter 13 Notetaking Guide

Overlapping events Complementary events

Rolling an odd number on a Tossing heads on a coin and

number cube and rolling a prime tossing tails on a coin
number on a number cube

Independent events Dependent events

Randomly choosing orange from Randomly choosing orange from

a box of crayons (containing a box of crayons (containing
orange and purple), replacing the orange and purple), then
crayon, then randomly choosing randomly choosing purple
purple. without replacing the first.

Review your notes and Chapter 13 by using the Chapter Review on pages 723-726
of your textbook.

Chapter 13 Words to Review — 297

Vo

5. McDougal Littell

e Develops Notetaking Skills

e Reinforces Key Concepts and Vocabulary

e Promotes Interactive Learning through

worked-cut examples
concept-check questions
vocabulary review

e Provides a Handy Resource for Chapter Review

Larson __ Boswell Kanold Stiff