EFFECTS OF VARIED LIMESTONE

COARSE AGGREGATES ON THE

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE

Members:

Lasad, Arabia A.
Mamoribid, Hannah A.
Shariff, Gibrein S.
Solaiman, Badrodin A.
 EFFECTS OF VARIED LIMESTONE COARSE AGGREGATES ON THE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background & Rationale of the Study

Concrete is one of the most widely used in construction materials globally due to its

strength, durability, and versatility. However, the production of conventional concrete involves

significant environmental impact, particularly through the extraction and use of natural

aggregates such as gravel and sand. Additionally, the demand of concrete continuous to rise,

necessitating exploration into alternative materials to mitigate environmental concerns and

enhance sustainability.

Limestone, a sedimentary rock abundant in many regions, present itself as a potential

alternative to traditional aggregates in concrete production. It use offers several advantages,

including reduced environmental impact, availability, and potentially improved properties of

concrete. Limestone aggregates can offer benefits enhanced the workability, reduce permeability,

and even compressive strength in some cases.

This study aims to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of using different variation

of limestone gathered in our five selected areas: from Baranggay Raguisi Sultan Kudarat

Maguindanao del Norte, Baranggay Damaniog Sultan Kudarat Maguindanao del Norte,

Dimapatoy River DOS, Baranggay Tanuel DOS and Branggay Mompong DOS. By examining

the mechanical properties, durability, and environmental impact of limestone, this research seeks
to contribute to the ongoing efforts in sustainable construction practices, this different variation

of limestone as a coarse aggregates partially substituting as a conventional aggregates to the

concrete.

Through a compressive analysis of existing literature, laboratory experimentation, and

comparative studies, this research endeavor to provide valuable insights into the potential of

limestone as a sustainable alternative concrete production.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Numerous studies were conducted on determining the compressive strength of

engineering materials especially mortars and bricks, however very little is known about the

compressive strength of a concrete using different variations of limestone. The following are the

problems the researchers want to verify.

a. Is the different variations of limestone coarse aggregates suitable as a partial replacement in

concrete mixtures?

b. How does the compressive strength of concrete vary with different variations of limestone

aggregates?

c. What is the ideal percentage of various limestone variations to be utilized as partial

substitutes in concrete to achieve optimal performance?

1.3 Objectives of the study

 The following are the objectives the researcher aims to clarify:

a. To evaluate the suitability of different variations of limestone coarse aggregates as a partial

replacement in concrete mixtures.

b. To investigate how different variations of limestone coarse aggregates affect the

compressive strength of concrete.

c. To determine the optimal percentage of different variations of limestone to be used as a

partial substitute in concrete.

1.4 Significance of the study

This research will be essential to future researchers because the data and results that will

be gathered from this study will help those who are interested in the study of the compressive

strength of concrete with the use of limestone coarse aggregates as a partial substitution.

Furthermore, the result of this research will help overcome the rate of demand or shortage of

locally available natural coarse. This study will contribute valuable insights to the construction

industry by investigating the effects of different types of limestone aggregates on concrete

strength as an 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% substitution.

1.5 Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

•Coarse Aggregates -
Limestone form
Baranggay Raguisi Sultan
Kudarat, Maguindanao • Selection of five
Del Norte, Damaniog different limestone • Values obtained from
Sultan Kudarat, aggregates sieve analysis
Maguindanao Del Norte,
•Prepare a control concrete • Compressive strength :
Baranggay Tanuel DOS
mix MPa or psi
Maguindanao, Dimapatoy
River and Baranggay • Replacement mixes: - • Aggregates impact value
Mompong DOS (e.g., 0%, 25%, 75%) as a percentage
Maguindanao.
•Slump Test • Compressive strength :
• Water Content Ratio:
MPa or psi at curing age of
0.4 •Conducting compressive 28 days
• Mixture: 1:2:4 ( cement: strength test or limestone
fine aggregates, coarse samples
aggregates)
• Curing Period: 28 days
• Cement: Portland
Cement Type 1
• Portable Water

Figure 1.1 Conceptual framework 1: Objective 1

In the figure shows how the researchers obtained different variations of limestone and conduct

compressive test on it as an 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% susbtitution . The researchers perform a

slump test and sieve analysis to be able to obtained values needed from it.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

•Coarse Aggregates -
Limestone form •Curing: - Cure the
Baranggay Raguisi Sultan samples under standard
Kudarat, Maguindanao condition (e.g., immense
Del Norte, Damaniog in water at 20⁰C for
Sultan Kudarat, specific period of 28
Maguindanao Del Norte, days). • Compressive strength
Baranggay Tanuel DOS Data:
Maguindanao, Dimapatoy • Testing procedures -
River and Baranggay conduct compressive - Recorded compressive
Mompong DOS strength test using a strength values for curing
Maguindanao. universal testing machine age.

• Water Content Ratio: (UTM) •Comparative Analysis

0.4 •Compute the
• Mixture: 1:2:4 ( cement: Compressive strength
fine aggregates, coarse using the formula, CS=
aggregates) Maximum load over cross
sectional Area
• Curing Period: 28 days
• Compare the
• Cement: Portland
Cement Type 1 Compressive strength of
different concrete mixes
• Portable Water

Figure 1.2 Conceptual framework 2: Objective 2

The researchers will cure 60 samples under standard condition specifically for 28 days.

The researchers will obtained values of the compressive strength of the different limestone using

the universal testing machine and its formula, load over area.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

•Coarse Aggregates -
Limestone form
Baranggay Raguisi Sultan
Kudarat, Maguindanao
Del Norte, Damaniog • List into standardized • Compressive strength
Sultan Kudarat, molds values: - measured in
Maguindanao Del Norte, megapascal for each
Baranggay Tanuel DOS • Cure sample order 28
concrete mix
Maguindanao, Dimapatoy days of each concrete
River and Baranggay •Percentage value of
• Determine the
Mompong DOS limestone aggregates
substitution percentage at
Maguindanao. substitution that yields the
the results and state the
highest compressive
• Water Content Ratio: highest compressive
0.4 strength.
strength that obtained.
• Mixture: 1:2:4 ( cement: • Percentage by the
fine aggregates, coarse concrete samples
aggregates) indicating porosity.
• Curing Period: 28 days
• Cement: Portland
Cement Type 1
• Portable Water

Figure 1.3 Conceptual framework 3: Objective 3

The researchers comply to the standard dimension of the cylinder molds from ASTM

C39. The researchers will analyse the data results. The highest value of limestone aggregates that

yields will be evaluated.

1.6 Scope and Limitations

This study will be limited in determining the compressive strength of concrete using the

five mediums of limestone as coarse aggregates from Sultan Kudarat Maguindanao del Norte,

Baranggay Damanyog Sultan Kudarat Maguindanao del Norte, Dimapatoy River DOS,

Baranggay Tanuel DOS, and Baranggay Mompong DOS at rates of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%

replacement. This study adheres to the basic process of making concrete and free from any other

admixtures or reinforcements.

Due to having various locations for conducting limestone samples, we as students

encounter budget struggles. But even so, we make sure that it will not affect the outcome of our

research study.

1.7 Novelty

The novelty of this study lies in its systematic investigation of various types of limestone

as partial substitutes for normal coarse aggregates in concrete. This study stands out by exploring

different limestone variations, thereby providing empirical data on how these differences impact

concrete performance. The experimental methodology is precise and comprehensive, offering

practical insights that are directly applicable to overcome the rate of demand or shortage of

locally available normal coarse in real-world construction. Furthermore, by leveraging limestone,

a widely available and sustainable material, the research contributes to the development of more

eco-friendly construction practices. Overall, this study fills a critical gap in existing knowledge

and proposes innovative, sustainable solutions for improving concrete strength.

1.8. Definition of Terms

Limestone - Limestone (calcium carbonate CaCO3) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock

which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and

aragonite, which are different crystal forms of CaCO3. Limestone forms when these minerals

precipitate out of water containing dissolved calcium.

Molding Cylinder - The Cylindrical Mold (or Cylinder Mold) is used to prepare cylinder

shaped concrete sample for compression testing, it is 6’’ x 12’’.

Concrete – a material made of sand and gravel that is united by the cement into a hardened

mass, used for roads, foundations etc. (Webster Encyclopedia Ed.)

Admixture – a material other than water, aggregates, and Portland cement that is used as an

ingredient of concrete and is added to the batch immediately before or during the mixing

operation. (ACI Committee 212, 2010).

Curing – the process of hydration and setting of concrete mixture, in this period heat is

involving (Microsoft Encarta, 2008)

Aggregates - materials used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, or

recycled crushed concrete. ([Link])

Sieve Analysis - used for particle sizes larger than 0.074mm in diameter. It consists of shaking

the soil sample in a set of sieves that have progressively smaller openings.

ASTM – originally founded as American Society for Testing and Materials over 100 years

ago. The organization is now called ASTM International. The organization expanded beyond us

to provide an open and trustworthy forum.

 Strength – a very general term that may be applied to a material or a structure. In a material,

strength refers to a level of stress at which there is a significant change in the state of material. In

structure, strength refers to a level of level of loading which produces a significant change in the

state of the structure, e.g., inelastic deformation, buckling, or collapse.

Testing – an examination or observation to find out the real nature of something or to prove

or disprove its value or validity.

Water – the colorless liquid that covers 70 % of the earth’s surface, is capable of wetting

dissolving many different substances, and is an essential constituent of all organisms.

Workability – the ease with which a given set of materials can be mixed into concrete and

subsequently handled, transported, placed, and finished with a minimum loss of homogeneity.

Compressive Strength – is the value of uniaxial compressive stress reached when material

fails completely. The compressive is usually experimental means of a compressive.

Portland cement – is a type of cement, not a brand name. The basic ingredient of concrete

that is closely controlled by chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and small

amount of other ingredient to gypsum is added in the final grinding process to regulate the

setting time of concrete.

Water/Cement Ratio - is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in

a concrete mix.

Slump Test - The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it

sets. It is performed to check the workability of freshly made concrete, and therefore the ease

with which concrete flows. It can also be used as an indicator of an improperly mixed batch. The

test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure. The slump test is

used to ensure uniformity for different loads of concrete under field conditions.
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Review of Related Literature

2.1.1. Limestone

Limestone, sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), usually in the

form of calcite or aragonite. It may contain considerable amounts of magnesium carbonate

(dolomite) as well; minor constituents also commonly present include clay, iron carbonate,

feldspar, pyrite, and quartz. Sandstone: laminated Calico or laminated sandstone. Most limestone

have a granular texture. Their constituent grains range in size from 0.001 mm (0.00004 inch) to

visible particles. In many cases, the grains are microscopic fragments of fossil animal shells.

Limestone has two origins: (1) biogenic precipitation from seawater, the primary agents being

lime-secreting organisms and foraminifera; and (2) mechanical transport and deposition of

preexisting limestones, forming clastic deposits. Travertine, tufa, caliche, chalk, sparite, and

micrite are all varieties of limestone.

Limestone has long fascinated earth scientists because of its rich fossil content. Much knowledge

of the Earth’s chronology and development has been derived from the study of fossils embedded

in limestone and other carbonate rocks. Limestone also has considerable commercial importance.

Limestones enriched in phosphate by the chemical action of ocean waters constitute a principal

source of raw materials for the fertilizer industry. When heated to temperatures of 900 to 1,000

°C (1,650 to 1,800 °F), limestones will dissociate calcium carbonate and yield carbon dioxide

and lime, the latter having major applications in the manufacture of glass and in agriculture.
Certain varieties of limestone also serve as a building stone; they are widely used for flooring,

exterior and interior facings, and monuments. (Britannica. 2024)

2.1.2. Influence of limestone waste as partial replacement material for sand and marble

powder in concrete properties

In December 2012, Omar Mohamed Omar Ibrahim and Mohamed Amin Sherif from Suez

University, G. D. Abd Elhameed from Housing and Building National Research Center, Hassan

Ahmed Mohamadien from Suez Canal University. Conduct a study entitled of ‘’Influence of

limestone waste as partial replacement material for sand and marble powder in concrete

properties’’.

From the analysis and discussion of test results they obtained from

this research, the following conclusions can be drawn

1. The workability of green concrete did not affected by the LWS percentage.

2. Using LSW up to 50% replacement increase the compressive strength about 12% at 28 days.

3. When increasing cement content from 350 kg/cm3 to 450 kg/cm3 in presents of the LSW with

different percentage increased the compressive strength about 6% at 28 days.

4. Cement content of 350 kg/m3, its better performance, and more economical from cement

content of 450 kg/m3.

5. Presences of marble powder with LSW (up to 50%) increase the compressive strength in

mixes with low cement content (350 kg/cm3) about 7%.

6. Indirect tensile strength increased about 17% when using 50%LSW and 15%M.P with

different cement content.

7. Flexural strength increased about 8% when using 50%LSW and 15%M.P with different

cement content.
8. Using MP up to 15% as admixture enhancement the compressive strength.

9. The rate of the strength gain decreased as the percentage of limestone waste replacement

increase more than 50 percent in cement content 350, and 450 kg/m3

2.2 Review of Related Literature

2.2.1 Compressive Strength

Compressive strength is a paramount property of concrete that measures its ability to

withstand loads that would reduce the material’s size. Defined technically, it is the maximum

load per unit area that concrete can bear without undergoing a significant change in shape. This

strength is crucial as it directly influences the load-bearing capacity of structures such as

buildings, bridges, and dams, ensuring they remain safe and functional over their intended

lifespan. ([Link]

2.2.2 Compressive Strength Test

Compression tests are used to determine a material’s behavior under applied crushing

loads, and are typically conducted by applying compressive pressure to a test specimen (usually

of either a cuboid or cylindrical geometry) using platens or specialized fixtures on a universal

testing machine. During the test, various properties of the material are calculated and plotted as a

stress-strain diagram which is used to determine qualities such as elastic limit, proportional limit,

yield point, yield strength, and, for some materials, compressive strength.

2.2.3 Uses of Compressive Strength

The strength of the materials used in modern architecture plays a major role in ensuring

its structural integrity. The primary function of compressive strength in concrete is to determine
the material’s suitability for specific structural applications. It ensures that the concrete mix used

in construction can withstand the anticipated stresses and strains during its service life. By

understanding a concrete’s compressive strength, engineers can predict how structures will

behave under various loads, enabling the design of safer and more reliable infrastructure.

([Link]

2.2.4 Effect of Using Crushed Limestone in Concrete Mixes as Fine Aggregate on

Compressive Strength and Workability

In May 27-28, 2014 Istanbul (Turkey), Ibtehal Salem Fathi from International Conference on

Civil, Biological and Environmental Engineering (CBEE-2014). Conduct a research study

entitled Effect of Using Crushed Limestone in Concrete Mixes as Fine Aggregate on

Compressive Strength and Workability.

In their research, they found out that the use of crushed limestone as fine aggregate in concrete

effect properties of both fresh and hardened concrete, such as workability and compressive

strength, with comparison of concrete made with natural sand. The reason for such influences is

due to difference in properties of two types of fine aggregate. Crushed rock fine aggregate had

rough surface texture more angular shape and was more absorptive than natural sand.

From the analysis and discussion of test results they obtained from

This research, the following conclusions can be drawn

1. Concrete mixes with crushed limestone fine aggregate needs more water to maintain the same

workability than that of natural sand. The amounts of needed water are rather not high ranging

about (5-10) % of cement quantity.

2. Concrete made with crashed limestone gave more compressive strength than that made with

natural sand. The increase was (2-8) MN/m2 in compressive strength.

3. The concrete produced from crushed limestone as fine aggregate have good quality of

concrete and was suitable for producing concrete paving blocks.

2.3 Review of Related Literature

2.3.1. Effect of Limestone Aggregate on High Strength Concrete in both Fresh and

Hardened States.

In November 2016, P.G Scholar from Adhichunchanagiri Institute of Technology of Civil

Engineering Department Chikmagaluru. Conduct a research study entitled of Effect of Limestone

Aggregate on High Strength Concrete in both Fresh and Hardened States.

In their research they found out that at the rate of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% the

compressive strength yielded good strength for limestone replacement at 50 % - 75%. Due to

excess heat of hydration 100% replacement cannot be obtained, prior resulted in swelling and

Bursting of Cube specimens.

2.3.2. Mechanical properties of limestone as an aggregate on high strength concrete

In February 2021, Jonie Tanijaya, Suleman Tappi, Jabair from Civil Engineering Department,

Universitas Kristen Indonesia Paulus, Makassar Indonesia. Conduct a research study entitled

‘’the mechanical properties of limestone as an aggregate on high strength concrete’’.

The results of the concrete at 28 days with a mixture of natural sand as fine aggregate and

limestone split as coarse aggregate, w/c ratio of 0.20 produced a value of f’c = 59.26 MPa. ft =

4.51 MPa (0.61√f’c). And fr = 7.18 MPa (0.93√f’c). The average modulus of elasticity at 28 days

with a mixture of limestone powder as fine aggregate and limestone split as coarse aggregate

produced a value of Ec = 46960.25 MPa (6325 √f’c) with Poisson’s ratio ʋ = 0.3847.
Table 2.1 Summary of literature review

Author Title of Paper Contribution Research Gap

Sanjith. A and Ranjith. A Effect of Limestone This Research article deals with The attempt has made to find the
NOVEMBER, 2016 Aggregate on High Strength introduction to usage of local available Compressive strength of cubes, Split
Concrete in Both Fresh and limestone aggregate in concrete mix tensile strength of Cylinders and Flexur
Hardened States design as a replacement to normal coarse strength of Prism at the rate of 0%, 25%
aggregates in concrete mixes. In order to 50%, 75% and 100% Replacement of
overcome the rate of demand or shortage Limestone as coarse aggregate. With
of the locally available natural coarse relevant percentage of limestone
aggregates, Substitution of using aggregates for M50 grade at the days o
naturally occurring limestone aggregates 14, and 28 for cubes, Cylinders and Pri
in concrete, as a 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, with Loadings are shown in graphs.
100% substitution for normal coarse
aggregate material is done.
Jonie Tanijaya and Suleman The mechanical properties of This study underscores the potential of The results of the concrete at 28 days w
Tappi, Jabair limestone as an aggregate on limestone as a versatile and sustainable a mixture of natural sand as fine aggreg
FEBRUARY, 2021 high strength concrete material for enhancing the performance and limestone split as coarse aggregate,
and durability of concrete in construction w/c ratio of 0.20 produced a value of f’
projects, particularly in regions abundant 59.26 MPa. ft = 4.51 MPa (0.61√f’c). A
in limestone resources like Enrekang fr = 7.18 MPa (0.93√f’c). The average
Regency. modulus of elasticity at 28 days with a
mixture of limestone powder as fine
aggregate and limestone split as coarse
aggregate produced a value of Ec =
46960.25 MPa (6325 √f’c) with Poisso
ratio ʋ = 0.3847.
Pailyn Thomgsanitgarn, Arnon Effect of Limestone Powders This study likely contributes to A potential research gap in this study
Chaipanich, September 2011 on Compressive Strength and understanding the specific effects of could be the lack of investigation into t
Setting Time of Portland limestone powders on the properties of long-term durability and performance o
Limestone Cement Pastes Portland-limestone cement pastes, concrete incorporating limestone powd
 offering insights into how varying While the study may provide valuable
concentrations of limestone powder insights into the immediate effects on
impact compressive strength and setting compressive strength and setting time,
time. Such knowledge is crucial for further research could explore how thes
optimizing concrete mix designs, changes translate into the durability of
enhancing sustainability by reducing the concrete structures over time, including
clinker content in cement, and potentially
resistance to cracking, sulfate attack, an
improving performance characteristics of carbonation. Additionally, assessing the
concrete in various applications. influence of varying environmental
conditions and construction practices o
the performance of limestone-containin
concrete would be beneficial.
T.R Neelakantan, Ramesh Prediction of 28-day The study's primary contribution lies in One significant research gap in this stud
Vinoth, S. Ramasundaran and Compressive Strength of enhancing the accuracy and reliability of is its limited scope concerning the
R. Shanmugavel, APRIL 2024 Concrete from Early Strength predicting the 28-day compressive diversity of concrete mix designs,
and Accelerated Curing strength of concrete using early strength potentially overlooking the wide variety
Parameters data and accelerated curing parameters. mixes used in different construction
By developing advanced predictive scenarios. Additionally, the study may
models that leverage statistical and fully account for environmental
machine learning techniques, the research variability, such as differences in
offers practical benefits such as temperature, humidity, and curing
optimized construction schedules, cost conditions, which can significantly imp
savings, and improved quality control. concrete strength development. Anothe
Furthermore, the study provides gap is the focus on 28-day compressive
theoretical insights into the relationship strength without considering the long-te
between early-age properties and long- durability and performance of concrete
term concrete strength, contributing to which are critical for assessing the over
the broader body of knowledge in quality and lifespan of concrete structu
concrete technology. This work also Addressing these gaps in future researc
highlights the potential for sustainable could lead to more comprehensive and
and energy-efficient construction universally applicable predictive model
practices through better resource
utilization and optimized curing
 processes. Ultimately, the study
establishes a robust framework for future
research, identifying key variables that
influence concrete strength and guiding
subsequent experimental designs and
investigations.
Moyasser Jomaa'h, March Using of Local Limestone as This study on using local limestone as One potential research gap in this study
2012 Aggregate in Concrete aggregate in concrete mixture contributes could be the lack of comprehensive
Mixture to both the construction industry and analysis on the long-term effects of usin
environmental sustainability efforts. By local limestone as aggregate in concrete
examining the viability of utilizing mixture. While the study may address
locally sourced limestone, it offers immediate performance and durability
potential cost savings and reduces the concerns, there might be a need for furt
carbon footprint associated with investigation into factors such as long-
transporting materials over long term durability, resistance to
distances. Additionally, the study environmental factors (such as freeze-th
provides insights into the performance cycles and chemical exposure), and
and durability of concrete mixes potential impacts on structural integrity
incorporating limestone aggregates, over time. Additionally, exploring the
thereby aiding in the development of economic viability and scalability of
more efficient and environmentally incorporating local limestone aggregate
friendly construction practices. Overall, into large-scale construction projects co
this research contributes to advancing the be another area for future research.
knowledge and application of sustainable
materials in the construction sector.
Obam, Jibrin & Abdulrazak, Linear Regression Model The development of a linear regression Despite the advancements provided by
2023 Based on Accelerated Curing model to predict the 28-day strength of study, several research gaps remain tha
Method to Predict the 28-Day concrete based on accelerated curing warrant further investigation. The scop
Strength of Concrete methods significantly enhances the the data used may be limited, potentiall
predictive capabilities within concrete affecting the generalizability of the mod
technology. This advancement is crucial across different concrete mixes, curing
for project planning and quality control, conditions, and environmental factors.
allowing for timely decision-making and Additionally, the model's reliance on lin
adjustments in construction projects. By regression may not fully capture the
accurately predicting the 28-day strength complex, non-linear relationships betw
from early-age data, the construction the variables influencing concrete stren
industry can reduce waiting periods There is also a need for exploring and
associated with standard curing, leading integrating other predictive variables th
to faster project completions and lower might significantly impact the 28-day
costs. Early predictions also enable better strength, such as specific chemical
resource management, as potential admixtures or microstructural
underperformance can be addressed characteristics of the concrete.
immediately, optimizing the use of Furthermore, while the model provides
materials and labor. Additionally, this early predictions, it does not account fo
predictive capability supports sustainable potential long-term durability issues or
construction practices by minimizing changes in strength beyond 28 days.
material wastage and avoiding Lastly, validation of the model with
unnecessary demolition and diverse real-world datasets from variou
reconstruction. The study contributes geographic and climatic regions is
scientifically by establishing empirical necessary to enhance its robustness and
relationships between accelerated curing applicability. Addressing these gaps co
methods and long-term concrete strength, lead to a more comprehensive and accu
providing a validated method that can predictive tool for concrete strength.
serve as a basis for future research. The
model's customizability makes it
applicable across various concrete mixes
and curing conditions, adding practical
value. By encouraging the adoption of
innovative curing techniques and
advanced modeling approaches, this
research fosters technological innovation
in the construction industry. Moreover,
the findings and methodology offer
educational value, serving as a practical
example for the application of regression
modeling in engineering.
Jonie Tanijaya et al 2021 The mechanical properties of This study on the mechanical properties One potential research gap in this study
limestone as an of limestone as an aggregate in high- could be the lack of investigation into t
strength concrete contributes to long-term performance and durability o
aggregate on high strength understanding how limestone affects the high-strength concrete containing
concrete performance of such concrete mixes. By limestone aggregates. While the study m
examining factors like compressive focus on immediate mechanical propert
strength, workability, and durability, the understanding how these properties evo
study can provide valuable insights for over time, especially in challenging
engineers and construction professionals environmental conditions, could provid
in optimizing concrete mix designs for valuable insights for real-world
various applications. Additionally, it may applications. Additionally, examining t
offer guidance on utilizing limestone influence of different types of limeston
aggregates effectively to achieve desired aggregates and their geological propert
strength and durability requirements on concrete performance could further
while potentially reducing costs and enhance the comprehensiveness of the
environmental impacts associated with study.
concrete production.
Richard Onchiri, 2018 Structural Performance of The contribution of a study on using One potential research gap in the study
Limestone as An Aggregate limestone as an aggregate for lightweight could be the lack of comprehensive
for Lightweight Concrete concrete lies in its potential to offer understanding of the long-term durabili
sustainable solutions in construction. By and performance of lightweight concret
exploring the structural performance of made with limestone aggregates. While
limestone in lightweight concrete, the study may focus on immediate structur
study can provide valuable insights into performance, there could be a need for
the viability of utilizing this material, further investigation into how factors su
potentially leading to the development of as weathering, chemical reactions, and
more environmentally friendly cyclic loading affect the material's
construction practices. Additionally, it integrity over time. Additionally, the st
can help in expanding the knowledge might overlook the influence of regiona
base on alternative construction materials variations in limestone properties and
and their applicability in various availability, which could impact its
engineering projects. practical applicability in different
geographical areas. Addressing these g
 could enhance the study's relevance and
practical implications.
Manikantha, Sanjith & Effect of Limestone This study on the effect of limestone While the study contributes significantl
Ranjith, 2016 Aggregate on High Strength aggregate on high-strength concrete in to understanding the effects of limeston
Concrete in Both Fresh and both fresh and hardened states makes aggregate on high-strength concrete, th
Hardened States significant contributions to the field of are several research gaps that merit furt
concrete materials and construction. It investigation. One such area is the long
deepens our understanding of how term durability of concrete with limesto
limestone aggregates influence concrete aggregates, including its resistance to
performance, aiding in the optimization chemical degradation and environmenta
of mix designs to achieve desired factors over extended periods.
strength, durability, and workability Additionally, considering the variability
characteristics while considering cost- limestone sources, future research coul
effectiveness. Furthermore, by evaluating explore how different aggregate
the sustainability implications of using compositions affect concrete performan
limestone aggregates, including their A deeper mechanistic understanding of
availability and environmental impact, how limestone aggregates influence
the study can provide valuable guidelines concrete properties and the impact of
and recommendations for improving various processing techniques on their
concrete production practices. Overall, behavior could also enhance our ability
this research has the potential to enhance optimize mix designs. Furthermore,
the efficiency, sustainability, and investigating the environmental
performance of high-strength concrete in implications, such as carbon emissions
construction applications. resource usage associated with limeston
aggregate utilization, would provide
valuable insights for sustainable concre
production practices. Closing these
research gaps would not only refine our
understanding but also help improve th
performance and sustainability of high-
strength concrete in construction
applications.
Tanveer, Hasaini, Ajmer & Strength Investigation of This study on concrete made with One potential research gap in this study
 Abdulhaseeb, 2016 Concrete Made With limestone as coarse aggregate and could be the lack of comprehensive
Limesone as Coarse Bhagodi black sand as fine aggregate investigation into the long-term durabil
Aggregate and Fine contributes to the construction industry aspects of concrete made with limeston
Aggregate As Bhagodi Black by providing insights into the feasibility and Bhagodi black sand. While the stud
Sand and performance of this particular mix. It may focus on immediate strength
can help engineers and researchers properties, such as compressive strengt
understand how variations in aggregate flexural strength, and workability, it mi
types affect concrete strength, durability, overlook factors like resistance to
and other properties. Additionally, the environmental factors (such as freeze-th
findings can inform decisions related to cycles or chemical exposure) over
material selection, construction practices, extended periods. Additionally, there m
and optimization of concrete mixes for be a need to explore the potential for
specific applications, potentially leading alkali-silica reaction (ASR) or other
to more efficient and sustainable deleterious chemical reactions that coul
construction practices. affect the concrete's performance over
time. Conducting long-term durability
studies could fill this research gap and
provide a more holistic understanding o
the suitability of this concrete mix for
various applications.
Carlos Aquino, Misuami & The effects of limestone The study investigating the effects of One potential research gap in this study
Hiroaki Miura, 2010 aggregate on concrete limestone aggregate on concrete could be the limited investigation into t
properties properties offers significant contributions long-term performance and durability o
to the field of construction materials. It concrete containing limestone aggregat
provides crucial insights into how the While the study may focus on immedia
inclusion of limestone aggregates properties like strength and workability
influences various concrete properties, might not fully address how these
including strength, durability, and properties evolve over time, especially
workability. By comprehensively real-world environmental conditions.
understanding the behavior of these Long-term factors such as durability,
materials within concrete mixes, resistance to chemical degradation, and
engineers can make informed decisions potential effects of aging on the concre
regarding material selection and mix structure may warrant further exploratio
 design, ultimately optimizing concrete Additionally, there could be a gap in
formulations for specific applications. understanding the specific mechanisms
Moreover, the study sheds light on which limestone aggregates influence
potential challenges associated with concrete properties, particularly in relat
limestone aggregates, such as to factors such as aggregate gradation,
susceptibility to alkali-silica reaction or particle shape, and surface characteristi
reduced durability in certain Addressing these gaps could provide a
environments, thus guiding engineers in more comprehensive understanding of
implementing appropriate mitigation behavior of concrete with limestone
strategies. Overall, this research aggregates and inform more accurate
facilitates the development of more cost- predictions of its long-term performanc
effective, sustainable, and durable practical applications.
concrete structures.
Julio Cruz, S.M Hernandez & Evaluation of self-healing in This study contributes to the field of One potential research gap could be the
M P. Gurrola, 2022 concrete with limestone concrete technology by exploring a novel long-term performance and durability o
coarse aggregate impregnated approach to self-healing. Impregnating concrete with limestone coarse aggrega
with Na 2 SiO 3 solution limestone coarse aggregate with impregnated with Na2SiO3 solution in
Na2SiO3 solution offers a sustainable real-world conditions. While the study
solution that utilizes abundant materials may demonstrate short-term benefits,
to enhance concrete durability. understanding how the material holds u
Understanding its effectiveness provides over years of exposure to varying
insights for developing more resilient environmental factors, such as freeze-th
infrastructure, reducing maintenance cycles and chemical exposure, would
costs, and minimizing environmental provide valuable insights for practical
impact. applications. Additionally, investigating
the scalability and cost-effectiveness of
this approach compared to traditional
methods could further enhance its
feasibility for widespread implementati
Carla Masie, Rodriguez Effect of the Mineralogical This study contributes to the One potential research gap in this study
Manjate & Caevalho Composition of Limestone on understanding of how the mineralogical could be the limited focus on the
Madavate, 2016 the Properties of Mortars composition of limestone affects the combined effects of multiple minerals
properties of mortars, providing valuable present in limestone on mortar properti
 insights for engineers and architects in While the study may analyze the influe
selecting suitable materials for of individual minerals, there could be
construction projects. By elucidating the interactions or synergistic effects betwe
relationships between mineral content different minerals that are not fully
and mortar performance, this research explored. Additionally, the study might
can inform decisions regarding material not consider variations in mineralogy
sourcing, mix design, and construction within the same type of limestone, whic
practices, ultimately leading to more could occur due to factors such as
efficient and durable structures. geological formation or location of the
quarry. Investigating these aspects coul
provide a more comprehensive
understanding of how limestone
mineralogy impacts mortar properties.
Jionghuang He & G. Long, Mechanical Properties This study on the mechanical properties Research on the mechanical properties
2018 Evolution of Concrete in evolution of concrete in steam-curing evolution of concrete in steam-curing
Steam-Curing Process processes contributes to understanding processes typically involves experimen
how accelerated curing methods affect investigations to analyze various
concrete performance. It provides parameters such as curing temperature,
insights into optimizing curing duration, and concrete mix composition
techniques for faster construction Researchers conduct compressive stren
timelines without compromising tests, flexural strength tests, modulus o
structural integrity. This research could elasticity measurements, and durability
inform industry practices to enhance assessments like permeability tests. The
efficiency and sustainability in analyze the microstructure using
construction projects by reducing curing techniques like scanning electron
duration while ensuring quality and microscopy (SEM) to understand the
durability of concrete structures. hydration process and pore structure
development. Additionally, mathematic
modeling and simulation may be
employed to predict concrete behavior
under different curing conditions. Over
this research aims to enhance knowledg
of steam curing effects on concrete
 properties, informing industry practices
and advancing construction technology
Suhair Al- hubboubi & Zena Regression Analysis Models The contribution of a study focusing on The research gap in this study could be
K. Abbas, 2018 to Predict the 28-day predicting 28-day compressive strength multifaceted, encompassing several crit
Compressive Strength Using using accelerated curing tests lies in its areas. Firstly, a scarcity of comprehens
Accelerated Curing Tests potential to provide a faster and more data on accelerated curing tests and the
efficient method for assessing concrete correlation with 28-day compressive
strength. By developing accurate strength may exist, highlighting the nee
regression analysis models, this study can for more extensive datasets to enhance
offer insights into the relationship robustness of predictive models. Secon
between curing conditions and certain variables influencing concrete
compressive strength, aiding in the strength might remain underexplored, s
optimization of concrete mix designs and as aggregate properties, admixtures, or
construction practices. Additionally, it environmental conditions, suggesting
can facilitate the early detection of avenues for further investigation to
potential strength deficiencies, leading to improve model accuracy. Additionally,
improved quality control and cost savings study's focus on specific concrete mixe
in construction projects. curing conditions could limit the
generalizability of findings, indicating
necessity of exploring a broader range o
compositions and regimes to enhance
applicability. Lastly, the absence of mo
validation through independent datasets
field experiments could undermine the
reliability of predictions, emphasizing t
importance of validating regression
analysis models to strengthen the
credibility of the research and contribut
meaningfully to advancements in concr
technology and construction practices.
Md Zeeshan1 Experimental Investigation Many industries and factories generate There is a need for more research focus
Prof. Rohan S Gurav2 on Partial Replacement of huge amount of wastes as a by-products on the optimal levels of replacement fo
Prof. Brij Bhushan S3 Natural Fine Aggregate by during the time of processing. Safe both steel slag and waste limestone
 Prof. Maneeth P D4 Steel Slag and Natural disposal of these waste materials is the aggregate to achieve the best balance
September 2015 Coarse Aggregate by Waste main problem. Unsafe disposal of these between mechanical properties, durabil
Limestone Aggregate in wastes can cause environmental and cost-effectiveness.
Cement Concrete problems. This made to think about how
These waste materials can be put into its
utilization without causing any damage to
the environment.
Out of many waste’s Steel Slag from the
iron and steel plants and Waste
Limestone pieces from the limestone
quarries are one of the waste by-product
materials which is requiring its attention
towards its safe disposal and effective
Utilization. Therefore, in this project
work carried out, an attempt has been
made to study the acceptability and
suitability of steel slag and waste
limestone aggregate in making a cement
concrete mix suitable for the
implementation in the construction
applications.
Ibtehal Salem Fathi Effect of Using Crushed Crushed limestone is a waste material Replacement fine aggregate by crushed
May 27-28, 2014 Limestone in Concrete Mixes generated from cutting large stones in limestone reduces workability of concr
as Fine Aggregate on (Hillan factories) in Mosul and other mixes especially in leaner mixes (1:3:6
Compressive Strength and towns north of Iraq. These wastes needs
Workability very large areas to gather them and cause
big complaint for owners of these
factories, so for the increasing demand to
protect the normal environment,
especially in buildup areas, the needs to
use these wastes is very important.
[Link] M. Jomaa'h Using of Local Limestone as Limestone is also important in the built The main results lead to modify the fut
March 2012 Aggregate in Concrete environment, being the construction studies about using of the limestone as
 Mixture materials for structures ranging from the aggregate in concrete.
Pyramids of Egypt to many palaces and
churches. As well as being a good
building stone in many places, limestone
is also important as a source of lime to
make cement, and hence is a component
of all concrete, brick, stone buildings and
other structures, such as bridges and
dams. The economic importance of
limestone’s today lies chiefly in their
reservoir properties since many of the
world’s major petroleum reserves are
contained within carbonate rocks.
Ergül Yaşar, Yasin Erdoğan Effect of limestone aggregate This research study contributes to the Ceyhan dolomitic limestone was genera
and Alaettin Kılıç type and water cement ratio understanding of concrete materials and found hard, massive and grey colored. T
February, 2004 on concrete strength mix design, offering valuable information physical, geological and mechanical
for engineers and practitioners involved properties of limestone were measured
in construction projects where limestone determine the effects on the concrete
aggregates are utilized. strength. Concrete strength was
significantly increased with the decreas
the water–cement ratio. The compressiv
strength of concrete of 20% was provid
mainly by optimum water - cement rati
28-day curing time.
Chengjin Li Study on compressive This provides valuable data on Later research can be carried out in the
Faculty of Civil Engineering strength and sulfate corrosion optimizing concrete mixes to achieve following directions. The first is to mak
and Architecture, Xinxiang resistance of limestone higher strength, which is crucial for use of existing advanced mix
University, Xinxiang 453003, powder and waste glass structural integrity and durability. Using design methods, such as a dynamic
Henan Province, People’s powder mixed concrete limestone powder, often a by-product of hydration model, to more accurately stu
Republic of China limestone quarrying, minimizes waste the optimal mix ratio of limestone pow
February, 2024 and makes efficient use of available and waste glass powder. The second is
resources. Partial replacement of cement study the other properties of limestone
with limestone powder and waste glass powder and
powder can reduce the carbon footprint waste glass powder mixed concrete, suc
of concrete production, as cement as shrinkage cracking, chloride ion
manufacturing is a major source of CO2 resistance and carbonization
emissions. resistance, etc. In addition, the laborato
test conditions are relatively ideal.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter shows the methods of research that will be applied in this study, it includes the

materials and how it is done, procedures of testing and experimenting the sample.

3.1 Methodology Objective 1

PROCEDURE
 Material/limestone collection
 Material/limestone testing
 Crushing limestones
 Mix design
 Workability using 0%, 25%, 50% and
75% of coarse limestone
 Casting and curing of cylinder
 Strength test
 Compressive strength

INPUT PARAMETERS
 Limestone Type:
-Limestone from Baranggay Raguisi Sultan Kudarat Maguindanao Del Norte,
Baranggay Damanyog Sultan Kudarat Maguindanao Del Norte, Dimapatoy River Dos,
Baranggay Tanuel Dos, and Baranggay Mompong Dos
 Limestone Workability at Rate
-0%, 25%, 50% and 75%
 Limestone sieve size diameter
-19.0mm (3/4-inch) sieve and retained on a 4.75mm
 Water Cement ratio: 0.4
  Mixture: 1:2:4 (cement: fine aggregates: coarse aggregates)
 Curing Period: 28 days
 Cement: Portland Cement Type I
OUTPUT
 PotablePARAMETERS
Water
 Compressive strength values of different variation of limestone coarse aggregates,
expressed in MPa.
 Compressive strength ratings of different variation of limestone coarse aggregates,
expressed in MPa.
 Statistical Analysis

3.1.1 Dicussion for Procedures, Equations, etc.

The five coarse aggregates of limestone were obtained from Sultan Kudarat Maguindanao del

Norte, Baranggay Damanyog Sultan Kudarat Maguindanao del Norte, Dimapatoy River DOS,

Baranggay Tanuel DOS, and Baranggay Mompong DOS.

 Dimapatoy River, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao

 The Dimapatoy was the sole water supply source and was transmitted to the population by way

of a gravity feed system. In 1976, the City Government of Cotabato passed the Resolution creating the

Cotabato City Water District (CCWD). ([Link]

 Tanuel, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindano

Tanuel is a barangay in the municipality of Datu Odin Sinsuat, in the province of

Maguindanao. Its population as determined by the 2020 Census was 1,823. This represented 1.56% of

the total population of Datu Odin Sinsuat. Tanuel is situated at approximately 7.1563, 124.2565, in the

island of Mindanao.

 Baranggay Mompong, Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao

 Mompong is a barangay in the municipality of Datu Odin Sinsuat, in the province of

Maguindanao. Its population as determined by the 2020 Census was 1,595. This represented 1.37% of

the total population of Datu Odin Sinsuat. The household population of Mompong in the 2015 Census

was 1,494 broken down into 277 households or an average of 5.39 members per household. Mompong

is situated at approximately 7.1494, 124.1664, in the island of Mindanao.

 Baranggay Raguisi, Sultan Kudarat, MDN

 Raguisi is a barangay in the municipality of Sultan Kudarat, in the province of Maguindanao.

Its population as determined by the 2020 Census was 2,292. This represented 2.18% of the total

population of Sultan Kudarat.

 Baranggay Damaniog, Sultan Kudarat, MDN

Damaniog is a barangay in the municipality of Sultan Kudarat, in the province of Maguindanao. Its

population as determined by the 2020 Census was 1,490. This represented 1.42% of the total population

of Sultan Kudarat. The household population of Damaniog in the 2015 Census was 1,003 broken down

into 166 households or an average of 6.04 members per household. Damaniog is situated at

approximately 7.2328, 124.3330, in the island of Mindanao. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated

at 20.9 meters or 68.6 feet above mean sea level.

In accordance with ASTM C39/C39M-21, the researchers used a 6” by 12” cylindrical

pipes as raw material for the standard size of the concrete mold to make form of the concrete

sample with a total of 60 samples including the samples for the standard control. These samples

are subjected to a compressive strength test to determine the compressive strength of each mix.

All the specimens are based on a mix design and all the five different types of limestone is added
 based on the proportions described in Table 1.

% Replacement Compressive

strength
Type of
0 25 50 75
limestone (28 days)

Location

Location

Location

Location

Location

Table 1. Number of Samples

Compressive test will be carried out on the cylinders samples to investigate the

compressive strength of the different variations of limestone. The test will be performed using

universal testing machine. Three cylindrical concrete specimens from each mix were tested after

28 days of curing and average strength will be estimated. A total of 60 cylinders samples were
 tested to study the effect of different variations of limestone in compressive strength.

3.1 Methodology Objective 2

PROCEDURE
 Material/limestone collection
 Material/limestone testing
 Crushing limestones
 Mix design
 Workability using 0%, 25%, 50% and
75% of coarse limestone
 Casting and curing of cylinder
 Strength test
 Compressive strength

INPUT PARAMETERS
 Limestone Type:
-Limestone from Baranggay Raguisi Sultan Kudarat Maguindanao Del Norte,
Baranggay Damanyog Sultan Kudarat Maguindanao Del Norte, Dimapatoy River Dos,
Baranggay Tanuel Dos, and Baranggay Mompong Dos
 Limestone Workability at Rate
-0%, 25%, 50% and 75%
 Limestone sieve size diameter
-19.0mm (3/4-inch) sieve and retained on a 4.75mm
 Water Cement ratio: 0.4
 Mixture: 1:2:4 (cement: fine aggregates: coarse aggregates)
 Curing Period: 28 days
 Cement: Portland Cement Type I
 Potable Water
 OUTPUT PARAMETERS
 Determined the compressive strength of different variations of limestone coarse
aggregates, expressed in MPa.
 Comparative analysis showing the compressive test results obtained from different
variatios
Data ofinterpreted
will be limestone coarse aggregates
using F-test with theirsamples.
for correlated respective percentages.
Statistical Procedure:

1. Make a separate table for the result of compressive strength of concrete mixed with 0%, 25%,

50% and 75% for location 1-5 limestone coarse aggregates with a diameter of 4.75mm

Let:
X1 = compressive strength of concrete mixed with 0% of limestone coarse aggregates.

X2 = compressive strength of concrete mixed with 25% of limestone coarse aggregates

with diameter of 4.075mm.

X3 = compressive strength of concrete mixed with 50% of limestone coarse aggregates

with diameter of 4.075mm.

X4 = compressive strength of concrete mixed with 75% of limestone coarse aggregates

with diameter of 4.075mm.

2. Get the square of the value of each sample.

3. Sum differently the result of the sample and the squared sample.

4. Divide the summation of each sample to the number of samples.

Calculate the Cumulative Frequency (CF). Total Sum of Square (TSS), Between Sum of Square

(BSS), and Wide Sum of Square (WSS) by using the following formula:
CF = (∑𝑥1+∑ 𝑥2+∑ 𝑥3) 2/n1+n2+n3 Equation 3.1

TSS = ∑ 𝑥1 2 + ∑ 𝑥2 2 + ∑ 𝑥3 2 − CF Equation 3.2

BSS = (∑ 𝑥1) 2 n1 + (∑𝑥2) 2 n2 + (∑ 𝑥3) 2 n3 − CF Equation 3.3

WSS = TSS − BSS Equation 3.4

Afterwards, do the Analysis of Variance Table. Then lastly, solve for Tukey’s HSD using the

formula:

𝐻𝑆𝐷 = 𝑞√ 𝑀𝑆𝑤 𝑛𝑘 Equation 3.5

where: HSD = Honest Significant Difference q

= tabular value

MSw = Mean Square Within Groups

nk = number in each category (n for one condition)

TRIA A (0%) B (.5)
L
X1 X12 X2 X22

1 ? ? ? ?

2 ? ? ? ?

3 ? ? ? ?

∑X ? ? ? ?

𝑋̅ ∑ 𝑋1 ∑ 𝑋12 ∑ 𝑋2 /n ∑ 𝑋22
/n /n /
Table 2. F-Test One-Way Analysis of Variance

5. Do the analysis of variance table. If the F computed value is greater than the F tabular value,

then the null hypotheses will be rejected.

Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Squares f-Value

Variation Freedom Squares
Computed Tabular
Between K-1 BSS 𝐵𝑆𝑆/ 𝐾 − 1 ? ?

Groups
Within (K-1) - (N-1) BSS 𝑊𝑆𝑆/ ? ?
(𝐾−1)
Groups
– (𝑁−1)
Total N-1 ? ? ? ?
Table 3. Analysis of Variance
3.1 Methodology Objective 3

PROCEDURE
 Material/limestone collection
 Material/limestone testing
 Crushing limestones
 Mix design
 Workability using 0%, 25%, 50% and
75% of coarse limestone
 Casting and curing of cylinder
 Strength test
 Compressive strength

INPUT PARAMETERS
 Limestone Type:
-Limestone from Baranggay Raguisi Sultan Kudarat Maguindanao Del Norte,
Baranggay Damanyog Sultan Kudarat Maguindanao Del Norte, Dimapatoy River Dos,
Baranggay Tanuel Dos, and Baranggay Mompong Dos
 Limestone Workability at Rate
-0%, 25%, 50% and 75%
 Limestone sieve size diameter
-19.0mm (3/4-inch) sieve and retained on a 4.75mm
 Water Cement ratio: 0.4
 Mixture: 1:2:4 (cement: fine aggregates: coarse aggregates)
 Curing Period: 28 days
 Cement: Portland Cement Type I
 Potable Water

OUTPUT PARAMETERS
 Comparative Analysis
 Evaluating the gathered data results.
Using the equation

F
CS =
A

Where CS is the compressive strength, F is the force or load at point of failure and A is
the initial cross-sectional surface area.

After curing and testing the compressive strength of the samples it will be check if it
passes the standard strength for compressive strength, the higher the compressive strength the
better and the statistical tools will be applied. The result and conclusion can be drawn.

The following averaging technique will be used, and the equation is

Σ fX
Xave = ………………………………… Eq. (1)
N

Where:

Σ – Summation

f – number of X items

X – Value of items

N – Total number of items

Xave – Average value of items

References

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