Solution

Important questions with Answers:

Short Answer Type

Question 1.

Differentiate between molarity and molality of a solution. (All India 2010)

Answer:

The distinction between molarity and molality.

Molarity : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 litre of solution. It

is temperature dependent.

M = ω×1000 [Link] ×V

Molality : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg of the solvent.

m = ω×1000M2×W

The relationship between molarity and molality is

m = Md−MM21000

When molality = molarity, we get,

1 = 1d−MM21000 or d – MM˙21000 = 1

∴ d = 1+MM21000

Molarity is temperature dependent while molarity is not.

For very dilute solution, the factor MM2/1000 can be neglected in

comparison to 1.

Hence molality will be same to molarity when density d = 1.

Molality is independent of temperature, whereas molarity is a function of

temperature because volume depends on temperature and mass does not.
Question 2.

What type of semiconductor is obtained when silicon is doped with arsenic?

(Delhi 2010)

Answer:

n-type semiconductor.

Question 3.

What is meant by ‘reverse osmosis’? (All India 2011)

Answer:

If a pressure higher than the osmotic pressure is applied on the solution, the
solvent will flow from the solution into the pure solvent through
semipermeable membrane. This process is called reverse osmosis (R.O.).

Question 4.

What are isotonic solutions? (Delhi 2014)

Answer:

An isotonic solution is a kind of solution with the same salt concentration as

blood and cells. Those solutions which are exerting same osmotic pressure
under similar conditions (For example 0.9% NaCl solution by mass volume is
Isotonic with human blood).

Question 5.

Some liquids on mixing form ‘azeotropes’. What are ‘azeotropes’? (Delhi

2014)
Answer:

The liquid mixture having a definite composition and boiling like a pure liquid
without change in composition is called as azeotrope.

Question 6.

What type of intermolecular attractive interaction exists in the pair of

methanol and acetone? (Delhi 2014)

Answer:

Solute-solvent dipolar interactions exist in the pair of methanol and acetone.

Question 7.

Out of BaCl2 and KCl, which one is more effective in causing coagulation of a
negatively charged colloidal Sol? Give reason. (Delhi 2015)

Answer:

BaCl2 is more effective in causing coagulation because it has double +ve

charge than K+.

Solutions Class 12 Important Questions Short Answer Type – I [SA-I]

Question 8.

Differentiate between molality and molarity of a solution. What is the effect

of change in temperature of a solution on its molality and molarity? (Delhi
2009)

Answer:

Distinction between molarity and molality.

Molarity : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 litre of solution. It
is temperature dependent.

M = ω×1000 [Link] ×V

Molality : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg of the solvent.

m = ω×1000M2×W

The relationship between molarity and molality is

m = Md−MM21000

When molality = molarity, we get,

1 = 1d−MM21000 or d – MM˙21000 = 1

∴ d = 1+MM21000

Molarity is temperature dependent while molarity is not.

For very dilute solution, the factor MM2/1000 can be neglected in

comparison to 1.

Hence molality will be same to molarity when density d = 1.

Molality is independent of temperature, whereas molarity is a function of

temperature because volume depends on temperature and mass does not.

Question 9.

Non-ideal solutions exhibit either positive or negative deviations from

Raoult’s law. What are these deviations and why are they caused? Explain
with one example for each type. (Delhi 2010)

Answer:

Non-ideal solutions exhibit Negative deviation from Raoult’s law : For any
composition of the non-ideal solution, the partial vapour pressure of each
component and total vapour pressure of the solution is less than expected
from Raoult’s law. Such solutions show negative deviation.
Example : Mixture of CHCl3 and acetone.

Important Questions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions Class 12

Important Questions 1

Non-ideal solutions show positive deviations from Raoult’s law on mixing of

two volatile components of the solution.

Example : Mixture of acetone and benzene solutions show positive deviation,

Question 10.

Define the terms, ‘osmosis’ and ‘osmotic pressure’.

What is the advantage of using osmotic pressure as compared to other

colligative properties for the determination of molar masses of solutes in
solutions? (All India 2010)

Answer:

Osmosis : The net spontaneous flow of the solvent molecules from the
solvent to the solution or from a less concentrated solution to a more
concentrated solution through a semipermeable membrane is called osmosis.

Osmotic pressure : The minimum excess pressure that has to be applied on

the solution to prevent the entry of the solvent into the solution through the
semipermeable membrane is called the osmotic pressure.

The osmotic pressure method has the advantage that it uses molarities
instead of molalities and it can be measured at room temperature.

Question 11.

A 1.00 molal aqueous solution of trichloroacetic acid (CCl3COOH) is heated to

its boiling point. The solution has the boiling point of 100.18°C. Determine
the van’t Hoff factor for trichloroacetic acid. (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1)
(Delhi 2012)
Answer:

As ΔTb= iKbm

(100.18 – 100) °C = i × 0.512 K kg mol-1 × 1 m

0.18 K = i × 0.512 K kg mol-1 × 1 m

∴ i = 0.3

Question 12.

Define the following terms :

(i) Mole fraction

(ii) Isotonic solutions

(iii) van’t Hoff factor

(iv) Ideal solution (Delhi 2012)

Answer:

(i) Mole fraction : Mole fraction is the ratio of number of moles of one
component to the total number of moles in a mixture.

(ii) Isotonic solution : Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given
temperature are called Isotonic solutions.

(iii) van’t Hoff factor : van’t Hoff factor is expressed as :

i = normal molar mass abnormal molar mass

(iv) Ideal solution : The solution which obeys Raoult’s law under all conditions
is known as an ideal solution.

Question 13.

Explain why aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water rather than
in warm water. (Comptt. Delhi 2012)

Answer:

Aquatic species need dissolved oxygen for breathing. As solubility of gases

decreases with increase of temperature, less oxygen is available in summer in
the lake. Hence the aquatic species feel more comfortable in winter (low
temperature) when the solubility of oxygen is higher.

Question 14.

State Raoult’s law. How is it formulated for solutions of non-volatile solutes?

(Comptt. Delhi 2012)

Answer:

Raoult’s Law : Raoult’s Law states that “for a solution of volatile liquids, the
partial vapour of each component in the solution is directly proportional to
its mole fraction”.

Thus for component 1 : p1 = p10 X1

where [p10 is vapour pressure of pure component 1]

For component 2 : p2 = P20 X2

According to Dalton’s law of partial pressure

PTotal = P2 + P2 ⇒ PT = p1 0X1 + p2 0X2

⇒ PT = p1 0(1 – X2) + p2 0X2

⇒ PT = p1 0+ (p2 0 – p1 0)X2
Question 15.

State Henry’s law and mention two of its important applications. (Comptt. All
India 2012)

Answer:

Henry’s law : Henry’s law states that “The partial pressure of the gas in
vapour phase is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution “,
Applications of Henry’s law :

To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is
sealed under high pressure.

To avoid a dangerous medical condition called bends, scuba divers use oxygen
diluted with less soluble helium gas.

Question 16.

Why do gases nearly always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the

temperature is raised? (Comptt. All India 2012)

Answer:

This is because the dissolution of gas in liquid is an exothermic process. The

solubility should decrease with increase in temperature.

Question 17.

18 g of glucose, C6H12O6 (Molar mass – 180 g mol-1) is dissolved in 1 kg of

water in a sauce pan. At what temperature will this solution boil? (Kb for
water = 0.52 K kg mol-1, boiling point of pure water = 373.15 K) (Delhi 2013)

Answer:

We know that :
Elevation of boiling point ∆Tb

WBMB×100×Kbwt. of solvent

Given: WB = 18 g

MB = Formula of glucose is C6H12O6

= 6 × 12 + 12 + 6 × 16 = 180

Wt. of solvent = 1 kg or 1000 g,

Kb = 0.52 K kg mol-1

Hence, ∆Tb = 18g180×1000×0.521000g = 0.52 K

∴B.P of the solution = 373.15 + 0.052

= 373.202 K

Question 18.

An aqueous solution of sodium chloride freezes below 273 K. Explain the

lowering in freezing points of water with the help of a suitable diagram.
(Comptt. Delhi 2013)

Answer:

An aqueous solution of sodium chloride freezes below 273 K because vapour

pressure g of the solution is g less than that of the pure solvent.

Important Questions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions Class 12

Important Questions 2

Question 19.

Derive expression for Raoult’s law when the solute is non-volatile. (Comptt.
Delhi 2013)
Answer:

Raoult’s law : Raoult’s law states that “for a solution of volatile liquids, the
partial vapour pressure of each component in the solution is directly
proportional to its mole fraction”.

Thus for component 1 : p1 = p10X1

where [p10 is vapour pressure of pure component 1]

For component 2 : p2 = p20X2

ccording to Dalton’s law of partial pressure

PTotal = P1 + P2 ⇒ PT = p10X1 + p20X2

⇒ PT = p10( 1 – X2) + p20X2

∴ PT = p10 + (p20 – p10)X2

Question 20.

Calculate the mass of compound (molar mass = 256 g mol-1) to be dissolved

in 75 g of benzene to lower its freezing point by 0.48 K (Kf = 5.12 K kg mol-1).
(Delhi 2014)

Answer:

Given : ∆Tf = 0.48 K, W1 = 75g,

M2 = 256 g mol-1 W2 =?

Using formula, W2 = M2×W1×ΔTf1000×Kf

= 256×75×0.481000×5.12 = 1.8 g

Question 21.

Define an ideal solution and write one of its characteristics. (Delhi 2014)

Answer:
Those solutions which are obeying Raoult’s law are called ideal solutions. An
ideal solution is a solution in which no volume change and no enthalpy
change takes place on mixing the solute and the solvent in any proportion.

Characteristic of an ideal solution :

There will be no change in enthalpy ∆Hmix = 0,

∆Vmix = 0, ∆Pmix = 0

Question 22.

State Henry’s law. What is the effect of temperature on the solubility of a gas
in a liquid? (Delhi 2014)

Answer:

Henry’s law : Henry’s law states that, “The solubility of a gas in a liquid at a
particular temperature is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas in
equilibrium with the liquid at that temperature.” Solubility of gas decreases
with increase of temperature at the same pressure.

Question 23.

State Raoult’s law for the solution containing volatile components. What is
the similarity between Raoult’s law and Henry’s law? (Delhi 2014)

Answer:

Raoult’s law : “In a solution, the vapour pressure of a component at a given

temperature is equal to the mole fraction of that component in the solution
multiplied by the vapour pressure of that component in pure state.”

Similarity between Raoult’s law and Henry’s law is that the partial pressure or
vapour pressure of the volatile component (gas) is directly proportional to
the mole fraction of that component in the solution.
Question 24.

How is the vapour pressure of a solvent affected when a non-volatile solute is

dissolved in it? (Comptt. Delhi 2014)

Answer:

The vapour pressure of a solvent decreases when a non-volatile solute is

dissolved in it because some solvent molecules are replaced by the molecules
of solute.

Question 25.

Differentiate between molarity and molality of a solution. How can we

change molality value of a solution into molarity value? (Comptt. Delhi 2014)

Answer:

The distinction between molarity and molality.

Molarity : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 litre of solution. It

is temperature dependent.

M = ω×1000 [Link] ×V

Molality : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg of the solvent.

m = ω×1000M2×W

The relationship between molarity and molality is

m = Md−MM21000

When molality = molarity, we get,

1 = 1d−MM21000 or d – MM˙21000 = 1

∴ d = 1+MM21000

Molarity is temperature dependent while molarity is not.

For very dilute solution, the factor MM2/1000 can be neglected in
comparison to 1.

Hence molality will be same to molarity when density d = 1.

Molality is independent of temperature, whereas molarity is a function of

temperature because volume depends on temperature and mass does not.

Molarity (M) and Molality (m) relationship :

∵ Molarity is M moles of solute present in 1000 mL solution

If density of solution is d g mL-1, then

Mass of solution = 1000 d g

Mass of solute = MM2

(M2 is molar mass of solute)

∴ Mass of solvent = 1000 d – MM2 g

Important Questions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions Class 12

Important Questions 3