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pemonstration on the materials used in RCC and Masonry work or shop
gollowing are the common materials used in RCC and Masonry work or shop :=
Cement
A well-proportioned mixture of calcareous and argillaceous materials, when burnt and
crushed to fine powder is technically known as cement. It plays a very important role in the
manufacture of concrete and mortar.
Various types of coment used in cement concrete are as follows : -
Ordinary Portland cement,
iow heat Portland cement,
Rapid hardening Portland cen
Blast furnace slag cement,
Sulphate resistance cement,
vi) entraining cement
Beside these cement, there are some special types of cement used serve special
purposes,
Ordinary Portland cement is also called general purpose cement. This cement is used in
structure where heat of hydration does not cause any serious defect, i)
ii)
iti)
iv)
’)
Qualities of good bricks (by field test)
Srrderd sige of J
‘The important physical ys yerieg of cement are discussed below: -
@ Fineness:
The degree of grinding
strength of conerets sehen
lent is called fineness of cement. The
nercte is directly
'Y proportional to its degree of grinding.
ae thee fend JG0 fine cement also not desirable since it
at Of hydration eausi
ip Setting time: m causing concrete to develop cracl
The phenomenon by virtue of which the plastic cement paste
changes from |i
Setting time of cement and time taken for setting of cement is '
Ge maine time of cement. Seting of cement occurs in two
(a) Initial setting ang (®) final setting. Accordingly, setting :
also said as initial setting time and final setting time,
inital setting time of all types of cement should not be less than
join except low heat Portland cement which should not be less
than 60 minutes and final setting time ofall types of cement «ould
not be more than 500 minutes or 10 hours.
Bricks:
Bricks may be defined as artificial material obtained by moulding clay in
Tectangular blocks of uniform size, which are finally dried and burnt at high
‘temperature to form a dense and compact product.
Composition of a good brick earth: -
The approximate chemicc! composition of a good brick earth is as under :-
(i) Clay or alumina (+!,0:)- 20%
(ii) Sand ot Silica (S 60%
(iii) Other ingredients - 20%
The other ingredient may include lime, oxide of iron, magnesia etc. in vaviable
proportion,
Good bricks which are to be use for the construction of important structures hould
i Posses the following qualities : -
ly rectangular in shape with smooth and even surface.
compact structure
It should be hard. Hardness of bricks may be tested by Scratching with finger nails,
A good brick should show no scratching mark. A hard brick when struc with
another gives a metallic sous
It should be strong. A good brick should generally not brea
Over another brick from a height o! 1.25 metres,
{should not absorb water more than 20% by weight when immersed in cold
for24 hours.
Ik when it is dropped
water
GO) 9 Gn x @ tn x Aue 2 190 kg
Wag Un x Qua Ke Vee S dol. Aggregates
Mineral filler inert op chemi
know a QBETE BANGS. Sang, wravele JRaterials used in concrete a moviar is
gener AS ABET CRAIGS “Yels, crushed tock i lc,
Ausrogae cee or stone shingle etc. are
() Fine aggregate
The aggregate, wh
ABETEBALC, Which is»,
(min), is known ne fed ‘through 4.75mm test sieve and upto 0.07mm
(i) Course agerepates eSS8ales, Sand is the example of fine agp
The aggregate:
sige The i J ited on 4.75mm test sieve ig known «use
aggregate. Size upto $0..." {ecides the maximum size of the -ourse
80mm size is known :
ss numbers of legs.
» the requirements of 8.432 “Specification
and hard drawn steel wire for concrete
snent shall be free from loose mill scale,
vumful matters, 5
bing the reinforcement rendy for use,
ng,
oleulated length,
(there is number of bend in a single bar
ss hoe in seqtiential order for each bend, «
(i)
Gil)
(iv)
8
nical devices, like whee! porrows. conerete ents, chutes, bell conveyer, dumper
jele pumps oF hoist (eomyaynly Used for mutistoried buildimes) Concrete shotskl be
layers 15 (0 30cm in thickyiess. al Enel layer shoul he preyperly compacted het
ing the next layer
“The fn ov OF compact
in the mass and make it impermeable in addition to its securing desired streneth, ‘The
concrete mass should be con I the cream of cement starts appearing on the
surface. Over compaction may fend t0 segregation of concrete while ander compaction
ay leave ait-voids in concrete Consolidation or compaction may be done by hand or by
mechanical devices.
Hand compaction may be done by redding, tamping or hamm mpi
lly adopted for compacting concrete for slabs or other such surfaces, redding is done
for thin vertical members while hammering is done for massive plain concrete works
Mechanical compaction is done by use of vibrators, When vibrators are used, leanes
but stiff, concrete mix should be used to obtain greater durability and higher strength
Vibrators are of four types :=
Internal vibrators (ie. Needle vibrator)
Gil) External vibrators (i.e. shutter vibrator)
(iil) Surface vibrators
tiv) Vibrating tables,
of concrete is 1o expel the air bubbles
Junernal vibrators : - Needle vibrators are known as internal vibrator. Il is mainly used for
compacting concrete in moulds like beams, columns ete. The needle of vibrator is
immersed in the concrete, 1 gives vibrations to concrete causing it 10 How in its all the
comers around the reinforcement and removing all voids, Vibrator is kept in one position
for about 2 to 3 minutes and thereafler it is taken out and immersed in new position “Uhus:
air bubbles are come out. This type of vilwatar are most commonly used now a days:
External vibrators + ~ These are used as shutter vibrator, ‘These vibrators are mainly used
for compacting concrete in thin structure. These are fixed with the framework and
shuttering. These cause vibrations to the shuttering, thereby causing the concrete to easi!y
Now in the moulds and get compacted
cting slaly conerete ‘The
Nor concrete
Surface vibrators : - Surface vibrators are mainly used for comp:
concrete is vibrated in uniform thickness on its surface through the platt
screeds of the vibrator.
rating table are used for consolidation of small precast units. Moulds
table. Aer compaction of the
ing
Vibrating table : -
aller filling concrete in it are placed over the vibrating
concrete in the moulds, the moulds are removed are kept aside for 24 hours for harde
and after that the mould is taken out leaving the precast unit in the casting yard plattorm
for curing,
realme k AILIRA 2 process for M
A. Casting of reinforced cement ep
beam, slab with siven proportion -~
Cement Conerete = Cement equerete
mixing cement, auzregates and water jy suitable jn
a hard mass, The aygregntes used in cement concrete are two types vir, Fine auwrewate fe sand
and course aygregat vel, stone chips OF erushed stones ele. "The workable concrete nisture
can be casted or moulde Wy desired shape.
The strength of concrete depends on the proportions end quality of is ingrediems and the
method of mixing, water cement ration ane curing,
be defined as building material obtained by
portions and then curing this plastic mixture to
Types of cement concrete : ~ our types of cement concrete is there, like (1) Plain cement
concrete (P.C.C.), (ii) Reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C.), Gi) Pre-siressed cement concrete
(PSC) and (iv) Plum conerete
The concrete which consists of cement, aggregate and water is called PCC »
The P.C.C. is weak in tension, 10 improve it stee! is embedded in concrete to counter
tensile stresses (0 concrete and their by reinforcing the concrete is known ag Reintiorced cement
concrete (RCC)
The RCC member are also found weak in tension when span is more. ‘The high tensile steel
tendons are used to induced negative stresses on concrete by tensioning the tendons is called pre-
stressed cement concrete (P.S.C), Generally bridge are constructed with PSC.
Test for strength of concrete : ‘There are two types of tests carried aut to accretion the
strength of concrete.
(i) Prefiminary tests : - This (ype of test is conducted in the laboratory on a specimen |
of the tial concrete mix design and produced in laboratory itself
Gi) Work-test : - This test is conducted actually being used on the work like
workability test etc
Workability test : ~ This test is conducted as to work-test to check the workability of
concrete mixes as well as to have a ro dea of water cement ration. This test is carried out by
slump test
Nominal mixes of concrete and grade of comrete :
Following table illustrate the nominal mix with grade of concrete with corresponding water
cement ratio :~ .
Proportion of | Grade of Cementinkg. Aggregate Quantity of Remarks
mix(Nominal) | concrete (Fine & water in litre
course) in litre :
156 M 100 50 300 Mi Genorally 13 Tor
fine age wo
50 si : conse age by
haa moe 7 220 a2 Vol™ but subject
i to. upper Hin
hMe3 M200 50 10 30 of 1N%s al
lower tin
1:2 M250 So too ” Ur isused
realme oy SAUIRA