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in

SCHOOL
NAME
PROJECT
Submitted to: Submitted
by:
STUDENT
TEACHER NAME NAME
Class: Xll

R
o
ll
N
o
:

Il

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C E RT I
F ICAT
E
This is
to
certify
that
Student
Name
has successfully completed
his/her Physics project titled
Transformer under
the supervision
ano guidance of
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TEACH
ER NAME in the
partial fulfiilment of
the Physics practical
assessment
conducted during the
academic year
2023-2024.

EXAMINER

21

ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT

I would like to express my

immense gratitude to my
physics teacher Murali Krishna
sir for the help and guidance
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he/she provided for completing

this project.
I also thank my parents who
gave their ideas and inputs in
making this project. Most of all
I thank our school management,
for providing us the facilities
and opportunity to do this
project.
-2

Lastly, I would like to thanks

my classmates who have helped
me in this [Link] support
made this project fruitful.

Student Name

31

INDEX
CONTENT PAGE NO

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Certificate 02

Acknowledgement 03

Topic 05

Introduction 06

Principle 07
Construction 08

Theory 9-11

Working 12

Material Required 14

Procedure 15

Observation 16
Application 18

Conclusion 19

Precaution 20
Reference 21
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TOPIC

Investigatory project on

Secondary
Circuit

Transformer

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51
INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for

converting a low alternating voltage to a
high alternating voltage or a high
alternating voltage into a low alternating
voltage. It is a static electrical device that
transfers energy by inductive coupling
between its winding circuits. Transformers
range in size from a thumbnail-sized
coupling transformer hidden inside a stage
microphone to huge units weighing
hundreds of tons used in power plant
substations or to interconnect portions of
the power grid. All operate on the same
basic principles, although the range of
designs is wide. While new technologies
have eliminated the need for transformers in
some electronic circuits, transformers are
still found in many electronic devices.
Transformers are essential for high-voltage
electric power transmission, which makes
long-distance transmission economically
practical. A transformer is most widely
used device in both low and high current
circuit. In a transformerahe electrical
energy transfer from one circuit to another
circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts. A transformer which
increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer. A transformer which decreases
the A.C. voltages is

called a step-down
transformerJTransformer IS, therefore, an
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essential piece of apparatus both for high
and low current circuits.

61
PRINCIPLE

The electric transformer works on the

fundamental principle of electromagnetic
induction, a concept first discovered by
Michael Faraday in the 19th century. The
transformer consists of two coils of wire,
known as the primary and secondary
windings, which are usually wound around
a common magnetic core. When an
alternating current (AC) flows through the
primary winding, it generates a changing
magnetic field around the coil. According to
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction,
this changing magnetic field induces an
electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the
secondary winding. The key principle here
is that the transformer relies on the mutual
induction between the primary and
secondary windings through the magnetic

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flux linkage.

Galvanometer

71

CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft

iron core made of laminated sheets, well
insulated from one another. Two coils PI &
P2 and Sl & S2are wound on the same core,
but are well insulated with each other. Note
that the both the coils are insulated from the
core, the source of alternating e.m.f is
connected to PIP2, the primary coil and a
load resistance R is connected to SIS2, the
secondary coil through an open switch S.
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thus there can be no current through the sec.
coil so long as the switch is open. For an
ideal transformer, we assume that the
resistance of the primary & secondary
winding is negligible. Further, the energy
loses due to magnetic the iron core is also
negligible. For operation at low frequency,
we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core
is insulating by joining thin iron strips
coated with varnish to insulate them to
reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The
input circuit is
called primary.

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THEORY

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the

primary coil , an alternating current
starts falling in it. The altering current in
the primary produces a changing magnetic
flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a
goodtransformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked with
the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is

equal to that induced in each turn of the

primary. Thus, if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.'s induced
in the primary and the secondary coil and
NP and NS are the no. of turns of the
primary and secondary coils of the
transformer and, dØb/dt = rate of change of
flux in each turn of the coil at this instant,
we have,
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NpdØb /dt
NsdØb /dt

Es/Ep NS/Np
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back
e.m.f induced in the primary coil PI, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due
to the difference (E — Ep) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and
back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance of
mp2 , coil, then the instantaneous current
Ip in the primary coil is given by:

E Ep/Rp
IpRp

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When the resistance of the primary is small, IpRp can be neglected so

therefore,

E -E = O orE = Ep
Thus, Back e. m. f = Input e. m. f
Hence equation (3) can be written as,
Output e.m.f
Es/Ep = Es/E NS/Np = K Input e.m.f

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

Is = Value of secondary current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant t = EPIP and
Output power at the same instant = Esls
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power output power or
Esls or Es/Ep Ip/ls = K

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In a step-up transformer
As K > > Is or Is < 1
I.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same
ratio. Similarly, it can be shown, that in a step-down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus, a step-up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step-
down transformer

Step Down Transformer

Primary Secondary

1000V 200V
IO

2000 w 2000 w

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WORKING

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according

to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil that is if a
varying current is set-up in a circuit induced e.m.f. is produced in the
neighbouring circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce varying
magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighbouring circuit.
The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated with each
other by insulated material and wound on a common core. For
operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron
core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to
insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The input
circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is called secondary.

EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to

the input power i.e.

= Output Power/Input Power = E I /E I

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Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, = l . But

in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore, the

efficiency of
transformer is less than one.

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Material Required

Iron Rod

Voltmeter

Ammeter

primary circuit secondary circuit

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PROCEDURE

l. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60).
This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound

relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step-down

transformer.
3. Connect PI, to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through

and S2.

5. Now connect Sl and S2 to A.C main and again measure

voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of step
up transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for:other self-made transformers by changing

number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
OBSERVATION

l . We will find that ratio of % and Vs across the two coils is equal
to the ratio of number of turns in the coil P to that in the coil S.
i.e., vp/Vs = Np/Ns - (1)

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2. The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied) is called the

primary and coil S (in which AC is induced) is called the

secondary.
3. Since coil S is placed very close to the coil P, the power in the
primary is transferred into the secondary through mutual
induction.

4. It is clear from equation I $ that by appropriate choice of the

turn ratio i.e., Np/Ns, we can obtain a higher voltage or lower
voltage

in S
compared to that in P.
ENERGY LOSS

In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the

input energy, because energy losses occur due to a number of reasons
as explained below.

@ Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is

seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the
primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.

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@ Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination, Eddy

currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current may,
however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat
produced in the iron core.

@ Copper Loss: In practice, the coils ofthe transformer possess

resistance. So, a part of the energy is lost due to the heat
produced in the resistance of the coll.

@ Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes the

iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So, Energy

is lost due to hysteresis.

@ Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the
Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound may
be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy may
be lost due to humming.
APPLICATION OF TRANSFORMER

l. Electric Power Transmission: Transformers are crucial in power

transmission networks to step up voltage for efficient long-distance
transmission and step-down voltage for distribution to end-users.

2. Voltage Regulation: Transformers help maintain a stable voltage

level by adjusting the voltage as needed, ensuring consistent and

reliable electrical supply.

3. Power Distribution: They are used in power distribution systems
to provide various voltage levels suitable for residential,
commercial, and industrial applications

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4. Power Supply Units: Transformers are employed in power supply

units of electronic devices, converting AC power from outlets to
the DC power needed by devices like computers and chargers.

5. Voltage Transformation: Transformers change the voltage levels,

allowing electricity to be transmitted athigh voltages to reduce
energy losses and then be distributed at lower voltages for use.

6. Industrial Applications: Transformers power various industrial

machinery and equipment by adapting electrical voltage to meet
specific operational requirements.

7. Electrical Appliances: Many electronic devices and appliances

use transformers to convert electricity to the required voltage for
their operation.
CONCLUSION

@ The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage.

@ The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input

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voltage.

@ There of a
transformer.

PRECAUTION

l . Ensure proper insulation between primary and secondary coils

to prevent short circuits.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should
remain constant

3. Use appropriate safety measures when working with AC mains,

including insulated tools and gloves.

4. Securely fasten all connections to prevent accidental

disconnections during the experiment.

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5. Verify the insulation on the iron rod to avoid electrical shocks

and ensure a safe working environment.

6. Double-check the circuit connections before applying AC

mains to avoid potential hazards

7. Keep the experimental setup well-ventilated to dissipate any

heat generated dunng the expenment.

8. Have firefighting equipment nearby and follow emergency

procedures in case of unexpected events.
REFERENCE

, NCERT textbook class 12

, NCERT physics lab Manuel

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