Chapter Three

Inverters
Introduction:
DC to AC converters are known as inverters. The function of an inverter is to change a DC
input voltage to a symmetrical AC output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency. A
variable output voltage can be obtained by varying the input DC voltage keeping the gain
of the inverter constant. On the other hand, if the DC input voltage is fixed, a variable
output voltage can be obtained by varying the gain of the inverter, which is normally
accomplished by pulse-width- modulation (PWM) control within the inverter.

Types of inverter circuits:

_
Load +

_
+

2- Centre-tapped lead inverter.

1- Centre-tapped supply inverter.

Load

3- Section-type inverter.
4- Single-phase bridge inverter.

R S T

5- Half-wave 3-phase inverter.

- 63 -
 Load

6- Three-phase bridge inverter.

The output voltages in the section-type inverter and half-wave 3-ph inverter contain dc
components.

Series inverters:
+

T1

C
E i
L
T2

R
_

When T1 is fired, capacitor C will start charging. When the capacitor C is completely
charged, the current i will be zero.

Then, when T2 is on, the capacitor C will start discharging through R &L, i.e., causing
negative current in the load.

For the first period, T1 is on:

𝑑𝑖 1 𝑡
𝐸 = 𝑣𝑅 + 𝑣𝐿 + 𝑣𝐶 = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 + 0
𝑖 𝑑𝑡 + VC 2 -------------------------------------(1)
𝑑𝑡 𝐶

- 64 -
 𝑑𝑖 𝑑2 𝑖 1
0=𝑅 +𝐿 2+ 𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶

ig T1 T2

ωt
i

0 π 2π ωt

vR

ωt

vC v
C1

ωt
vC2

vL

ωt

𝑑 2 𝑖 𝑅 𝑑𝑖 1
+ + 𝑖=0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶
- 65 -
The solution of this equation is:

𝑖 = 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 (𝐴1 sin𝜔𝑡 +𝐴2 cos 𝜔𝑡)

where:

𝑅
𝛼=
2𝐿

1 𝑅2
𝜔= 𝜔𝑂2 − 𝛼2 = −
𝐿𝐶 4𝐿2

1
𝜔𝑂 =
𝐿𝐶
Form the initial conditions:

At t=0, i=0 ∴ 𝐴2 = 0

∴ 𝑖 = 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 𝐴1 sin 𝜔𝑡

𝑑𝑖
= −𝛼𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 𝐴1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 𝐴1 ωcos 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
At t=0 = 𝐴1 𝜔
𝑑𝑡
t=0
At t=0 in equation (1)

𝑑𝑖
𝐸=𝐿 + 𝑉𝐶2 = 𝐴1 𝜔𝐿 + 𝑉𝐶2
𝑑𝑡

𝐸−𝑉 𝐶 2
𝐴1 =
𝜔𝐿

𝐸−𝑉𝐶 2
∴𝑖= 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝐿

𝐸 − 𝑉𝐶2 −𝛼𝑡
∴ 𝑣𝑅 = 𝑖𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝐿

𝑑𝑖 𝐸 − 𝑉𝐶2 −𝛼𝑡
𝑣𝐿 = 𝐿 = 𝑒 (𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡 −αsin 𝜔𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝜔

𝑣𝐶 = 𝐸 − 𝑣𝐿 − 𝑣𝑅
- 66 -
For the second period, T2 is on:

𝑣𝐿 + 𝑣𝑅 + 𝑣𝐶 = 0

𝑑𝑖 1 𝑡
𝐿 + 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑉𝐶1 + 𝑅𝑖 = 0 -----------------------------------(2)
𝑑𝑡 𝐶 0

𝑑 2 𝑖 𝑅 𝑑𝑖 1
+ + 𝑖=0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶

The solution of this equation and using the initial condition gives:

𝑖 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡-----------------------------------(3)

where

𝑅
𝛼=
2𝐿

1 𝑅2
𝜔= − 2
𝐿𝐶 4𝐿

At t=0, i=0 in equation (2) gives:

𝑑𝑖 VC 1
=−
𝑑𝑡 L
t=0
From equation (3):

𝑑𝑖
= −𝛼𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 𝐴 ω cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 VC 1
= 𝐴𝜔 = −
𝑑𝑡 L
t=0
VC 1
∴𝐴=− in (3)
ωL

VC 1 −𝛼𝑡
∴𝑖=− 𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡
ωL

VC 1 −𝛼𝑡
𝑣𝑅 = 𝑅𝑖 = − 𝑅𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡
ωL

- 67 -
 𝑑𝑖 VC
𝑣𝐿 = 𝐿 = − 1 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 (−𝛼 sin 𝜔𝑡 + ω cos 𝜔𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 ω

𝑣𝐶 = −(𝑣𝑅 + 𝑣𝐿 )

Note: T1 is on:

𝑣𝐶 = 𝐸 − 𝑣𝐿 − 𝑣𝑅

𝐸 − 𝑉𝐶2 −𝛼𝑡 𝐸 − 𝑉𝐶2 −𝛼𝑡

=𝐸− 𝑒 (ω cos 𝜔𝑡 −𝛼 sin 𝜔𝑡) − 𝑅𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜔 𝜔𝐿
At t=π/ω 𝑣𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶1

𝐸 − 𝑣𝐶2 −𝛼𝜋
𝑉𝐶1 = 𝐸 − 𝑒 𝜔 (−𝜔)
𝜔
−𝛼𝜋 −𝛼𝜋
𝑉𝐶1 = 𝐸 1 + 𝑒 𝜔 − 𝑉𝐶2 𝑒 𝜔 ------------------(1)

T2 is on:

𝑣𝐶 = − 𝑣𝑅 + 𝑣𝐿

𝑉𝐶1 −𝛼𝑡 𝑉𝐶
= 𝑅𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 1 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 ( −𝛼 sin 𝜔𝑡 + ω cos 𝜔𝑡)
𝜔𝐿 𝜔
At t=π/ω 𝑣𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶2
VC1 −𝛼𝜋 −𝛼𝜋
𝑉𝐶2 = 𝑒 𝜔 −𝜔 = −𝑉𝐶1 𝑒 𝜔 ------------------(2)
ω

From (2) in (1):

−𝛼𝜋 −2𝛼𝜋
𝑉𝐶1 = 𝐸 1 + 𝑒 𝜔 + 𝑉𝐶1 𝑒 𝜔

−𝛼𝜋
𝐸(1 + 𝑒 𝜔 ) 𝐸
𝑉𝐶1 = −2𝛼𝜋 = −𝛼𝜋 𝑉𝐶1 > 𝐸
1− 𝑒 𝜔 1− 𝑒 𝜔

- 68 -
Centre-tapped supply inverter:
single-phase half-bridge:

T1
+
E/2 _
R C L
_ +
+
E/2 _ T2

T1 is on, C is charged > E/2, then T1 is off before i try to reverse.

when T2 is on, C is charged in reverse direction.

when T1 is on:

𝐸 − 2𝑉𝐶2 −𝛼𝑡
𝑖= 𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡
2𝜔𝐿

when T2 is on:

𝐸 + 2𝑉𝐶1 −𝛼𝑡
𝑖=− 𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡
2𝜔𝐿

Bridge inverters:

D1 T1 T3
D3

Load
E

D4 T4 T2 D2

- 69 -
At ωt=0 T1 ON

ωt=β T2 ON

ωt=π T4 ON

ωt=π+β T3 ON

v i
E
π+ β 2π
0
β π ωt

T3 T2 T3

T1 T4

𝛽
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐸 1 −
𝜋

For R-L load:

(1) 0 < ωt < β , v=0 , D1 & T3 on.

−𝑅 −𝜔𝑡
𝑡 𝜔𝐿
𝑖 = 𝑖𝑜 𝑒 𝐿 = 𝑖𝑜 𝑒 𝑄 , 𝑄= , 𝑖𝑜 < 0
𝑅

(2) β < ωt < π , v=E , T1 & T2 or D1+D2 on.

− 𝜔𝑡 −𝛽
𝐸 𝐸
𝑖 = + 𝑖𝛽 − 𝑒 𝑄 , 𝑖𝛽 < 0
𝑅 𝑅

(3) π < ωt < π+β , v=0 , D4 & T2 on.

− 𝜔𝑡 −𝜋
𝑖 = −𝑖𝑜 𝑒 𝑄

(4) π+β < ωt < 2π , v=-E , T3 & T4 or D4+D3 on.

− 𝜔𝑡 −𝜋 −𝛽
𝐸 𝐸
𝑖 = − − 𝑖𝛽 − 𝑒 𝑄
𝑅 𝑅

- 70 -
 𝜋 𝛽
− 𝑡− −
𝐸 𝐸 𝜔 𝜔
𝑖 = − − 𝑖𝛽 − 𝑒 𝜏
𝑅 𝑅

𝐿
where 𝜏=
𝑅

At ωt=β i=iβ
−𝛽
𝑖𝛽 = 𝑖𝑜 𝑒 𝑄 -------------------------------(1)

At ωt=π i=-io
− 𝜋 −𝛽
𝐸 𝐸
−𝑖𝑜 = + 𝑖𝛽 − 𝑒 𝑄 ---------------------(2)
𝑅 𝑅

Solving (1) & (2) gives:

−𝛽 −𝜋
𝐸 𝑒 𝑄 −𝑒 𝑄
𝑖𝛽 = − ∗ 𝜋
𝑅 −
1+𝑒 𝑄

− 𝜋 −𝛽
𝐸 1−𝑒 𝑄
𝑖𝑜 = − ∗ −𝜋
𝑅
1+𝑒 𝑄

i
Load v
current
π+ β π+θ 2π 2π+β
0 β π ωt
θ

is
supply
β π+ β
current π
θ π+ θ 2π 2π+β ωt
T1 D4 T4
D1 D1
T2
D2 D3 T3
T3

freewheeling freewheeling reverse operation

D1+T3 D4+T2 of inverter
D4+D3

reverse operation
of inverter
D1+D2

- 71 -
Load commutation of the half-bridge inverter:
Let the current i goes to zero at time t=tx during the first half-cycle.

Let toff is the turn-off time of thyristors T1 and T2.

𝑇
𝑡𝑞 = − 𝑡𝑥 > 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐
2

When the gating signal is removed from T1 and T2 is turned on at t=T/2, T1 will not
conduct. Then the inverter is load-commutate. If tq < toff then the thyristors must be forced-
commutated.

- 72 -
Sinewave single-phase inverters:
+

E
v1 v2 v3

V1

V2

V3

π
π/6 π/3 π/2 2π/3 5π/6
3

The commutation circuit is not shown

- 73 -
McMurray-Bedford bridge inverter:

+ +
T1 D1 C1 _ C3 _ D3 T3

+ L1 +
_
Load + L3
_
E + +
_ L4 _ _ L2
+ +
T4 D4 C4 _ C2 D2 T2
_

ig
T4 T4

t
iL

IL
t
energy L4 is
𝐢𝐓𝟒
dissipated

IL
T4- off t

VC 𝐕𝐂𝟒 𝐕𝐂𝟏

tx t
𝐕𝐓𝟏 E

-E
𝐢𝐝𝟒

- 74 - t
The operation of this circuit can be summarized as follows:

1- when T1 and T2 are fired the current will flow through T1, L1, the load, L2, and T2.

2- The firing of T3 will commutate T2 and T4 will commutate T1. This commutation is
called complete commutation.

3- This commutation process can be explained as follows:

a- The load is assumed to be highly inductive and the voltage drop across L1 is zero.
VC 1 = 0, VT 1 = 0 .

b- When T4 is fired, the voltage VT 4 = 0 and the voltage VC 4 = E is completely applied to

L4. This will induce an equal voltage on L1.

c- This will apply a reverse voltage (E) on the thyristor T1, thus it will be turned-off.

4- The current through T1 is reduced to zero.

5- The current through L4 is equal to the current through L1 because L1= L4.

6- C4 is discharged and C1 is charged. The charging current is flowing through the load
and through L4 & T4. The load current remains constant during this time (charging and
discharging) due to the high load inductance.

7- Due to C4 discharging the current through L4 & T4 is increased. The voltage on L4 is

reduced and this will reduced the induced voltage on L1.

8- The voltage across T1 is equal to the net voltage in the closed circuit T1, L1 & C1, i.e.,
VT 1 = VC 1 − VL 1 .

9- At t=tx (when VT 1 = 0, i.e., VC 1 = VL 1 ), T1 will be forward biased and thus it must be

turned-off before tx.

- 75 -
10- At the end of C1 charging, VC 1 = E. The energy stored in the load inductance is
returned back to the supply through D3 & D4 and the load current is reduced to zero. The
thyristor T4 must be fired again to carry the negative load current.

11- The energy stored in L4 is dissipated through T4 & D4 & [Link] energy stored in L1,
L2, L3 and L4 increases with load current and output frequency. This dissipated energy
reduces the inverter efficiency and this energy is called the trapped energy.

Pulse width modulation inverters:

The output voltage of an inverter can be changed by using pulse width modulation
technique and it is also possible to reduce the harmonic contents through the use of
modified sinusoidal pulse-width modulation.

D1 T1 T3 D3

A Load
B
E

D4 T4 T2 D2
_ N

Let T1 is fired at:

ωt=0, α2, π- α1, π+ α1, 2π- α2

and T4 is fired at:

ωt=α1, π- α2, π, π+ α2, 2π- α1

This firing of T2 is delayed by an angle β from T1 and similarly for T3 and T4.

- 76 -
Fourier series analysis:

∞
𝑎𝑜
𝑉𝑜 = + 𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡
2
𝑛=1

2𝜋
𝑎𝑜 1
= 𝑉𝑜 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 0
2 2𝜋 0

VAN
1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4

α1 α2 π-α2 π-α1 π π+α1 π+α2 2π-α2 ωt

2π-α1
β=20o
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
VBN

β α1+β α2+β π-α2+β π-α1+β π+β ωt

β=20o π+α2+β
π+α1+β
VAB
E

β α1 α2 π/2 ωt
-E

β=60o
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
VBN

β α1+β ωt
β=60o π-α2+β

VAB

ωt

1-2=β

& 3-4 =β

- 77 -
 2𝜋 𝜋
1 2
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑜 sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜 sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋 0 𝜋 0

𝜋
𝛼1 𝛽 +𝛼 1
4 2
= 𝐸 sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋 𝛽 𝛼2 𝛽 +𝛼 2

4𝐸
= cos 𝑛𝛽 − cos 𝑛𝛼1 + cos 𝑛𝛼2 − cos 𝑛𝛽 + 𝑛𝛼1 + cos 𝑛𝛽 + 𝑛𝛼2
𝜋𝑛

if β=0

4𝐸
𝑎𝑛 = 1 − 2 cos 𝑛𝛼1 + 2 cos 𝑛𝛼2
𝜋𝑛

Let a3=a5=0

1 − 2 cos 3𝛼1 + 2 cos 3𝛼2 = 0

1 − 2 cos 5𝛼1 + 2 cos 5𝛼2 = 0

∴ 𝛼2 = 33.3𝑜 & 𝛼1 = 23.62𝑜

2𝜋
1
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑉𝑜 cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 0 [No cosine harmonic in the output]
𝜋 0

4
𝑣1 = 𝐸 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼1 + cos 𝛼2 − cos 𝛽 + 𝛼1 + cos 𝛽 + 𝛼2 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜋

v3=0, v5=0

4𝐸
𝑣7 = cos 7𝛽 − cos 7𝛼1
𝜋7
+ cos 7𝛼2 − cos 7𝛽 + 7𝛼1 + cos 7𝛽 + 7𝛼2 sin 7𝜔𝑡

etc.

- 78 -
Three-phase inverters:

T1 T3 T5

T4 T6 T2
_

a R b R c R

There are three modes of operation in a half-cycle:

1- During mode "1" for 0 ≤ ωt < π/3, thyristors 1,6, and 5 are on:
R
a
I R
c
n
E
R
b

R 3
R eq = R + = R
2 2
E 2E
∴I= =
3
R 3R
2
R E
van = I = = vcn
2 3
2E
vbn = −IR = −
3
- 79 -
 ig1 π 3π
2π 4π 5π
1 1 1
ig4 ωt
4 4 4
ig3
ωt
3 3 3
ig6 ωt
6 6 6

ig5 ωt

5 5 5
ωt
ig2
2 2 2
ωt
2E/3
va
E/3

ωt

vb 2E/3
E/3

ωt

2E/3
E/3
vc
ωt

- 80 -
2- During mode "2" for π/3 ≤ ωt < 2π/3, thyristors 1,6, and 2 are on:
R
I a

R
E b
n
R
c

R 3
R eq = R + = R
2 2
E 2E
∴I= =
3
R 3R
2
2E
van = IR =
3
R E
vbn = vcn = −I ∗ =−
2 3
3- During mode "3" for 2π/3 ≤ ωt < π, thyristors 1,3, and 2 are on:
R
a
I R
b
n
E
c R

R 3
R eq = R + = R
2 2
E 2E
∴I= =
3
R 3R
2
R E
van = vbn = I =
2 3
2E
vcn = −IR = −
3

- 81 -
Example: A series inverter is connected to 100 V dc supply. The RLC load of the inverter
has the following values: R=1.5 Ω, L=20H, and C=10F. The turn-off time of the used
thyristors is 10sec. Calculate:

a- The maximum frequency that this inverter can give.

b- The voltage range across the capacitor.

c- Maximum current.

Solution:

ig T1 T2

ωt
i

0 π 2π ωt

vR

0 π 2π ωt

1 1
(a) 𝑓𝑚 = =
𝑡 1𝑜𝑛 +𝑡 𝑞 1 +𝑡 2𝑜𝑛 +𝑡 𝑞 2 𝑇

𝜋
𝑡1𝑜𝑛 = 𝑡2𝑜𝑛 = , 𝑡𝑞 1 = 𝑡𝑞 2 = 10𝜇𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜔

1 𝑅2 1 1.52
𝜔= 𝜔𝑜2 − 𝛼 2 = − 2
= − =59947.894 rad/sec.
𝐿𝐶 4𝐿 20∗10 −6 ∗10∗10 −6 4(20∗10 −6 )

- 82 -
 1 1 1
∴ 𝑓𝑚 = = = = 8012.129 𝐻𝑧
2𝑡𝑜𝑛 + 2𝑡𝑞 2𝜋 + 2𝑡 2𝜋
+ 2 ∗ 10 ∗ 10 −6
𝜔 𝑞 59947.894

𝑅 1.5
𝛼= = = 37500
2𝐿 2 ∗ 20 ∗ 10−6

(b) For the first period:

𝐸 − 𝑉𝐶2 −𝛼𝑡
𝑖= 𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝐿

𝐸 − 𝑉𝐶2 −𝛼𝑡 𝐸 − 𝑉𝐶2 −𝛼𝑡

𝑣𝐶 = 𝐸 − 𝑣𝐿 − 𝑣𝑅 = 𝐸 − 𝑒 (𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡 −αsin 𝜔𝑡) − 𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜔 𝜔𝐿
𝜋
At 𝑡 =
𝜔
 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋 𝑣𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶1
−𝜋𝛼
𝑣𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶1 = 𝐸 + 𝐸 − 𝑉𝐶2 𝑒 𝜔 ------------------(1)

For the second period:

𝑣𝐶 = −(𝑣𝑅 + 𝑣𝐶 )
𝑉𝐶1 −𝛼𝑡
𝑖=− 𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝐿

𝑉𝐶1 −𝛼𝑡 𝑉𝐶
= 𝑅𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 1 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 (−𝛼 sin 𝜔𝑡 + ω cos 𝜔𝑡)
𝜔𝐿 𝜔

𝜋
At 𝑡 =
𝜔
 𝑣𝐶 = 𝑣𝐶2

𝑉𝐶 1 −𝜋𝛼 −𝜋𝛼
𝑣𝐶2 = 𝑒 𝜔 −𝜔 = −𝑉𝐶1 𝑒 𝜔 -------------------(2)
𝜔

From (2) in (1)

𝐸 100
𝑉𝐶1 = −𝜋𝛼 = = 116.296 𝑉
1− 𝑒 𝜔 1 − 𝑒 −37500 ∗𝜋/59947.894

𝑉𝐶2 = −116.296𝑒 −37500 ∗𝜋/59947.894 = −16.2963 𝑉

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(c)
𝐸 − 𝑉𝐶2 −𝛼𝑡
𝑖= 𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝐿

𝑑𝑖 𝐸 − 𝑉𝐶2 −𝛼𝑡
=0= 𝑒 −𝛼 sin 𝜔𝑡 + ω cos 𝜔𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝜔𝐿

𝛼 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡

𝜔
tan 𝜔𝑡 =
𝛼

59947.894
tan 59947.894𝑡 =
37500

∴ 𝜔𝑡 = 1.01181

∴ 𝑡 = 16.878 𝜇𝑠𝑒𝑐

100 − (−16.2963) −37500 ∗16.878∗10 −6

∴𝑖= 𝑒 sin 1.01181 = 43.6693 𝐴
59947.894 ∗ 20 ∗ 10−6

Sheet No.2

1- A single-phase half-bridge inverter with RLC load for which R=0.8 Ω,

ωL=10 Ω,1/ωC=10 Ω, E/2=25 V. The gating signals are arranged to have a rectangular
voltage wave of amplitude E/2 and periodic time T.

a- Find the equation of the fundamental load current.

b- Show that the power delivered by the two sources is equal to the power delivered to the
load circuit.

c- State whether this circuit will require forced commutation.

2- Repeat example-1 with 1/ωC=9.2 Ω.

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3- A single-phase bridge inverter with freewheeling diodes is connected to 300 V supply.
The load is an RLC series circuit in which R=0.5 Ω, ωL=10 Ω and 1/ωC=10.5 Ω.
T=1 msec.

The output voltage is a rectangular wave at 300 V amplitude and periodic time T.

a- Repeat parts a and b of example-1.

b- Calculate the time available for turn-off of the thyristors with this load circuit.

4- A single-phase bridge inverter with freewheeling diodes is connected to RLC load. The
gate signals of T1 and T4 are delayed by β=π/3 rad. from the gate signals of T2 and T3
respectively.

a- Draw one cycle of the required gate current waveforms for the four thyristors.

b- If the load circuit is such that iL passes through zero value at ωt equal to:

(i) 0 and π rad.

(ii) π/3 and π+π/3 rad.

(iii) -π/3 and π-π/3 rad.

draw for each one cycle of the current waveform and indicate on it which devices are
conducting in the various intervals throughout the cycle.

5- A single-phase bridge inverter with freewheeling diodes has a positive gate voltage on
G1 and G2 between π/6 to 5π/6 and a positive gate voltage on G3 and G4 between 7π/6 to
11π/6 rad. At the end of each gating signals the two thyristors are commutated. Draw one
cycle of the load-circuit fundamental current and voltage waveforms if the load is
resistive. Indicate with current waveform which devices are conducting in the various
intervals throughout the cycle.

6- A series interval is connected to 300 V supply and R=3 Ω, L=40 H, and C=5 F. The
output frequency is to be 8000 Hz. Determine:

a- The minimum time provided for turn-off tqmin.

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b- The peak thyristor current.

c- The power output.

d- The rms thyristor current.

e- Sketch the waveforms of the output current.

7- Repeat example-6 for R=1 Ω.

8- A single-phase half-bridge inverter with freewheeling diodes has a resistive load of

R=2.4 Ω and the dc input voltage is E=48 V. The output voltage is a rectangular wave.
Determine:

a- The rms output voltage at the fundamental frequency.

b- The output power.

c- The average and peak currents of each thyristor.

d- The reverse blocking voltage of each thyristor.

9- Repeat example-8 for a single-phase bridge inverter with freewheeling diodes.

10- The inverter in example-9 has an RLC load with R=10 Ω, L=31.5 mH, and C=112 F.
The inverter frequency , fo=60 Hz and the dc input voltage E=220 V.

a- Express the instantaneous load current in Fourier series.

Calculate the,

b- The rms load current at fundamental frequency.

c- Output power.

d- Average current of the dc supply.

e- The rms and peak current of each thyristor.

f- Draw the waveform of fundamental load current and show the conduction intervals of
the thyristors and diodes. Calculate the conduction time of the thyristors and diodes.
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