Ans 1. The force of attraction between particles of gas is negligible.

Because of this, particles of gas

move in all directions. Thus, a gas fills the vessel completely in which it is kept.

Or

A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept because the particles of gas move freely and acquire
the shape of the container.

Ans 2. Proton—positive; electron—negative; neutron—no charge. The charge on the proton and
electron are exactly the same size but opposite. The same number of protons and electrons exactly
cancel one another in a neutral atom.

Ans 3. Fertilisers are inorganic chemicals which are not easily degraded. Excess use of fertilisers causes
environmental pollution as their residual and unused amounts will become pollutants for air, water and
soil.

Ans 4. Speed is a scalar quantity with only magnitude. as it does not have a proper direction and it is
dependent upon on the motion of a body.

Ans 5. Pasturage means the flowers available to the bees for nectar and pollen grain. It is related to the
production of honey as it determines the taste and quantity of honey.

Ans 6. They are called as striped or skeletal or voluntary.

The entire muscle show alternate dark and light strips and therefore called stripped muscle.
They are attached to bones and are responsible for body movement,and therefore called skeletal
muscles.
These muscles work according to our will,they are called as voluntary

Ans 7. an object is thrown upward then ,final velocity (v)=0 ,initial velocity (u)=3m/s,

time (t)=5sec.
Height (s)=?
To find S, we find acceleration
V=u+at
0=3+a×5
-3=5a
-3/5=a
using second equation of motion
S=ut+1/2×a×t square
S=3×5+1/2×-3/5×5 square
S=15-3/10×25
S=15-15/2
S=30-15÷2
S=15/2
S=7.5m/s

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Ans 8.

Weight of water = 3.6 g.

Molecular weight of water = 2 + 16 = 18g
No of moles of water = 3.6/18 = 0.2
Weight of carbon dioxide = 4.4 g
Molecular weight of carbon dioxide = 12 + 32 = 44 g
No of moles of carbon dioxide = 4.4/44 = 0.1
Hence, mole ratio of 3.6 g of water and 4.4 g of carbon dioxide = 0.2:0.1 = 2:1.

Ans 10. Given, force F=30N

distance s=20m
engle between the toy car and the ground =30degree
therefore, Work done W=Fscos30
W=30x20cos30
W=600x1.732/2
W=519.6joules

Ans 11. Student B water will evaporates faster as it has bigger surface area

Ans 12. Air:

(a) It helps in purifying the air by absorbing pollutants.

(b) It adds oxygen to the air and takes carbon-dioxide gas during photosynthesis. Therefore
greenhouse effect is controlled.
(c) Transpiration helps in the formation of clouds, maintains the temperature of
surrounding area and gives cooling effect.
Soil:
(a) Plants in forest hold the soil thereby preventing soil erosion.
(b) It holds the soil which helps in the increasing the underground water level.
(c) Adds nutrients to the soil as lot of vegetation present in forest gets decomposed.
Water:
Forest helps in bringing rain and increasing the level of water in underground levels.

Ans13. The atomic mass of an atom of an element is expressed in atomic mass unit and may be defined
as the total number of protons and neutrons present on that element.

The gram atomic mass is defined as the amount of substance in gram and it is numerically equal to its
atomic mass

'u' and 'g' are the symbols used to represent the unit of gram atomic mass. example, the gram atomic
mass of carbon is 24u or [Link] the symbolscan be use to represent gram atomic mass.

Ans 14 Lichens are bio-indicators of air pollution. They are sensitive to sulphur dioxide (SO2) which
occurs in sufficient quantity in the atmosphere of Delhi due to the pollution caused by large number of
vehicles, factories using fossil fuels etc. Moreover, Delhi occurs in semi-arid area where atmospheric
moisture is [Link] Manali and Darjeeling, the atmosphere is humid and sulphur dioxide pollution is
comparatively low making it more conducive to lichen growth.

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Ans 15. "Speed is defined by the Changing in 1 meter distance per second."

SI unit of speed = m/sec

From the definition : speed = distance/time

=> Time = distance/speed

Given that : speed of air = 330m/sec and distance = 30m

Now, according to the question :

Time = 30/330 = 1/11 sec

It mean after 1/11 sec he hear an echo.

Ans 16 (a) Salt can be recovered from its solution by crystallization process also. Crystallisation is a
process employed for separating of solute in the form of crystals from its saturated solution on cooling.
In this process the impure sample is dissolved in minimum amount of suitable solvent. The formed
solution is heated to get a saturated solution. On cooling, this saturated solution produce pure crystals
of the sample.

b) Sea water is the mixture of water, salts and other many suspended impurities . Apart from
these many gases are also dissolved in it. Because of the presence of mixture of several dissolved
gases in sea water it is classified as homogeneous [Link] due to the presence of salt and
suspended impurities sea water is also classified as heterogeneous mixture.

c) We know that boiling point of water is 100 C and its freezing point is 0 C. From the
given samples, sample B does not boil at 100 C, this indicates that the sample is not pure
[Link] the sample B will not freeze at 0 C.

Q17. a) Apart from the nucleus, there are few other organelles which have their own
DNA. Mitochondria, power house of the cell has its own DNA. Chloroplasts of the plant cells
possess their own DNA. This DNA is responsible for the regreening capacity of the plant.

b)

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c) Nature and occurrence → The nucleus is a large, centrally located spherical cellular
component. It is bounded by two nuclear membranes, both forming a nuclear envelope. Nuclear
envelope encloses a space between two nuclear membranes and is connected to a system of
membranes called the ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum).
It encloses nucleolus, nuclear pore and nucleoplasm.

Nucleus has very important functions as listed below

[Link] nucleus controls all metabolic activities of the cell. If the nucleus is removed from a cell,
the protoplasm ultimately dries up and dies.
[Link] regulates the cell cycle.
[Link] is concerned with the transmission of hereditary traits form the parent to offspring.

d) (a) Roots of plant → contain leucoplast which are colourless plastids and act as storage of
food.
(c) Flowers → contain multicoloured chromoplast to attract pollinators.

Ans 18. The thallophyta, bryophyta and pteridophyta are called as ‘cryptogams’ because
the reproductive organs of these groups are inconspicuous or hidden. Seeds are absent. On the
other hand ‘Phanerogams’ include gymnosperms and angiosperms which have well
differentiated reproductive tissue and the embryo with stored food. Their embryo develops into
seed.

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Ans 19. 1).A major fraction of the α-particles bombarded towards the gold sheet passed
through it without any deflection, and hence most of the space in an atom is empty.

2).Some of the α-particles were deflected by the gold sheet by very small angles, and hence the
positive charge in an atom is not uniformly distributed. The positive charge in an atom is
concentrated in a very small volume.

3).Very few of the α-particles were deflected back, that is only a few α-particles had nearly 180o
angle of deflection. So the volume occupied by the positively charged particles in an atom is
very small as compared to the total volume of an atom.

Ans 20

b) F = 0.5 (50-0) / 0.01

F = 0.5 x 50 x 100 / 1
F = 2500 N

Force of nail = 2500 N

Ans [Link] buoyant force is the upward force exerted by a liquid when a body is immersed in it.
Factors affecting the buoyant force are:
(a) Volume of the body immersed in liquid.
(b) Density of liquid (fluid).
c) Acceleration due to gravity.

Ans 22. Given mixture : sand,powdered glass and common salt

When the mixture is dissolved in water , as salt is soluble in water it dissolves and forms salt
solution.

Leave the mixture for some time. Sand sediments at the bottom of water .Glass which is
insoluble in water sediments at bottom of water. When filtration method is done, first sand and
glass which are insoluble are left out as residue on filter paper. The filtrate contains salt solution.

Ans 23. The adaptations of fish are:

a) Streamlined body shape and fins helps the fish to swim in water
b) Fish has developed special structures called gills which absorbs the dissolved oxygen in water.

Ans 24. Collenchyma are the plant tissues made up of cells which are elongated and the
cell wall is thickened at the corners. It is found in the leaf stalks and below the epidermis of
stems. This tissue provides support to the plant parts.

Ans 25. Yes because sound wave is reflected just as a light wave. we saw that the sound
wave or a wave both of these rays have incident rays and reflected by the same plane area at
forming a equal angle of incident and reflection.

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Ans26 Two precautions that should be taken while doing the experiment of determining density
of solid using a spring balance and measuring cylinder are:

1. Select a spring balance without zero error.

2. When an object is immersed in water, see that it does not touch the walls of the measuring
cylinder.

3. while observing the readings of a liquid in measuring cylinder, always look at the lower
meniscus of water level for readings.

Ans 27. Archimedes’ principle: The Archimedes’ principle states that if a body is
immersed in a fluid, wholly or partly, then it loses its weight equal to the weight of fluid
displaced by the immersed part of the body.
Experimental verification: Take a solid body which is heavier than water and also insoluble in
water. Suspend it from the hook of a spring balance to find its weight in air as shown in Fig. (a).

Let its weight in air be W1.

Now take an overflow vessel filled with water up to the overflow mark and place a measuring
cylinder below the overflow tube as shown in Fig. (b). Now suspend the given solid from hook
to spring balance and lower the solid in the water till it is completely immersed in water
Note the reading of the spring balance. It gives the weight of solid body in water. Let it be W2.
Loss of weight in solid when immersed in water = W1 - W2.
The water which overflowed when solid was immersed is collected in the cylinder placed ‘
below the overflow tube. Measure this volume.
Let it be V.
V = Volume of water displaced by the solid immersed in it.
Then weight of water displaced by solid = Vpg,
where, p = density of water and g= acceleration due to gravity.
It is found that W1 - W2 loss in weight of solid when immersed in water is equal to the weight of
the water displaced by the body. This verifies Archimedes’ principle.
Devices based on Archimedes’ principle: Design of all those devices which float in the fluid is
based on Archimedes’ principle. These devices such as hydrometers, lactometers, balloons, boats
and ships, submarines, etc., work according to Archimedes’ principle.