Holography

History
 Holography is quite old scientific field. As an inventor of
holography could be claimed Prof. D. Gabor.
 He proposed holographic imaging when working on
enhancing resolution of electron microscopy.
 However, the first holograms produced poor quality
images and the development of holography stagnated for
a while.
 The technology was greatly improved after introduction
of the off-axis holograms and invention of the LASER in
sixties.
 Since then, holography found many applications including
3D imaging and interferometry.
Introduction

 The word holography is the combination of two Greek

words: holos and graphein.
 Holos stands for whole and graphein stands for to write.
Hence, holography means writing the complete image.
 Holography is actually a recording of interference pattern
formed between two beams of coherent light coming from
the same source.
 In holography, intense coherent light is required.
 In this process, both the amplitude and the phase
components of the light wave are recorded on a light-
sensitive medium such as a photographic plate.
 This recording is known as a hologram.
BASIC PRINCIPLE

 Holography is a method in which one not

only records the amplitude of the light
wave (reflected from the object), but also
the phase of it.
 Holography is a two-step process. First step
is the recording of hologram where the
object is transformed into a photographic
record.
 The second step is the reconstruction in
which the hologram is transformed into the
image.
Cont.
 Hologram actually contains information not only about
the amplitude but also about the phase of the object
beam, which produces a three dimensional image of
an object.
 The image will change its appearance if you look at it
from a different angle.
 Holography is the lens less photography in which
hologram is a result of the interference occurring
between the coherent light (from laser), reflected
from the object and the light from a coherent
reference beam, obtained by splitting the light from
the same laser source.
 Interference: Recording the Hologram
 Coherent Light Source: Holography requires a
coherent light source, usually a laser, because its
light waves are of a single wavelength and phase,
ensuring consistency in the interference pattern.
 Reference Beam and Object Beam:The laser beam
is split into two parts: the reference beam and
the object beam.
 The object beam illuminates the object, and the
light scattered from the object carries
information about its surface features and depth.
 The reference beam bypasses the object and
directly illuminates the recording medium.
 Interference Pattern: The light waves from the
object beam and the reference beam meet on a
recording medium, such as a photosensitive plate
or digital sensor.
 These two beams create an interference pattern,
encoding both the amplitude (brightness) and
phase (depth information) of the light waves.
CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOLOGRAM
 These two beams are coherent because they are from the
same laser source.
 These coherent sources interfere and give a complicated
inference pattern on the photographic plate.
 The developed negative of these interference fringe
patterns is a hologram.
 Thus, the hologram does not contain a distinct image of
the object, but carries a record of both the intensity and
the relative phase of the light waves at each point.
 Thus, the resulting hologram contains all the information
needed to reproduce the exact replica of the object.
Mathematical expression

 Object Wave (O):  Reference Wave (R):

Interference Pattern (Intensity)
The holographic plate records the intensity 𝐼(𝑥,𝑦)I(x,y), which is the square of
the absolute value of the sum of the object and reference waves:
Components of the Intensity Pattern

The intensity pattern 𝐼(𝑥,𝑦)I(x,y) contains all the information about the
amplitude (𝐴𝑜,𝐴𝑟 ) and phase (𝜙𝑜,𝜙𝑟 ) of the object and reference waves. This
pattern is stored on the holographic medium, encoding the object wave in a
way that allows its reconstruction later.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE IMAGE
 The reconstruction of the object is schematically shown in Figure.
 In this process, the hologram is illuminated by a parallel beam of light, called
the reconstruction beam, from the laser source. Most of the light passes
straight through, but the complex of fine fringes acts as an elaborate
diffraction grating.
Cont.
 Light is diffracted from this grating and two images: a
virtual image and a real image are produced.
 Virtual image is obtained at the original position of the
object where the hologram was constructed. The real
image can be photographed directly without using a lens.
The virtual image observed through the hologram appears
in full three-dimensional form.
 This type of hologram is known as a transmission
hologram since the image is seen by looking through it.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A HOLOGRAM AND
AN ORDINARY PHOTOGRAPH
 In a photograph, the information is stored in an orderly
fashion, i.e., each point in the object relates to a
conjugate point in the image. Whereas in a hologram,
there is no such relationship, i.e., the light from every
point on the object goes to the entire hologram.
 HOLOGRAM HAS TWO MAIN ADVANTAGES:
 • (i) According to the viewing style of the observer, the
image is seen in three dimensions.
 • (ii) Each part of the hologram would reconstruct the
whole object, and not just a part of it.
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF A HOLOGRAM
 On the hologram, information is recorded in the form of
interference pattern. The type of the pattern obtained
depends on the reference beam which is used to record
the hologram.
 Any beam which is coherent and identical to the original
reference beam can be used for the reconstruction of the
image of the hologram.
 If the wavelength of the reconstructing beam is greater
than that of the original reference beam, the
reconstructed image will be a magnified image. This
magnification is proportional to the ratio of the two
wavelengths.
 TYPES OF HOLOGRAMS
 According to the selection of the source,
photographic plate, and viewing angle, there are
many types of holograms. Some of them are given
below:
 (i) Reflection holograms:
 Reflection holograms are viewed with white light
by choosing a suitable white-light source such as
spot light, sun light, and flash light.
 They are made with two beams approaching the
holographic plate from opposite sides.
 (ii) Volume holograms:
 In this method, the object wave is reflected from
the object and propagates backward, and overlaps
the incoming reference wave. The two waves form
a standing wave pattern.
 The fringes are recorded by the photo-emulsion
throughout its entire thickness to form a volume
hologram.
Cont.
 (iii) Multiple-channel holograms:
 In the multiple-channel
hologram, two or more images
are visible from different
angles.
 These multiple channels can be
classified as simple one and
multiplex. ❖ In the case of
simple one, there are few
images, and each is viewed from
different angles.
 In the case of multiplex, a large
number of flat pictures of a
subject, viewed from different
angles, are combined into a
single three dimensional image
of the object.
 Cont.
 Rainbow holograms:
 Rainbow hologram is also known as white-
light transmission hologram.
 When this hologram is viewed with a
white-light point source, a very bright
colour image can be reconstructed. A
true-colour hologram image can be
observed when the hologram is viewed in
the correct plane.
 Polymer hologram:
 These are made from light-sensitive
plastics.
 Dichromate holograms:
 In this type of holograms, glass-
sandwiched dichromated gelatin is used
as a holographic recording medium.
APPLICATIONS OF HOLOGRAPHY
 Holograms, made with X-rays or ultraviolet rays, are able to
record images of particles smaller than visible light such as
atoms or molecules.
 A holographic lens is used in an aircraft “head-up-display” to
allow a fighter pilot to see critical cockpit instruments while
looking straight ahead through the wind screen.
 Holography is widely used in non-destructive testing to study
distortions resulting from stresses, strain, heat, and vibrations.
 Three-dimensional acoustical hologram of an opaque object is
used to see the internal structure of an object.
 Holograms are used for security in many industries and are
commonly found on a host of products and packaging.
 Holographic lenses are used in supermarket scanners to read
bar codes on merchandise for the store’s computers.
Cont.
 Dichromate holograms are used as jewellery pendants,
watches, etc.
 Holographic techniques, such as holographic endoscopies,
X-ray holography, and laser holograms are frequently used
to diagnose dangerous diseases.
 Advanced holographic techniques have a variety of
applications in in ophthalmology, urology, otology,
pathology, and orthopedics.
 Holographic three-dimensional images of eyes and
interferometric testing of human teeth and chest motion
during respiration were carried out quite early.
Case study  Digital holograms of normal and thalassemic cells

Abbasian, V., & Darafsheh, A. (2024). A dataset of digital holograms of normal and thalassemic cells.
Scientific data, 11(1), 3.
 Normal RBC Thalassemic RBC

Abbasian, V., & Darafsheh, A. (2024). A dataset of digital holograms of normal and thalassemic cells.
Scientific data, 11(1), 3.