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C£RTIFICAT£
This is to certify that Miss. Yashika Prabha of class XII
B, Roll no. 63 has satisfactorily completed her project on
"STUDY OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON WHICH THE
INTERNAL RESITANCE /EMF OF A CELL DEPENDS" as
prescribed by AISSCE course during the ac~demic year
2022-2023.
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ACKNOWL£06£MENT
The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of
guidance and assistance from many people and I am extrem ely
fortun ate to have got this all along the completion of my
proje ct work. Whatever I have done is only due to such
guidance and assistance and I would not forget to thank them .
I respect and thank Miss. Mousumi Mam , for giving me suchan
oppo rtunit y to do this project work and providing us all suppo rt
and guidance which made me complete the proje ct on time. I
would like to express my gratitude towards Mousumi Mam for
helping me in conducting practicals for this proje ct .
Last but not the least I would like to thank all my friends who
supported me all the way and my parents who helped me .
( /J ' financially and encouraged me throu ghout in the comp letion of
proje ct.
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CONTENTS
1. Int.r oduction
o Internal resistance
[Link] Ana 1ysis 1
O Objective
0 Apparatus
0 Theory
0 Circuit diagram
0 Procedure
I 0 Result & Inferences
0 Precautions
O Sources of error
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INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic
appliances and the use is increasing very day. Thus, the
batteries need to be made more powerful so that their
potential can be increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for
the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell .
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can
increase the potential difference across it, and hence make
it more reliable.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal Resistance is defined as the resistance offered by
the electrolyte of the cell to flow of ions.
O It's S.I unit is Ohm(Q).
cell p.d. ( V/volts)
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PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell depends.
APPARATUS
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two one way keys a rheostat,
a galvanometer, a resistance box , an ammeter, a cell (Leclanche eel(), a jockey,
a setsquare, connecting wires and sand paper.
THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to flow
of ions . The internal resistance of a cell
0 is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes
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Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in electrolyte
Decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte
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Is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
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The internal resistance of a cell is given by :
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CIRCUIT DIA6RAM
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PROCEDURE '-/,/ l
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with and paper and }f
./ ' "' .. - make tight connections according to the circuit diagram . _ ., '~· t
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2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box. ~ . ,.
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3. Check the e.m.f of the battery and of the cell ar.,dmake sure
t that e.m.f of the battery is more fbari tftat_ cell,
otherwise nutl or baJanoe point will not tie obtained •
To study variation of internal resistance with
distance of separation
[Link] both the electrodes at a distance of 16cm.
[Link] maximum current from the battery, making rheostat resistance small.
[Link] inserting a plug in the key K2 , adjust the rheostat so that a null
point is obtained on the last wire of the potentiometer .
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately using a set of square and
measure the balancing length(h) between the null point and the end P.
[Link] introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2. At the same time, take out a
small resistance (1-SW) from the shunt resistance box connected in parallel ·
I with the cell.
[Link] the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null point.
, . _10. Measure the balancing length (12) from end P. Record these observation .
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(i [Link] keep the electrodes 12cm apart. . . \ '·· ,, . · J
r '. ·12. Then remove the plugs of the keys Kl and K2; wait for sometime
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and tkel}'\" ,
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lt repeat steps 7to. 10. · .
[Link] keep the electrodes 9cm apart to obtain another set of observations •. ,
To stud y variation of internal
resistance with area of electrodes
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of
electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping them into
electrolyte at different depths for each observation.
[Link] three such observations by repeating steps 7-10.
Record your readings .
To variation of internal resistance with
concentration of electrolyte 1/
[Link] all other factors constant , decrease the
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concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water for I
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different observations. j
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[Link] three such observations by _repeating step 7-10. 1
Record your readings.
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OBSERVATIONS
S Ammet er Positio n of null point Shunt Interna l
no. Readin g in cm Resistance Resista nce r/n
Wit hout
R/Q
With R
{Lt) R {L 2)
1. 0.3 660.5 35.5
2. 0.3 660.5 77.2
3. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51
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Table for effect of separation between electrodes
Balancing Balancing Internal r/d
Separat ion
point point l2(cm) Resistanc e r/n
Between
ll(cm)
electrod es d(cm)
/ 1. 1.2 • • • • I 'J
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I 2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 I • 0.38
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 '1.406 0.38
Table for effect of tempe rature
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Sno. Temp. L2 Resistance Tr (ilk)
.
Tt"C) (Cm) (cm) R(Q)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.38 0.38 301.44
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87
Result and Infe renc es
• The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to . - r
E=0.98 Volt t
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• The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the
separation between the electrodes . _ f
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to~the _~. ~-j.·
area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte. ~ ,. · -· ,~.- -·
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: • The internal resistance of a cell is inve z:se ~ lyrtional tQ _ th~.\ -· ,
! temperature of electrolytes . __ . . , .___
. • The internal resistance of a cell is inve ely proportional to the
k ·~
concentration of the electrolyte.
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PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight .
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the
observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells El and E2 should , all be
connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire . It should
toucn the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of .
observation. If necessary , adjust the rheostat for this purpose • .
Sources Of Error
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire maY. not be of uniform cross-section and .,,.
material density throughout ,ts length . \. •;_ __ .,,.--~-.. . .
3. End resistances may not be zero. .-_ _ s,.:)=··
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CONCLUSION
Factors affecting internal resistance of a cell: -
O Distance between electrodes-Directly proportional
0 Area of electrodes- Inversely proportional
O Temperature of electrolytes - Inversely proportional
o Cone. Of electrolyte- Inversely proportional
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