Chapter 4 Single-stage
Transistor Amplifiers
Pham Duy Hung, PhD
Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications,
VNU-University of Engineering and Technology
Email: hungpd@[Link]
Outline
• Introduction
• Common – Emitter CE Amplifier without and with 𝑅
• Common – Collector CC Amplifier
• Common – Base CB Amplifier
Chapter 6: Adel. S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith. Microelectronic Circuits. Oxford
University Press. 2011.
3.1. Introduction
• Signal amplification: 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑣 (𝑡), where A is amplifier gain.
• Transfer characteristic of a linear amplifier
• Power gain and Current gain
• Gain in Decibels
3.1. Introduction
• Gain in Decibels
3.1. Introduction
• Amplifier power supplies
Power delivered to the load is greater than the power drawn from the signal
source. What is the source of this additional power?
Amplifiers needs DC power supplies for their operation.
Amplifier Power efficiency
𝑃
𝜂= 100%
𝑃
Where 𝑃 is Power of signal source, 𝑃 is power delivered to the load,
and 𝑃 is power dissipated in the amplifier circuit
3.1. Introduction
• Amplifier Transfer Characteristic Amplifier Saturation
• Amplifier Frequency Characteristic
3.1 Introduction
• Basic concepts
Circuit Models for Amplifiers
𝑨𝑽 : Voltage Amplifier
𝐴
𝑉 𝑉 𝑨𝑰 : Current Amplifier
𝐺 𝑹𝒎: Transresistance Amplifier
𝑮𝒎 : Transconductance Amplifier
𝑅
𝐼 𝐼
𝐴
3.1 Introduction
• Voltage Amplifier
3.1 Introduction
• Current Amplifier
3.1 Introduction
• Transconductance Amplifier
3.1 Introduction
• Transresistance Amplifier
3.1 Introduction
• Typical parameters: Open-circuit voltage gain: Open-circuit overall voltage gain:
𝑣 𝑣
𝐴 = 𝐴 =
𝑣 𝑣
Overall voltage gain:
Voltage gain:
𝑣 𝑣
𝐴 = 𝐴 =
𝑣 𝑣
Short-circuit current gain:
Output resistance:
𝑖
Input resistance: 𝐴 = 𝑣
𝑉 𝑖 𝑅 =
𝑅 = 𝑖
𝐼 Current gain:
Input resistance without load: 𝑖
𝐴 =
𝑉 𝑖
𝑅 =
𝐼
Overall voltage gain:
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑅 𝑅
𝐴 = = ∗ = ∗
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑅 +𝑅 𝑅 +𝑅
3.2 Common-Emitter CE Amplifier
• Circuit scheme
3.2 Common-Emitter CE Amplifier
• Circuit scheme
3.2 Common-Emitter CE Amplifier
• DC and AC analysis
• Small signal equivalent scheme
Overall voltage gain 𝑨𝒔 =?
∥
𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑅 ∥𝑟
( ∥ ) 𝐴 = = = −𝑔 𝑅
𝑣 = −𝑔 𝑣 𝑅 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑅 + (𝑅 ∥ 𝑟 )
Exercise 3.1: Calculate the overall voltage gain of the common-emitter
amplifier. 𝛽 = 100; 𝑉 = 75𝑉; Q-Point is (1.45mA, 3.41V); 𝑅 = 2𝐾, 𝑅 = 10𝑘;
𝑅 = 30𝑘;𝑅 = 4.3𝑘; 𝑅 = 100𝑘. The transistor is in the active region and the
signal amplitudes are low enough to be considered as small signals.
Exercise 3.1: Calculate the overall voltage gain of the common-emitter
amplifier. 𝛽 = 100; 𝑉 = 75𝑉; Q-Point is (1.45mA, 3.41V); 𝑅 = 2𝐾; 𝑅 = 10𝑘;
𝑅 = 30𝑘;𝑅 = 4.3𝑘; 𝑅 = 100𝑘. The transistor is in the active region and the
signal amplitudes are low enough to be considered as small signals.
Solution:
Q-Point => I = 1.45mA; V = 3.41V
𝑔 = =0,058
𝑟 = =1,724k
𝑟 = ≅ =51,724k
𝑅 =RL//Rc//Ro=4.3k.
RB=7,5K => RB//rpi=1,4k
∥ ,
𝐴 = −𝑔 𝑅 = −0,058 ∗ 4,3𝑘 ∗ = −102,69
∥ ,
The output resistance is the Thevenin-equipment resistance
seen looking into the output with the input shorted
Exercise 3.2
A CE amplifier utilizes a BJT with 𝛽 = 100 and 𝑉 = 100𝑉, is biased at
𝐼 = 1 mA and has a collector resistance 𝑅 = 5k. Find 𝑅 , 𝑅 , and 𝐴
(open-circuit voltage gain) If the amplifier is fed with a signal source
having a resistance of 5k, and a load resistance 𝑅 = 5k is connected to
the output terminal, find the resulting 𝐴 (voltage gain) and 𝐴 (Overall
voltage gain). If 𝑣 is to be limited to 5 mV, what are the corresponding
𝑣 and 𝑣 with the load connected?
Further reading…
Analysis of CS Amplifier for JFET
𝑣 = −𝑔 𝑣 𝑅 𝑅 = 𝑅 //𝑟
𝑣
→𝐴 = = −𝑔 𝑅
𝑣
Further reading…
CS Amplifier using MOSFET
3.3 CE Amplifier with 𝑅 at Emitter
• Circuit scheme
3.3 CE Amplifier with 𝑅 at Emitter
• Circuit scheme
𝑣 = −𝛽𝑖 𝑅
• AC analysis 𝑣 =𝑖 𝑟 + 𝛽+1 𝑖 𝑅
→ 𝐴 =− =− =−
( )
Calculate 𝐴 = ?
Because 𝛽 ≫ 1 → 𝐴 = −
Calculate overall voltage gain 𝐴 ?
𝑅 ∥𝑅 𝒈𝒎 𝑹𝑳 ∥
𝑣 = 𝑣 𝐴 = −𝟏 𝒈𝒎 𝑹𝑬 ( ∥ )
𝑅 + (𝑅 ∥ 𝑅 )
𝑣 CE Amplifier with 𝑅 at Emitter
𝑅 = = 𝑟 + 𝛽 + 1 𝑅 ≅ 𝑟 (1 + 𝑔 𝑅 )
𝑖
→𝑅 =𝑅 ∥𝑅 = 𝑅 ∥ 𝑟 (1 + 𝑔 𝑅 )
and
𝑔 𝑟𝑅
𝑅 ≅ 𝑟 (1 + ) (because 𝑟 + 𝑅 ≫ 𝑅 )
𝑟 +𝑅
(because 𝑟 ≫ 𝑅 )
Exercise 3.3
A CE amplifier utilizes a BJT with 𝛽 = 100 and 𝑉 = 100𝑉, is biased at 𝐼 = 1
mA and has a collector resistance 𝑅 = 5k. The amplifier is fed with a signal
source having a resistance of 5k, and a load resistance 𝑅 = 5k is connected
to the output terminal. What value of 𝑅 is needed to raise 𝑅 to a value four
times that of 𝑅 ? With 𝑅 included, find 𝐴 (Open-circuit voltage gain), 𝑅 ,
𝐴 (voltage gain) and 𝐴 (Overall voltage gain). Also, if 𝑣 is limited to 5 mV,
what are the corresponding values of 𝑣 and 𝑣 ?
3.4 Frequency Response
Frequency Response
Influent of the limited coupling capacitances
Summary for CE amplifiers
(𝐴 )
(𝐴 )
Impact of the AC-negative feedback
Choose Positive or Negative Feedback?
Good? Not good?
• Increase the stability
• Reduce the gain (1 + 𝛽) times
• Increase the bandwidth (1 + 𝛽) times
• Increase the input resistance (1 + 𝛽) times
• Decrease the output resistance 1 + 𝛽 times
3.5 Common-Collector CC Amplifier
• Circuit scheme
Buffer
CC Amplifier
AC analysis
• Calculate the terminal voltage gain
RB = R1||R2
𝑣 = 1+𝛽 𝑖 𝑅
𝑣 = 𝑖 𝑟 + (1 + 𝛽)𝑖 𝑅
• Overall voltage gain
𝑣 (1 + 𝛽)𝑅 𝑔 𝑅 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
→ 𝐴 = = ≅ 𝐴 = = =𝐴
𝑣 𝑟 + (1 + 𝛽)𝑅 1+𝑔 𝑅 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝐴 =𝐴
Due to 𝑔 𝑅 ≫ 1 → 𝑨𝒗 ≈ 𝟏
CC Amplifier
Input resistance
𝑣
𝑅 = = 𝑟 + (𝛽 + 1)𝑅 →𝑅 =𝑅 ∥𝑅
𝑖
Output resistance
1
≅
𝑔
𝑅 =𝑅 ∥𝑅
CC Amplifier
Terminal current gain 𝐴 is the ratio of the load current
to the current supplied by the Thevenin source
Summary for CC amplifiers
(𝑟 + 𝛽 + 1 𝑅 ) ∥ 𝑅
Further reading…
CD amplifier used MOSFET
3.6 Common-Base CB Amplifier
• Circuit scheme:
CB Amplifier
AC analysis
Terminal voltage gain
Input resistance
𝑅 = = ≅ (note: ) →𝑅 =𝑅 ∥𝑅
Overall voltage gain
CB Amplifier
Output resistance: can be calculated from the result of CE amplifier
𝑅 =𝑟 1+ replaced by 𝑅 = 𝑟 (1 + )
Because 𝛽 = 𝑔 𝑟 → 𝑅 ≅ 𝑟 1 + 𝑔 𝑅 ∥ 𝑟 ≅ 𝜇 𝑅 ∥𝑟
→𝑅 = 𝑅 ∥ 𝑅 because 𝑅 ≫ 𝑅 → 𝑅 =𝑅
Terminal current gain
𝑖 current flows through emitter then 𝑖 = 𝛼 𝑖
𝑖
→𝐴 = =𝛼 ≅1
𝑖
Summary for CB amplifier
𝜇 𝑅 ∥𝑟 ∥𝑅
Further reading…
CG amplifier used MOSFET
Summary of single-stage amplifiers
Further reading…